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{{short description|Sixth month in the Julian and Gregorian calendars}}
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{{about|the month}}
{{redirect|Jun.|the abbreviation used in names|Junior (suffix)}}
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[[File:Statue de Junon, Louvre, Ma 485, trois quarts.JPG|thumb|The Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], after whom the month is named]]
'''June''' is the sixth [[month]] of the year in the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Its length is 30 days. June succeeds [[May]] and precedes [[July]]. This month marks the start of [[summer]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] and contains the [[summer solstice]], which is the day with the most [[daylight]] hours. In the [[Southern Hemisphere]], June is the start of [[winter]] and contains the [[winter solstice]], the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the [[year]].

In places north of the [[Arctic Circle]], the [[June solstice]] is when the [[midnight sun]] occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even at [[midnight]]. The [[Atlantic hurricane season]]—when [[tropical cyclone|tropical]] or [[subtropical cyclone]]s are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. Several [[monsoons]] and subsequent [[wet season]]s also commence in the Northern Hemisphere during this month. Multiple [[meteor showers]] occur annually in June, including the [[Arietids]], which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year; they last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June.

Numerous observances take place in June. [[Midsummer]], the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, is celebrated in several countries. In Catholicism, this month is dedicated to the [[Catholic devotion|devotion]] of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]], and known as the [[Month of the Sacred Heart]]. In the United States, June is dedicated to [[Pride Month]], a [[list of month-long observances|month-long observance]] of the [[LGBTQ community]]. [[Father's Day]], which honours fathers and [[fatherhood]], occurs on the third [[Sunday]] in June in most countries.

== Overview ==
June is the sixth [[month]] of the year in the [[Julian calendar|Julian]] and [[Gregorian calendar]]s—the latter the most widely used calendar in the world.{{sfn|Gyllenbok|2018|p=304}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Ann Marie B.|last=Bahr|year=2009|title=Christianity|publisher=[[Facts On File]]|isbn=978-1-4381-0639-7|pages=117–118}}</ref> Containing 30 days, June succeeds [[May]] and precedes [[July]]. It is one of four months that have 30 days—alongside [[April]], [[September]] and [[November]]—and is the second 30-day month of the year, following April, the fourth month of the year, and preceding September—the ninth month of the year.{{sfn|Gyllenbok|2018|p=304}} June is in the second [[Quarter (calendar year)|quarter]] (Q2) of a [[calendar year]], alongside April and May, and the sixth and final month in the first half of the year (January–June).<ref>{{cite book|first=Charles E.|last=White|year=2008|title=The Beauty of Holiness: Phoebe Palmer as Theologian, Revivalist, Feminist and Humanitarian|publisher=[[Wipf and Stock Publishers]]|isbn=978-1-55635-801-2|pages=252–253}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=de Bourgoing|first=Jacqueline|year=2001|title=Discoveries: The Calendar History, Lore, and Legend|publisher=[[Harry N. Abrams]]|isbn=978-0-8109-2981-4|page=100}}</ref> Under the [[ISO week date]] system, June incidentally begins in either the 22nd or 23rd [[week]] of the year.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Edward|last1=M. Reingold|author1-link=Edward Reingold|first2=Nachum|last2=Dershowitz|author2-link=Nachum Dershowitz|year=2001|title=Calendrical Calculation: The Millennium Edition|edition=revised|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-77752-0|pages=83–84}}</ref>

<!-- As of {{date}}, June last occurred {{days since|30-06-2024}} days ago ([[UTC]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nist.time.gov/|title=Official U.S. Time|publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] (NIST)|at=Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)|date=n.d.|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone/utc|title=Current UTC, Time Zone (Coordinated Universal Time)|work=TimeAndDate.com|date=n.d.|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>{{efn|Because of the division of the world into [[time zones]], time, including the new month, moves progressively around the globe. Nearly all clocks are regulated according to [[Coordinated Universal Time]] (UTC), the principal [[time standard]] of the world; each time zone is defined by a standard [[time offset]] from UTC, ranging from [[UTC−12:00]] (12 hours behind) to [[UTC+14:00]] (14 hours ahead).<ref>{{cite book|first1=Madhu|last1=Ramarakula|first2=Goparaju V. R. Sai|last2=Sukesh|year=2020|chapter=Performance Analysis of GNSS Utility by Multi-constellation Over the Indian Region|editor1-first=Tomonobu|editor1-last=Senjyu|editor2-first=Parikshit N.|editor2-last=Mahalle|editor3-first=Thinagaran|editor3-last=Perumal|editor4-first=Amit|editor4-last=Joshi|title=Information and Communication Technology for Intelligent Systems|series=Proceedings of ICTIS 2020|volume=1|publisher=[[Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.]]|isbn=978-981-15-7078-0|page=510}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Thomas|editor1-first=Lisa|year=2013|chapter=The time zones|title=World Atlas|edition=9|publisher=[[DK (publisher)|DK]]|isbn=978-1-4093-4967-9|page=200}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Practical Data Science: A Guide to Building the Technology Stack for Turning Data Lakes into Business Assets|first=Andreas François|last=Vermeulen|page=454|year=2018|isbn=978-1-4842-3053-4|publisher=[[Apress]]}}</ref>}} -->During each calendar year, no other month starts on the same day of the week as June.<ref>{{cite web|first=Len|last=Rome|date=3 June 2021|title=Some facts about the month of June|url=https://www.wytv.com/news/daybreak/some-facts-about-the-month-of-june/|publisher=[[WYTV]]|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref> The Julian calendar—which also has June and is still used as a ceremonial religious calendar by some of the [[Eastern Orthodox Church]] and [[Oriental Orthodoxy]]—is 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Thus, in this calendar, 1 June begins on 14 June. It will be 14 days behind in 2100.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keller|first=William D.|year=2000|title=Accounting Problem Solver|publisher=[[Research & Education Association]]|isbn=978-0-7386-6822-2|pages=186–187}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Julian-calendar|title=Julian calendar|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica Online|date=11 December 2024|access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> June is abbreviated as ''Jun'', and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop).<ref name="Collins">{{cite dictionary|title=Jun., n.|dictionary=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|date=n.d.|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/jun|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
''June'' is ultimately derived from the Latin month of ''[[Iunius (month)|Iunius]]'', named after the  ancient Roman goddess [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] (Latin: {{lang|la|Iūnō}}). The present English spelling was influenced by the [[Anglo-Norman language|Anglo-Norman]] ''join'', ''junye'' and ''junie''. It was also written in [[Middle English]] as ''Iun'' and ''Juin'', while the spelling variant ''Iune'' was in use until the 17th century. It displaced the [[Old English]] name for June, ''[[Ǣrra Līða|ærra liþa]]''.<ref>{{cite dictionary|chapter=June, n.|date=September 2023|dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|doi=10.1093/OED/4206893514}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|last=Douglas|first=Harper|date=28 September 2017|title=June|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/June|dictionary=[[Online Etymology Dictionary]]|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
{{further|Iunius (month)}}
{{see also|Adoption of the Gregorian calendar}}
[[File:Chronography of 354 Mensis Iunius.png|thumb|Illustration for the month of June, based on the ''[[Calendar of Filocalus]]'' (AD 354)]]
[[File:06 June - Percent of global area at temperature records - Global warming - NOAA.svg |thumb |In recent decades, the number of warm temperature records in June has outpaced cold temperature records over a growing portion of Earth's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/global/202501/supplemental/page-3 |publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) }} Link is an example for one month; for other months, change the "202501" in the preceding URL to '''yyyymm''', where '''yyyy''' is the four-digit year and '''mm''' is the two-digit month (01=January through 12=December)</ref>]]

