View source for Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy

{{Short description|British Army officer & 12th Governor-General of Canada (1862-1935)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix    = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[The Right Honourable]]
| name                = The Viscount Byng of Vimy
| honorific-suffix    = {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|GCB|GCMG|MVO}}
| image               = Lord Byng (HS85-10-39396) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Byng in 1921
| order               = 12th
| office              = Governor General of Canada
| monarch             = [[George V]]
| primeminister       = {{ubl|[[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian]]|{{unbulleted list|&nbsp;• [[Arthur Meighen]]<br />&nbsp;• [[W. L. M. King]]}}|[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British]]{{unbulleted list|&nbsp;• [[David Lloyd George]]<br />&nbsp;• [[Bonar Law]]<br />&nbsp;• [[Stanley Baldwin]]<br />&nbsp;• [[Ramsay MacDonald]]}}}}
| term_start          = 2 August 1921
| term_end            = 5 August 1926
| predecessor         = [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]]
| successor           = [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Viscount Willingdon]]
| office2             = [[#External links|More...]]
| birth_name          = Julian Hedworth George Byng
| birth_date          = {{birth date|df=yes|1862|9|11}}
| birth_place         = [[Wrotham Park]], Hertfordshire, England
| death_date          = {{death date and age|df=yes|1935|6|6|1862|9|11}}
| death_place         = [[Thorpe Hall (Thorpe-le-Soken)|Thorpe Hall]], Essex, England
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Marie Evelyn Moreton]]|30 April 1902}}
| profession          = [[Officer (armed forces)|Officer]]
| signature           = Julian Byng Signature.svg
| module              = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
| nickname         = ''Bungo''
| allegiance       = United Kingdom
| branch           = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears     = 1879–1919
| servicenumber    = 
| rank             = [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]]
| unit             =
| commands         = {{ubl|[[Third Army (United Kingdom)|Third Army]]|[[Canadian Corps]]|[[XVII Corps (United Kingdom)|XVII Corps]]|[[IX Corps (United Kingdom)|IX Corps]]|[[British Troops in Egypt]]|[[1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Cavalry Brigade]]|[[2nd Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Cavalry Brigade]]|[[10th Royal Hussars]]|[[South African Light Horse]]}}
| battles          = {{tree list}}
* [[Mahdist War]]
** [[Battles of El Teb]]
** [[Battle of Tamai]]
* [[Second Boer War]]
* [[First World War]]
** [[First Battle of Ypres]]
** [[Gallipoli campaign]]
** [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]]
** [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|Battle of Cambrai]]
** [[Hundred Days Offensive]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards           = {{ubl|[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]|[[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]|[[Member of the Royal Victorian Order]]|[[Mentioned in Despatches]] (8)}}
| relations        =
}}
}}

[[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] '''Julian Hedworth George Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy''' (11 September 1862 – 6 June 1935), was a [[British Army]] officer who served as [[Governor General of Canada]], the [[List of governors general of Canada#Governors general of Canada, 1867–present|12th]] since the [[Canadian Confederation]].

Known to friends as "Bungo", Byng was born to a [[British nobility|noble]] family at [[Wrotham Park]] in [[Hertfordshire]], England and educated at [[Eton College]], along with his brothers. Upon graduation, he received a commission as a militia officer and saw service in Egypt and Sudan before enrolling in the [[Staff College, Camberley]]. There, he befriended individuals who would be his contemporaries when he attained senior rank in France. Following distinguished service during the [[First World War]]—specifically, with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] in France, in the [[Battle of Gallipoli]], as commander of the [[Canadian Corps]] at [[Vimy Ridge]], and as commander of the [[British Third Army]]—Byng was elevated to the peerage in 1919. In 1921, King [[George V]], on the recommendation of [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Lloyd George]], appointed him to replace [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire]] as Canada's governor general, a post he occupied until [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Viscount Willingdon]] succeeded him in 1926. Byng proved to be popular with Canadians due to his war leadership, though his [[King-Byng Affair|stepping directly into political affairs]] became the catalyst for widespread changes to the role of the Crown in all of the British [[Dominion]]s.

After his viceregal tenure, Byng returned to the UK to be appointed [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis]] and was promoted within the peerage to become Viscount Byng of Vimy. Three years after attaining the rank of field marshal, he died at his home, [[Thorpe Hall (Thorpe-le-Soken)|Thorpe Hall]], on 6 June 1935.

==Early life==
Byng was born at the family seat of [[Wrotham Park]], in [[Hertfordshire]], as the seventh son and 13th and youngest child of [[George Byng, 2nd Earl of Strafford]] (who, due to the size of his family, ran a relatively frugal household) and Harriet Elizabeth Cavendish, daughter of [[Charles Cavendish, 1st Baron Chesham]].<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=2–3}}</ref> Until the age of 17, Byng was enrolled at [[Eton College]], although he did not enter the [[sixth form]]. At Eton Byng first received the nickname "Bungo"—to distinguish him from his elder brothers "Byngo" and "Bango"<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=5}}</ref>—but his time at the college was undistinguished, and he received poor reports; indicative of his attitude towards academics, he once traded his Latin grammar book and his brother Lionel's best trousers to a [[Peddler|hawker]] for a pair of [[ferret]]s and a [[pineapple]]. Byng later claimed that he had been the school's worst "Scug", the colloquial term for an undistinguished boy.<ref name=Williams6>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=6}}</ref>

