View source for Juliett-class submarine

{{Short description|Soviet diesel-electric cruise missile submarine}}
{{Infobox ship
|sclass=2
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
 |image= Submarine Juliett class.jpg
 |image_caption=''K-77'', a Juliett-class submarine
 }}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
 |builders=
 |operators={{navy|Soviet Union}}
 |class_before={{sclass2|Echo I|submarine|4}}
 |class_after={{sclass2|Charlie|submarine|4}}
 |subclasses=1960–1968
 |built_range=
 |in_commission_range= 1963–1994
 |total_ships_building=
 |total_ships_planned=35
 |total_ships_completed=16
 |total_ships_canceled=19
 |total_ships_active=
 |total_ships_laid_up=
 |total_ships_lost=
 |total_ships_retired=16
 |total_ships_preserved=1
 }}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
 |hide_header=
 |header_caption=
 |type=[[Submarine]]
 |displacement=*{{cvt|3174|t|LT|lk=on}} (surfaced) 
               *{{cvt|3750|t|LT}} (submerged)
 |length= {{convert|85.9|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
 |beam=  {{convert|9.7|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
 |draft= {{convert|3.29|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
 |propulsion=*2 × [[propeller shaft]]s
             *2 × [[diesel engine]]s ({{cvt|4000|PS|lk=on}})
             *2 × [[electric motor]]s ({{cvt|3000|PS}})
             *2 × electric motors ({{cvt|200|PS}})
 |speed=*{{convert|16|kn|lk=in}} (surfaced)
        * {{convert|18|kn}} (submerged)
 |range=*{{cvt|18000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|7|kn}} ([[Submarine snorkel|snorkeling]])
        *{{cvt|27.8|nmi}} at {{convert|18|kn}} (submerged)
 |endurance=
 |test_depth= {{convert|240|m|ft|abbr=on}}
 |complement=78
 |sensors=*Artika-M (MG-200) and Herkules (MG-15) [[sonar]]s
          *Feniks-M (MG-10) and MG-13 [[hydrophones]]
          *Albatros (RLK-50) search [[radar]] 
          *Argument  [[missile guidance]] radar
 |EW=Nakat-M [[Electronic warfare support measures|ESM]]
 |armament=*2 × twin [[SS-N-3 Shaddock]] (P-5 or P-6) [[cruise missile]]s
           * 6 × {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} bow [[torpedo tube]]s
           * 4 × {{cvt|406|mm|in|0}} stern torpedo tubes
 }}
}}

'''Project 651''', known in the West by its [[NATO reporting name]] '''Juliett class''', was a class of Soviet [[Submarine#Diesel–electric_transmission|diesel-electric]] [[cruise-missile submarine]]s. They were designed in the late 1950s to provide the [[Soviet Navy]] with a nuclear strike capability against targets along the east coast of the [[United States]] and enemy combatants (aircraft carriers). The head of the design team was Abram Samuilovich Kassatsier. They carried four nuclear-capable [[cruise missile]]s with a range of approximately {{convert|300|nmi|km}}, which could be launched while the submarine was surfaced and moving less than {{convert|4|kn|km/h|spell=in}}. Once surfaced, the first missile could be launched in about five minutes; subsequent missiles would follow within about ten seconds each. Initially, the missiles were the inertially-guided P-5 ([[NATO reporting name]] [[SS-N-3]]c Shaddock). When [[submarine-launched ballistic missile]]s rendered the P-5s obsolescent, they were replaced with the P-6 (also [[NATO reporting name]] [[SS-N-3]]a Shaddock, though a very different missile) designed to attack aircraft carriers. A special 10&nbsp;m<sup>2</sup> target guidance radar was built into the forward edge of the sail structure, which opened by rotating. One boat was eventually fitted with the Kasatka satellite downlink for targeting information to support P-500 4K-80 "Bazalt" ([[P-500 Bazalt|SS-N-12 Sandbox]]) anti-ship cruise missiles. The Juliett class had a low magnetic signature [[Austenite|austenitic]] steel double hull, covered by {{convert|2|in|mm|spell=in}} thick black tiles made of sound-absorbing hard rubber.