June originates from the month of ''Iunius'' (also called {{lang|la|mensis Iunius}} {{lit|month of June}})<ref>{{cite book|last=Hannah|first=Robert|title=Greek and Roman Calendars|year=2013|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84966-751-7|page=99}}</ref> in the original [[Roman calendar]] used during the [[Roman Republic]]. The origin of this calendar is obscure.{{efn|The Romans usually described their first calendar, predating the Roman calendar, as one with ten fixed months—four "full months" ({{lang|la|pleni menses}}) with 31 days and six "hollow months" ({{lang|la|cavi menses}}) of 30 days, the latter including ''Iunius''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |author-link=Theodor Mommsen |title=The History of Rome: The Period Anterior to the Abolition of the Monarchy |volume=1 |editor-last=Dickson |editor-first=William Purdie |url=https://archive.org/stream/historyrome00dickgoog#page/n6/mode/2up |publisher=Richard Bentley |year=1864 |pages=218–219}}</ref> Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to [[Romulus]], their [[Roman mythology|legendary]] first [[king of Rome|king]], around 738 BC. Nevertheless, this early version of the Roman calendar has not been attested, and a number of scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rüpke |first=Jörg |year=2011|author-link=Jörg Rüpke |title=The Roman Calendar from Numa to Constantine: Time, History, and the Fasti |translator-first=D.M.B. |translator-last=Richardson |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-0-4706-5508-5 |page=23 }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopaedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/Roman-republican-calendar|title=Roman republican calendar|date=22 December 2023|publisher=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica Online]]|access-date=30 March 2024}}</ref>}} ''Iunius'' was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongside {{lang|la|[[Aprilis]]}} ("[[April]]"), {{lang|la|[[Sextilis]]}} (later renamed {{lang|la|Augustus}} "[[August]]"), {{lang|la|[[September (Roman month)|September]]}}, {{lang|la|[[November (Roman month)|November]]}} and {{lang|la|[[December (Roman month)|December]]}}.{{sfn|Gyllenbok|2018|pp=377–378}} It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so that {{lang|la|[[Ianuarius]]}} ("[[January]]") and {{lang|la|[[Februarius]]}} ("[[February]]"), originally the 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus moving ''Iunius'' to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Forsythe|first=Gary|title=Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History|year=2012|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-52217-5|pages=14–15}}</ref>

In [[ancient Rome]], the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet [[Ovid]] claimed to have consulted the ''[[flaminica Dialis]]'', the high priestess of the god [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]], about setting a date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Howard Hayes|last=Scullard|author-link=Howard Hayes Scullard|year=1981|title=Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic|publisher=[[Cornell University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8014-1402-2|page=126}}</ref> The Greek philosopher and writer [[Plutarch]], however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May.<ref>{{cite book|first=Karen K.|last=Hersch|year=2010|title=The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-12427-0|page=47}}</ref>

In 46 BC, [[Julius Caesar]] reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the [[Julian calendar]] after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a [[leap year]] every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in the average [[year]] of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual [[solar year]] of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies).<ref>{{cite book|last=Richards|first=E. G.|year=2013|editor-last1=Urban|editor-first1=Sean E.|editor-last2=Seidelmann|editor-first2=P. Kenneth|edition=3rd|chapter=Calendars|title=Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac|publisher=University Science Books|isbn=978-1-891389-85-6|pages=593–595}}</ref>

In AD 65, June was renamed as ''Germanicus'' in honour of the Roman emperor [[Nero]]. As recalled by the Roman historian [[Tacitus]] in his ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'', the Roman senator [[Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (consul 51)|Cornelius Orfitus]], who made the proposal, claimed that the name ''Junius'' had become inauspicious due to the executions of [[Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus]] and [[Decimus Junius Silanus Torquatus]] in AD 49 and AD 64, respectively.<ref>{{cite book|first=Vasily|last=Rudich|year=2005|title=Political Dissidence Under Nero: The Price of Dissimulation|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-134-91451-7|pages=143–144}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Alessandro|editor1-last=Schiesaro|editor2-first=Shadi|editor2-last=Bartsch|editor2-link=Shadi Bartsch|year=2015|first=Victoria|last=Rimell|title=Seneca and Neronian Rome: In the Mirror of Time|chapter=The Cambridge Companion to Seneca|isbn=978-1-107-03505-8|page=128}}</ref><ref>[[Tacitus]], ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]''. [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Tacitus/Annals/16*.html#ref19 16.12].</ref> The names did not survive and were likely erased when Nero was subjected to ''[[damnatio memoriae]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hopkins|first=Clark|year=1931|title=The Early History of Greece|publisher=Yale University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=leLVAAAAMAAJ|page=231}}</ref> In AD 184, Roman Emperor [[Commodus]] briefly renamed all of the months after a name in his full title; June became ''Aelius''.<ref>{{cite book|year=1931|title=Yale Classical Studies|volume=2|editor1-first=Austin Morris|editor1-last=Harmon|editor1-link=Austin Morris Harmon|editor2-first=Henry Thompson|editor2-last=Rowell|editor3-first=Robert Orville|editor3-last=Fink|publisher=[[Yale University|Yale University Department of Classics]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yZhfAAAAMAAJ|page=238}}</ref> However, this decision was repealed after his death in AD 192.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clarke|first=John R.|author-link=John R. Clarke (historian)|year=1991|title=The Houses of Roman Italy, 100 B.C.- A.D. 250: Ritual, Space, and Decoration|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-08429-2|page=322}}</ref>

In 1582, [[Pope Gregory XIII]] promulgated a revised calendar—the [[Gregorian calendar]]—that reduced the average length of the [[calendar year]] from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year.<ref>{{cite book| last1=Mezzi |first1=E. |last2= Vizza | first2=F. | title= Luigi Lilio Medico: Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò | trans-title= Luigi Lilio: Doctor, Astronomer and Mathematician from Cirò | language= Italian | publisher= Laruffa Editore | year=2010 |pages=14, 52 |isbn=978-88-7221-481-7 }}</ref><ref>{{cite conference |last1=Ziggelaar |first1= A. | year=1983 | url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?journal=grc..&year=1983&volume=book&page_ind=209 | title=The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar |editor1-last=Coyne |editor1-first= G. V. |editor2-last=  Hoskin |editor2-first=  M. A. |editor3-last= Pedersen |editor3-first= O.  | conference= Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary | publisher=[[Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] | page= 210}}</ref>

== Climate, daylight and astronomy ==
[[File:Mittsommerfest in Norwegen, Insel Tysnes IMG 4420WI.jpg|thumb|left|The celebration of [[Midsummer]] (the [[June solstice]]) in Norway with a [[bonfire]]]]
In the [[Northern Hemisphere]], June marks the commencement of [[summer]], while in the [[Southern Hemisphere]], it is the start of [[winter]]. In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional [[astronomical season|astronomical summer]] is 21 June, while [[meteorological season|meteorological summer]] commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June.<ref name="Hund">{{cite book|first=Andrew|last=Hund|editor-first=S. George|editor-last=Philander|year=2012|title=Encyclopedia of Global Warming & Climate Change|edition=2|volume=1|publisher=[[Sage Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-5063-2075-5|pages=1245–1246}}</ref>