==Early military career==
Byng was from a military family, his [[John Byng, 1st Earl of Strafford|grandfather]] having served with [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] at the [[Battle of Waterloo]].<ref>{{harvnb|Heathcote|1999|p=63}}</ref> With three brothers already in the army and another already put up for the [[7th Queen's Own Hussars]], Byng's father did not think he could [[Purchase of commissions in the British Army|afford a regular army commission]] for his youngest son. Thus, at the age of 17, Byng was instead sent into the [[Militia (United Kingdom)|militia]] and on 12 December 1879 commissioned as a [[second lieutenant]] into the [[Royal West Middlesex Militia|2nd (Edmonton) Royal Middlesex Rifles]] (later the 7th Battalion, [[King's Royal Rifle Corps]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.igp-web.com/Carlow/carlow_rifles.htm|title=Ireland Genealogy Projects – Carlow Military|access-date=2020-09-01}}</ref><ref name=Williams6 /><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=24794| date=23 December 1879|page=7536}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|In the book ''Byng of Vimy: General and Governor General'' by Jeffrey Williams, Byng's date of commissioning is given as 27 August 1879.<ref name=Williams6 />|group=n|name=Williams6}} He was promoted to [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 23 April 1881.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=24968| date=3 May 1881|page=2118}}</ref> During this period, Byng also developed a liking for theatre and [[music hall]]s, and by the age of twenty had taken an interest in the [[banjo]].<ref>{{Harvnb| Turner| 2005| p=19}}</ref>

At a meeting of the [[Jockey Club]] in 1882, Byng's father was asked about his sons by his long-time friend, [[Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]]. Upon hearing that Byng had not yet found a permanent career, the Prince offered a place for him in his own regiment, the [[10th Royal Hussars]]. This was the most expensive regiment in the army, and the Earl of Strafford could only afford to give Byng two hundred of the six hundred [[Pound sterling|pounds]] he would need each year, but the Prince's offer could not be refused. Byng himself was delighted at the opportunity, as both his uncle, [[William Cavendish, 2nd Baron Chesham]], and his cousin, [[Charles Cavendish, 3rd Baron Chesham|Charles Cavendish]], had served in the regiment. By raising money through buying [[polo pony|polo ponies]] cheaply, using his excellent horsemanship to train them, and then selling them on at a profit,<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=9}}</ref> Byng was able to transfer to the 10th Royal Hussars on 27 January 1883,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=25192| date=26 January 1883|page=464}}</ref> and less than three months later he joined the regiment in [[Lucknow]], [[British Raj|India]].<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=7}}</ref>

It was while the regiment was on the way home to Great Britain in 1884 that the Hussars were diverted to the [[Sudan]] to join the [[Suakin Expedition]], and on 29 February Byng, along with the rest of his regiment, rode in the first line of the charge at the first [[Battles of El Teb#The first battle|Battle of El Teb]]. The attack, which resulted in the deaths of both of Byng's squadron's other officers, was unsuccessful,<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=13}}</ref> and fighting continued, with Byng's horse being killed under him on 13 March at the [[Battle of Tamai]]. Most of the rebels were then dispersed shortly after, and on 29 March the regiment re-embarked for Britain, arriving on 22 April, and proceeding to their new base at [[Shorncliffe Army Camp]] in [[Kent]]. During the summer of 1884, Byng spent much of his time playing [[polo]] and training recruits and horses, and in July, for his services in Sudan, he was [[mentioned in despatches]].<ref name=Williams14>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=14}}</ref>

In June 1885, the regiment was relocated to the South Cavalry Barracks at [[Aldershot]],<ref name=Williams14 /> where the Prince of Wales' eldest son, [[Prince Albert Victor]], joined the regiment and thereafter the Prince of Wales and his other son, [[George V|Prince George]], became frequent visitors. Byng struck up a friendship with both Albert Victor and George, but did not socialise with them much outside of army circles. Byng was appointed as the regimental [[adjutant]] on 20 October 1886,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=25635| date=19 October 1886|page=5056}}</ref> only nine days before the death of his father, who left Byng a watch and £3,500.<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=15–16}}</ref> The regiment then moved again in 1887 to the barracks at [[Hounslow]], where, after suspecting that contractors were selling him inferior meat, Byng spent several early mornings at the [[Smithfield market]] to learn the meat trade, eventually proving his case and having the contractors changed.<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=18}}</ref> It was also at this time that Byng became acquainted with [[Montagu Corry, 1st Baron Rowton]], who, along with the [[Guinness Trust]], was trying to improve housing for skilled workers in [[London]]. Byng accompanied Rowton around the poorest areas of the city and suggested that retired senior soldiers from the rank-and-file be hired to maintain order in the [[Rowton Houses]] that Rowton had set up, thus starting a long-lived tradition.<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=18–19}}</ref>

==Further career==
In 1888, the Hussars again moved, this time to [[York]], where Byng kept his men busy by raising successful [[cricket]] and [[Association football|football]] teams. Byng was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] on 4 January 1890,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=26018| date=28 January 1890|page=476}}</ref>{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=65}} around the time he began to consider entering the [[Staff College, Camberley]]. He thus, in order to dedicate his time to preparatory studies, which continued when the regiment moved in 1891 to [[Ireland]], resigned his commission as adjutant and turned down an invitation from Prince Albert Victor to join him in India as an [[equerry]]. After being detached for a time in order to serve and gain more experience in the infantry and artillery,<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=19–20}}</ref> Byng sat and passed his entrance exams into the Staff College and secured a nomination in September 1892.<ref>{{cite newspaper The Times| title=Naval & Military Intelligence| department=Official Appointments and Notices| date=2 September 1892| page=5| issue=33733| column=D}}</ref> A year before Byng entered the college, Albert Victor fell victim to the [[Influenza pandemic#Influenza pandemics|influenza pandemic]] that raged around the world, and, at the Prince's funeral on 20 January 1892, Byng commanded the [[pallbearer]]s (all from the 10th Royal Hussars),<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=26254| date=4 February 1892|page=602 |supp=y}}</ref> which was a significant display of trust shown Byng by the Prince of Wales.<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=21}}</ref>

