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{{Short description|American engineer and astronaut (1949–1986)}}
{{about|the engineer and astronaut|the legal academic|Judith Resnik (professor)}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use American English|date=August 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox astronaut
|name          = Judith Resnik 
|image         = Judith A. Resnik, official portrait (cropped).jpg
|caption       = Official portrait, 1978
|alt           = Judith Resnik in September 1978
|birth_name    = Judith Arlene Resnik
|birth_date    = {{birth date|1949|4|5}}
|birth_place   = [[Akron, Ohio]], U.S.
|death_date    = {{death date and age|1986|1|28|1949|4|5}}
|death_place   = North Atlantic Ocean
|restingplace  = [[Arlington National Cemetery]]
|education     = [[Carnegie Mellon University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[University of Maryland, College Park]] ([[Master of Science|MS]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
|awards        = {{ubl |[[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]] |[[NASA Space Flight Medal]]}} 
|type          = [[NASA astronaut]]
|time          = 6d 0h 56m
|selection     = [[NASA Astronaut Group 8|NASA Group 8 (1978)]]
|mission       = [[STS-41-D]]<br>[[STS-51-L]] ([[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]])
|insignia      = [[File:Sts-41-d-patch.png|50px]] [[File:STS-51-L.svg|50px]]
|module  = {{Infobox scientist|
|embed = yes
|doctoral_advisor = Felix Zajac
|thesis_title = Bleaching Kinetics of Visual Pigments
|thesis_url = https://worldcat.org/en/title/1125030441
|thesis_year = 1977}}
}}
'''Judith Arlene Resnik''' (April 5, 1949 – January 28, 1986) was an American [[electrical engineer]], [[Software engineering|software engineer]], [[biomedical engineer]], pilot and [[NASA astronaut]] who died in the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]]. She was the fourth woman, the second American woman and the first Jewish woman of any nationality [[women in space|to fly in space]], logging 145 hours in orbit.

Recognized while still a child for her intellectual brilliance, Resnik was accepted at [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]] after becoming only the 16th woman in the history of the United States to have attained a perfect score on the [[SAT]] exam. She graduated with a degree in [[electrical engineering]] from [[Carnegie Mellon University|Carnegie Mellon]] before attaining a [[PhD]] in electrical engineering from the [[University of Maryland]].

Resnik worked for [[RCA Corporation|RCA]] as an engineer on Navy missile and radar projects, as a senior systems engineer for [[Xerox Corporation]], and published research on special-purpose integrated circuitry. She was also a pilot and made research contributions to [[biomedical engineering]] as a [[research fellow]] at the [[National Institutes of Health]].

At age 28, Resnik was selected by NASA as a [[mission specialist]]. She was part of [[NASA Astronaut Group 8]], the first group to include women. While training on the astronaut program, she developed software and operating procedures for NASA missions. Her first space flight was the [[STS-41-D]] mission in August and September 1984, the twelfth [[Space Shuttle]] flight, and the [[wikt:Special:Search/maiden voyage|maiden voyage]] of {{OV|Discovery|full=nolink}}, where her duties included operating its [[canadarm|robotic arm]]. Her second Shuttle mission was [[STS-51-L]] in January 1986 aboard {{OV|Challenger|full=nolink}}. She died when the orbiter broke up shortly after liftoff and crashed into the ocean.

== Early life ==
Judith Arlene Resnik was born in [[Akron, Ohio]], on April 5, 1949,<ref name="NASA">{{cite web |title=Biographical Data – Judith A. Resnik (Ph.D.) NASA astronaut (deceased) |publisher= NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/resnik_judith_with_photo_0.pdf |access-date=February 27, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Thesis"/> the daughter of Marvin Resnik, an [[optometrist]], and his wife Sarah ({{nee}} Polensky),<ref name="Haaretz " /> a legal secretary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sarah Resnik Belfer, mother of astronaut Judith Resnik, was 89  |newspaper= Cleveland Jewish News |date=March 18, 2011 |url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/sarah-resnik-belfer-mother-of-astronaut-judith-resnik-was-89/article_c0ff6ea7-1bf8-5169-a96c-13567a0a46f2.html |access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> She had a brother, Charles, who was four years younger.<ref>{{cite web |title=A brother's emotional remembrance: 'Judy was brilliant' |date=January 28, 2016 |publisher=WBALTV |url=https://www.wbaltv.com/article/a-brothers-emotional-remembrance-judy-was-brilliant/6944256 |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Two Paths to the Stars: Turnings and Triumphs; Judith Resnik |first=Elizabeth |last=Kolbert  |date=February 9, 1986 |page=1 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/09/us/two-paths-to-the-stars-turnings-and-triumphs-judith-resnik.html |access-date=March 13, 2022}}</ref> Her father was the son of a rabbi, and he had been born in [[Pryluky|Preluke]] in Ukraine. His family had emigrated to [[Mandatory Palestine]] in the 1920s, and then to the United States after the [[1929 Hebron massacre]].{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=9}} He was fluent in eight languages and served in the U.S. Army during [[World War II]] in military intelligence, conducting prisoner of war interrogations and aerial reconnaissance in the [[Pacific War|Pacific Theater]] and the subsequent [[occupation of Japan]].<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Cleveland Jewish News |url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/archives/marvin-resnik-father-of-challenger-astronaut-judith-resnik-was/article_2765d62d-8e7c-549c-a5f7-e252c7f048bd.html |date=March 18, 2010 |title=Marvin Resnik, father of Challenger astronaut Judith Resnik, was 90 |access-date=February 25, 2022 }}</ref> Resnik grew up in an observant [[Jewish]] home, studying at [[Hebrew school]] at Beth El Synagogue in Akron and celebrating her [[Bat Mitzvah]] in 1962, which at the time was not a common occurrence.<ref name="Haaretz ">{{cite news |title=This Day in Jewish History / Female astronaut who would die in shuttle explosion is born |newspaper = Haaretz |first=David B. |last=Green |date=April 5, 2015 |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-this-day-judith-resnik-is-born-1.5347281 |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>{{sfn||Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=12}}