The [[June solstice]]—known as the [[summer solstice]] in the Northern Hemisphere and [[winter solstice]] in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of [[daylight]] hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Todd|last1=Timberlake|first2=Paul|last2=Wallace|year=2019|title=Finding Our Place in the Solar System: The Scientific Story of the Copernican Revolution|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-1-107-18229-5|page=36}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=P.|last=Rocher|date=n.d.|title=Solstice d'été de 1583 à 2999|trans-title= 
Summer solstice from 1583 to 2999|work=Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides|publisher=[[Observatory of Paris]]|language=French|url=https://www.imcce.fr/newsletter/docs/Solstice_ete_1583_2999.pdf|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> In places north of the [[Arctic Circle]], this is when the [[midnight sun]] occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even at [[midnight]].<ref name="Hund"/> Conversely, it is [[polar night]] in places within the [[Antarctic Circle]], during which the Sun remains below the [[horizon]] for more than 24 hours.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Jørgen|last1=Berge|first2=Geir|last2=Johnsen|year=2020|editor1-first=Jørgen|editor1-last=Berge|editor2-first=Geir|editor2-last=Johnsen|editor3-first=Jonathan H.|editor3-last=Cohen|chapter=Life and Light at the Dead of Night|title=Polar Night Marine Ecology: Life and Light in the Dead of Night|volume=4|publisher=[[Springer Nature]]|isbn=978-3-030-33208-2|page=317}}</ref>

In [[astronomy]], certain [[meteor showers]] occur annually during this month. The [[Arietids]]—among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; the [[Beta Taurids]] take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and the [[June Bootids]] commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Gary W.|last=Kronk|year=2013|chapter=June Meteor Showers|title=Meteor Showers: An Annotated Catalog|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-1-4614-7897-3|pages=106, 111–112, 134}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first1=Maria|last1=Hajdukova|first2=Regina|last2=Rudawska|date=16 August 2023|url=https://www.ta3.sk/IAUC22DB/MDC2022/Roje/roje_lista.php?corobic_roje=1&sort_roje=0|title=Established meteor showers|work=Meteor Data Center|publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> The [[full moon]] that occurs in June{{efn|Because it takes the Moon approximately 29.5 days to go through all of its [[lunar phases]], this results in there usually being one full moon for every month of the year. Culturally, each full moon has its own name corresponding to the month in which it appears.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/space-astronomy/what-are-names-full-moons-throughout-year|title=Why do we have special names for full moons?|publisher=[[Royal Museums Greenwich]]|date=n.d.|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>}} is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with the [[strawberry]]-picking season; other names for it include the ''rose moon'', ''honey moon'' and the poetic ''midsummer moon''.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2024|last=Johnston|first=Gordon|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/skywatching/the-next-full-moon-is-the-strawberry-moon-2/|title=The Next Full Moon is the Strawberry Moon|publisher=[[NASA]]|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/51047406|title=Strawberry Moon 2024: Why is it special, and when will it happen?|date=20 June 2024|work=BBC News|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|chapter=midsummer moon, n.|date=September 2024|dictionary=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/OED/3091675746}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
[[File:A classic summer thunderstorm in Silang, Cavite.jpg|thumb|Summer thunderstorm in the Philippines during [[monsoon]] season, 3 June 2023]]
[[File:Farmers harvesting rice.jpg|thumb|Rice being harvested in [[Igunga]], [[Tabora Region]], Tanzania on 10 June 2016{{efn|In Tanzania, rice is harvested between May and July.<ref name="harvest"/>}}]]
June is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest;<ref name="Hund"/><ref>{{cite news|first=Marium|last=Ali|date=1 July 2024|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/7/1/why-is-july-the-hottest-month-of-the-year|title=Why is July the hottest month of the year?|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref> in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse.<ref>{{cite book|last=Thenkabail|first=Prasad S.|year=2015|title=Remote Sensing of Water Resources, Disasters, and Urban Studies|volume=3|series=Remote Sensing Handbook|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4822-1792-6|page=104}}</ref> For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town of [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]] in the [[Chubut Province]] of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F).<ref name="ClimateRec"/> June 2024 was the hottest June in recorded history at 1.22°C (2.20°F) above the 20th-century global average, beating the previous record held by June 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/global-climate-summary-june-2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716232314/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/global-climate-summary-june-2024|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2024|title=Global climate summary for June 2024|date=16 July 2024|publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers-and-facilities/goddard/nasa-finds-june-2023-hottest-on-record/|title=NASA Finds June 2023 Hottest on Record|date=13 July 2023|publisher=NASA|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

The [[Atlantic hurricane season]]—when [[tropical cyclone|tropical]] or [[subtropical cyclone]]s are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November.<ref>{{cite book|first=Tommaso|last=Caloiero|year=2018|title=Hydrological Hazard: Analysis and Prevention|publisher=[[Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute]]|isbn=978-3-03897-374-4|page=194}}</ref> In the Indian Ocean north of the [[equator]], around the [[Indian subcontinent]], year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]|year=2006|title=South Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean|edition=4|series=Sailing Directions – Planning Guides|publisher=ProStar Publications|isbn=978-1-57785-752-5|pages=126, 132}}</ref> In contrast, [[Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone]]s are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the [[Mediterranean]] having stable air.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=P. T.|last1=Nastos|first2=K.|last2=Karavana-Papadimou|first3=I. T.|last3=Matsangouras|date=September 2015|title=Tropical-like Cyclones in the Mediterranean: Impacts and Composite Daily Means and Anomalies of Synoptic Conditions|publisher=[[University of Athens]]|journal=Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology|url=https://cest2015.gnest.org/papers/cest2015_00407_oral_paper.pdf|pages=2–3|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