Once Byng was enrolled at the Staff College, he found amongst his fellow students men with whom he would be closely associated more than two decades later—[[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Henry Rawlinson]], [[Henry Hughes Wilson]], [[Thomas D'Oyly Snow]], and [[James Aylmer Lowthorpe Haldane]]—and in 1894, while en route to visit a friend at Aldershot, travelled with a cadet at the nearby Sandhurst, [[Winston Churchill]].{{sfnm|1a1=Beckett|1a2=Corvi|1y=2006|1p=54}}<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=23}}</ref> Byng also journeyed with his class to see the battlefields of the [[Franco-Prussian War]] at [[Alsace-Lorraine]] and accompanied to the United States one of his lecturers who was compiling information on a book on [[Stonewall Jackson]].<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=22}}</ref> By December 1894, Byng graduated from the Staff College and was immediately appointed to command [[Squadron (cavalry)|A Squadron]] of the hussars. Only three years later, though, the regiment returned to Aldershot and Byng left to become adjutant of the 1st Cavalry Brigade, shortly before becoming the Deputy Assistant [[Adjutant-General]] (DAAG) of the [[Aldershot Command]], and was promoted to the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]] on 4 May 1898.<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=24}}</ref> Later that same year, Byng met at a local party [[Marie Evelyn Moreton]], the only daughter of Sir Richard Charles Moreton, who had himself served as [[comptroller]] at the Canadian royal and viceroyal residence of [[Rideau Hall]], under the then [[Governor General of Canada]] [[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne]].<ref name=GGByng>{{cite web| url=http://archive.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/byng_e.asp | last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Marshal, The Viscount Byng of Vimy| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=7 April 2009}}</ref> Evelyn, as she was known, later described her early encounters with Byng:

{{blockquote|When we met of a morning out riding, if he was free, the fun began—though it wasn't always fun for me because I was bewildered, as he was never the same two days running. Talk of women being mutable—he could have given points and a beating to any one of them! On Monday he would be in his most enchanting mood; Tuesday he would treat me as a pal and a man; Wednesday he would hardly remember that I existed; Thursday he would be icily polite; Friday he would thaw a little and by Saturday be back in Monday's delightful mood! What could anybody make of such vagaries?<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=24–25}}</ref>}}

==Commanding officer==
[[File:General Julian Byng.jpg|thumb|left|A wartime sketch of General Byng]]

Byng was deployed in November 1899 to South Africa, where he was to act as a [[provost marshal]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27126| date=13 October 1899|page=6179}}</ref> but was instead immediately given the local rank of [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] and tasked with raising and commanding the [[South African Light Horse]] during the [[Second Boer War]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27152| date=9 January 1900|page=149}}</ref> Byng thereafter served on the front lines, during which time he ended up in command of a group of columns, was [[mentioned in despatches]] five times (including by [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] on 23 June 1902<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27459 |date=29 July 1902 |pages=4835–4837  }}</ref>), and in November 1900 was promoted to [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] lieutenant colonel and in February 1902 to brevet [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27406 |date=14 February 1902 |page=940 }}</ref>{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=65}} The beginning of 1902 brought more significant events for Byng, with his return to England in March,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The War – Officers on passage home |date=18 March 1902 |page=11 |issue=36718}}</ref> an audience with King [[Edward VII]] the following month,<ref>{{Cite news| newspaper=The Times| title=Court Circular| date=25 April 1902| page=8| issue=36751}}</ref> at which he was appointed to the [[Royal Victorian Order]] as a member 4th class (MVO),<ref name=LG020502>{{London Gazette| issue=27430| date=2 May 1902|page=2933}}</ref> and his marriage to Moreton at [[St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge]], on 30 April 1902.<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular|date=1 May 1902 |page=9 |issue=36756}}</ref> Following a second visit to the King in early October,<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=8 October 1902 |page=7 |issue=36893}}</ref> Byng was sent back to India to command the 10th Royal Hussars at [[Mhow]] and was appointed to the rank of a substantive lieutenant colonel on 11 October 1902.<ref name=LG101002>{{London Gazette| issue=27481| date=10 October 1902|page=6410}}</ref>

In his first two years of marriage, Byng's wife suffered several [[miscarriage]]s, resulting in the declaration that she would be unable to bear children.<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| p=52}}</ref> By January 1904, Byng had also, while playing polo, broken his right elbow so severely that it was feared he would have to quit the Army. After four months' treatment in England, though, he was pronounced to be again fit for duty and in May became the first commandant of the new [[cavalry]] school at [[Netheravon]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27682| date=3 June 1904|page=3555}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=52–53}}</ref> The posting was to be only a brief one, as, on 11 May 1905, Byng was made commander of the [[2nd Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd Cavalry Brigade]] at [[Canterbury]], with the simultaneous temporary rank of [[Brigadier (United Kingdom)|brigadier general]] and substantive rank of colonel.<ref name=LG150805>{{London Gazette| issue=27827| date=15 August 1905|page=5618}}</ref> After an appointment in the [[1906 Birthday Honours]] as a [[Companion of the Order of the Bath]] (CB) in June 1906,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27926|page=4460|date=26 June 1906|supp=y}}</ref> he was again back in Aldershot, in command of the [[1st Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|1st Cavalry Brigade]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28012| date=12 April 1907|page=2505 }}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=53–54}}</ref>

It was April 1909 when Byng was promoted to [[Major general (United Kingdom)|major general]] and,<ref name=LG020409>{{London Gazette| issue=28238| date=2 April 1909|page=2591}}</ref> though he was placed on half pay, Byng—with added income from editing the ''Cavalry Journal'' and serving as the first North Essex district commissioner for the [[Scouting|Boy Scouts]]—purchased his first house, Newton Hall, in [[Great Dunmow|Dunmow]], [[Essex]]. He would, however, only reside there for two years, as, exactly the same amount of time after taking command of the [[54th (East Anglian) Infantry Division|East Anglian Division]] of the [[Territorial Force]] (TF) in October 1910.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28424| date=14 October 1910|page=7254}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=54–57}}</ref> In May 1912 he became colonel of the [[3rd The King's Own Hussars|3rd (King's Own) Hussars]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28621|page=4568|date=25 June 1912}}</ref>

==First World War==
[[File:The Royal Visits To the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q5667.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Edward VIII|Prince of Wales]], the [[Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone|Earl of Athlone]], General Byng and King George V with a German helmet on Thiepval Ridge, July 1917.]]

