View source for Judy Chicago

{{short description|American artist (born 1939)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox artist
| name        = Judy Chicago
| image       = Judy_Chicago.jpg
| image_size  = 210px
| caption     = 
| birth_name  = Judith Sylvia Cohen<ref name="A305"/>
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age |1939|7|20|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = Chicago, [[Illinois]], U.S.
| death_date  = 
| death_place = 
| alma_mater  = [[University of California, Los Angeles]]
| movement    = {{plainlist|
* [[Contemporary art|Contemporary]]
* [[Feminist art]]
}}
| awards      = Tamarind Fellowship (1972), ''Time'' magazine's "100 Most Influential People" (2018), Visionary Woman award from the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago (2019)
| patrons     = {{plainlist|
* [[Anaïs Nin]] (mentor)
* [[Holly Harp]]
* [[Elizabeth A. Sackler]]<ref name="F284"/>
* [[Stanley Grinstein]]
* [[Elyse Grinstein]]
}}
| field       = {{plainlist|
* [[Installation art|Installation]]
* [[Painting]]
* [[Sculpture]]
}}
| training    = 
| works       = {{plainlist|
* ''[[The Dinner Party]]''
* ''[[International Honor Quilt]]''
* ''Birth Project''
* ''PowerPlay''
* ''The Holocaust Project''
* ''Resolutions: A Stitch in Time''
* ''The End: A Meditation on Death and Extinction''
}}
}}

'''Judy Chicago''' (born '''Judith Sylvia Cohen'''; July 20, 1939) is an American [[feminist art]]ist, art educator,<ref>Chicago, Judy. (2014). ''Institutional Time''. The Monacelli Press.</ref> and writer known for her large collaborative art installation pieces about birth and creation images, which examine the role of women in history and culture. During the 1970s, Chicago founded the first feminist art program in the United States at [[California State University, Fresno]] (formerly Fresno State College), which acted as a catalyst for feminist art and art education during the 1970s.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Broude |first1=Norma |last2=Garrard |first2=Mary D. |last3=Brodsky |first3=Judith K. |title=The power of feminist art: the American movement of the 1970s, history and impact |url=https://archive.org/details/poweroffeminista0000unse |url-access=registration |publisher=Harry N. Abrams |date=1996 |isbn=0-8109-2659-8 |oclc=35746646 }}</ref> Her inclusion in hundreds of publications in various areas of the world showcases her influence in the worldwide art community. Many of her books have also been published in other countries, making her work more accessible to international readers. Chicago's work incorporates a variety of artistic skills, such as needlework, counterbalanced with skills such as welding and pyrotechnics. Her most well-known work is ''[[The Dinner Party]]'', which is permanently installed in the [[Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art]] at the [[Brooklyn Museum]]. ''The Dinner Party'' celebrates the accomplishments of women throughout history and is widely regarded as the first epic feminist artwork. Other notable art projects by Chicago include ''[[International Honor Quilt]]'', ''Birth Project'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chicago |first=Judy |title=The Birth Project |url=https://archive.org/details/birthproject00chic |publisher=Doubleday |location=Garden City, NY |edition=first |date=March 5, 1985 |isbn=9780385187107}}</ref> ''Powerplay'',<ref>{{Cite book |title=Judy Chicago PowerPlay |last1=Chicago |first1=Judy |author2=David Richard Gallery |last3=Katz |first3=Jonathan D. |date=2012 |isbn=9780983931232 |publisher=David Richard Gallery |location=Santa Fe, NM}}</ref> and ''The Holocaust Project''.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Holocaust Project: From Darkness Into Light |last1=Chicago |first1=Judy |last2=Woodman |first2=Donald |date=October 1, 1993 |publisher=Viking |isbn=9780670842124 |edition=first |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/holocaustproject0000chic}}</ref> She is represented by Jessica Silverman gallery.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judy Chicago Confronts Her Younger Self |url=https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/judy-chicago-biography-feminist-art-interview |access-date=2022-02-01 |website=W Magazine |date=January 21, 2022}}</ref>

Chicago was included in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine's "100 Most Influential People of 2018".<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People in the World |url=https://time.com/collection/most-influential-people-2018/ |date=2018 |access-date=2020-09-22 |magazine=Time |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and family==
Judy Chicago was born Judith Sylvia Cohen<ref name="A305">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 305.</ref> to Arthur and May Cohen in [[Chicago, Illinois]], in 1939. Her father came from a 23-generation-long lineage of [[rabbi]]s, including the [[Lithuanian Jews|Lithuanian Jewish]] [[Vilna Gaon]]. Breaking family tradition, Arthur became a [[labor organization|labor organizer]] and [[Marxist]].<ref name="F279"/> He worked nights at a post office and took care of Chicago during the day, while May, a former dancer, worked as a [[medical secretary]].<ref name="A305"/><ref name="F279"/> Arthur's active participation in the [[Communist Party USA|American Communist Party]], liberal views of women, and support of [[workers' rights]] strongly influenced Chicago's own values and thought.<ref name="A306">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 306.</ref> During the American [[McCarthy era]], Arthur was investigated, which made it difficult for him to find work and caused the family much turmoil.<ref name="F279"/> In 1945, while Chicago was alone at home with her infant brother Ben, an [[FBI]] agent visited their house. The agent began to ask the six-year-old Chicago questions about her father and his friends, but the agent was interrupted by May's return to the house.<ref name="A306"/> Arthur's health declined, and he died in 1953 from [[peritonitis]]. May would not discuss his death with her children and did not allow them to attend the funeral. Chicago did not come to terms with his death until she was an adult; in the early 1960s, she was hospitalized for almost a month with a [[bleeding ulcer]].<ref name="F279">Felder and Rosen, 279.</ref>

May loved the arts and instilled her passion for them in her children. Aged three, Chicago began to draw and was sent to the [[Art Institute of Chicago]] to attend classes.<ref name="F279"/><ref name="W5">Wydler and Lippard, 5.</ref> By the age of five, Chicago knew that she "never wanted to do anything but make art"<ref name="W5"/> and continued attending extension classes at the Art Institute throughout her childhood and teens.<ref name="The Guardian" /> After high school, she applied to an academic degree program at the [[School of the Art Institute]] but was denied admission,<ref name="A306"/> and instead attended [[UCLA]] on a scholarship.<ref name="F279"/>