The [[East Asian monsoon|East Asian]],<ref name="EA"/> [[North American monsoon|North American]],<ref>{{cite journal|first1=David K.|last1=Adams|first2=Andrew C.|last2=Comrie|date=October 1997|url=http://geog.arizona.edu/~comrie/reprints/monsoon.pdf|title=The North American Monsoon|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]]|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|volume=78|number=10|pages=2200, 2205|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<2197:TNAM>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=1997BAMS...78.2197A |access-date=8 October 2024|archive-date=7 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080307022657/http://geog.arizona.edu/~comrie/reprints/monsoon.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> [[Monsoon of South Asia|South Asian]] (Indian)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/indian-monsoon-rains-above-average-for-second-year-in-a-row-idUSKBN26L2MN/|first=Rajendra|last=Jadhav|date=30 September 2020|title=Indian monsoon rains above average for second year in a row|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> and [[West African monsoon]]s<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Akinsanola|first1=Akintomide Afolayan|last2=Zhou|first2=Wen|date=22 March 2020|title=Understanding the Variability of West African Summer Monsoon Rainfall: Contrasting Tropospheric Features and Monsoon Index|journal=[[Atmosphere (journal)|Atmosphere]]|publisher=[[MDPI]]|volume=11|number=3|page=309|doi=10.3390/atmos11030309 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2020Atmos..11..309A }}</ref> generally begin in June, while the [[monsoon#Europe|European monsoon]] season intensifies that month.<ref>{{cite news|first=Leo|last=Hickman|date=9 July 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/09/weather.europe|title=The Question: What is the European monsoon?|work=[[The Guardian]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> The East Asian monsoon commences the [[East Asian rainy season]].<ref name="EA">{{cite book|first=Kozo|last=Ninomiya|year=2001|title=豪雨と降水システム|trans-title=Heavy Rain and Precipitation Systems|publisher=Tokyodo Publishing|isbn=978-4-490-20435-3|pages=121–122|language=Japanese}}</ref> The highest volume of rainfall ever recorded in a one-hour period occurred on 22 June 1947 in the small city of [[Holt, Missouri]] in the United States, measuring 305 mm (12 inches) of rainfall. The greatest rainfall within a 48-hour period occurred between 15–16 June 1995 in the town of [[Cherrapunji]] in [[Meghalaya]], India, with 2.493 metres (98.15 inches) of rainfall recorded.<ref name="ClimateRec">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive|work=[[World Meteorological Organization]]|publisher=[[Arizona State University]]|date=n.d.|access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
The [[crops]] which are [[harvest]]ed this month include several varieties of corn; [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[maize]], [[rapeseed]], [[rice]], [[rye]] and [[sorghum]] in most of the Northern Hemisphere, and maize, [[cotton]], [[pearl millet]], sorghum and [[soybeans]] in most of the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="harvest">{{cite web|url=https://ipad.fas.usda.gov/ogamaps/cropcalendar.aspx|title=Crop Calendar Charts|date=n.d.|work=[[Foreign Agricultural Service]]|publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref> In much of the Northern Hemisphere, [[apricots]], [[blackberries]], [[blueberries]], [[cherries]], [[mangoes]], [[raspberries]], strawberries and [[watermelons]] are fruits which are considered to be in season or at their peak in June.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Aliza|year=2015|title=Field Guide to Produce: How to Identify, Select, and Prepare Virtually Every Fruit and Vegetable at the Market|publisher=[[Quirk Books]]| isbn=978-1-59474-848-6|pages=6–7, 15, 24, 96, 100–101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Evelyn|last=Roehl|year=1996|title=Whole Food Facts: The Complete Reference Guide|edition=2|publisher=Healing Arts Press|page=37|isbn=978-0-89281-635-4}}</ref> Vegetables that are in season in this hemisphere during June include [[asparagus]], [[beetroot]], [[cucumbers]], [[lettuce]], [[peas]], [[radishes]], [[spinach]], [[tomatoes]] and [[zucchini]] (courgettes).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cspinet.org/cspi-news/whats-season-june-produce-guide|first=M. M.|last=Bailey|date=31 May 2024|title=What's in season: June produce guide|publisher=[[Center for Science in the Public Interest]]|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Jessica Saari|last=Christensen|year=2018|title=Better Homes and Gardens New Cook Book|publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]]|isbn=978-1-328-49947-9|edition=17|pages=70–71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Allan|last=Peters|year=2023|chapter=June|title=RHS Garden Almanac 2024: A Seasonal Guide to Growing, Harvesting and Enjoying Nature|publisher=[[Frances Lincoln Publishers]]|isbn=978-0-7112-8901-7|page=122}}</ref> In much of the Southern Hemisphere, the fruits which are in season are [[avocados]], [[bananas]], [[citrus]] (such as [[grapefruit]], [[lemons]], [[mandarin orange|mandarins]] and [[oranges]]), [[kiwifruit]] and [[pears]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixie|first=Grahame|editor-last=Jaffee|editor-first=Steven|year=1999|title=Southern African Agribusiness: Gaining Through Regional Collaboration|chapter=Summer Citrus: The Role and Prospects for Southern Africa|publisher=[[World Bank Publications]]|pages=88–90|isbn=978-0-8213-4422-4}}</ref><ref name="V1">{{cite web|url=https://www.voneaustralia.com/seasonal/|title=Seasonal Products|publisher=V One Australia|date=n.d.|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/spotlight-perus-fruit-sector-races-new-heights|date=22 June 2021|title=Spotlight: Peru's Fruit Sector Races to New Heights|author=Foreign Agricultural Service|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=24 September 2024}}</ref>

== Observances ==
[[File:2018 San Francisco Pride.jpg|thumb|In the United States, June is [[Pride Month]] ([[San Francisco Pride|2018 annual San Francisco Gay Pride Parade]] pictured)]]
[[File:Marcelo Calero conhece o São João de Caruaru (27252841923).jpg|thumb|''[[Festa Junina|Festas Juninas]]'' (June Festivals) celebration in [[Pernambuco]], Brazil]]
[[File:Indian Navy - World Environment Day - 2016 (1).jpg|thumb|People celebrating [[World Environment Day]] in India]]
In Catholicism, June is dedicated to the [[Catholic devotion|devotion]] of the [[Sacred Heart of Jesus]]. This observance is called the [[Month of the Sacred Heart]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Kathy|last1=Coffey|first2=Mary Ellen|last2=Hynes|first3=Corinna|last3=Laughlin|year=2012|title=Companion to the Calendar: A Guide to the Saints, Seasons, and Holidays of the Year|edition=2|publisher=Liturgy Training Publications|isbn=978-1-56854-260-7|page=79}}</ref> In Canada, June is [[ALS Awareness Month]], a campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for a cure for [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], and [[Filipino Heritage Month]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kar|first=Anita|date=2 June 2015|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/neuro/channels/news/als-awareness-month-june-253218|title=ALS Awareness Month – June|work=[[Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital]]|publisher=[[McGill University Health Centre]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Ysh|last=Cabana|date=9 November 2018|url=http://philippinereporter.com/index.php/2018/11/09/parliament-adopts-june-as-filipino-heritage-month/|title=Parliament adopts June as Filipino Heritage Month|work=[[The Philippine Reporter]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> In the United States, June is [[Pride Month]], which is the celebration of the [[LGBTQ community]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Rachele|last=Kanigel|year=2019|chapter=Diversity Calendar|title=The Diversity Style Guide|publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]]|isbn=978-1-119-05515-0|page=301}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Oliver|first1=David|last2=Ali|first2=Rasha|date=28 June 2019|title=Why we owe Pride to black transgender women who threw bricks at cops|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/voices/2019/06/24/pride-month-black-transgender-women-stonewall-marsha-p-johnson/1478200001/|work=[[USA Today]]|publisher=[[Gannett]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> [[Caribbean-American Heritage Month]] also occurs annually in June, as well as Men's Mental Health Month.<ref>{{cite book|last=Halloran|first=Vivian|editor-last=Birkenmaier|editor-first=Anke|year=2020|chapter=Circumscribed Citizenship: Caribbean American Visibility|title=Caribbean Migrations: The Legacies of Colonialism|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-1-9788-1449-3|page=80}}</ref> In Brazil, the ''[[Festa Junina|Festas Juninas]]'' (June Festivals) occur throughout the entire month to celebrate the harvest.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Festivals in Brazil|year=2005|journal=Américas|publisher=Pan-American Union|volume=57–58|page=26|via=[[Google Books]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q4xoAAAAMAAJ|quote=June is the month of Festa  Juninas [sic], a harvest festival popular throughout the country, and kicky forró is the music of choice.}}</ref>

It is also [[National Safety Month]] in the United States, a [[list of month-long observances|month-long observance]] aimed at increasing awareness of, and ultimately decreasing, the number of unintentional injuries and deaths in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nsc.org/work-safety/get-involved/national-safety-month|title=National Safety Month|access-date=20 September 2024|publisher=[[National Safety Council]]}}</ref> [[National Smile Month]], the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by the [[Oral Health Foundation]], commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grayson|first=Vicky|editor-last=Moyse|editor-first=Karen|year=2009|chapter=Health Promotion in Context|title= Health in Children and Young People: The Role of the Nurse|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-4443-2265-1|page=368}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 May 2019|url=https://www.jpaget.nhs.uk/news-media/news-events/2019-news/may-2019-news/national-smile-month/|title=National Smile Month|publisher=[[James Paget University Hospital]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dentalhealth.org/national-smile-month-2024|title=National Smile Month 2024|work=Oral Health Foundation |publisher=[[Oral Health Foundation]]|date=n.d.|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> In Barbados, June is part of the [[Season of Emancipation]] which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate the [[emancipation]] of slaves of African descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://barbados.org/events/season-of-emancipation.htm#|title=Barbados Season of Emancipation|type=official website|work=[[Barbados]]|date=n.d.|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Oldfield|first=J. R.|year=2007|title=Chords of Freedom: Commemoration, Ritual and British Transatlantic Slavery|publisher=[[Manchester University Press]]|isbn=978-0-7190-6665-8|page=165}}</ref>