Resnik was noticed for her intellectual ability while still in kindergarten, and she entered elementary school a year early.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} She attended Fairlawn Elementary School,{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=10}} Simon Perkins Junior High School,{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=14}} and [[Firestone Community Learning Center|Harvey S. Firestone High School]].{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=10}} She was an outstanding student, excelling in mathematics, languages and piano.{{sfn|Ware|Braukman|2004|p=426}} She played classical piano, and at one point considered a career as a concert pianist.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}}<ref name="Jewish Virtual Library">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judith-resnik |title=Judith Resnik (1949–1986) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |access-date=February 25, 2022 }}</ref> Before college, she attained a perfect score on her [[SAT]] exam,{{sfn|Gibson|2014|pp=91–94}} the only woman in the country to do so that year and only the 16th woman in US history.<ref name="Jewish Virtual Library" /> She graduated from Firestone in 1966 as [[valedictorian]] and runner-up [[homecoming queen]].<ref name="Family, Friends Remember" /><ref name="divorce">{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1986/02/03/Although-their-marriage-ended-in-divorce-in-1976-Michael/3136507790800/ |title=Although their marriage ended in divorce in 1976, Michael... |first=Thomas |last=Ferraro |publisher=UPI |date=February 3, 1986 |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>

Although her mother disapproved of her dating, Resnik had a series of boyfriends. She preferred to socialize with boys from the nearby [[Copley High School]] rather than from Firestone, where her intellectual reputation preceded her. She met Len Nahmi (who eventually became a pilot)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-11-27-me-16696-story.html | title=Local News in Brief : Pilot Alleges Conspiracy | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=November 27, 1987 }}</ref> at a basketball game. He was half Irish and half Lebanese, and her mother disapproved of him. Nonetheless, she continued to see him secretly, and when she stayed with a cousin in [[Cleveland]] while taking a college course available to high school students, she also met with him there. Her parents acrimoniously divorced while she was a teenager, and custody was given to her mother, as was the custom in the United States. Her mother's dislike of Nahmi became more intense, and Nahmi eventually ended their relationship to spare Resnik more pain. When she was 17, she prepared and filed a successful court case so that her custody could be switched from her mother to her father, with whom she was particularly close. She tore up letters from her mother unopened.<ref name="Epic Flight">{{cite magazine |magazine=Esquire |title=The Epic Flight of Judith Resnik |first1=Scott |last1=Spencer |first2=Chris |last2=Spolar |date=January 16, 1987 |url=https://classic.esquire.com/article/1986/12/01/the-epic-flight-of-judith-resnik |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=22–25}} Her father remarried, and she acquired twin stepsisters, Linda and Sandy, who were nine years older than she was, and with whom she became close.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=26–27}}

[[File:CELEBRATION OF ONE GIANT STEP . . . - ASTRONAUT JUDITH A RESNICK - NARA - 17474486.jpg|thumb|left|Resnik in July 1979|alt=refer to caption]]
At age 17, Resnik entered [[Carnegie Institute of Technology]],{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} where she joined the [[Alpha Epsilon Phi]] [[sorority]].{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=26–27}} She began college intending to become a math major, but in her second year, after attending [[electrical engineering]] lectures with her boyfriend Michael Oldak, she developed a passion for the subject.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}}<ref name="Family, Friends Remember">{{cite news |url=https://www.cmu.edu/piper/news/archives/2011/march/judyresnik.html |title=Judy Resnik: Family, Friends Remember Engineer Who Reached for the Stars |first=Chriss |last=Swaney |date=March 1, 2011 |newspaper=The Piper |publisher=Carnegie Mellon University |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> She was one of three female students in electrical engineering.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} She was a gourmet cook and a navigator in [[Rallying|sports car rallies]], in which she took part many times with Oldak in his [[Triumph TR6]].<ref name="divorce" /> She earned a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University (as it now was) in 1970.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ohiohistory.wordpress.com/2011/01/28/remembering-the-challenger/|title=Remembering the Challenger|publisher=The Ohio Historical Society Collections Blog|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105204714/https://ohiohistory.wordpress.com/2011/01/28/remembering-the-challenger/|archive-date=January 5, 2016}}</ref> She became a member of [[Tau Beta Pi]], [[Mortar Board]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://mortarboard.org/about/ |access-date=March 15, 2024 |website=Mortar Board |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Eta Kappa Nu]] [[honor societies]].<ref name="NASA"/>