==Education and early career==
While at UCLA, she became politically active, designing posters for the UCLA [[NAACP]] chapter and eventually became its corresponding secretary.<ref name="A306"/> In June 1959, she met and dated Jerry Gerowitz. She left school and moved in with him, for the first time having her own studio space. The couple hitchhiked to New York in 1959, just as Chicago's mother and brother moved to Los Angeles to be closer to her.<ref name="A308">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 308</ref> The couple lived in [[Greenwich Village]] for a time before returning in 1960 from Los Angeles to Chicago so she could finish her degree. Chicago married Gerowitz in 1961.<ref name="A311">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 311</ref> She graduated with a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] degree in 1962 and was a member of [[Phi Beta Kappa]] society. Gerowitz died in a car crash in 1963,  devastating Chicago and causing her to suffer an identity crisis for several years. She received her [[Master of Fine Arts]] from UCLA in 1964.<ref name="F279"/>

In graduate school, Chicago created a series that was abstract, yet easily recognized as male and female sexual organs. These early works were called ''Bigamy'', and represented the death of her husband. One depicted an abstract penis, which was "stopped in flight" before it could unite with a vaginal form. Her professors, who were mainly men, were dismayed over these works.<ref name="A311"/> Despite the use of sexual organs in her work, Chicago refrained from using gender politics or identity as themes.

In 1965, Chicago displayed artwork at her first solo show, at the Rolf Nelson Gallery in Los Angeles. Chicago was one of only four female artists to take part in the show.<ref name="Illustrated Career History">{{cite web|last=Chicago|first=Judy|title=Illustrated Career History|url=http://www.judychicago.com/about/career-history.php|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227074456/http://www.judychicago.com/about/career-history.php|archive-date=2014-02-27}}</ref>

In 1968, Chicago was asked why she did not participate in the ''California Women in the Arts'' exhibition at the Lytton Center, to which she answered: "I won't show in any group defined as Woman, Jewish, or California. Someday, when we all grow up, there will be no labels." Chicago began working in [[ice sculpture]], which represented "a metaphor for the preciousness of life," another reference towards her husband's death.<ref name="A314">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 314.</ref>

[[File:Pasadenalifesaversstudy.jpg|thumb|''Study for Pasadena Lifesavers'', prismacolor, 1968|alt=Four octagonal shapes, each divided into 8 slices with gradating hues of red, pink, yellow, orange, purple.]]

In 1969, the [[Pasadena Art Museum]] exhibited a series of Chicago's spherical acrylic plastic dome sculptures and drawings in an "experimental" gallery. ''[[Art in America]]'' declared that Chicago's work was at the forefront of the [[conceptual art]] movement, and the ''Los Angeles Times'' described the work as showing no signs of "theoretical New York type art."<ref name="A314"/> Chicago would describe her early artwork as [[minimalist]] and as her trying to be "one of the boys."<ref name="L455">Lewis and Lewis, 455.</ref> Chicago would also experiment with [[performance art]], using fireworks and pyrotechnics to create "atmospheres," which involved flashes of colored smoke being manipulated outdoors.<ref name="A315">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 315.</ref>

During this time, Chicago also began exploring her own sexuality in her work. She created the ''Pasadena Lifesavers'', which was a series of abstract paintings that placed acrylic paint on [[Plexiglas]]. The works blended colors to create an illusion that the shapes "turn, dissolve, open, close, vibrate, gesture, wiggle," representing her own discovery that "I was multi-orgasmic." Chicago credited "Pasadena Lifesavers", as being the major turning point in her work in relation to women's sexuality and representation.<ref name="A315"/>

In an interview with ''[[Art & Object]]'' magazine, Chicago reflected on her early career: “My first decade and a half of practice in Southern California, it was incredibly difficult and challenging cause the art world was so inhospitable to women. Still, within that period I built the building blocks of my career, my formal ability, my color systems, the scale I was interested in working, the level of ambition, the level at which I wanted to try and make a contribution. I had a burning desire to make art. I had a lot to say. And I made making art my reward.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.artandobject.com/news/80-judy-chicago-reaches-her-prime |title=At 80, Judy Chicago Reaches Her Prime |website=Art & Object |date=2020-08-24 |access-date=2025-07-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824120000/https://www.artandobject.com/news/80-judy-chicago-reaches-her-prime |archive-date=2020-08-24}}</ref>

===Name change===
As Chicago made her name as an artist and came to know herself as a woman, she no longer felt connected to the surname ''Cohen''. This was due to her grief from the death of her father and the lost connection to her married name Gerowitz, after her husband's death. She decided to change her last name to something independent of being connected to a man by marriage or heritage.<ref name="F279"/>

In 1965, she married sculptor [[Lloyd Hamrol]]. They divorced in 1979.<ref name="F280">Felder and Rosen, 280.</ref>

Gallery owner [[Rolf Nelson]] nicknamed her "Judy Chicago"<ref name="F279"/> because of her strong personality and strong Chicago accent. She decided this would be her new name. By legally changing her surname from the ethnically charged ''Gerowitz'' to the more neutral ''Chicago'', she freed herself from a certain social identity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Jewish Identity in Modern Art History|last=Soussloff|first=Catherine|publisher=U of California Press|year=1999|location=Berkeley, CA}}</ref> Chicago was appalled that her new husband's signature approval was required to change her name legally.<ref name="F280"/> To celebrate the name change, she posed for the exhibition invitation dressed as a boxer, wearing a sweatshirt with her new last name on it.<ref name="A315"/> She also posted a banner across the gallery at her 1970 solo show at [[California State University, Fullerton|California State University at Fullerton]], that read: "Judy Gerowitz hereby divests herself of all names imposed upon her through male social dominance and chooses her own name, Judy Chicago."<ref name="F280"/> An advertisement with the same statement was placed in ''[[Artforum]]'s'' October 1970 issue.<ref name=Levin2007p139>[[#SrcLevin2007|Levin, Gail, ''Becoming Judy Chicago: A Biography of the Artist'', p. 139]]</ref>

==Career==
===1970s===
Chicago is considered one of the "first-generation feminist artists," a group that also includes [[Mary Beth Edelson]], [[Carolee Schneeman]], and [[Rachel Rosenthal]]. They were part of the [[feminist art movement]] in Europe and the [[Feminist art movement in the United States|United States]] in the early 1970s to develop feminist writing and art.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Patin |first1=Thomas |last2=McLerran |first2=Jennifer |title=Artwords: A Glossary of Contemporary Art Theory |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood |year=1997 |page=55 |url=https://www.questia.com/read/27960870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116201420/http://www.questia.com/read/27960870 |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 16, 2008 |isbn=0313292728}}</ref>