=== Global single-day observances ===
The first day of June commences with [[World Milk Day]] and [[International Children's Day]] in several countries.{{efn|Some countries observe Children's Day on different dates, including 20 November.<ref>{{cite book|year=2012|editor1-first=Patricia|editor1-last=Brander|editor2-first=Ellie|editor2-last=Keen|editor3-first=Vera|editor3-last=Juhász|editor4-first=Annette|editor4-last=Schneider|title=Compass - Manual for Human Rights Education With Young People|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|isbn=978-92-871-8155-8|page=435}}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite book|first=Alexis|last=Willett|year=2019|chapter=Milks|title=Drinkology: The Science of What We Drink and What It Does to Us, from Milks to Martinis|publisher=[[Little, Brown and Company]]|isbn=978-1-4721-4246-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=[[UNICEF]]|year=2002|title=The State of the World's Children|publisher=[[United Nations]]|isbn=978-92-1-059748-7|page=48}}</ref> [[International Whores' Day]], an observance to honour [[sex worker]]s (prostitutes) and recognise their often [[exploitation of labour|exploited]] and poor working conditions, occurs on 2 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Lauren|last=McGrow|year=2017|title=Missionary Positions: A Postcolonial Feminist Perspective on Sex Work and Faith-Based Outreach from Australia|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=978-90-04-35318-3|page=50}}</ref> Several [[Memorials for the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre|memorials and other commemorations]] are held around the world on 4 June to honour the [[1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre]] that occurred in China.<ref>{{cite web|first=Rhoda|last=Kwan|date=5 June 2021|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2021/06/05/activists-around-the-world-mark-32-years-since-tiananmen-massacre-as-hong-kong-vigil-banned/|title=Activists around the world mark 32 years since Tiananmen Massacre as Hong Kong vigil banned|work=[[Hong Kong Free Press]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=4 June 2023|url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/04/global-tributes-mark-34th-anniversary-of-the-tiananmen-square-massacre|title=Global tributes mark 34th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square Massacre|work=[[Euronews]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> Similar annual memorials are held for the [[Normandy landings]] (D-Day), the largest seaborne invasion in history, which occurred on 6 June 1944 as part of the [[Second World War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cv224rk5pg3o|title=In pictures: Events commemorate 80th anniversary of D-Day|work=[[BBC News]]|date=6 June 2024|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref> [[Global Wind Day]] is on 15 June, and on 16 June is the [[International Day of the African Child]], which raises awareness for the need of [[education reform|improved education]] provided to children in Africa.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 June 2023|title=Global Wind Day 2023: Everything you need to know about the day|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/global-wind-day-2023-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-day/articleshow/101016241.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Ngozi|last=Okpara|editor-first=Olusola|editor-last=Oyero|year=2019|chapter=Child Protection and Development in Nigeria: Towards a More Functional Media Intervention|title=Media and Its Role in Protecting the Rights of Children in Africa|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-7998-0331-7|page=63}}</ref> [[Autistic Pride Day]] occurs on 18 June.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trivedi|first=Bijal|date=18 June 2005|url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18625041.500-autistic-and-proud-of-it.html|title=Autistic and proud of it|work=[[New Scientist]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

19 June is [[World Sauntering Day]], which encourages people to slow down ("saunter") and enjoy life.<ref>{{cite news|last=Eschner|first=Kat|date=19 June 2017|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/world-sauntering-day-take-walk-180963712/|title=On World Sauntering Day, Take a Walk|work=[[Smithsonian Magazine]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> [[Go Skateboarding Day]] and [[World Hydrography Day]] both occur on 21 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Iain|last=Borden|year=2019|title=Skateboarding and the City: A Complete History|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4725-8348-2|page=62}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|year=2006|title=World Hydrology Day|journal=The Hydrographic Journal|publisher=The Hydrographic Society: UK & Ireland|issue=123–126|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EMcAQAAIAAJ|quote=Thursday 21 June marks the second World Hydrography Day following its inaugural at the same time last year.}}</ref> [[Midsummer]], the various celebrations of the commencement of summer, happens on 21 June; it is also associated with the [[Fête de la Musique]] (World Music Day).<ref>{{cite book|first=Kenneth R.|last=Lang|year=2011|title=The Cambridge Guide to the Solar System|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-49417-5|page=4}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 June 2023|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/a-look-at-the-history-and-significance-behind-world-music-day-1229971.html#|title=A look at the history and significance behind World Music Day|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> 25 June is the observation of [[World Vitiligo Day]], which aims to decrease negative sentiments regarding [[vitiligo]]—a [[chronic condition|chronic]] [[autoimmune disorder]] that causes patches of skin to lose [[pigment]] or colour.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gopal|first=B. Madhu|date=25 June 2020|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/time-to-dispel-fears-over-vitiligo/article31918214.ece|title='Time to dispel fears over vitiligo'|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> 26 June is [[World Refrigeration Day]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Taati|last=Niilenge|date=3 July 2023|title=Refrigeration taken for granted|url=https://www.namibian.com.na/refrigeration-taken-for-granted/|work=[[The Namibian]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>

[[Global Running Day]] occurs on the first [[Wednesday]] in June.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hit the streets for Global Running Day, June 3|url=https://studentaffairs.unl.edu/news/hit-streets-global-running-day-june-3|date=29 May 2020|work=Student Affairs|publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref> [[Father's Day]], which honours fathers and [[fatherhood]], most often occurs on the third [[Sunday]] in June.<ref name="Post">{{cite news|first=Nigel|last=Booth|date=12 June 2022|title=Global Father's Day celebrations - Celebration of Father's Day around the world|url=https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/read-this/global-fathers-day-celebrations-celebration-of-fathers-day-around-the-world-3728741|work=[[Yorkshire Evening Post]]|access-date=11 March 2024}}</ref>{{efn|Some countries also observe Father's Day at different dates in June.<ref name="Post"/>}} The [[King's Official Birthday]], which celebrates the birthday of the monarch of the [[Commonwealth realms]] (presently [[Charles III]]), occurs in either May or June. It includes the British [[Trooping the Colour]] commemoration.<ref>{{cite news|first=Kate|last=Ng|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/king-charles-birthday-trooping-colour-b2249762.html|title=King Charles III's official birthday date revealed for Trooping the Colour 2023|date=22 December 2022|work=[[The Independent]]|access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Kate|last=Ng|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/67413410|title=King Charles III celebrates 75th birthday - why does he have two birthdays?|date=14 November 2023|work=BBC News|access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref> The [[Dragon Boat Festival]], observed in China and by the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, may commence for one-day between late May and mid-June as the date is decided by the traditional [[Chinese lunisolar calendar]].<ref name="Dragon Boat">{{cite book|first1=Melinda|last1=Murphy|first2=Laura O'Gorman|last2=Schwartz|year=2023|title=Living in Singapore|edition=16|publisher=American Association of Singapore|isbn=978-981-330-002-6|page=31}}</ref>