==Background and description==
In the late 1950s, the Soviet Navy was tasked to neutralize American bases and aircraft carriers. It began construction of a large number of expensive nuclear-powered ({{sclass2|Echo|submarine}}s) to accomplish this, but could not build enough nuclear reactors to equip them promptly. Even though the Juliett class was inferior to the Echos, it was ordered into production because it did not require resources needed for the nuclear boats.<ref>Friedman, p. 344; Vilches Alarcón, pp. 13–14</ref>

The Juliett-class boats are a [[Submarine hull|double-hulled]] design that [[Displacement (ship)|displaces]] {{convert|3174|t|LT|lk=on|sp=us}} on the surface and {{convert|3750|t|LT}} submerged. The boats have an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|85.9|m|ftin|sp=us}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|9.7|m|ftin|sp=us}} and a [[draft (ship)]] of {{convert|6.29|m|ftin|sp=us}}. The Julietts have a [[test depth]] of {{convert|240|m|sp=us}} and a design depth of {{convert|300|m|ft|sp=us}}. The prominent blast deflectors cut out of the outer hull behind the missile launchers make the submarines very noisy at high speed. Their crew numbered 78 men.<ref>Pavlov, p. 60; Vilches Alarcón, p. 13</ref>

===Propulsion and performance===
The Juliett class is powered by a [[Submarine#Diesel–electric transmission|diesel-electric system]] that consists of two {{convert|4000|PS|adj=on|sp=us|lk=on}} 1D43 [[diesel engine]]s and a pair of {{cvt|3000|PS}} MG-141 [[electric motor]]s for cruising on the surface. Two additional {{cvt|200|PS}} electric motors are intended for slow speeds underwater and are powered by four banks of [[lead-acid battery]] cells that are recharged by a {{cvt|1000|PS}} 1DL42 [[diesel generator]]. The boats are fitted with a retractable [[Submarine snorkel|snorkel]] to allow the diesel engines to operate while underwater.<ref name=fp>Hampshire, p. 24</ref>

On the surface, the submarines have a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. Using their diesel-electric system while snorkeling gives the Julietts a range of {{convert|18000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|7|kn}}. Using just the electric motors underwater, they have a maximum range of {{cvt|810|nmi}} at {{convert|2.74|kn}}. Their best submerged speed on electric motors is {{convert|18|kn}}, although it reduces their range to {{cvt|27.8|nmi}}. They could carry enough supplies for 90 days of operation.<ref name=p1>Pavlov, p. 60</ref><ref>Friedman, p. 402</ref>

===Armament===
To carry out the Julietts' mission of destroying American [[carrier battle group]]s and bases, they were fitted with two pairs of missile launchers, one each fore and aft of the [[Sail (submarine)|sail]]. The launchers were used by the surface-launched [[SS-N-3 Shaddock]] family of long-range, [[turbojet]]-powered, cruise missiles. The P-5D version was codenamed SS-N-3c by [[NATO]] and was a dedicated land-attack missile that could be equipped with either a [[Explosive#High|high-explosive]] or nuclear [[warhead]]; it was withdrawn from service in 1965–1966. The P-6 (SS-N-3a) variant was a radar-guided [[anti-ship missile]] that could also be fitted with high-explosive and nuclear [[warhead]]s.<ref>Vilches Alarcón, pp. 12, 18, 22; Polmar & Noot, p. 289</ref>
 
The more traditional armament of the Julietts consisted of six {{convert|533|mm|0|sp=us|adj=on}} [[torpedo tube]]s mounted in the [[bow (watercraft)|bow]] and four {{convert|406|mm|0|sp=us|adj=on}} torpedo tubes in the stern. Due to space limitations, no reloads were provided for the bow tubes, but each stern tube had two reloads for a total of twelve.<ref name=p1/>