In 1970, Chicago began teaching full-time at [[Fresno State College]], hoping to teach women the skills needed to express the female perspective in their work.<ref name="A317">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 317.</ref> At Fresno, she planned a class that would consist only of women and decided to teach off campus to escape "the presence and hence, the expectations of men."<ref name="A318">Levin in Bloch and Umansky, 318.</ref> She taught the first women's art class in the fall of 1970 at Fresno State College. It became the [[Feminist Art Program]], a full 15-unit program, in the spring of 1971. This was the first feminist art program in the United States. Fifteen students studied under Chicago at Fresno State College: Dori Atlantis, Susan Boud, Gail Escola, [[Vanalyne Green]], [[Suzanne Lacy]], Cay Lang, [[Karen LeCocq]], Jan Lester, [[Chris Rush]], Judy Schaefer, Henrietta Sparkman, [[Faith Wilding]], Shawnee Wollenman, [[Nancy Youdelman]], and Cheryl Zurilgen. Together, as the Feminist Art Program, these women rented and refurbished an off-campus studio at 1275 Maple Avenue in downtown Fresno. Here they collaborated on art, held reading groups, and discussion groups about their life experiences which then influenced their art. All of the students and Chicago contributed $25 per month to rent the space and to pay for materials.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Institutional time: a critique of studio art education |last=Chicago |first=Judy |isbn=9781580933667 |oclc=851420315 |year=2014 |publisher=The Monacelli Press, LLC}}</ref>

Later, Judy Chicago and [[Miriam Schapiro]] reestablished the [[Feminist Art Program]] at [[California Institute of the Arts]]. After Chicago left for Cal Arts, the class at Fresno State College was continued by Rita Yokoi from 1971 to 1973, and then by [[Joyce Aiken]] in 1973, until her retirement in 1992.{{refn|Aiken opened the all-women's co-op [[Gallery 25]] with her students, developed the Fresno Art Museum's Council of 100 and the Distinguished Women Artist Series, which helped develop programming and exhibitions about women at the museum.<ref name="Fresno1">{{cite web |first1=Laura |last1=Meyer |first2=Nancy |last2=Youdelman | title=A Studio of Their Own: The Legacy of the Fresno Feminist Art Experiment |work=A Studio of their Own |url=http://www.astudiooftheirown.org/legacy.html | access-date=8 January 2011}}</ref>|group=nb}}

Chicago's image is included in the iconic 1972 poster [[Some Living American Women Artists (collage)|Some Living American Women Artists]] by [[Mary Beth Edelson]].<ref name="SAAM">{{cite web |title=Some Living American Women Artists/Last Supper |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/some-living-american-women-artistslast-supper-76377 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |access-date=21 January 2022}}</ref>

With [[Arlene Raven]] and [[Sheila Levrant de Bretteville]], Chicago co-founded the Los Angeles [[Woman's Building]] in 1973.<ref name="AAA">{{cite web | title=Woman's Building records, 1970–1992 |work=[[Archives of American Art]] |publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]] |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/womans-building-records-6347/more#biohist |access-date=August 15, 2011}}</ref> This art school and exhibition space was in a structure named after a pavilion at the 1893 World's Colombian Exhibition that featured art made by women from around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Judy_Chicago#biography |title=Judy Chicago |website=SFMOMA |access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref> This housed the Feminist Studio Workshop, described by the founders as "an experimental program in female education in the arts". They wrote: "our purpose is to develop a new concept of art, a new kind of artist and a new art community built from the lives, feelings, and needs of women."<ref name="L455"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Moravec |first=Michelle |title=Looking For Lyotard, Beyond the Genre of Feminist Manifesto |journal=Trespassing |date=2013 |volume=1 |issue=2 |url=http://trespassingjournal.com/Issue2/TPJ_I2_Moravec_Article.pdf |access-date=30 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206151609/http://trespassingjournal.com/Issue2/TPJ_I2_Moravec_Article.pdf |archive-date=6 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> During this period Chicago began creating spray-painted canvases, primarily abstract, with geometric forms on them. These works evolved, using the same medium, to become more centered around the meaning of the "feminine". Chicago was strongly influenced by [[Gerda Lerner]].<ref name="F280"/>

Chicago's first book, ''Through the Flower'' (1975), "chronicled her struggles to find her own identity as a woman artist".<ref name="Illustrated Career History" />

====''Womanhouse''====
{{main|Womanhouse}}
''Womanhouse'' was a project by Chicago and [[Miriam Schapiro]], beginning in fall 1971 once Chicago became a teacher at the [[California Institute of the Arts]]. In 1972, Chicago and Schapiro founded the Feminist Art Program at the California Institute of the Arts, which was the first art exhibition space to display a female point of view in art,<ref name="F280"/> and chose 21 female students for the course. They wanted to start the year with a large scale collaborative project that involved female artists who spent much of their time talking about their experiences as women. They used these ideas as fuel and dealt with them while working on the project.

The idea for ''Womanhouse'' was sparked during a discussion they had early in the course about the home as a place with which women were traditionally associated, and they wanted to highlight the realities of womanhood, wifehood, and motherhood within the home.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Schapiro|first=Miriam|date=1972|title=The Education of Women as Artists: Project Womanhouse|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/775513|journal=Art Journal|volume=31|issue=3|pages=268–270|doi=10.2307/775513|jstor=775513|issn=0004-3249|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Chicago thought that female students often approach art-making with an unwillingness to push their limits due to their lack of familiarity with tools and processes, and an inability to see themselves as working people. "The aim of the Feminist Art Program is to help women restructure their personalities to be more consistent with their desires to be artists and to help them build their art-making out of their experiences as women."<ref name=Schapiro>{{cite web|last1=Schapiro|first1=Miriam|last2=Chicago|first2=Judy|title=Womanhouse catalog essay|url=http://www.suzyspence.com/womanhouse/Womanhousecatalogessay.pdf|publisher=Womanhouse|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611044304/http://www.suzyspence.com/womanhouse/Womanhousecatalogessay.pdf|archive-date=11 June 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