In October 1912 Byng became [[general officer commanding]] (GOC) [[British Troops in Egypt]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28663| date=15 November 1912|page=8375}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=57–62}}</ref> where he remained until the outbreak of the [[First World War]] in the summer of 1914. Kitchener, then on leave on England and soon to become Secretary of State for War, recalled Byng back to Britain to become GOC of the newly created [[3rd Cavalry Division (United Kingdom)|3rd Cavalry Division]].{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=66}}<ref name="DCB" /> This he did in late September,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28933|supp=y|page=8115|date=9 October 1914}}</ref> and, with his division, soon departed for the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]], landing at [[Ostend]] on 8 October, to reinforce the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF). Both he and his division soon saw action at the [[First Battle of Ypres]] towards the end of the month, which lasted over four weeks.{{sfnm|1a1=Beckett|1a2=Corvi|1y=2006|1p=56}} His actions there were rewarded in March 1915 with appointment as a Knight Commander of the [[Order of St. Michael and St. George]].<ref name=kcmg>{{London Gazette| issue=29102| date=16 March 1915|page=2621}}</ref>

[[File:The British Army on the Western Front, 1914-1918 Q9690.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Field Marshal Sir [[Douglas Haig]] (centre front) with his senior commanders and staff officers at [[Cambrai]], France, November 1918. Stood in the second row, directly behind Haig, is General Byng, GOC Third Army.]]

Beginning in May 1915, Byng served as GOC of the [[Cavalry Corps (United Kingdom)|Cavalry Corps]], at which time he was also made a temporary [[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|lieutenant-general]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29432| date=7 January 1916|page=418 |supp=y}}</ref> which he led during the [[Second Battle of Ypres]]. After this, Byng was sent to [[Gallipoli campaign|Gallipoli]] to head the [[IX Corps (United Kingdom)|IX Corps]] and supervise the successful withdrawal of the British, Australian, and New Zealand forces from there.{{sfn|Neillands|1999|p=328}}{{sfnm|1a1=Beckett|1a2=Corvi|1y=2006|1p=56}}<ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=91–110}}</ref>

For this, he was on 1 January 1916 elevated within the Order of the Bath to the rank of Knight Commander,<ref name=LG140316>{{London Gazette| issue=29507| date=14 March 1916|page=2872| supp=y}}</ref><ref name="DCB">[http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/byng_julian_hedworth_george_16E.html Byng, Julian Hedworth George], "Dictionary of Canadian Biography", retrieved 20 October 2024 </ref> but was not allowed much rest, as he spent the next month commanding the [[Suez Canal]] defences before returning to the Western Front to lead the [[XVII Corps (United Kingdom)|XVII Corps]]. He assumed command of the corps on 27 February, when he was re-granted the temporary rank of lieutenant general.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29533|page=3542|date=31 March 1916|supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=111–115}}</ref> By May, he found himself in command of the [[Canadian Corps]]–"which was generally regarded, not least by those in it, as one of the crack formations on the Western Front"–and was promoted when, for distinguished service, the King made substantive Byng's rank of lieutenant-general.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=12947|city=e|page=989|date=5 June 1916}}</ref>{{sfn|Neillands|1999|p=328}}{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=66}}{{sfnm|1a1=Beckett|1a2=Corvi|1y=2006|1p=55}} He led the corps in the [[Battle of the Somme]] later in the year.<ref name="DCB" />

{{Quote|A good soldier, he swiftly became popular with the Canadian troops, who sometimes referred to themselves as 'The Byng Boys' after a popular music-hall act of the day.{{sfn|Neillands|1999|p=327}}}}

Byng's greatest glory then came when he led the Canadian victory in April 1917 at the [[Battle of Vimy Ridge]], a historic military milestone for the [[dominion]] that inspired nationalism at home.<ref name=GGByng/><ref>{{Cite web |title=First World War.com - Feature Articles - Julian Hedworth George Byng |url=https://www.firstworldwar.com/features/byng2.htm |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.firstworldwar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pride at Vimy Ridge |url=https://www.cbc.ca/history/EPISCONTENTSE1EP12CH1PA3LE.html |website=cbc.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birth of Julian Byng {{!}} Historica Canada |url=https://www.historicacanada.ca/on_this_day/birth-julian-byng |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=www.historicacanada.ca }}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Viscount Byng of Vimy |url=https://friends-amis.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/FS36_Julian_Byng_E.pdf |website=friends-amis.org}}</ref>

In June 1917, and by now holding the temporary rank of [[General (United Kingdom)|general]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30178| date=10 July 1917|page=6956| supp=y}}</ref> Byng was rewarded for his success at Vimy Ridge{{sfn|Neillands|1999|p=361}} and succeeded General Sir [[Edmund Allenby]] in command of Britain's largest [[field army]], the [[Third Army (United Kingdom)|Third Army]], which he was to lead until the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|cessation of hostilities]] some seventeen months later. With his Third Army having missed the [[Battle of Passchendaele]], Byng led the Army in the [[Battle of Cambrai (1917)|First Battle of Cambrai]] in November, conducting the first surprise attack using [[tank]]s.<ref name=GGByng /><ref>{{Harvnb| Williams| 1983| pp=170–211}}</ref> The battle–described by historian [[Robin Neillands]] as "the great 'might-have-been' of the Great War"{{sfn|Neillands|1999|p=438}}–was later considered a turning point in the war and Byng was honoured on 24 November 1917 by having his temporary rank of general made substantive;<ref name=LG231117>{{London Gazette| issue=30398| date=23 November 1917|page=12297| supp=y}}</ref> however according to the war memoirs of Arthur S. Bullock, the battle failed to breach the [[Hindenburg Line]], due to a lack of reserves, and it was at General Byng's second attempt to take Cambrai in 1918 that the British triumphed, owing to sufficient troops and supplies being in place "to sustain the attack day and night until the Germans were broken".<ref>{{cite book|last=Bullock|first=Arthur|title=Gloucestershire Between the Wars: A Memoir|publisher=The History Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7524-4793-3}}(Pages 77-79)</ref>