==== United Nations ====
The following are global holidays which are formally observed by the [[United Nations]]:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/observances/list-days-weeks|title=List of International Days and Weeks|publisher=[[United Nations]]|date=n.d.|access-date=14 February 2025}}</ref>
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
*1 June: [[Global Day of Parents]]
*3 June: [[World Bicycle Day]]
*4 June: [[International Day of Innocent Children Victims of Aggression]]
*5 June: [[World Environment Day]] and [[International Day for the Fight Against Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing]]
*6 June: [[UN Russian Language Day]]
*7 June: [[World Food Safety Day]]
*8 June: [[World Oceans Day]]
*10 June: [[International Day for Dialogue Among Civilizations]]
*11 June: [[International Day of Play]]
*12 June: [[World Day Against Child Labour]]
*13 June: [[International Albinism Awareness Day]]
*14 June: [[World Blood Donor Day]]
*15 June: [[World Elder Abuse Awareness Day]]
*16 June: [[International Day of Family Remittances]]
*17 June: [[World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought]]
*18 June: [[International Day for Countering Hate Speech]] and [[Sustainable Gastronomy Day]]
*19 June: [[International Day for the Elimination of Sexual Violence in Conflict]]
*20 June: [[World Refugee Day]]
*21 June: [[International Day of Yoga]] and [[International Day of the Celebration of the Solstice]]
*23 June: [[United Nations Public Service Awards|United Nations Public Service Day]] and [[International Widows' Day]]
*24 June: [[International Day of Women in Diplomacy]]
*25 June: [[Day of the Seafarer]]
*26 June: [[International Day Against Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking]] and [[International Day in Support of Victims of Torture]]
*27 June: [[Micro-, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Day]]
*29 June: [[International Day of the Tropics]]
*30 June: [[International Asteroid Day]] and [[International Day of Parliamentarism]]
{{div col end}}

==== Religious single-day observances ====
{{further|Date of Easter}}
[[File:Sacred Heart 1770.jpg|thumb|The [[Feast of the Sacred Heart]] occurs in June during the [[Month of the Sacred Heart]]]]
As [[Easter]] is celebrated on the first Sunday after the [[w:Paschal full moon|Paschal full moon]], which is the first [[w:full moon|full moon]] on or after 21 March (a fixed approximation of the [[w:March equinox|March equinox]]), [[Ascension Day]], observed 39 days after Easter, can occur in June.<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Bede]]|year=1999|title=[[The Reckoning of Time]]|translator=Faith Wallis|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|isbn=978-0-85323-693-1|pages=xviii–xx}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Bednarek|first=M.|date=n.d.|title=Easter Dates from 1600 to 2099|url=https://www.census.gov/data/software/x13as/genhol/easter-dates.html|work=[[X-13ARIMA-SEATS]]|publisher=[[census.gov]]|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> [[Pentecost]] is the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, while [[Trinity Sunday]] is the first Sunday after Pentecost.<ref name="Nachum">{{cite book|first1=Nachum|last1=Dershowitz|first2=Edward M.|last2=Reingold|year=2008|title=Calendrical Calculations|edition=3|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-88540-9|page=119}}</ref> The [[Catholic Church]] also observes the [[Feast of the Sacred Heart]], which happens on the Friday following the second Sunday after Pentecost.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hoffner|first=Helen|others=Illustrated by Folles, Deirdre|year=2018|title=Catholic Traditions and Treasures: An Illustrated Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Sophia Institute Press]]|isbn=978-1-62282-484-7|page=26}}</ref> The [[Feast of Corpus Christi]], observed by the [[Latin Church]] and certain [[Western Rite Orthodoxy|Western Orthodox]], [[Lutheran]], and [[Anglican]] churches, takes place on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday.<ref name="Nachum"/> The [[feast of Saints Peter and Paul]], a [[liturgical feast]] observed by numerous denominations, always occurs on 29 June.<ref>{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Bishop|year=2023|title=Discourses of Philology and Theology in Nietzsche: From the "Untimelies" to The Anti-Christ|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-031-42272-0|page=26}}</ref>

In Buddhism, [[Vesak]] (Buddha Day), the most significant [[Buddhist festival]], occurs on 2 June in Singapore and on 3 June in Thailand as of 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/vesak-day-next-year-to-fall-on-june-2-singapore-to-have-7-long-weekends-in-2023|title=Vesak Day revised to fall on June 2 next year; Singapore to have 7 long weekends in 2023|work=[[The Straits Times]]|date=19 January 2023|orig-date=Originally published 29 September 2022|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Neill|last=Fronde|date=31 December 2022|url=https://thethaiger.com/hot-news/events/thai-holidays-in-2023|title=Thai holidays in 2023|work=[[The Thaiger]]|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> [[Shavuot]], one of the biblically-ordained [[Three Pilgrimage Festivals]] observed in [[Judaism]], takes place during the month of [[Sivan]] in the [[Hebrew calendar]], which corresponds to being between May and June in the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Steinberg|first=Paul|editor-first=Janet Greenstein|editor-last=Potter|year=2007|title=Celebrating the Jewish Year: The Spring and Summer Holidays|edition=1|volume=3|publisher=[[Jewish Publication Society]]|isbn=978-0-8276-0850-4|page=136}}</ref> [[Islamic holidays]] are determined by the [[Islamic calendar|Hijri calendar]] (colloquially the Islamic calendar), a [[lunar calendar]] of 354 or 355 days; thus, Islamic observances do not align with those of the Gregorian calendar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.islamic-relief.org.uk/resources/islamic-calendar/|title=Islamic Calendar 2024 – Hijri Calendar 1445/1446|work=Islamic Calendar|publisher=[[Islamic Relief]]|date=n.d.|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ilyas|first=Mohammad|year=1984|title=A Modern Guide to Astronomical Calculations of Islamic Calendar, Times & Qibla|publisher=Berita Publishing|isbn=978-967-969-009-5|page=80}}</ref> This is the same for [[Hindu holidays]], which are based on the [[Hindu calendar]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter J.|last1=Claus|first2=Sarah|last2=Diamond|first3=Margaret Ann|last3=Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|page=91}}</ref>

=== Other events ===
The quadrennial [[FIFA World Cup]], an international [[association football]] tournament and the most-watched sporting event on television, usually commences in June.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/sports/2022/11/13/whats-new-at-fifa-world-cup-2022|first=Usaid|last=Siddiqui|date=13 November 2022|title=What is new at World Cup 2022?|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Tom|last=Dunmore|year=2015|chapter=Tournament Recaps|title=Encyclopedia of the FIFA World Cup|publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]]|isbn=978-0-8108-8743-5}}</ref> The annual [[Wimbledon Championships]], the oldest [[tennis]] tournament in the world and widely regarded as the most prestigious, traditionally occurred on the last Monday in June.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|editor1-first=Will|editor1-last=Kaufman|editor2-first=Heidi Slettedahl|editor2-last=Macpherson|year=2005|encyclopedia=Britain and the Americas|title=Tennis|publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]|volume=1|isbn=1-85109-431-8|page=958}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas|first=David|date=10 July 1989|title=Behind the scenes at 'the madhouse'|work=[[Torquay Herald Express]]|page=21|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wimbledon.com/en_GB/atoz/dates.html#|title=Future dates|work=[[Wimbledon Championships]]|type=Official website|access-date=21 September 2024}}</ref> [[Glastonbury Festival]], a major music festival in the United Kingdom, also takes place in June, attracting over 100,000 attendees.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Matteo|last1=Caroli|first2=Alfredo|last2=Valentino|year=2016|editor-first1=Nicola|editor-last1=Bellini|editor-first2=Cecilia|editor-last2=Pasquinelli|chapter=Does Recurrence Matter? The Impact of Music Festivals on Local Tourist Competitiveness|title=Tourism in the City: Towards an Integrative Agenda on Urban Tourism|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-26877-4|page=226}}</ref>