Resnik married Oldak on July 14, 1970.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=28–30}} Her mother attended the wedding; two sets of invitations were sent out, one describing her as her father's daughter, and the other as her mother's.<ref name="Epic Flight" /> Upon graduation from Carnegie Mellon, Resnik and Oldak moved to [[Moorestown, New Jersey]], where they both worked for [[RCA Corporation|RCA]]. She was a design engineer on missile and radar projects and won the Graduate Study Program Award. She performed circuit design for the missile and surface radar division. While at RCA, she worked for the Navy building custom integrated circuitry for the [[phased-array radar]] control systems and developed electronics and software for NASA's [[sounding rocket]] and [[telemetry]] systems programs. An academic paper she wrote on special purpose integrated circuitry caught the attention of NASA during this time.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} She registered for [[master's degree]] evening courses at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. In 1971, Oldak was accepted into [[Georgetown University Law Center]], and they moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] Resnik continued to work for RCA, transferring to its office in [[Springfield, Virginia]], and she continued pursuing her master's degree at the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]. She then entered a doctoral program. Resnik and Oldak divorced in 1975—he wanted children and she did not—but they remained in contact and on good terms.<ref name="divorce" />{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=28–29}}

While working on her doctorate, Resnik switched jobs in 1974, and went to work as a [[research fellow]] in [[biomedical engineering]] at the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at the [[National Institutes of Health]].{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=28–30}} As a biomedical engineer, Resnik researched the physiology of visual systems.{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} In 1977 she earned her [[PhD]] in electrical engineering with honors at the University of Maryland,<ref name="Family, Friends Remember" /> writing her dissertation on "Bleaching kinetics of visual pigments".<ref name="Thesis">{{cite thesis |first=Judith |last=Resnik |degree=PhD |title=Bleaching kinetics of visual pigments |publisher=University of Maryland |via=Worldcat  |date=1977 |url=https://umaryland.on.worldcat.org/search/detail/18044034?queryString=Judith%20Resnik&databaseList=&clusterResults=true&groupVariantRecords=false |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> Her research involved the effects of electrical currents on the [[retina]].{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=28–30}} An academic paper co-written by her concerning the biomedical engineering of optometry ("A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas") was published in the ''[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]]'' in 1978.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Judith A. |last1=Resnik |first2=Franco E. |last2=Malerba |first3=Theodore R. |last3=Colburn |first4=George C. |last4=Murray |first5=T. G. |last5=Smith |title=A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas |journal=[[Journal of the Optical Society of America]] |volume=68 |pages=937–948 |year=1978 |issue=7 |doi=10.1364/josa.68.000937|pmid=712451 |bibcode=1978JOSA...68..937R }}</ref>

== NASA astronaut ==
=== Selection and training ===
[[File:STS-41-D Crew Enjoying Space - GPN-2004-00024.jpg|thumb|Resnik poses with the rest of the {{OV|Discovery}} crew during the [[STS-41-D]] mission. |alt=Resnik stands above her five male crewmates evoking a cheerleader pyramid.]]
{{main|NASA Astronaut Group 8}}
After her divorce from Oldak, Resnik reconnected with Nahmi, who was now a commercial airline pilot. When he heard that the [[National Air and Space Administration]] (NASA) was recruiting women to become astronauts, he encouraged her to apply. They read ''[[Carrying the Fire]]'', the 1974 book by [[Apollo 11]] astronaut [[Michael Collins (astronaut)|Michael Collins]], and she met with him in his office at the [[National Air and Space Museum]].<ref name="Epic Flight" /> She also met with another former astronaut, [[John Glenn]], who was now a [[United States senator]] from her home state of Ohio.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=32–33}} Nahmi convinced her to obtain a [[private pilot's license]] to bolster her credentials. Resnik qualified as a pilot in 1977, while completing her Ph.D., having achieved near-perfect scores in her flying exams (two 100s and a 98). When she received a promotion at RCA and again when she completed her doctorate, he suggested she send NASA a [[telegram]] informing them.<ref name="Epic Flight" />

Resnik's mentor and advisor, Professor [[Angel G. Jordan]], then Dean of [[Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering]] and later [[provost (education)|provost]] of Carnegie Mellon, also encouraged Resnik to apply for the program.<ref name="Family, Friends Remember" /> After she completed her doctorate, Resnik became a senior [[systems engineer]] for [[Xerox Corporation]] in [[Los Angeles]], working in product development.<ref name="rennner1986">{{cite news|url = https://www.orlandosentinel.com/1986/01/29/coverage-from-the-day-space-shuttle-challenger-exploded-resnik-liked-a-job-label-with-no-frills/|access-date = July 3, 2013|title = Coverage from the day space shuttle Challenger exploded: Resnik liked a job label with no frills|first = Lisanne|last = Renner|newspaper = Orlando Sentinel |date = January 29, 1986 }}</ref> She rented an apartment in [[Redondo Beach, California]], where she would jog along the beach to improve her stamina and reduce her weight.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=34}}