The Germans launched their [[German spring offensive|spring offensive]] on 21 March 1918, which continued over the following weeks and managed to inflict heavy losses on Byng's Third Army, although it was able to retreat without breaking his line.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=67}} By the summer of 1918 the tide of the war began to turn in favour of the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. Byng's Third Army launched an attack on the Germans on 21 August, where, on 27 September, it managed to break through the Hindenburg Line before continuing on to [[Maubeuge]], which was reached on 10 November, the day before the Armistice with Germany.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=67}}

==Post-war==
As a result of the success at Cambrai, Byng was made a [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] in the [[1919 New Year's Honours]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette| issue=31092| date=31 December 1918|page=1| supp=y}}</ref> In the United States, Byng's exploits during the First World War were commemorated near the town of [[Ada, Oklahoma]], when in 1917 a post office and power plant were named after him, leading to the later emergence of the town of [[Byng, Oklahoma|Byng]].<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Milligan| first=Dorothy| title=Julian BYNG| year=2007| journal=Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture| place=Oklahoma City| publisher=Oklahoma Historical Society| url=http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/B/BY003.html| access-date=15 April 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105021743/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/B/BY003.html| archive-date=5 January 2009}}</ref> Further, Byng was in his own right elevated on 7 October 1919 to the [[peerage]] as Baron Byng of Vimy, of Thorpe-le-Soken in the County of Essex.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31610| date=21 October 1919|page=12890}}</ref> The next month, though he was offered [[Southern Command (United Kingdom)|Southern Command]], but turned it down on the grounds that he did not wish to harm the promotion prospects of more junior officers.{{sfn|Heathcote|1999|p=67}} Byng therefore retired from the army in November 1919 and moved to [[Thorpe Hall (Thorpe-le-Soken)|Thorpe Hall]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31640| date=11 November 1919|page=13768| supp=y}}</ref> In April 1921, he unveiled the [[Chipping Barnet War Memorial]], near to his family seat of Wrotham Park.<ref>[http://www.times-series.co.uk/nostalgia/1810227.The_stories_of_our_fallen_heroes/ The stories of our fallen heroes.] Percy Reboul & John Heathfield, times-series.co.uk, 5 November 2007. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</ref>

==Governor General of Canada==
[[File:Lord and Lady Byng (HS85-10-40078) cropped.jpg|thumb|left|The Baron and Baroness Byng of Vimy as the viceregal couple of Canada.]]

After Byng was made in July 1921 a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, it was announced on 2 August that King [[George V]] had approved the recommendation of his [[British prime minister]], [[David Lloyd George]], to appoint Byng as his representative in Canada.<ref name=GGOC>{{London Gazette| issue=32424| date=16 August 1921|page=6483}}</ref> The designation proved less controversial than his predecessor, [[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire]], due partly to the General's popularity, but also because the practice of prior consultation with the [[Canadian prime minister]], at that time [[Arthur Meighen]], was revived.  Byng had not been Meighen's first choice for presentation to the King, since he preferred someone with more civilian credentials. Nevertheless, Byng was eventually chosen because he was both willing and available.<ref name=TCE>{{Cite encyclopedia | last1=Harris| first1=Carolyn |title=Viscount Byng of Vimy | encyclopedia =[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]]| publisher=[[Historica Canada]]| url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/julian-byng-1st-viscount-byng-of-vimy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040626002040/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001146| url-status=live | archive-date=26 June 2004| date=13 January 2021}}</ref>

The Governor General travelled the length and breadth of the country, meeting with Canadians wherever he went. He also immersed himself in Canada's culture and came to particularly love [[ice hockey]], rarely missing a game played by the [[Ottawa Senators (original)|Ottawa Senators]]. His wife [[Lady Byng]], also a hockey fan, would donate a trophy to the [[National Hockey League]] starting in 1925 to be handed out each year to the player who best exhibited gentlemanly and sportsmanlike conduct on the ice while maintaining a high level of play; the trophy, known as the [[Lady Byng Memorial Trophy]], is still awarded to this day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/silver_splashladybyng.htm |title=Lady Byng Memorial Trophy history |access-date=2007-08-20 |publisher=Legendsofhockey.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806164042/http://www.legendsofhockey.net/html/silver_splashladybyng.htm |archive-date=2007-08-06 }}</ref> He was also fond of the [[Royal Agricultural Winter Fair]], held each year in [[Toronto]], and established the Governor General's Cup to be presented at the competition.  He was the first Governor General of Canada to appoint Canadians as his [[aides-de-camp]] (one of whom was future Governor General [[Georges Vanier]]) and approached his vice-regal role with enthusiasm, gaining popularity with Canadians on top of that received from the men he had commanded on the European battlefields.<ref name=GGByng /> Lord Byng also named and inaugurated the first annual [[Warriors' Day Parade]] military parade in Toronto in 1921.<ref name="tgm-first">{{cite newspaper |work=The Globe and Mail |date=August 27, 1921 |title=CITY IS ALL DECKED IN ITS FINEST ARRAY FOR OPENING OF "EX": LAST-HOUR BUSTLE OF GETTING READY |page=26}}</ref>

[[File:Byng in Calgary 2.jpg|thumb|right|Lord Byng at [[Calgary]], [[Alberta]], 1922.]]