===''The Dinner Party''===
{{main|The Dinner Party}}
[[File:Judy Chicago The Dinner Party.JPG|thumb|''[[File:Judy Chicago The Dinner Party.jpg|thumb]] [[The Dinner Party]]'' as installed at the [[Brooklyn Museum]].|alt=A large, triangular dining table with ornately decorated plates and tableclothes in a dark room. The space encapsulated between the three sides of the table shows a floor with the written names of famous women.]]
Inspired by Lerner, Chicago developed ''[[The Dinner Party]]'', now in the collection of the [[Brooklyn Museum]].<ref name="BM1">{{cite web |title=The Dinner Party |work=Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art |publisher=Brooklyn Museum |url=http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/index.php |access-date=15 January 2011}}</ref> It took her five years to create and cost about $250,000 to complete.<ref name="The Guardian" /> First, Chicago conceived the project in her [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] studio: a large triangle, which measures 48 feet by 43 feet by 36 feet, consisting of 39 place settings.<ref name="F280"/> Each place commemorates a historical or mythical female figure, such as artists, goddesses, activists, and martyrs. Thirteen women are represented on each side.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brooklyn Museum: Genesis |url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/genesis |access-date=12 March 2022}}</ref> The embroidered table runners are stitched in the style and technique of the featured woman's time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/subversivestitch00park|title=The subversive stitch : embroidery and the making of the feminine|last=Rozsika.|first=Parker|date=1984|publisher=Women's Press|isbn=0704338831|location=London|oclc=11237744}}</ref> Numerous other names of women are engraved in the "Heritage Floor" upon which the piece sits. The project came into fruition with the assistance of over 400 people, mainly women, who volunteered to assist in needlework, creating sculptures and other aspects of the process.<ref name="F281">Felder and Rosen, 281.</ref>  When ''The Dinner Party'' was first constructed, it was a traveling exhibition. Through the Flower, her non-profit organization, was originally created to cover the expense of the creation and travel of the artwork. Jane Gerhard dedicated a book to Judy Chicago and ''The Dinner Party'', entitled "The Dinner Party: Judy Chicago and The Power of Popular Feminism, 1970–2007."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.throughtheflower.org|title=Through the Flower and Judy Chicago|website=www.throughtheflower.org|language=en|access-date=2017-03-11}}</ref>

Many art critics, including [[Hilton Kramer]] from ''[[The New York Times]]'', were unimpressed by her work.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{Cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/28/insider/judy-chicago-dinner-part-art-reviews-times.html | title=From 'Vicious' to Celebratory: The Times's Reviews of Judy Chicago's 'The Dinner Party'| newspaper=The New York Times| date=2018-02-28| last1=Pilat| first1=Kasia}}</ref> Mr. Kramer felt Chicago's intended vision was not conveyed through this piece and "it looked like an outrageous libel on the female imagination."<ref name="nytimes.com"/> Although art critics felt her work lacked depth and the dinner party was just "vaginas on plates," it was popular and captivated the general public. Chicago debuted her work in six countries on three continents. She reached over a million people through her artwork. {{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

In a 1981 interview, Chicago said that the backlash of threats and hateful castigation in reaction to the work brought on the only period of suicide risk she'd ever experienced in her life, characterizing herself as "like a wounded animal".<ref name="WBAI1981">{{cite interview|surname=Chicago|given=Judy|subject-link=Judy Chicago|interviewer-surname=Stubbs|interviewer-given=Ann|title=Interview with Judy Chicago|title-link=iarchive:pra-IZ1161|publisher=[[WBAI]]|location=New York|year=1981}}</ref>  She stated that she sought refuge from public attention by moving to a small rural community and that friends and acquaintances took on administrative support roles for her, such as opening her mail, while she threw herself into working on ''Embroidering Our Heritage'', the book documenting the project.  She further said,<ref name="WBAI1981"/>

{{blockquote|If I go forward now it's because of a network of support that's being built that will allow me to go forward.  My destiny as an artist is totally tied up with my destiny as a member of the female sex. And as we as women move forward, I move forward.  That's something that's very, very hard to accept because, it's like, I could not do it all the way either; but I've come a long way, I know I've come a long way. And that means that other women can come that far, and farther.}}

===''Birth Project'' and ''PowerPlay''===
From 1980 to 1985 Chicago created ''Birth Project''. The piece used images of childbirth to celebrate woman's role as mother. Chicago was inspired to create this collective work because of the lack of imagery and representation of birth in the art world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/08/style/judy-chicago-women-s-lives-and-art.html|title=JUDY CHICAGO: WOMEN'S LIVES AND ART|last=Bennetts|first=Leslie|date=1985-04-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-03-11|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>  Judy Chicago famously said "If men could give birth, there would be millions of representations of the crowning."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Judy Chicago: A Retrospective |url=https://www.famsf.org/exhibitions/judy-chicago |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=FAMSF |language=en}}</ref> The installation reinterpreted the [[Genesis creation narrative]], which focused on the idea that a male god created a male human, Adam, without the involvement of a woman.<ref name="F281"/> Chicago described the piece as revealing a "primordial female self hidden among the recesses of my soul...the birthing woman is part of the dawn of creation."<ref name="W5"/> 150 needleworkers from the United States, [[Canada]] and [[New Zealand]] assisted in the project, working on 100 panels, by quilting, macrame, embroidery and other techniques. The size of the piece means it is rarely displayed in its entirety. The majority of the pieces from ''Birth Project'' are held in the collection of the [[Albuquerque Museum]].<ref name="F281"/>

Chicago was not personally interested in motherhood. While she admired the women who chose this path she did not find it right for herself. In 2012, she said, "There was no way on this earth I could have had children and the career I've had."<ref name="The Guardian">{{cite news|last=Cooke|first=Rachel|title=The art of Judy Chicago|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2012/nov/04/judy-chicago-art-feminism-britain|access-date=15 February 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=3 November 2012}}</ref>