In January 1978, at age 28, Resnik was selected as a [[mission specialist]] with [[NASA Astronaut Group 8]], one of 29 men and six women selected out of 8,029 applicants in the first [[NASA astronaut]] selection that included women.{{sfn|Atkinson|Shafritz|1985|pp=163–165}}{{sfn|Gibson|2014|pp=91–94}} This involved taking a pay cut, as her new salary was considerably less than what she was being paid at Xerox.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=34}} Her fellow astronaut candidates nicknamed her "JR". She dated some of them.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=38–39}} She trained intensely and with great determination, focusing particularly on her physical fitness.<ref name="Epic Flight" /> She piloted the [[Northrop T-38 Talon]], an aircraft used by NASA astronauts for transportation and training.<ref>{{cite web |first=Steven |last=Siceloff |publisher=NASA |title=T-38s Soar as Spaceflight Trainers |date=April 20, 2011 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/flyout/t38flyout.html |access-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-date=April 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427090258/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/shuttle/flyout/t38flyout.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Astronaut [[Jerome Apt]] described her as "an excellent pilot".<ref name="Family, Friends Remember" /> Asked about Resnik, fellow astronaut [[Rhea Seddon]] said: "I thought she was really really bright, obviously a very beautiful person, flirtatious, funny. She was just a live wire. We would do the happy hours, or we'd go on these NASA trips, and Judy was just a star attraction."<ref name="Seddon oral" />

Resnik worked on research into the principle of orbital systems, flight software and the development of systems of manual control of spacecraft. She developed the [[software]] and operating procedures for the Space Shuttle's [[Remote Manipulator System]] (RMS). She also developed the deployment systems for the tethered satellite systems and worked on orbiter development, writing software for NASA to use on its missions.{{sfn|Tietjen|2017|p=72}}{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} She disliked the part of her job that required making public appearances and drumming up support for the space program. She avoided television interviews when possible, and resented intrusive questions about her private life, such as questions about her divorce.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=40}}

Other astronauts felt that either Resnik or [[Sally Ride]] would become the first woman in the group to fly in [[Outer space|space]], as they received the sorts of technical assignments that best prepared them for flight, such as [[capsule communicator]] (CapCom) duties.{{sfn|Evans|2012|p=249}}<ref name="Seddon oral">{{cite interview |first=Rhea |last=Seddon |author-link=Rhea Seddon |interviewer=Jennifer Ross-Nazzal |location=Murfreesboro, Tennessee |date=May 21, 2010 |title=Rhea Seddon Oral History |url=https://historycollection.jsc.nasa.gov/JSCHistoryPortal/history/oral_histories/SeddonMR/SeddonMR_5-21-10.htm |access-date=March 16, 2022 }}</ref> The shortlisted candidates for the mission specialist assignments for the [[STS-7]] mission included all six women, but since the mission involved the use of the RMS, the choice of the first to fly on the Space Shuttle narrowed to Resnik, Ride and [[Anna Lee Fisher|Anna Fisher]], who had specialized on it. Resnik was considered best qualified, but was passed over in favor of Ride because it was felt that Resnik was less comfortable with public affairs, and the first American woman to fly in space would attract an unusual amount of public interest.{{sfn|Shayler|Burgess|2020|pp=290–293}}{{sfn|Shayler|Moule|2006|pp=198–199}}

=== STS-41-D ===
{{main|STS-41-D}}
[[File:Judy Resnik STS-41-D.jpg|thumb|alt=Mission Specialist Judith Resnik|Resnik on the middeck of {{OV|Discovery}} during the [[STS-41-D]] mission, with an "I love Tom Selleck" sticker on her locker. A handwritten card reads: "Hi Dad".]]
[[File:20180706 Judy Resnik Flight Suit Johnson Space Center.jpg|thumb|Resnik's flight suit on display at the [[Johnson Space Center]]|alt=A mannequin wears her flight helmet with mask as well as the flight suit. ]]
In February 1983, Resnik was assigned to the crew of [[STS-41-D]], the twelfth Space Shuttle flight, the [[wikt:Special:Search/maiden voyage|maiden voyage]] of the {{OV|Discovery|full=nolink}}, along with [[Henry Hartsfield]], [[Michael Coats]], [[Steven Hawley]] and [[Mike Mullane]].<ref>{{cite press release |first=John |last=Lawrence |id=83-003 |date=February 4, 1983 |title=STS-11 and STS-12 Crews Named |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83135main_1983.pdf |access-date=March 17, 2022 |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230108190106/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83135main_1983.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{sfn|Mullane|2006|pp=111–113}} During a visit to a contractor's factory, Resnik whispered to Mullane: "there are no maidens on this flight".{{sfn|Mullane|2006|p=114}} She was the center of attention on such visits, and one contractor engineer became a stalker, sending her unwelcome letters, poems and gifts. Eventually, after he appeared in the office, he had to be dealt with by NASA security.{{sfn|Mullane|2006|p=115}}{{efn-lr|In 2003, Franz Stephan Strambach, a deranged man obsessed with Resnik, threatened to crash his aircraft into the [[Seat of the European Central Bank]] in [[Frankfurt]], Germany. He was talked down after a telephone call to Resnik's relatives in the United States, during which he discussed a tribute page he had created for her on the [[World Wide Web]].<ref>{{cite news |publisher=BBC News |date= January 6, 2003 |title=Frankfurt flier 'has astronaut fixation' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2629523.stm |access-date=June 15, 2022}}</ref> }} After Hawley and Mullane had a fawning encounter with actor [[Bo Derek]], who was working on the film ''[[Tarzan, the Ape Man (1981 film)|Tarzan, the Ape Man]]'', Resnik started calling Mullane "Tarzan" and Hawley "Cheetah";{{sfn|Mullane|2006|pp=90–91}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Discovery's crew includes woman  |first=Olive |last=Talley |date=June 23, 1984 |publisher= UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1984/06/23/Discoverys-crew-includes-woman/4486456811200/ |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> when the office secretaries heard about this, they began referring to the STS-41-D crew as the "zoo crew".{{sfn|Mullane|2006|pp=115–116}} Resnik was a fan of the actor [[Tom Selleck]], and had a coffee cup that said: "Excuse No. 1: I'm Saving Myself for Tom Selleck."{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=55}} Her crewmates hid a poster of Tom Selleck behind the bathroom curtain on ''Discovery''.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=53}}