===King–Byng Affair===
{{Main|King–Byng Affair}}
While it had been acceptable prior to the turn of the 20th century for Canadian governors general to involve themselves in political affairs, being, as they were, representatives of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|King in his British Council]], Byng's tenure as governor general was notable in that he became the first to step directly into political matters since the country had gained a degree of further autonomy following the First World War. In the summer of 1926 he denied the recommendation of his prime minister, [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], who sought to have [[Dissolution of Parliament#Canada|parliament dissolved]] in order to avoid a [[vote of non-confidence]] in his government. The Governor General's course of action in what came to be colloquially known as the ''[[King–Byng Affair]]'' remains debated, though the consensus amongst constitutional historians is that Byng's moves were appropriate under the circumstances.<ref name=TCE /> Mackenzie King, however, made much of the scenario and its outcome in the [[1926 Canadian federal election|election]] that eventually followed on 14 September, in which King's [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]] won a plurality of seats in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]], while Meighen lost his seat. As a result, King was once again appointed prime minister.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/ParlInfo/Compilations/ElectionsandRidings/ResultsParty.aspx?Season=0&Parliament=208ab68e-34ac-423b-abb9-1723ff5a6a2c| last=Parliament of Canada| title=Elections and Ridings: Electoral Results: Electoral Results by Party| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=13 July 2014}}</ref> At the [[1926 Imperial Conference]], King then went on to use Byng and his refusal to follow his prime minister's advice as the impetus for widespread constitutional change throughout the [[British Commonwealth]].<ref name=GGByng /> Byng himself said of the matter: "I have to await the verdict of history to prove my having adopted a wrong course, and this I do with an easy conscience that, right or wrong, I have acted in the interests of Canada and implicated no one else in my decision."<ref>{{cite book| last=Nicolson| first=Harold| author-link=Harold Nicolson| title=King George the Fifth, His Life and Reign| publisher=Constable & Co. Ltd.| year=1952| location=London| pages=475–477| id=ASIN B001YV21JC}}</ref>

==Post-viceregal life==
Byng returned to England on 30 September 1926, and in January 1928 was created Viscount Byng of Vimy, of [[Thorpe-le-Soken]] in the County of Essex.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33348| date=17 January 1928|page=366}}</ref> Later that year, he was appointed as the [[Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police]] and,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33437| date=9 November 1928|page=7302}}</ref> before his retirement in 1931, introduced a number of changes to the force, including a system of promotion based on merit rather than length of service, improvement in discipline, retirement of inefficient senior officers, an irregularity to policemen's [[patrol|beats]] (which had previously allowed criminals to work out the system), [[police box]]es, the extensive use of [[police car]]s, and a central radio control room. In July 1932, Byng was once more promoted in the British military to the rank of [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|field marshal]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33872| date=11 October 1932|page=6416}}</ref>—the highest rank an officer can attain—before he died suddenly of an abdominal blockage at [[Thorpe Hall (Thorpe-le-Soken)|Thorpe Hall]] on 6 June 1935.<ref name=GGByng />

Lord Byng of Vimy was buried at the 11th Century Parish Church of St. Leonard in [[Beaumont-cum-Moze]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.secretwater.org.uk/beaumont.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707074133/http://www.secretwater.org.uk/beaumont.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=The United Benefice of Tendring, Little Bentley and Beaumont-cum-Moze |access-date=19 May 2013 }}</ref>

==Honours==
{{Infobox viceroy styles
| image    = [[File:Arms of Canada (1921–1957) (crowned).svg|30px]]
| name     = The Viscount Byng of Vimy<br />(1921–1926)
| dipstyle = His Excellency The Right Honourable<br />''Son Excellence le très honourable''
| offstyle = Your Excellency<br />''Votre Excellence''
}}

===Appointments===
Source:<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Lord_Byng_%28HS85-10-39396%29_%28cropped%29.jpg|title=Photo of Julian Byng}}</ref>
{{center|
[[File:Order of the Bath UK ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|100px]]
<br>
[[File:UK Royal Victorian Order ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Egypt Medal BAR.svg|100px]]
[[File:Queen's South Africa Medal.png|100px]]
[[File:King's South Africa Medal.png|100px]]
<br>
[[File:Ribbon - 1914 Star & Rosette.png|100px]]
[[File:Ribbon - British War Medal.png|100px]]
[[File:Ribbon - Victory Medal MID.png|100px]]
[[File:Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal (military) ribbon.PNG|100px]]
<br>
[[File:UK King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of Saint Vladimir, ribbon bar.svg|100px]]
[[File:BEL Croix de Guerre WW1 ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Croix de Guerre palme de bronze ruban.svg|100px]]
<br>
[[File:U.S. Army Distinguished Service Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Khedives Star.png|100px]]
[[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:SRB-SHS-YUG Orden Belog Orla sa macevima VKrst BAR.svg|100px]]
}}



* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''29 June 1906 – 1 January 1916''': Companion of the Most Honourable [[Order of the Bath]] (CB)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27926| date=26 June 1906|page=4460| supp=y}}</ref>
** '''1 January 1916 – 1 January 1919''': Knight Commander of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (KCB)<ref name=LG140316 />
** '''1 January 1919 – 6 June 1935''': Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath (GCB)<ref name="ReferenceA"/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''March 1915 – July 1921''': Knight Commander of the Most Distinguished [[Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (KCMG)<ref name=kcmg/><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29074|page=1686|date=16 February 1915|supp=y}}</ref>
** '''July 1921 – 6 June 1935''': Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George (GCMG)<ref name=GGOC/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''2 May 1902 – 6 June 1935''': Member of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (MVO)<ref name=LG020502 />
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''2 August 1921 – 5 August 1926''': [[Scouts Canada#Organizational structure|Chief Scout for Canada]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.scouts.ca/ca/management-team/board-governors| title=Board of Governors| publisher=Scouts Canada| access-date=2 March 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029155917/http://www.scouts.ca/ca/management-team/board-governors| archive-date=29 October 2011}}</ref>