===Fire control and sensors===
[[File:U_461_2592x1944.jpg|thumb|upright=1|A photo of ''K-24'' in [[Peenemünde]], Germany. The Argument (Front Door) radar is at the front of the sail, with the Front Piece datalink above it. Aft of the sail, the rear missile mount is visible, [[elevation (ballistics)|elevated]] to its maximum of 15°.]]
The submarines relied upon aircraft for their long-range anti-ship targeting which they received via the Uspekh-U [[datalink]] system. Their own Argument missile-guidance radar (NATO reporting name: Front Door) controlled the P-6 missiles until they were out of range via a datalink codenamed Front Piece. The missiles' onboard radar would detect the targets and transmit an image back to the submarine via video datalink so the crew could select which target to attack, after which the missile relied upon its own radar for terminal guidance. The Argument radar has a massive antenna that was stowed at the front of the sail and rotated 180° for use. The Front Piece antenna was mounted on top of the Argument antenna.<ref>Polmar & Moore, p. 97; Hampshire, pp. 26–27</ref>

The boats are fitted with Artika-M (MG-200) and Herkules (MG-15) [[sonar]]s, Feniks-M (MG-10) and MG-13 [[hydrophone]]s and an Albatros RLK-50 search [[radar]]<ref name=fp/> (NATO reporting name: Snoop Tray). They are also equipped with a Nakat-M [[Electronic warfare support measures]] system.<ref name=h5>Hampshire, p. 25</ref>

[[File:Juliett-US-Navy-Photo.jpg|thumb|right|A Juliett-class submarine]]
[[File:P-3C VP-23 flying over Juliett-class submarine 1982.JPEG|thumb|A P-3C flies over a Juliett-class submarine]]
[[File:Juliett 484 sub.jpg|thumb|An oblique photo of a Juliett-class submarine showing the aft end of a missile launcher and the blast deflector]]

Initial plans called for 35 submarines of this class but only 16 were built, two - including the lead sub, by the Baltic Shipyard, [[Leningrad|St. Petersburg]] and the rest by the [[Krasnoye Sormovo]] Shipyard in [[Nizhny Novgorod]]. They were commissioned between 1963 and 1968 and served through the 1980s. The last one was decommissioned in 1994.

The Juliett class was built due to expected delays in the continued production of the nuclear-powered Project 659 {{sclass2|Echo I|submarine|1}}s and 675 {{sclass2|Echo II|submarine|1}}s, with six and eight missile launchers, respectively. The Julietts were designed after the Echos.