The STS-41-D mission's launch was delayed three times. The first attempt, on June 25, 1984, was aborted due to a failure of the backup computer. The following day, during the second attempt, the computer detected a fault in one of the [[Space Shuttle main engine]]s, and shut them down four seconds before liftoff. This was the first time a NASA space mission had been aborted after starting the engines since [[Gemini 6]] in 1965. ''Discovery'' had to be taken back to the [[Vehicle Assembly Building]], where the faulty engine was replaced. A further launch attempt was made on August 29, but was again delayed for a day due to a software issue. Finally, on August 30, ''Discovery'' lifted off for the first time, and was in orbit eight minutes later.<ref name="STS-41-D">{{cite web |title=35 Years Ago: STS-41D – First Flight of Space Shuttle Discovery  |date= August 27, 2019 |publisher= NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/35-years-ago-sts-41d-first-flight-of-space-shuttle-discovery |access-date=March 19, 2022}}</ref> Resnik invited her family to watch the launch from the VIP viewing area. This included her father, brother, Oldak and Nahmi. Her mother was also in attendance, to avoid bad publicity.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=52}}

Resnik became the second American woman in space. She was also the first [[American Jews|American Jewish]] astronaut to go into space, and the first Jewish woman.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|p=47}} Her duties included operating the Space Shuttle's robotic arm, which she helped create and on which she was an expert.{{sfn|Wayne|2011|p=796}} On the first day of the mission, Resnik and Mullane deployed the first of three commercial communications satellites, the SBS-4 satellite for [[Satellite Business Systems]].<ref name="STS-41-D" />{{sfn|Mullane|2006|p=173}} On the second day, the crew released a second satellite, [[Syncom]] IV-2, also known as Leasat 2, for the [[U.S. Navy]].<ref name="STS-41-D" /> While Hartsfield was filming its release with the [[IMAX]] camera for the documentary ''[[The Dream is Alive]]'', Resnik's hair became caught in the camera's belt feed mechanism. The camera jammed, and she had to be cut free with scissors. Strands of loose hair floated about the cabin. Hartsfield informed the [[Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center|mission control center]] that the camera had jammed, but did not say why. Coats was able to repair the camera, and Hartsfield continued filming, while Resnik kept her distance.{{sfn|Mullane|2006|pp=177–178}}{{sfn|Evans|2012|pp=263–264}} The crew deployed a third satellite, [[Telstar 302]] for [[Telesat]] of Canada, without mishap the following day.<ref name="STS-41-D" />

That day Resnik also deployed the OAST-1 solar array wing,<ref name="STS-41-D" /> considered a potential future way of generating more electrical power during space missions. After performing several dynamic tests that day and the next, she reported that the experiment was well-behaved and matched ground simulations of the array.{{sfn|Shayler|Moule|2006|pp=216–218}} During the mission, she held up a hand-written sign saying "Hi Dad" to the cameras, and in a live televised broadcast told President [[Ronald Reagan]] "the Earth looks great". When Reagan asked her if the flight was all she hoped it would be, she replied, "It certainly is and I couldn't have picked a better crew to fly with."{{sfn|Shayler|Moule|2006|pp=216–218}} After the mission, Hartsfield described Resnik as the "astronaut's astronaut",{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}} and Mullane wrote: "I was also happy to be crewed with Judy ... She was smart, hardworking, and dependable, all the things you would want in a fellow crewmember."{{sfn|Mullane|2006|p=112}}

''Discovery'' landed at [[Edwards Air Force Base]] on September 5, after a flight lasting 6 days and 56 minutes.<ref name="STS-41-D" />

=== Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster ===
{{main|Space Shuttle Challenger disaster |label1=Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster}}
On January 29, 1985, NASA announced that Resnik had been assigned to the crew of [[STS-51-L]]. The main objective of this mission was to launch [[TDRS-B]], the second in a series of NASA [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite]]s.<ref>{{cite press release |title=NASA Names Crews to Deploy Satellites in Year-End Flight |first1=Charles |last1=Redmond |date=January 29, 1985 |first2=Terry |last2=White |id=85-005 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83137main_1985.pdf |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=November 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101030918/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/83137main_1985.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> It would also carry the Spartan (Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy), which would use two ultraviolet [[spectrometer]]s to study the tail of [[Comet Halley]].<ref name="STS-51-L Press Kit">{{cite web |title=Space Shuttle Missions STS-51-L Press Kit |date=January 1986 |publisher=NASA |url=https://digitalcommons.framingham.edu/uncategorized/IO_ffb4cdb9-c17d-4926-b44f-7cc327b9678a/ |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> Resnik was primarily responsible for the operation of the RMS and, with fellow astronaut [[Ronald McNair]], would deploy and later retrieve the Spartan.{{sfn|Evans|2012|p=444}} The flight would also carry [[Christa McAuliffe]], a teacher-observer selected as part of NASA's [[Teacher in Space Project]].<ref name="STS-51-L Press Kit" /> Resnik was part of the team of astronauts who flew to Washington, D.C., to speak to the 113 finalists, and provide them an insider's view of a Space Shuttle mission. They were taken to the National Air and Space Museum, where they viewed ''The Dream is Alive'' with its scenes of Resnik deploying a satellite and eating and sleeping in space. She told them that it was a shame that they could not all fly in space, but privately she disagreed with NASA's decision to send non-astronauts on the Space Shuttle.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=64–67}} Resnik's assignment was tied to McAuliffe's; NASA wanted McAuliffe to fly with a veteran female astronaut.{{sfn|Mullane|2006|p=214}}

Initially scheduled for January 24, 1986, the launch was delayed until January 28 by rain, high winds, a troublesome bolt on the {{OV|Challenger|full=nolink}}'s hatch and freezing temperatures.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=24-Hour Delay Called For Shuttle Flight As Wind and Balky Bolt Bar Launching |first=William J. |last=Broad |page=3 |date=January 28, 1986 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/28/science/24-hour-delay-called-for-shuttle-flight-as-wind-and-balky-bolt-bar-launching.html |access-date=March 20, 2022}}</ref> Resnik's father and stepmother, and her brother and his family watched the launch from the VIP area, as did her Firestone High math teacher. Selleck declined her invitation to attend. Resnik carried a locket for her niece, a signet ring for her nephew and a cigarette lighter for Nahmi.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=71–73}}

''Challenger'' lifted off from [[Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B]] at 11:38 on January 28. A minute later it broke up, torn apart by aerodynamic forces after a catastrophic failure of an [[O-ring]] seal on the starboard [[solid rocket booster]]. The cabin remained intact until it hit the water at 207 mph, killing all on board.{{sfn|Bernstein|Blue|Gerber|1990|pp=79–85}} Resnik's last recorded words aboard ''Challenger'' regarded scanning for "LVLH" (local vertical/local horizontal), reminding the cockpit crew of a switch configuration change to the [[attitude direction indicator]].{{sfn|Cavallaro|2017|pp=28–31}}{{efn-lr|Resnik was reading from the launch checklist in her role as flight engineer.<ref>{{cite report |author=NASA |title=Ascent Checklist – STS-134 |page=FB 2-5 |publisher=Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center |edition=Final |date=May 24, 2010 |location=Houston, Texas |id=JSC-48005-134 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/539916main_ASC_134_F_5.pdf |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=December 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221216013914/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/539916main_ASC_134_F_5.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The switch change was necessary to alter the [[attitude direction indicator]] from low-vertical to low-horizontal flight mode in case they had to make an emergency abort.<ref>{{cite report |author=United Space Alliance |id=USA007587 |title=Shuttle Crew Operations Manual |date=December 15, 2008 |pages=2.7-3–2.7-6 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/390651main_shuttle_crew_operations_manual.pdf |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813003231/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/pdf/390651main_shuttle_crew_operations_manual.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>  }}

Following the disaster, examination of the recovered vehicle cockpit revealed that the [[Personal Egress Air Pack]]s were activated for pilot [[Michael J. Smith (astronaut)|Mike Smith]] and two other crew members. The location of Smith's activation switch on the back of his seat means either Resnik or [[Ellison Onizuka]] likely activated it for him. Mike Mullane wrote:

{{blockquote|Mike Smith's PEAP had been turned on by Judy or El, I wondered if I would have had the presence of mind to do the same thing had I been in ''Challenger''{{'}}s cockpit. Or would I have been locked in a catatonic paralysis of fear? There had been nothing in our training concerning the activation of a PEAP in the event of an in-flight emergency. The fact that Judy or El had done so for Mike Smith made them heroic in my mind. They had been able to block out the terrifying sights and sounds and motions of ''Challenger''{{'}}s destruction and had reached for that switch. It was the type of thing a true astronaut would do—maintain their cool in the direst of circumstances.{{sfn|Mullane|2006|p=275}} }}