===Medals===
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1884''': [[Egypt Medal]] with "El-Teb-Tamaai" [[Medal bar|clasp]]<ref name=medals>{{cite web|title=Artifact Number20060147-001|url=http://collections.civilization.ca/public/pages/cmccpublic/emupublic/Display.php?irn=1941800&QueryPage=%2Fpublic%2Fpages%2Fcmccpublic%2Femupublic%2FQuery.php&lang=0|work=Tilston Memorial Collection of Canadian Military Medals|publisher=Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation|access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1899''': [[Queen's South Africa Medal]] with "Cape Colony", "Tugela Heights", "Orange Free State", "Relief of Ladysmith", "Laing's Nek", and "Belfast" clasps<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1901''': [[King's South Africa Medal]] with "South Africa 1901" and "South Africa 1902" clasps<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1918''': [[1914 Star]] with clasp<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1919''': [[British War Medal]]<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1919''': [[Victory Medal (United Kingdom)|Victory Medal]]<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1897''': [[Queen Victoria Diamond Jubilee Medal]]<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1911''': [[King George V Coronation Medal]]<ref name=medals/>

===Awards===
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''6 February 1900''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27282| date=8 February 1901|page=972}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''23 June 1902''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27459| date=29 July 1902|page=4837}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''11 December 1915''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29455| date=28 January 1916|page=1195| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''11 December 1915''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29429| date=4 January 1916|page=306| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''22 December 1915''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30015| date=10 April 1917|page=3475| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''20 February 1918''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30554| date=1 March 1918|page=2718| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''20 July 1918''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30963| date=18 October 1918|page=12425| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''21 December 1918''': Mentioned in Despatches<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31111| date=3 January 1919|page=333| supp=y}}</ref>

===Foreign honours===
* [[File:Flag of Muhammad Ali.svg|25px|link=Khedivate of Egypt]] '''1884''': [[Khedive's Star]]<ref name=medals/>
* {{flagicon|Russia}} '''12 September 1916''': [[Order of St Vladimir]], 4th Class (with Swords)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=29945| date=13 February 1917|page=1599| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} '''8 March 1918''': ''[[Croix de guerre (Belgium)|Croix de guerre]]''<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30568| date=8 March 1918|page=3095| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|France}} '''29 January 1919 – 6 June 1935''': ''[[Legion of Honour|Grand officier de Légion d'honneur]]''<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31150| date=28 January 1919|page=1445| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|France}} '''11 March 1919''': ''[[Croix de guerre 1914–1918 (France)|Croix de guerre]]''<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31222| date=7 March 1919|page=3279| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|United States|1912}} '''12 July 1919''': [[Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)|Distinguished Service Medal]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31451| date=11 July 1919|page=8937| supp=y}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of Serbia}} '''24 October 1919 – 6 June 1935''': Grand Cross With Swords of the [[Order of the White Eagle (Serbia)|Order of the White Eagle]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=31615| date=21 October 1919|page=13005| supp=y}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=591}}</ref>

===Arms===
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = [[File:Coronet of a British Viscount.svg|centre|150px]] [[File:Arms of Byng, Viscount Byng of Vimy.svg|centre|200px]]
|escutcheon = Quarterly Sable and Argent in the first quarter a lion rampant of the second over all in bend sinister a representation of the colours of the 31st Regiment, a crescent Gules for difference.
|crest = 1st out of a mural crown a dexter arm embowed grasping the colours of the 31st Regiment and pendent from the wrist by a ribbon the gold cross presented by command for Lord Stafford's gallant achievement all Proper and on a scroll the word "Mouguerre" 2nd a heraldic antelope statant Ermine attired Or.
|supporters = Dexter a heraldic antelope Ermine attired Or sinister a lion Or each charged on the shoulder with a rose Gules.}}

===Honorary military appointments===
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''2 August 1921 – 5 August 1926''': Colonel of the [[Governor General's Horse Guards]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''2 August 1921 – 5 August 1926''': Colonel of the [[Governor General's Foot Guards]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''2 August 1921 – 5 August 1926''': Colonel of the [[Canadian Grenadier Guards]]

===Honorary degrees===
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Ontario]] '''1921''': [[University of Toronto]], [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.governingcouncil.utoronto.ca/Assets/Governing+Council+Digital+Assets/Boards+and+Committees/Committee+for+Honorary+Degrees/degreerecipients1850tillnow.pdf|publisher=University of Toronto |title=Honorary Degree Recipients 1850 – 2016|access-date=17 June 2017}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Alberta]] '''1922''': [[University of Alberta]], [[Doctor of Laws]] (LL.D)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/senate/honorarydegreeslist.cfm#B |title=University of Alberta Senate: Past honorary Degree Recipients |publisher=University of Alberta |access-date=28 April 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527195725/http://www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/senate/honorarydegreeslist.cfm#B |archive-date=27 May 2011 }}</ref>

===Honorific eponyms===
====Geographic locations====
* {{flag|Alberta}}: [[Mount Byng]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Place-names of Alberta|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070267029;view=1up;seq=31|year=1928|publisher=Geographic Board of Canada|location=Ottawa|page=27}}</ref> 
* {{flag|British Columbia}}: [[Camp Byng]], [[Roberts Creek, British Columbia|Roberts Creek]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.campbyng.ca/|title=Camp Byng|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|Manitoba}}: Byng Place, [[Winnipeg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/230471/byng-place-closed-for-reconstruction-on-tuesday/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130628051541/http://metronews.ca/news/winnipeg/230471/byng-place-closed-for-reconstruction-on-tuesday/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 June 2013|title=Byng Place closed for reconstruction on Tuesday|date=18 May 2012|publisher=Metro|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|Oklahoma}}: [[Byng, Oklahoma|Byng]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://genealogytrails.com/oka/pontotoc/countyhistory.html|access-date=1 June 2015|title=Pontotoc County, Oklahoma Town History}}</ref>
* {{flag|Ontario}}: Byng Avenue, [[Toronto]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://promenable.ca/en/street.php?s=byng|title=Byng Avenue, Toronto|access-date=20 May 2013|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062431/http://promenable.ca/en/street.php?s=byng|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Saskatchewan}}: [[Confederation Park, Saskatoon#History|Byng Avenue]], [[Saskatoon]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://saskatoon.street-map.ca/byng-avenue/|title=Byng Avenue, Saskatoon|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>