== People ==
[[June (given name)|June]] is a female given name that can be given to a person born in June.<ref>{{cite book|last=Navarro|first=Yvonne|author-link=Yvonne Navarro|year=2015|title=First Name Reverse Dictionary: Given Names Listed by Meaning|edition=2|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|isbn=978-1-4766-0996-6|page=12}}</ref><ref>{{cite dictionary|url=https://www.dictionary.com/browse/june|title=June|dictionary=[[Dictionary.com]]|publisher=IXL Learning|access-date=26 September 2024|quote=a female given name}}</ref> In [[astrology]], the [[Zodiac sign]]s for people born between 21 May and 21 June is [[Gemini (astrology)|Gemini]] (♊︎); for those born between 22 June and 22 July, their sign is [[Cancer (astrology)|Cancer]] (♋︎).<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=William F.|year=2013|chapter=Astrology|title=Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience: From Alien Abductions to Zone Therapy|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-135-95522-9|pages=18–19}}</ref> The [[birthstone]]s associated with June in the United States are [[pearl]], [[moonstone (gemstone)|moonstone]] and [[alexandrite]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gia.edu/birthstones|title=Birthstones For Each Month|publisher=[[Gemological Institute of America]]|date=n.d.|access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref> The [[birth flowers]] of June are [[rose]] and [[honeysuckle]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Binney|first=Ruth|year=2019|title=Plant Lore and Legend: The Wisdom and Wonder of Plants and Flowers Revealed|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|isbn=978-0-486-82874-9|page=17}}</ref>

===Births===
[[File:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Che Guevara]] was born on 14 June 1928]]
[[File:After Hans Holbein the Younger - Portrait of Henry VIII - Google Art Project.jpg|110px|thumb|[[Henry VIII]] was born on 28 June 1491]]
Noteworthy people born in June include:{{efn|name="people"|Attributed to various sources:<ref>{{cite book|last=Hart|first=Michael|author-link=Michael H. Hart|year=1992|orig-year=1978|title=[[The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History]]|publisher=[[Hart Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-8065-1350-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Steven|last1=Skiena|author1-link=Steven Skiena|first2=Charles|last2=Ward|year=2013|title=[[Who's Bigger?: Where Historical Figures Really Rank]]|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-04137-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The 100 Most Influential People of All Time|year=2012|publisher=[[Time Inc.|Time Inc. Books]]|isbn=978-1-60320-997-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Historic-Birthdates-in-June/|last=Johnson|first=Ben|date=n.d.|title=Historic Birthdates in June|publisher=Historic UK|access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref>}}
*[[1 June|1st]] – [[Frank Whittle]], English engineer and [[Royal Air Force]] air officer who invented the [[turbojet]] engine (1907).<ref>{{cite book|first=Ernest Henry|last=Wakefield|year=1998|title=History of the Electric Automobile: Hybrid Electric Vehicles|publisher=[[SAE International]]|isbn=978-0-7680-3749-4|page=152}}</ref>
*[[8 June|8th]] – [[Tim Berners-Lee]], English computer scientist who invented the [[World Wide Web]] (1955).<ref>{{cite book|last=Witzel|first=Morgen|year=2005|title=Encyclopedia of History of American Management|volume=1|chapter=BERNERS-LEE, Tim (1955–)|publisher=[[Thoemmes Continuum]]|isbn=978-1-84714-469-0|page=37}}</ref>
*[[9 June|9th]]:
**[[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia (1640).<ref>{{cite book|last=Spielman|first=John Philip|year=1977|title=Leopold I of Austria|publisher=[[Thames and Hudson]]|isbn=978-0-500-87005-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/leopoldiofaustri0000spie/mode/2up?q=%229+June+1640%22 32]}}</ref>
**[[Peter the Great]], [[Tsar of Russia|Tsar]] and later the first [[Emperor of all Russia]] (1627).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=M. S.|author-link=Matthew Smith Anderson|year=1995|title=Peter the Great|edition=2|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-87485-0|page=1}}</ref>
*[[14 June|14th]] – [[Che Guevara]], Argentine [[Marxist]] revolutionary, guerrilla leader, diplomat and military theorist; a major figure of the [[Cuban Revolution]] (1928).<ref>{{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Jon Lee|author-link=Jon Lee Anderson|year=1998|title=Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life|publisher=[[Grove Press]]|isbn=978-0-8021-3558-2|pages=3, 9}}</ref>
*[[17 June|17th]] – [[Igor Stravinsky]], Russian composer (1882).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Walsh|first1=Stephen|author-link=Stephen Walsh (writer)|year=1999|title=Stravinsky: A Creative Spring: Russia and France, 1882-1934|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-22749-1|page=3}}</ref>
*[[18 June|18th]] – [[Paul McCartney]], English singer, songwriter and musician, former member of [[the Beatles]] (1942).<ref>{{cite book|last=Spitz|first=Bob|author-link=Bob Spitz|title=The Beatles: The Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/beatlesbiography00spit|url-access=registration|year=2005|publisher=Little, Brown and Company|isbn=978-0-316-80352-6|page=75}}</ref>
*[[19 June|19th]] – [[José Rizal]], Filipino nationalist, writer and polymath, a [[National hero of the Philippines|national hero (''pambansang bayani'') of the Philippines]] (1861).<ref>{{cite book|first=José Barón|last=Fernández|year=1980|title=José Rizal, Filipino Doctor and Patriot|editor-first=Teodoro|editor-last=Locsin|editor-link=Teodoro Locsin Sr.|publisher=M. L. Morató|isbn=978-971-23-1963-1|page=2}}</ref>
*[[June 23|23rd]] – [[Alan Turing]], English [[mathematician]], [[computer scientist]], [[Logic|logician]], [[cryptanalyst]], [[philosopher]] and [[theoretical biologist]] (1912).<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives Biographies: Alan Turing |url=https://www.theiet.org/membership/library-and-archives/the-iet-archives/biographies/alan-turing#:~:text=Conceived%20in%20India,%20Alan%20Mathison,engineer%20of%20the%20Madras%20Railways. |website=www.theiet.org |publisher=The Institution of Engineering and Technology. |access-date=7 October 2025}}</ref>
*[[24 June|24th]] – [[Lionel Messi]], Argentine footballer (1987).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lionel Messi |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/lionel-messi/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

*[[28 June|28th]]:
**[[Henry VIII]], [[King of England]] known for his [[wives of Henry VIII|six marriages]] and commencement of the [[English Reformation]] (1491).<ref>{{cite book|last=Scarisbrick|first=J. J.|author-link=J. J. Scarisbrick|year=1997|title=Henry VIII|edition=2|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|isbn=978-0-300-07158-0|page=3}}</ref>
**[[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], Genevan philosopher influential in the [[Age of Enlightenment]] (1712).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jean-Jacques-Rousseau|first1=Maurice|last1=Cranston|first2=Brian|last2=Duignan|date=20 August 2024|title=Jean-Jacques Rousseau|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref>
*[[29 June|29th]] – [[Yusuf I of Granada]], seventh [[Nasrid]] ruler of the [[Emirate of Granada]] who presided over its golden age (1318).<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Vidal Castro|first=Francisco|title=Yusuf I|encyclopedia=Diccionario Biográfico electrónico|publisher=[[Royal Academy of History]]|url=http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/6215/yusuf-i|date=n.d.|access-date=27 September 2024|language=Spanish}}</ref>