This is the only evidence that shows Onizuka and Resnik were alive after the cockpit separated from the vehicle. If the cabin had lost pressure, the air packs alone would not have sustained the crew during the two-minute descent.<ref>{{cite web|first=Joseph|last=Kerwin|title=Letter from Joseph Kerwin to Richard Truly relating to the deaths of the astronauts in the Challenger accident|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/kerwin.html|author-link=Joseph P. Kerwin|publisher=NASA|access-date=October 20, 2009|archive-date=July 23, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723220719/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/kerwin.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Resnik's remains were recovered from the crashed vehicle cockpit by Navy divers from the {{USS|Preserver|ARS-8|6}}.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Navy Divers Sight Astronaut Cabin; Dead are Aboard |first=William J. |last=Broad |date=March 10, 1986 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/10/us/navy-divers-sight-astronaut-cabin-dead-are-aboard.html |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> The remains of the seven crew members were cremated, comingled and buried at the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Memorial in [[Arlington National Cemetery]] on May 20, 1986.<ref>{{cite web |title= Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial  |publisher=Arlington National Cemetery  |url=https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Monuments-and-Memorials/Space-Shuttle-Challenger |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Challenger Memorial - Day of Rememberance.jpg|thumb|Amy Resnik, wife of Charles Resnik, touches the Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' Memorial after a wreath-laying ceremony at [[Arlington National Cemetery]] as part of NASA's Day of Remembrance.|alt=The memorial is a bronze plaque with the faces of the crew mounted on the front of a tombstone ]]
Resnik was posthumously awarded the [[Congressional Space Medal of Honor]].<ref name="jacobs">{{Cite news|first1=Bob|last1=Jacobs|first2=Glenn|last2=Mahone|publisher=NASA|date=July 23, 2004|title=Challenger Crew Honored With Congressional Space Medal Of Honor|url=https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/jul/HQ_04238_challenger_medal.html|access-date=November 15, 2020|archive-date=May 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504150023/https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2004/jul/HQ_04238_challenger_medal.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was also awarded the [[NASA Space Flight Medal]] for her first flight.<ref name="NASA"/> Landmarks and buildings named for her include a dormitory at her [[alma mater]], Carnegie Mellon University;<ref>{{cite web |title=Resnik House – Housing & Residential Education – Student Affairs  |publisher= Carnegie Mellon University |url=https://www.cmu.edu/housing/our-communities/residences/resnik.html |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> Judith A. Resnik Elementary School in [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]];<ref>{{cite web |title=Judith A. Resnik ES |publisher=Montgomery Schools  |url=https://www2.montgomeryschoolsmd.org/schools/resnikes/ |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref> Judith A. Resnik Community Learning Center (formerly Fairlawn Elementary) which she had attended was renamed in her honor in her hometown of Akron;<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us – Resnik CLC K-5 |publisher=Judith A. Resnik Community Learning Center |url=https://resnikclc.akronschools.com/about_us |access-date=March 14, 2022 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407075923/https://resnikclc.akronschools.com/about_us |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Judith A. Resnik Middle School, established in 2016, in [[San Antonio, Texas]].<ref>{{cite news |publisher=KSAT |url=https://www.ksat.com/news/southwest-isd-names-middle-school-after-challenger-astronaut-judith-resnik |title=Southwest ISD names middle school after Challenger astronaut Judith Resnik |first=Courtney |last=Friedman |date=August 18, 2016 |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> A [[Resnik (crater)|crater on the Moon]] was named after her,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=NASA |title=Challenger Astronauts Memorialized on the Moon |date=January 28, 2011 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20110128-challenger.html |access-date=February 27, 2022 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407103034/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/multimedia/lroimages/lroc-20110128-challenger.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> as was one on Venus, where all features are named after women.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Soviet Union to Name 2 Venus Craters for Shuttle's Women |first=Serge |last=Schmemann |date=February 2, 1986 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/02/us/soviet-union-to-name-2-venus-craters-for-shuttle-s-women.html |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> An [[asteroid]], [[3356 Resnik]], was also named after her.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |title=Seven Asteroids are Named for Crew of the Space Shuttle |first= Walter |last=Sullivan |date=March 27, 1986 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/03/27/us/seven-asteroids-are-named-for-crew-of-the-space-shuttle.html |access-date=March 14, 2022}}</ref>