====Schools====
* {{flag|British Columbia}}: [[Lord Byng Elementary School]], [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://byng.sd38.bc.ca/|title=Welcome to Lord Byng Elementary School|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|British Columbia}}: [[Lord Byng Secondary School]], [[Vancouver]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://byng.vsb.bc.ca/|title=Lord Byng Secondary School|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|Manitoba}}: [[General Byng School]], [[Winnipeg]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pembinatrails.ca/generalbyng/|title=General Byng School|access-date=20 May 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130519170651/http://www.pembinatrails.ca/generalbyng/|archive-date=19 May 2013}}</ref>
* {{flag|Quebec}}: [[Baron Byng High School]], [[Montreal]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishpubliclibrary.org/blog/?page_id=556|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117201705/http://www.jewishpubliclibrary.org/blog/?page_id=556|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 January 2013|title=Baron Byng High School|access-date=20 May 2013}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of World War I battles]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Beckett |first1=Ian F. W. |last2=Corvi |first2=Steven J. |title=Haig's Generals |year=2006 |publisher=Pen & Sword Military |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-84415-169-1}}
*{{cite book |last=Heathcote |first=Tony |title=The British Field Marshals, 1736–1997: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Leo Cooper|location=Barnsley |year=1999 |isbn=0-85052-696-5}}
*{{cite book |last=Hesilrige |first=Arthur G. M. |date=1921| title=Debrett's Peerage and Titles of courtesy| url=https://archive.org/details/debrettspeeraget00unse/page/159 | location=London |publisher=London: Dean & son, limited|page=159}}
*{{cite book|last=Turner|first=Alexander|title=Vimy Ridge 1917: Byng's Canadians Triumph at Arras|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2005|isbn=978-1841768717}}
*{{cite book|last=Williams|first= Jeffery|author-link=Jeffery Williams|title=Byng of Vimy: General and Governor General|url=https://archive.org/details/byngofvimygenera0000will|url-access=registration|year=1983|publisher=Leo Cooper in association with Secker & Warburg|isbn=978-0850523003}}
*{{cite book|first=Robin|last=Neillands|author-link=Robin Neillands|title=The Great War Generals on the Western Front 1914–1918|year=1999|publisher=Robinson, 1999|isbn=1841190632}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy}}
* [http://archive.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/byng_e.asp Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Julian Byng]
* [http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/byng.htm First World War entry for Julian Byng]
* [https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp00687/julian-byng-1st-viscount-byng-of-vimy?search=sas&sText=julian+byng&OConly=true Portraits of Byng in the National Portrait Gallery]

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|before=[[John Hasluck Campbell|John Campbell]]}}
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|-
{{s-bef|before=[[John Maxwell (British Army officer)|Sir John Maxwell]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Frederick Stopford]]}}
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{{s-aft|after=[[Alexander Hamilton-Gordon (British Army officer, born 1859)|Alexander Hamilton-Gordon]]}}
|-
{{s-new|reason=New post}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[XVII Corps (United Kingdom)|GOC XVII Corps]]|years=January–May 1916}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sir Charles Fergusson]]}}
|-
{{succession box |
 title  = [[Canadian Corps|GOC Canadian Corps]] |
 years  = 1916–1917 |
 before = [[Edwin Alderson|Sir Edwin Alderson]] |
 after  = [[Sir Arthur Currie]]
}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Sir Edmund Allenby]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Third Army (United Kingdom)|GOC Third Army]]|years=1917–1919}}
{{s-non|reason=Post disbanded}}
{{S-hon}}
{{succession box|title=Colonel of the [[3rd (King's Own) Hussars]]|years=1912–1924|before=[[Richard Blundell-Hollinshed-Blundell]]|after=[[Alfred Alexander Kennedy]]}}
{{succession box |
 title  = Colonel of the [[10th Royal Hussars]] |
 years  = 1924–1935 |
 after  = [[Thomas Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden|The Viscount Hampden]] |
 before = [[Hugh Dawnay, 8th Viscount Downe|The Viscount Downe]] }}

{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire|The Duke of Devonshire]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor General of Canada]]|years=1921–1926}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|The Marquess of Willingdon]]}}

{{s-civ|pol}}
{{succession box |
 title  = [[Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis]] |
 years  = 1928–1931 |
 before = [[William Horwood (police commissioner)|Sir William Horwood]] |
 after  = [[Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard|The Lord Trenchard]] }}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new|rows=2| creation}}
{{s-ttl| title  = [[Viscount Byng of Vimy]]
       | years  = 1928–1935 }}
{{s-non| rows   = 2| reason = Extinct }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl| title  = Baron Byng of Vimy
       | years  = 1919–1935 }}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors General of Canada}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byng of Vimy, Julian Byng, 1st Viscount}}
[[Category:10th Royal Hussars officers]]
[[Category:1862 births]]
[[Category:1935 deaths]]
[[Category:British Army cavalry generals of World War I]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Mahdist War]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Second Boer War]]
[[Category:British field marshals]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)]]
[[Category:Burials in Essex]]
[[Category:Byng family|Julian]]
[[Category:Chief Scouts of Canada]]
[[Category:20th-century British police officers]]
[[Category:Commissioners of police of the Metropolis]]
[[Category:Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)]]
[[Category:Governors general of Canada]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Staff College, Camberley]]
[[Category:Grand Officers of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:King's Royal Rifle Corps officers]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Members of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Middlesex Militia officers]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Hertfordshire]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:People from Chipping Barnet]]
[[Category:People from Thorpe-le-Soken]]
[[Category:People of the Gallipoli campaign]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)]]
[[Category:Royal Military College of Canada people]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in Canada]]
[[Category:South African Light Horse officers]]
[[Category:Viscounts created by George V]]
[[Category:Viscounts in the Peerage of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Younger sons of earls]]