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{{Short description|Jewish prayer recited communally, often by mourners}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Distinguish|Kiddush|Kedushah (prayer)}}
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|religion}}

The '''Kaddish''' ({{langx|he|קַדִּישׁ}}, 'holy' or 'sanctification'), also transliterated as '''Qaddish''', is a [[hymn]] praising [[God in Judaism|God]] that is recited during [[Jewish prayer]] services. The central theme of the Kaddish is the magnification and sanctification of [[Names of God in Judaism|God]]'s name. In the liturgy, different versions of the Kaddish are functionally chanted or sung as separators of the different sections of the service.

The term ''Kaddish'' is often used to refer specifically to the Mourner's Kaddish, which is chanted as part of the mourning rituals in Judaism in all prayer services, as well as at funerals (other than at the gravesite) and memorials; for 11 [[Hebrew calendar#Months|Hebrew months]] after the death of a parent; and in some communities for 30 days after the death of a spouse, sibling, or child. A person is described as "saying Kaddish" if they are carrying out these rituals of mourning. Mourners recite Kaddish to show that despite the loss they still praise God.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Do Mourners Recite Kaddish? |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/255986/jewish/Why-Do-Mourners-Recite-Kaddish.htm |website=chabad.org |access-date=26 January 2025}}</ref>

Along with the [[Shema Yisrael]] and the [[Amidah]], the Kaddish is one of the most important and central elements in the [[Jewish prayer|Jewish liturgy]]. Kaddish is traditionally only recited with a [[minyan]] - a quorum of ten adult [[Jews]].

== Variant forms ==

The various versions of the Kaddish are as follows. Each one generally has a descriptive name and an alternative name which points to a word which appears in that version of Kaddish.

* ''Chatzi Kaddish'' (חֲצִי קַדִּישׁ 'Half Kaddish'), ''Kaddish L'eila'' (קַדִּישׁ לְעֵלָּא), or ''Reader's Kaddish''. This is used as a divider to punctuate between different sections of prayer, such as between ''[[Pesukei dezimra]]'' and the ''[[Barechu]]'' in the morning prayer, and before the ''[[Amidah]]'' in the afternoon and evening prayers.
* ''Kaddish Yatom'' (קַדִּישׁ יָתוֹם 'Orphan's Kaddish') or ''Kaddish Yehe Shlama Rabba'' (קַדִּישׁ יְהֵא שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא), commonly referred to as the 'Mourner's Kaddish'. Recited by a [[Bereavement in Judaism|mourner]] at the end of a prayer service and after a memorial prayer.
* ''Kaddish Shalem'' (קַדִּישׁ שָׁלֵם 'Complete Kaddish') or ''Kaddish Titkabbal'' (קַדִּישׁ תִּתְקַבֵּל). Originally used to mark the end of a service, although in later times extra passages and hymns were added to follow it.
* ''Kaddish Derabbanan'' (קַדִּישׁ דְּרַבָּנַן 'Kaddish of the Rabbis') or ''Qaddish ʿal Yisraʾel'' (קַדִּישׁ עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל). This used after any part of the service that includes extracts from the [[Mishnah]] or the [[Talmud]], as its original purpose was to close a study session.
* ''Kaddish achar Hakevura'' (קַדִּישׁ אַחַר הַקְּבוּרָה 'Kaddish after the Burial'), also called ''Kaddish de'itchadata'' (קַדִּישׁ דְּאִתְחַדְתָּא), recited during a funeral. It is also said at a ''[[siyum]]'' following the completion of a tractate of the [[Talmud]], where it is referred to as ''Kaddish achar Hashlamat Masechet'' (קַדִּישׁ אַחַר הַשְׁלָמַת מַסֶּכֶת 'Kaddish after the completion of a tractate'). As this version is the longest form of Kaddish it is also referred to as ''Kaddish Hagadol'' (קַדִּישׁ הַגָּדוֹל 'the Great Kaddish').

All versions of the Kaddish begin with the text of the ''Chatzi Kaddish'' (in the case of the Great Kaddish, with an extra passage inserted). The other versions contain additional paragraphs, and are often named after distinctive words in those paragraphs.