Overlapping with ''Birth Project'', Chicago started working independently on ''PowerPlay'' in 1982: a series of large-scale paintings, drawings, cast paper reliefs and bronze reliefs. What both the series, however, have in common is that their subject matters deal with issues rarely depicted in Western art.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith|first=Edward|title=Judy Chicago: An American Vision|publisher=Watson-Guptill Publications|year=2000|location=New York|pages=101}}</ref> The ''PowerPlay'' series was inspired by Chicago's trip to Italy, where she saw the masterpieces of Renaissance artists representing the Western artistic tradition.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith|title=Judy Chicago: An American Vision|publisher=|year=2000|location=|pages=101–102}}</ref> As Judy Chicago wrote in her autobiographical book: “I was to be greatly influenced by actually seeing the major Renaissance paintings. Looking at their monumental scale and clarity led me to decide to cast my examination of masculinity in the classical tradition of the heroic nude and to do so in a series of large-scale oil paintings.”<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chicago|first=Judy|title=Beyond the Flower: The Autobiography of a Feminist Artist|publisher=Penguin Books|year=1997|pages=143–144}}</ref>

The titles of the works such as ''Crippled by the Need to Control/Blind Individuality, Pissing on Nature, Driving the World to Destruction, In the Shadow of the Handgun, Disfigured by Power'', etc., indicate Chicago's focus on male violent behaviour.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gauthier|first=Olivia|date=March 2018|title=Toxic Masculinity and Rainbows|journal=Bomb Magazine}}</ref> However, the brightly coloured images of facial expressions and parts of male bodies express not only aggression and power but also vulnerability. Chicago's husband Donald Woodman posed for the piece ''Woe/Man''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lucie-Smith|title=Judy Chicago: An American Vision|publisher=|year=2000|location=|pages=113, 116}}</ref><ref name="Chicago 1997 150">{{Cite book|last=Chicago|title=Beyond the Flower|publisher=|year=1997|pages=150}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Chicago|title=Beyond the Flower|publisher=|year=1997|pages=113}}</ref> She depended “upon [her] own sense of truth, working from observation, experience, and, of course, [her] rage at how destructively so many men seem to act toward women and the world at large.”<ref name="Chicago 1997 150"/>

By depicting male bodies Chicago replaced the traditional male gaze with a female one. As she said: “I knew that I didn’t want to keep perpetuating the use of the female body as the repository of so many emotions; it seemed as if everything – love, dread, longing, loathing, desire, and terror – was projected onto the female by both male and female artists, albeit with often differing perspectives. I wondered what feelings the male body might be made to express.”<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chicago |title=Beyond the Flower |publisher= |year=1997 |pages=142}}</ref>

===''The Holocaust Project''===
In the mid-1980s Chicago's interests "shifted beyond 'issues of female identity' to an exploration of masculine power and powerlessness in the context of the Holocaust."<ref name="Jewish Renaissance">{{cite journal |title=Judy Chicago in the UK |first=Galit |last=Mana |journal=[[Jewish Renaissance]] |date=October 2012 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=42–43}}</ref> Chicago's ''The Holocaust Project: From Darkness into Light'' (1985–93)<ref name="Jewish Renaissance"/> is a collaboration with her husband, photographer Donald Woodman, whom she married on New Year's Eve 1985. Although Chicago's previous husbands were both Jewish, it was not until she met Woodman that she began to explore her own Jewish heritage. Chicago met poet Harvey Mudd, who had written an epic poem about the [[Holocaust]]. Chicago was interested in illustrating the poem, but decided to create her own work instead, using her own art, visual and written. Chicago worked alongside her husband to complete the piece, which took eight years to finish.<ref name="F281"/> The piece, which documents victims of the Holocaust, was created during a time of personal loss in Chicago's life: the death of her brother Ben from [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|Lou Gehrig's disease]], and the death of her mother from cancer.<ref name="F282">Felder and Rosen, 282.</ref>

Chicago used the Holocaust as a prism through which to explore victimization, oppression, injustice, and human cruelty.<ref name=":1" /> To seek inspiration for the project, Chicago and Woodman watched the documentary ''[[Shoah (film)|Shoah]]'', which comprises interviews with Holocaust survivors at [[Nazi concentration camps]] and other Holocaust sites.<ref name="F282"/> They also explored photo archives and written pieces about the Holocaust.<ref name="W6"/> They spent several months touring concentration camps and visited [[Israel]].<ref name="Jewish Renaissance"/> Chicago brought other issues into the work, such as environmentalism, [[Native American genocide]],<ref name="W5"/> and the [[Vietnam War]]. With these subjects Chicago sought to relate contemporary issues to the moral dilemma behind the Holocaust.<ref name="F282"/> This aspect of the work caused controversy within the Jewish community, due to the comparison of the Holocaust to these other historical and contemporary concerns.<ref name="W5"/> ''The Holocaust Project: From Darkness into Light'' consists of sixteen large-scale works made of a variety of mediums including: tapestry, stained glass, metal work, wood work, photography, painting, and the sewing of [[Audrey Cowan]]. The exhibit ends with a piece that displays a Jewish couple at [[Shabbat|Sabbath]]. The piece comprises 3000 square feet, providing a full exhibition experience for the viewer.<ref name="F282"/> ''The Holocaust Project: From Darkness into Light'' was exhibited for the first time in October 1993 at the [[Spertus Museum]] in Chicago.<ref name="F282"/> Most of the work from the piece is held at the [[Holocaust Center (Pittsburgh)|Holocaust Center]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.<ref name="F284">Felder and Rosen, 284.</ref>

Over the next six years Chicago created works that explored the experiences of concentration camp victims.<ref name="Jewish Renaissance"/> Galit Mana of ''Jewish Renaissance'' magazine notes, "This shift in focus led Chicago to work on other projects with an emphasis on Jewish tradition", including ''Voices from the Song of Songs'' (1997), where Chicago "introduces feminism and female sexuality into her representation of strong biblical female characters."<ref name="Jewish Renaissance"/>

===1980s and 1990s===
In 1985, Chicago married photographer [[Donald Woodman]].<ref name="Illustrated Career History" />

In 1994, Chicago started the series ''Resolutions: A Stitch in Time'', completed over a six-year period. Six years later, ''Resolutions: A Stitch in Time'' was exhibited to the public at the [[Museum of Arts and Design|Museum of Art and Design]] in New York.<ref name="Judy Chicago">{{Cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/judy-chicago-9246631|title=Judy Chicago|website=Biography.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425120534/http://www.biography.com/people/judy-chicago-9246631|archive-date=2017-04-25|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1996, Chicago and Woodman moved into the [[Belen Hotel]], an historic railroad hotel in [[Belen, New Mexico]] which Woodman had spent three years converting into a home.<ref name="Judy Chicago"/>