A memorial to Resnik and the rest of the crew of ''Challenger'' was dedicated in [[Seabrook, Texas]], where she lived while stationed at the [[Johnson Space Center]].<ref>{{cite news |first= Celia |last=Hooper |title=Memorial dedicated to Challenger crew |publisher= UPI Archives |date=March 21, 1987 |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1987/03/21/Memorial-dedicated-to-Challenger-crew/4202543301200/ |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref> She is also commemorated on the [[Space Mirror Memorial]] at the [[Kennedy Space Center]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Emre |last=Kelly |newspaper=Florida Today |date=January 30, 2020 |title=At NASA's Day of Remembrance, 25 names are forever remembered at KSC |url=https://www.floridatoday.com/story/tech/science/space/2020/01/30/nasas-day-remembrance-25-names-forever-remembered-ksc/2854292001/ |access-date=June 12, 2022}}</ref> The [[IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award]] was established in 1986 by the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] and is presented annually to an individual or team in recognition of outstanding contributions to space engineering in areas of relevance to the IEEE.<ref>{{cite web |title=IEEE AESS Judith A. Resnik Space Award |url=https://ieee-aess.org/awards/judith-resnik-space-award | publisher=[[IEEE]] | access-date=June 23, 2009}}</ref> The [[Society of Women Engineers]] (SWE) awards the Resnik Challenger Medal annually to "a woman who has changed the space industry, has personally contributed innovative technology verified by flight experience ... and will be recognized through future decades as having created milestones in the development of space as a resource for all humankind."<ref name="SWE">{{cite web |title=Resnik Challenger Medal | url=https://support.swe.org/support/solutions/articles/35000059688-who-is-eligible-resnick-challenger-medal- |url-status=dead |publisher=Society of Women Engineers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120105331/https://support.swe.org/support/solutions/articles/35000059688-who-is-eligible-resnick-challenger-medal- |archive-date=January 20, 2021 |access-date=March 21, 2022}}</ref> The [[Challenger Center]] was established in 1986 by the families of the ''Challenger'' crew, including Resnik's brother, Charles, in honor of the crew members.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tonguette |first=Peter |title='Ohioans in Space' painting features Neil Armstrong, John Glenn, Jim Lovell, Judith Resnik |url=https://www.dispatch.com/story/entertainment/arts/2024/01/23/ohioans-in-space-painting-features-armstrong-glenn-lovell-and-rkey-ohio-figures-in-the-space-program/72309552007/ |access-date=January 28, 2024 |website=The Columbus Dispatch |language=en-US}}</ref> Its goal is to increase children's interest in [[science, technology, engineering and mathematics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.challenger.org/who-we-are/#history|title=Who We Are|website=Challenger.org|access-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://medschool.umaryland.edu/FACULTYRESEARCHPROFILE/viewprofile.aspx?id=2540|title=Resnik, Charles |publisher=University of Maryland School of Medicine |access-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.challenger.org/team_members/charles-resnik/|title=Charles Resnik|website=Challenger.org|access-date=January 15, 2018}}</ref>

[[Julie Fulton]] portrayed Resnik in the 1990 [[made-for-TV movie]] ''[[Challenger (1990 film)|Challenger]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=''Challenger'' is Too Boosterish |newspaper=Tampa Bay Times |first=Janis D. |last=Froelich |date=February 23, 1990|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1990/02/23/challenger-is-too-boosterish/ |access-date=February 27, 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of female astronauts]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist-lr}}

== Notes  ==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Atkinson |first1=Joseph D. |last2=Shafritz |first2=Jay M. |title=The Real Stuff: A History of NASA's Astronaut Recruitment Program |location=New York |publisher=Praeger |series=Praeger special studies |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-03-005187-6 |oclc=12052375 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Bernstein |first1=Joanne E |last2=Blue |first2=Rose |last3=Gerber |first3=Alan Jay |title=Judith Resnik, Challenger Astronaut |location=New York |publisher=Lodestar Books  |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-525-67305-7 |oclc=20594024 }}
* {{cite book |last=Cavallaro |first=Umberto |title=Women Spacefarers: Sixty Different Paths to Space  |location=Chichester |publisher=Springer |year=2017  |isbn=978-3-319-34047-0 |oclc=1066696221 }}
* {{cite book |last=Evans |first=Ben |title=Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit: The Eighties and Early Nineties |location=New York |publisher=Springer |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4614-3429-0 |oclc=816202257  }}
* {{cite book |last=Gibson |first=Karen  |title=Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity-Breaking Adventures |publisher=Chicago Review Press |location=Chicago |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-64160-313-3 |oclc=1111936104 }}
* {{cite book |last=Mullane |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Mullane |title=Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut |title-link=Riding Rockets |location=New York |publisher=Scribner |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7432-7682-5 |oclc=237049278 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shayler |first1=David |last2=Moule |first2=Ian A. |title=Women in Space – Following Valentina|location=New York |publisher=Springer |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-85233-744-5 |oclc=218506039 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Shayler |first1=David J. |last2=Burgess |first2=Colin |author-link2=Colin Burgess (author) |year=2020 |title=NASA's First Space Shuttle Astronaut Selection: Redefining the Right Stuff |publisher=Praxis Publishing |location=Chicester, UK |isbn=978-3030-45741-9 |oclc=1145568343 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Tietjen |first=Jill S. |year=2017 |title=Engineering Women: Re-visioning Women's Scientific Achievements and Impacts |location=Cham, Switzerland |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-40800-2 |oclc=1105279881 }}
* {{cite book |editor-last1=Ware |editor-first1=Susan |editor-last2=Braukman |editor-first2=Stacy |title=Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century |volume=5 |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2004 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-01488-6 |oclc=184794830 }}
* {{cite book |last=Wayne |first=Tiffany K. |title=American Women of Science Since 1900 |volume=1 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location= Santa Barbara, California |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59884-158-9 |oclc=841850385 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Judith Resnik}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|date=August 6, 2022|En-Judith_Resnik-article.ogg}}

* [http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-543909 Challenger's Enduring Mission]
* [https://www.shapell.org/manuscript/astronaut-judy-resnik-autograph/ Autographed Letter of Astronaut Judy Resnik] Shapell Manuscript Foundation

{{Congressional Space Medal of Honor}}
{{STS-51L}}
{{NASA Astronaut Group 8|state=autocollapse}}
{{Ohio Women's Hall of Fame}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Resnik, Judith}}
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