Historically there existed another type of Kaddish, called ''Kaddish Yachid'' ("Individual's Kaddish").<ref>{{JewishEncyclopedia|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9110-kaddish|title=ḲADDISH}}</ref> This is included in the ''[[Siddur]] of [[Amram Gaon]]'', but is a meditation taking the place of Kaddish rather than a Kaddish in the normal sense. It had not been recited in modern times until the COVID-19 pandemic, which made coming together to form a minyan difficult. Some communities began reciting the ''Kaddish Yachid'', or a portion thereof, in lieu of the Mourner's Kaddish.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Text ==

The following includes the Half, Complete, Mourner's and Rabbis' Kaddish. The variant lines of the Great Kaddish are given below, as well as [[Nusach (Jewish custom)|variants used by some Jewish communities]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; vertical-align:top;"
|-
! #
! English translation
! [[Romanization of Hebrew|Transliteration]]
! Aramaic 
|-
| 1
| Exalted and [[Kiddush Hashem|sanctified]]<sup>[[#textnote b|b]]</sup> be [[Names of God in Judaism|His great name]]<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Yitgaddal veyitqaddash shmeh rabba''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יִתְגַּדַּל וְיִתְקַדַּשׁ שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא}}
|-
| 2
| In the world which He created according to His will!
| ''Beʻalma di vra khir'uteh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּעָלְמָא דִּי בְרָא כִרְעוּתֵהּ}}
|-
| 3
| May He establish His kingdom
| ''Veyamlikh malkhuteh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיַמְלִיךְ מַלְכוּתֵהּ}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 4
| And may His salvation blossom and [[Jewish messianism|His anointed]] be near<sup>[[#textnote a|a]][[#textnote d|d]]</sup>
| ''[Veyatzmaḥ purqaneh viqarev (qetz) meshiḥeh]''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיַצְמַח פֻּרְקָנֵהּ וִיקָרֵב (קֵץ) מְשִׁיחֵהּ}}
|-
| 5
| During your lifetime and during your days
| ''Beḥayeikhon uvyomeikhon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּחַיֵּיכוֹן וּבְיוֹמֵיכוֹן}}
|-
| 6
| And during the lifetimes of all the [[House of Israel]],
| ''Uvḥaye dekhol bet yisrael''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּבְחַיֵּי דְכָל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל}}
|-
| 7
| Speedily and very soon! And say, [[Amen]].<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Baʻagala uvizman qariv veʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בַּעֲגָלָא וּבִזְמַן קָרִיב. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|-
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" |''The next two lines are recited by the congregation and then the leader:''
|-
| 8
| May His great name be blessed
| ''Yehei shmeih rabba mevorakh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ}}
|-
| 9
| For ever, and to all eternity!
| ''Leʻalam ulʻalme ʻalmaya''
| {{Script/Hebrew|לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא}}
|-
| 10
| Blessed and praised, glorified and exalted,
| ''Yitbarakh veyishtabbaḥ veyitpa'ar veyitromam''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יִתְבָּרַךְ וְיִשְׁתַּבַּח וְיִתְפָּאַר וְיִתְרוֹמַם}}
|-
| 11
| Extolled and honoured, adored and lauded
| ''Veyitnasse veyithaddar veyitʻalleh veyithallal''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיִתְנַשֵּׂא וְיִתְהַדָּר וְיִתְעַלֶּה וְיִתְהַלָּל}}
|-
| 12
| Be the name of the Holy One, blessed be He,<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Shmeh dequdsha berikh hu.''
| {{Script/Hebrew|שְׁמֵהּ דְקֻדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא.}}
|-
| 13
| Above and beyond all the blessings,
| ''Leʻella (lʻella mikkol) min kol birkhata''
| {{Script/Hebrew|לְעֵלָּא (לְעֵלָּא מִכָּל) מִן כָּל בִּרְכָתָא}}
|-
| 14
| Hymns, praises and consolations
| ''Veshirata tushbeḥata veneḥemata''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְשִׁירָתָא תֻּשְׁבְּחָתָא וְנֶחֱמָתָא}}
|-
| 15
| That are uttered in the world! And say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Da'amiran beʻalma veʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|דַּאֲמִירָן בְּעָלְמָא. וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|-
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''The half kaddish ends here.''
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''Here the "complete kaddish" includes:''