In 1999, Chicago received the UCLA Alumni Professional Achievement Award, and was awarded [[honorary degree]]s from [[Lehigh University]], [[Smith College]], [[Duke University]]<ref name="JWE">{{cite web |first=Debra |last=Wacks |year=2012 |title=Judy Chicago |publisher=Jewish Women's Archives |url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/chicago-judy |access-date=15 January 2011}}</ref> and [[Russell Sage College]].<ref name="F284"/>

===21st century===
In 2004, Chicago received a Visionary Woman Award from [[Moore College of Art & Design]].<ref name=Moore>{{cite web|title=Visionary Woman Awards|url=http://www.moore.edu/support_moore/visionary_woman_awards |work=Support Moore |publisher=Moore College of Art & Design |access-date=8 April 2012 |archive-date=5 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405114125/http://www.moore.edu/support_moore/visionary_woman_awards |url-status=dead}}</ref>  She was named a [[National Women's History Project]] honoree for [[Women's History Month]] in 2008.<ref name="NWHP">{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Judy Chicago |work=2008 Honorees |publisher=National Women's History Month Project |url=http://nwhp.org/whm/chicago_bio.php |access-date=15 Jan 2011 |archive-date=April 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415011745/http://www.nwhp.org/whm/chicago_bio.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>

To celebrate her 25th wedding anniversary with Woodman, she created a ''Renewal Ketubah'' in 2010.<ref name="Illustrated Career History" />

In 2011, Chicago returned to Los Angeles for the opening of the "Concurrents" exhibition at the [[Getty Museum]] and performed a firework-based installation piece in the [[Pomona College]] football field, a site where she had previously performed in the 1960s.<ref name="LAT1">{{cite web | first=Jori | last=Finkel | year=2011 | title=Q&A Judy Chicago | work=Censorship | publisher=Los Angeles Times | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/la-xpm-2011-oct-30-la-ca-pst-judy-chicago-and-rebecca-mcgrew-2-20111030-story.html | access-date=15 January 2011}}</ref> Chicago also donated her collection of feminist art educational materials to [[Penn State University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Judy Chicago Art Education Collection {{!}} Penn State|url = http://judychicago.arted.psu.edu/|website = judychicago.arted.psu.edu|access-date = 2015-09-12}}</ref>

Chicago had two solo exhibitions in the United Kingdom in 2012, one in [[London]] and another in [[Liverpool]].<ref name="Jewish Renaissance"/> The Liverpool exhibition included the launch of Chicago's book about [[Virginia Woolf]]. Once a peripheral part of her artistic expression, Chicago now considers writing to be well integrated into her career.<ref name="Jewish Renaissance"/> That year, she was also awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the Palm Springs Art Fair.<ref name="Judy Chicago"/>

She was interviewed for the 2018 film ''[[!Women Art Revolution]]''.<ref name=a8>{{harvnb|Anon|2018}}</ref> In an interview with [[Gloria Steinem]] in 2018, Chicago described her "goal as an artist" has been “to create images in which the female experience is the path to the universal, as opposed to learning everything through the male gaze."<ref>"Judy Chicago" by Gloria Steinem, December/January 2018 issue of ''Interview'', pp. 28–31</ref>

In 2021, she was inducted into the [[National Women's Hall of Fame]].<ref>{{cite web|date=March 8, 2021|title=Michelle Obama, Mia Hamm chosen for Women's Hall of Fame|url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/womens-half-fame-michelle-obama-20210308.html|newspaper=The Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> A major retrospective exhibition, titled ''Judy Chicago: A Retrospective,'' was displayed at the [[De Young Museum]] in San Francisco in 2021; it was Judy Chicago's first retrospective.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Grace Loh|date=2021-10-04|title=Judy Chicago Retrospective Brings the Artist Full Circle|url=http://hyperallergic.com/682013/judy-chicago-retrospective-brings-the-artist-full-circle/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cascone |first=Sarah |date=2021-10-28 |title=After Six Decades, Judy Chicago Is Finally Getting Her First Retrospective (and 'The Dinner Party' Isn't in It) |url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/judy-chicago-de-young-retrospective-2012856 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=Artnet News |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chicago's work was included in the 2021 exhibition ''[[Women in Abstraction]]'' at the [[Centre Pompidou]].<ref name="Women in abstraction">{{cite book |title=Women in abstraction |date=2021 |publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd. ; Thames & Hudson Inc |location=London : New York, New York |isbn=978-0500094372 |pages=170}}</ref>

In 2022, Chicago collaborated with [[Nadya Tolokonnikova]] to transform her ''What if Women Ruled the World?'' series into a participatory art project, enabled by [[blockchain]] with the hopes of spawning a [[Web3]] community dedicated to gender rights.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/judy-chicago-nadya-tolokonnikova-blockchain-artwork-1234648837/|author=Shanti Escalante-De Mattei|date=December 2, 2022|title=Judy Chicago and Nadya Tolokonnikova Team Up to Create a Feminist Blockchain-Enabled Artwork|work=ARTnews}}</ref>

Chicago strives to push herself, exploring new directions for her art; early in her career, she attended car-body school to learn to [[Airbrush|air-brush]] and has expanded her practice to include a variety of media including glass.<ref name="The Guardian" /> Taking such risks is easier to do when one lives by Chicago's philosophy: "I'm not career driven. [[Damien Hirst]]'s dots sold, so he made thousands of dots. I would, like, never do that! It wouldn't even occur to me."<ref name="The Guardian" />

From October 2023 to early March 2024, Chicago's work is featured across four floors of the [[New Museum]] in New York City in a comprehensive museum survey of her work titled ''Judy Chicago: Herstory''.<ref name="New Museum">{{cite web |year=2023 |title=Judy Chicago: Herstory |url=https://www.newmuseum.org/exhibitions/view/judy-chicago-herstory |access-date=15 Oct 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Avgikos |first=Jan |date=2024-01-01 |title=Judy Chicago |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/jan-avgikos-judy-chicago-new-museum-2023-544908/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref>

Chicago's artwork is held in the permanent collections of several museums including [[The British Museum]], [[The Brooklyn Museum]], The [[Getty Trust]], The [[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]], [[New Mexico Museum of Art]], [[The National Gallery of Art]], [[The National Museum of Women in the Arts]], The [[Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts]], and The [[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.artstor.org/content/judy-chicago |title=Judy Chicago {{!}} Artstor |website=www.artstor.org |access-date=2017-03-11}}</ref> Her archives are held at the [[Schlesinger Library]] at [[Radcliffe College]], and her collection of women's history and culture books are held in the collection of the [[University of New Mexico]].