===Deaths===
[[File:Dark vignette Al-Masjid AL-Nabawi Door800x600x300 (cropped).jpg|thumb|110px|[[Muhammad]] died on 8 June 632]]
Noteworthy people who died in June include:{{efn|name="people"}}
*[[1 June|1st]] – [[Emperor Gaozu of Han]], founder and first emperor of the [[Han dynasty]] of China (195 BC).<ref>[[Sima Qian]] (c.91 BC). "Liu Bang". ''[https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B7008 史記]'' "Historical Records" (''[[Records of the Grand Historian]]''). (in Mandarin). Vol. 8. "四月甲辰，高祖崩長樂宮。" [On the first day of the fourth month, Emperor Gaozu collapsed in Changle Palace.]</ref>
*[[3 June|3rd]] – [[William Harvey]], English physician, first known to describe the [[circulatory system]] of the human body (1657).<ref>{{cite ODNB |id=12531|first=Roger|last=French|author-link=Roger Kenneth French|title=William Harvey|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/12531|date=23 September 2004|access-date=26 September 2024|freearticle=yes}}</ref>
*[[4 June|4th]]:
**[[Antonio José de Sucre]], Venezuelan general and politician, influential in the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] (1830).<ref>{{cite book|last=Aken|first=Mark J. Van|year=1989|title=King of the Night: Juan José Flores and Ecuador, 1824-1864|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=978-0-520-33669-8|page=35}}</ref>
**[[Wilhelm II]], final [[German Emperor]] and King of [[Prussia]] (1941).<ref>{{cite book|last=Hull|first=Isabel V.|author-link=Isabel V. Hull|year=2004|title=The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1888-1918|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-53321-8|page=157}}</ref>
*[[8 June|8th]]:
**[[Andrew Jackson]], American lawyer and general who served as the seventh [[president of the United States|president]] of the United States (1845).<ref>{{cite book|last=Meacham|first=Jon|year=2008|title=American Lion: Andrew Jackson in the White House |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlionandr00meac_0|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Random House Publishing Group]]|isbn=978-0-8129-7346-4|author-link=Jon Meacham|page=345}}</ref>
**[[Muhammad]], Arab religious, social and political leader, founder of [[Islam]] (632).<ref>{{cite book|last=Goldman|first=Elizabeth|year=1995|title=Believers: Spiritual Leaders of the World|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508240-1|url=https://archive.org/details/believersspiritu00gold|url-access=registration|page=63}}</ref>
*[[9 June|9th]]:
**[[Nero]], [[Roman emperor]], last of the [[Julio-Claudian dynasty]] (AD 68).<ref>{{cite book|last=Shotter|first=David|author-link=David Shotter|year=2012|title=Nero|publisher=Routledge|series=Lancaster Pamphlets in Ancient History|isbn=978-1-134-36431-2|page=78}}</ref>
**[[Charles Dickens]], English novelist, journalist, short story writer and social critic (1870).<ref>{{cite news|first=Margaret|last=Holborn|date=8 June 2017|title=Charles Dickens dies - archive, June 1870|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/gnmeducationcentre/from-the-archive-blog/2017/jun/08/charles-dickens-dies-june-1870|access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>
*[[10 June|10th]] – [[Frederick Barbarossa]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]] regarded as among the empire's greatest of the medieval era (1190).<ref>{{cite book|last=Kamenzin|first=Manuel|year=2020|title=Die Tode der römisch-deutschen Könige und Kaiser (1150-1349)|trans-title=The Deaths of the Roman-German Kings and Emperors (1150-1349)|language=German|publisher=Jan Thorbecke Verlag|isbn=978-3-7995-4385-9|pages=355–380}}</ref>
*10th or [[11 June|11th]] – [[Alexander the Great]], King of [[Macedon]], regarded as one of the greatest and most successful military commanders (323 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Depuydt |first=Leo |date=1997 |title=The Time of Death of Alexander the Great: 11 June 323 B.C. (–322), ca. 4:00–5:00 PM |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25683643 |journal=Die Welt des Orients |volume=28 |pages=117–135 |jstor=25683643 |access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>
[[File:James Madison 1816.jpg|110px|thumb|[[James Madison]] died on 28 June 1836]]
*[[14 June|14th]] – [[Max Weber]], German sociologist and historian, central figure in the development of [[sociology]] and the [[social sciences]] (1920).<ref>{{cite book|last=Honigsheim|first=Paul|editor-last=Sica|editor-first=Alan|year=2017|title=The Unknown Max Weber|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-30224-1|page=239}}</ref>
*[[17 June|17th]] – [[Uthman]], third [[caliph]] of the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] who ordered the official compilation of the [[Uthman's Quran|standardised version]] of the Quran (656).<ref>{{The History of al-Tabari|volume=15|page=190–191}}</ref>
*[[18 June|18th]] – [[Leo III the Isaurian]], first [[Byzantine emperor]] of the [[Isaurian dynasty]] (741).<ref>{{cite book|last=Carr|first=John|year=2015|title=Fighting Emperors of Byzantium|publisher=[[Pen and Sword Books]]|isbn=978-1-78383-116-6|pages=110–111}}</ref>
*[[21 June|21st]]:
**[[Edward III of England|Edward III]], [[King of England]] who restored royal authority (1377).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ormrod |first=W. Mark|title=The Reign of Edward III |year=1990 |publisher=[[The History Press|Tempus]]|isbn=978-0-7524-1434-8|edition=1|page=45}}</ref>
**[[Niccolò Machiavelli]], Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher and historian regarded as the father of modern [[political philosophy]] and [[political science]] (1527).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Black|first1=Robert|year=2013|title=Machiavelli|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1317699583|page=283}}</ref>
<!--*[[22 June|22nd]] – [[Avicenna]], philosopher and early physician of the [[Muslim World]], described as the father of early [[modern medicine]] (1037).

Birthdate not verified.

-->
*[[24 June|24th]] – [[Hongwu Emperor]], founding emperor of the [[Ming dynasty]] of China (1398).<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Goodrich |editor-first1=Luther Carrington |editor-link1=Luther Carrington Goodrich |editor2=Fang Chaoying |editor-link2=Fang Chao-ying |year=1976 |title=Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644 |volume=1 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |isbn=978-0-231-03801-0 |page=381}}</ref>
*[[25 June|25th]] – [[Michael Jackson]], American singer, songwriter and dancer, among the [[List of best-selling music artists|best-selling music artists of all time]] (2009).<ref>{{cite press release|title=Michael Jackson dead at 50 after cardiac arrest|date=25 June 2009|publisher=[[CNN]]|access-date=26 September 2024|url=https://www.cnn.com/2009/SHOWBIZ/Music/06/25/michael.jackson/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/happy-55th-birthday-michael-jackson-top-10-moments/story?id=20100037|title=Happy 55th Birthday Michael Jackson - His Top 10 Moments|last=Rothman|first=Michael|date=29 August 2013|work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]]|access-date=26 September 2024}}</ref>
*[[27 June|27th]] – [[Joseph Smith]], American religious leader, founder of [[Mormonism]] and the [[Latter Day Saint movement]] (1844).<ref>{{cite book|last=Bushman|first=Richard Lyman|author-link=Richard Bushman|year=2005|title=Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling|publisher=[[Alfred A. Knopf]]|isbn=1-4000-4270-4 |title-link=Joseph Smith: Rough Stone Rolling|pages=549–550}}</ref>
*[[28 June|28th]] – [[James Madison]], American [[Founding Fathers of the United States|Founding Father]] and fourth president of the United States (1836).<ref>{{cite book|last=Ketcham|first=Ralph|author-link=Ralph Ketcham|year=1990|title=James Madison: A Biography |publisher=[[University of Virginia Press]]|url=https://archive.org/details/jamesmadisonbiog00ketc|isbn=978-0-8139-1265-3|pages=669–670}}</ref>

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Explanatory notes ===
{{notelist}}

=== Bibliography ===
Literary sources cited on multiple occasions:
* {{cite book|first=Jan|last=Gyllenbok|year=2018|title=Encyclopaedia of Historical Metrology, Weights, and Measures|volume=1|publisher=[[Springer International Publishing]]|isbn=978-3-319-57598-8}}

== External links ==
* {{wikiquote-inline}}
* {{wiktionary-inline|June}}
* {{commons-inline}}

{{months}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:June| ]]<!--Please leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Months|*06]]