{{clear left}}

== Units ==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Construction data
!scope="col"|Name
!scope="col"|Shipyard
!scope="col"|[[Laid down]]
!scope="col"|[[Ship naming and launching|Launched]]
!scope="col"|[[Ship commissioning|Commissioned]]
!scope="col"|Fate
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-156|K-156]]'''
|rowspan=2|[[Baltic Shipyard]], [[Leningrad]]
|November 16, 1960
|July 31, 1962
|December 10, 1963
|Decommissioned September 1991 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" >Korabli VMF SSSR, Vol. 1, Part 2, Yu. Apalkov, Sankt Peterburg, 2003, {{ISBN|5-8172-0072-4}}</ref>
|-
|'''[[Soviet submarine K-85|K-85]]'''
|October 25, 1961
|January 31, 1964
|December 30, 1964
|Decommissioned for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-70|K-70]]'''
|rowspan=14|[[Krasnoye Sormovo Shipyard]], [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]]
|August 25, 1962
|February 6, 1964
|December 31, 1964
|Decommissioned in 1994 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-24|K-24]]'''
|October 15, 1961
|December 15, 1962
|October 31, 1965
|Decommissioned in 1994, sold to Germany as maritime museum exhibit<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-68|K-68]]'''
|January 25, 1962
|April 30, 1963
|December 28, 1965
|Decommissioned in 1990 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-77|K-77]]'''
|January 31, 1963
|March 11, 1965
|October 31, 1965
|Decommissioned in April 1992 and sold as museum exhibit in U.S.<ref name="Korabli 1,2" /> Sank after a storm in 2007 and subsequently scrapped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.juliett484.org/juliett/news/archive/pressrelease081009.html |title=Juliett 484 - News |access-date=2009-06-01 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927024958/http://www.juliett484.org/juliett/news/archive/pressrelease081009.html |archive-date=2011-09-27 }}</ref>
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-81|K-81]]'''
|November 20, 1963
|August 7, 1964
|December 14, 1965
|Decommissioned in 1994 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-63|K-63]]'''
|March 25, 1962
|July 26, 1963
|June 12, 1966
|Decommissioned in September 1991 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-58|K-58]]'''
|July 15, 1963
|February 2, 1966
|September 23, 1966
|Decommissioned 1990 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-73|K-73]]'''
|August 1, 1964
|May 31, 1966
|December 15, 1966
|Decommissioned in 1990 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-67|K-67]]'''
|January 31, 1965
|October 29, 1966
|September 30, 1967
|Decommissioned in 1994 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-78|K-78]]'''
|July 25, 1965
|March 30, 1967
|November 1, 1967
|Decommissioned in September 1991 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-203|K-203]]'''
|December 23, 1965
|June 30, 1967
|December 2, 1967
|Decommissioned in September 1992 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-304|K-304]]'''
|August 6, 1966
|November 24, 1967
|August 21, 1968
|Decommissioned in September 1991 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-318|K-318]]'''
|March 29, 1967
|March 29, 1968
|September 29, 1968
|Decommissioned in 1994 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|-
|scope="row"|'''[[Soviet submarine K-120|K-120]]'''
|March 25, 1967
|July 11, 1968
|December 26, 1968
|Decommissioned in April 1991 for scrapping<ref name="Korabli 1,2" />
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Friedman|first=Norman|editor-last1=Chumbley|editor-first1=Stephen|chapter=Soviet Union 1947–1991: Russian Federation and Successor States 1991–|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947–1995 |location=Annapolis, Maryland | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year=1995 | pages=337–426 | isbn=1-55750-132-7|author-link=Norman Friedman}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hampshire |first1=Edward |title=Soviet Cruise Missile Submarines of the Cold War |date=2018 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |location=London |isbn=978-1-47282-499-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Pavlov |first1=A. S. |title=Warships of the USSR and Russia 1945–1995 |date=1997 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=1-55750-671-X}}
*{{cite book|last1=Polmar|first1=Norman|authorlink1=Norman Polmar|last2=Moore|first2=Kenneth J. |title=Cold War Submarines: The Design and Construction of U.S. and Soviet Submarines |year=2004 |publisher=Potomac Books |location=Washington, D. C. |isbn=978-1-57488-594-1 |name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book|last1=Polmar|first1=Norman|last2=Noot|first2=Jurrien|title=Submarines of the Russian and Soviet Navies, 1718–1990 |year=1991 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=0-87021-570-1 |name-list-style=amp}}
*{{cite book |last1=Vilches Alarcón |first1=Alejandro A. |title=From Juliettes to Yasens: Development and Operational History of Soviet Cruise-Missile Submarines |date=2022 |publisher=Helion & Co. |location=Warwick, UK |isbn=978-1-915070-68-5|series=Europe @ War (22)}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Juliett class submarines}}
*[https://fas.org/nuke/guide/russia/theater/651.htm article in English from FAS]
*[http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=101388 Article in Russian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206004410/http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=101388 |date=2008-02-06 }}

{{Juliett class submarine}}
{{Soviet and Russian submarines after 1945}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Juliett-class submarine}}
[[Category:Juliett-class submarines| ]]
[[Category:Cold War submarines of the Soviet Union| ]]
[[Category:Submarine classes of the Russian and Soviet Navy]]
[[Category:Submarine classes]]