==Style and work==
Chicago drew inspiration from the 'ordinary' woman, a central focus of the early 1970s feminist movement. This influenced her work, notably in ''The Dinner Party'', reflecting her fascination with textile work and craft often culturally associated with women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gerhard|first=Jane|date=2011|title=Judy Chicago and the Practice of 1970s Feminism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23069923|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=37|issue=3|pages=591–618|jstor=23069923|issn=0046-3663}}</ref> Chicago trained herself in "macho arts", taking classes in auto body work, boat-building and pyrotechnics. Through auto body work she learned spray painting techniques and the skill to fuse color and surface to any type of media, which would become a signature of her later work. The skills learned through boat building would be used in her sculpture work, and pyrotechnics would be used to create fireworks for performance pieces. These skills allowed Chicago to bring fiberglass and metal into her sculpture, and eventually she would become an apprentice under [[Mim Silinsky]] to learn the art of porcelain painting, which would be used to create works in ''The Dinner Party''. Chicago also added the skill of stained glass to her artistic tool belt, which she used for ''The Holocaust Project''.<ref name="F280"/> Photography became more present in Chicago's work as her relationship with photographer Donald Woodman developed.<ref name="W6">Wylder and Lippard, 6</ref>  Since 2003, Chicago has been working with [[glass]].<ref name="PSU">{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Penn State Receives Judy Chicago Feminist Art Education Collections |url=http://gantdaily.com/2011/06/12/penn-state-receives-judy-chicago-feminist-art-education-collections/ |access-date=15 January 2011 |work=Local News |publisher=Gant Daily}}</ref>

Collaboration is a major aspect of Chicago's installation works. ''The Dinner Party'', ''Birth Project'', and ''Resolutions'' were all completed as a collaborative process with Chicago and hundreds of volunteer participants. Volunteer artisans skills vary, often connected to "stereotypical" women's arts such as textile arts.<ref name="F280"/><ref name="F282"/> Chicago makes a point to acknowledge her assistants as collaborators, a task at which other artists have notably failed.<ref name="The Guardian" /><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gerhard|first1=Jane|title=The Dinner Party: Judy Chicago and the power of popular feminism. 1970–2007|date=2013|publisher=University of Georgia Press|location=Athens, GA|isbn=978-0-8203-3675-6|pages=2, 228}}</ref>

==Through the Flower==
In 1978 Chicago founded [[Through the Flower]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-18 |title=Through the Flower |url=https://throughtheflower.org/ |access-date=2024-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> a non-profit feminist art organization. The organization seeks to educate the public about the importance of art and how it can be used as a tool to emphasize women's achievements. Through the Flower also serves as the maintainer of Chicago's works, having handled the storage of ''The Dinner Party'', before it found a permanent home at the Brooklyn Museum. The organization also maintained The Dinner Party Curriculum, which serves as a "living curriculum" for education about feminist art ideas and [[pedagogy]]. The online aspect of the curriculum was donated to [[Penn State University]] in 2011.<ref name="PSU"/>

==Teaching career==
Judy Chicago became aware of the sexism that was rampant in modern art institutions, museums, and schools while getting her undergraduate and graduate degree at [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] in the 1960s. She did not challenge this sexism as an undergrad. In fact, she did quite the opposite by trying to match — both in her artwork and in her personal style — what she thought of as masculinity in the artistic styles and habits of her male counterparts. This included working with heavy industrial materials, smoking cigars, dressing in a  "masculine" way, and attending motorcycle shows.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Chicago|first1=Judy|last2=Meyer|first2=Laura|date=1995-12-28|title=Judy Chicago, Feminist Artist and Educator|journal=Women & Therapy|volume=17|issue=1–2|pages=125–140|doi=10.1300/j015v17n01_13|issn=0270-3149}}</ref> This awareness continued to grow as she recognized how society did not see women as professional artists in the same way they recognized men. Angered by this, Chicago channeled this energy and used it to strengthen her feminist values as a person and teacher. While most teachers based their lessons on technique, visual forms, and color, the foundation for Chicago's teachings were on the content and social significance of the art, especially in [[feminism]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Keifer-Boyd|first=Karen|date=January 2007|title=From Content to Form: Judy Chicago's Pedagogy with Reflections by Judy Chicago|journal=Studies in Art Education|volume=48|issue=2|pages=134–154|doi=10.1080/00393541.2007.11650096|s2cid=141809901|issn=0039-3541}}</ref> Stemming from the male-dominated art community Chicago studied with for so many years, she valued art based on research, social or political views, and/or experience. She wanted her students to grow into their art professions without having to sacrifice what womanhood meant to them. Chicago developed an art education methodology in which "female-centered content", such as menstruation and giving birth, is encouraged by the teacher as "[[The personal is political|personal is political]]" content for art.<ref>Chicago, Judy, (n.d.). [http://judychicago.arted.psu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Art-Practice-Art-PedagogyTranscript-and-Slide-Presentation-Boxx-11-6.pdf. ''Art Practice/Art Pedagogy'']. Judy Chicago Art Education Collection, Penn State, Box 11, Folder 6, p. 1.</ref> Chicago advocates the teacher as facilitator by actively listening to students in order to guide content searches and the translation of content into art. She refers to her teaching methodology as "participatory art [[pedagogy]]."<ref>Keifer-Boyd, K. (2007). "From content to form: Judy Chicago's pedagogy with reflections by Judy Chicago". ''Studies in Art Education: A Journal of Issues and Research in Art Education'', 48(2), 133–153.</ref>

The art created in the [[Feminist Art Program]] and ''[[Womanhouse]]'' introduced perspectives and content about women's lives that had been taboo topics in society, including the art world.<ref>Fields, Jill (Ed.). (2012). ''Entering the picture: Judy Chicago, The Fresno Feminist Art Program, and the collective visions of women artists''. New York: Routledge.</ref><ref>Gerhard, Jane F. (2013). ''The Dinner Party: Judy Chicago and the power of popular feminism. 1970–2007''. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.</ref> In 1970 Chicago developed the [[Feminist Art Program]] at California State University, Fresno, and has implemented other teaching projects that conclude with an art exhibition by students such as ''Womanhouse'' with [[Miriam Schapiro]] at CalArts, and ''SINsation'' in 1999 at Indiana University, ''From Theory to Practice: A Journey of Discovery'' at Duke University in 2000, ''At Home: A Kentucky Project with Judy Chicago and Donald Woodman'' at Western Kentucky University in 2002, ''Envisioning the Future'' at California Polytechnic State University and Pomona Arts Colony in 2004, and ''Evoke/Invoke/Provoke'' at Vanderbilt University in 2005.<ref>Chicago, Judy (2014),  ''Institutional Time: A Critique of Studio Art Education''. New York, NY: Monacelli Press.</ref> Several students involved in Judy Chicago's teaching projects established successful careers as artists, including [[Suzanne Lacy]], [[Faith Wilding]], and [[Nancy Youdelman]].

In the early 2000s Chicago organized her teaching style into three parts: preparation, process, and art-making.<ref name=":2" /> Each has a specific purpose and is crucial. During the preparation phase, students identify a deep personal concern and then research that issue. In the process phase, students gather together in a group to discuss the materials they plan on using and the content of their work. Finally, in the art-making phase, students find materials, sketch, critique, and produce art.

In 2022, Judy Chicago and Donald Woodman returned to education after 50 years since ''Womanhouse''{{'}}s debut. ''Wo/Manhouse 2022'', located in Belen, New Mexico, featured 19 New Mexico-based artists exploring gender roles, identity, family, labor, and more through site-specific artworks in a 1950s-style house. The project was facilitated by original ''Womanhouse'' participant Nancy Youdelman.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bielski |first=Annie |date=July 24, 2022 |title=Judy Chicago's Wo/Manhouse 2022 Could Use Some More Diversity |url=http://hyperallergic.com/746443/judy-chicago-womanhouse-2022-could-use-some-more-diversity/ |access-date=August 1, 2023 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Books by Chicago ==
* ''The Dinner Party: A Symbol of our Heritage''. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday (1979). {{ISBN|0-385-14567-5}}.
* with Susan Hill. ''Embroidering Our Heritage: The Dinner Party Needlework''. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday (1980). {{ISBN|0-385-14569-1}}.
* ''The Birth Project''. New York: Doubleday (1985). {{ISBN|0-385-18710-6}}.
* ''Beyond the Flower: The Autobiography of a Feminist Artist''. New York: Penguin (1997). {{ISBN|0-14-023297-4}}.
* ''Kitty City: A Feline Book of Hours''. New York: Harper Design (2005). {{ISBN|0-06-059581-7}}.
* ''Through the Flower: My Struggle as a Woman Artist''. Lincoln: Authors Choice Press (2006). {{ISBN|0-595-38046-8}}.
* with [[Frances Borzello]]. ''Frida Kahlo: Face to Face''. New York: Prestel USA (2010). {{ISBN|3-7913-4360-2}}.
* ''Institutional Time: A Critique of Studio Art Education''. New York: The Monacelli Press (2014). {{ISBN|9781580933667}}.
* ''The Flowering: The Autobiography of Judy Chicago''. Thames & Hudson USA (2021). {{ISBN|0500094381|9780500094389}}

== Explanatory notes ==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

== Citations ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Cited sources ==
* {{Cite web |author=Anon |year=2018 |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews |title=Artist, Curator & Critic Interviews |work=!Women Art Revolution – Spotlight at Stanford |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326230847/https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews |archive-date=26 March 2018 |url-status=live |df=mdy-all}}
* Bloch, Avital and Lauri Umansky (eds.). ''Impossible to Hold: Women and Culture in the 1960s''. New York: NYU Press (2005). {{ISBN|0-8147-9910-8}}.
* Felder, Deborah G. and Diana Rosen. ''Fifty Jewish Women Who Changed the World''. Yucca Valley: Citadel (2005). {{ISBN|0-8065-2656-4}}.
* Lewis, Richard L. and Susan Ingalls Lewis. ''The Power of Art''. Florence: Wadsworth (2008). {{ISBN|0-534-64103-2}}.
* Wylder, Viki D. Thompson and Lucy R. Lippard. ''Judy Chicago: Trials and Tributes''. Tallahassee: Florida State University Museum of Fine Arts (1999). {{ISBN|1-889282-05-7}}.

== Further reading ==
* Dickson, Rachel (ed.), with contributions by Judy Batalion, Frances Borzello, Diane Gelon, Alexandra Kokoli, Andrew Perchuk. ''Judy Chicago''. Lund Humpries, Ben Uri (2012). {{ISBN|978-1-84822-120-8}}.
* Levin, Gail. ''Becoming Judy Chicago: A Biography of the Artist''. New York: Crown (2007). {{ISBN|1-4000-5412-5}}.
* Lippard, Lucy, Elizabeth A. Sackler, Edward Lucie-Smith and Viki D. Thompson Wylder. ''Judy Chicago''. {{ISBN|0-8230-2587-X}}.
* Lucie-Smith, Edward. ''Judy Chicago: An American Vision''. New York: Watson-Guptill (2000). {{ISBN|0-8230-2585-3}}.
* ''Right Out of History: Judy Chicago''. DVD. Phoenix Learning Group (2008).
* {{cite book|last=Petro |first=Anthony |title=Provoking Religion: Sex, Art, and the Culture Wars |isbn=9780190938437 |year=2025 |publisher=Oxford University Press}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Judy Chicago}}
{{Wikiquote|Judy Chicago}}
* {{official website|http://www.judychicago.com}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702140458/http://throughtheflower.org/page.php?p=40&n=3 Judy Chicago] on Through the Flower
* [http://judychicago.arted.psu.edu/ Judy Chicago Art Education Collection] at Pennsylvania State
* [http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00326 Papers, 1947–2004 (inclusive), 1957–2004 (bulk).] Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.
* [http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/ihq International Honor Quilt Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106123050/http://digital.library.louisville.edu/cdm/landingpage/collection/ihq |date=2021-11-06 }}, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky.
* [https://nmwa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Visual-Archive-Finding-Aid-2020.pdf Judy Chicago Visual Archive] at [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]]
* {{Internet Archive|id=pra-IZ1161|name=1981 radio interview with Chicago}}; interviewer Ann Stubbs, originally broadcast on [[WBAI]] and the [[Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Network]]
* [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-judy-chicago-15708 Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution: Oral History Interview]

{{National Women's Hall of Fame}}
{{Feminist art movement in the United States}}

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