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| 16
| <sup>[[#textnote e|e]]</sup>May the prayers and supplications
| ''Titqabbal tzelotehon uvaʻutehon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|תִּתְקַבַּל צְלוֹתְהוֹן וּבָעוּתְהוֹן}}
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| 17
| Of all Israel
| ''D'khol (bet) yisrael''
| {{Script/Hebrew|דְכָל (בֵּית) יִשְׂרָאֵל}}
|- Style="background:#ffe;"
| 18
| Be accepted by their Father who is in Heaven; And say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''Qodam avuhon di bishmayya, vʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|קֳדָם אֲבוּהוֹן דִּי בִשְׁמַיָּא וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''Here the "kaddish of the rabbis" (including the kaddish after a siyum) includes:''
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 19
| To Israel, to the [[Rabbi]]s and their disciples
| ''ʻal yisrael veʻal rabbanan veʻal talmideihon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|עַל יִשְׂרָאֵל וְעַל רַבָּנָן וְעַל תַּלְמִידֵיהוֹן}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 20
| To the disciples of their disciples,
| ''V'ʻal kol talmidei talmideihon''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל תַּלְמִידֵי תַלְמִידֵיהוֹן.}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 21
| And to all those who engage in the [[Torah study|study of the Torah]]
| ''Veʻal kol man deʻos'qin b'orayta''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל מָאן דְּעָסְקִין בְּאוֹרַיְתָא.}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 22
| In this [holy]<sup>[[#textnote z|z]]</sup> place or in any other place,
| ''Di b'atra [qadisha] haden vedi bekhol atar v'atar''
| {{Script/Hebrew|דִּי בְאַתְרָא [קַדִישָא] הָדֵין וְדִי בְּכָל אֲתַר וַאֲתַר.}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 23
| May there be for them and for you abundant [[Shalom|peace]],
| ''Y'hei lehon ul'khon sh'lama rabba''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא לְהוֹן וּלְכוֹן שְׁלָמָא רַבָּא}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 24
| Grace, [[Chesed|lovingkindness]] and compassion, long life
| ''Hinna v'ḥisda v'raḥamei v'ḥayyei arikhei''
| {{Script/Hebrew|חִנָּא וְחִסְדָּא וְרַחֲמֵי וְחַיֵּי אֲרִיכֵי}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 25
| Ample sustenance and salvation
| ''Um'zone r'viḥe ufurqana''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּמְזוֹנֵי רְוִיחֵי וּפוְּרְקָנָא}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 26
| From the Father who is in heaven (and earth);
| ''Min qodam avuhon di vishmayya [v'ʼarʻa]''[[#textnote e|e]]
| {{Script/Hebrew|מִן קֳדָם אֲבוּהוּן דְבִשְׁמַיָּא [וְאַרְעָא]}}
|- Style="background:#e4f2ff;"
| 27
| And say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''V'ʼimru amen ''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|-
| Colspan=4 style="padding-left: 3em" | ''All variants but the half kaddish conclude:''
|-
| 28
| <sup>[[#textnote f|f]]</sup>May there be abundant peace from heaven,
| ''Yehe shelama rabba min shemayya''
| {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא שְׁלָמָה רַבָּא מִן שְׁמַיָּא,}}
|-
| 29
| [And] [good] life
| ''[Ve]hayyim [tovim]''
| {{Script/Hebrew|[וְ]חַיִּים [טוֹבִים]}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 30
| Satisfaction, help, comfort, refuge,
| ''Vesava vishuʻa veneḥama veshezava''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְשָֹבָע וִישׁוּעָה וְנֶחָמָה וְשֵׁיזָבָה}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 31
| Healing, redemption, forgiveness, [[Atonement in Judaism|atonement]],
| ''Urfuʼa ugʼulla usliha v'khappara''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּרְפוּאָה וּגְאֻלָּה וּסְלִיחָה וְכַפָּרָה,}}
|- Style="background:#eee;"
| 32
| Relief and salvation<sup>[[#textnote d|d]]</sup>
| ''Verevaḥ vehatzala''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְרֵוַח וְהַצָּלָה}}
|-
| 33
| [For us and for all his people] upon us and upon all Israel; and say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''[Lanu ulkhol ʻammo] ʻalainu v'al kol yisrael v'ʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew| [לָנוּ וּלְכָל עַמּוֹ] עׇלֵינוּ  וְעַל כׇּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.}}
|-
| 34
| <sup>[[#textnote f|f]]</sup>May He who makes peace in His high places
| ''ʻoseh shalom bimromav''
| {{Script/Hebrew|עוֹשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם בִּמְרוֹמָיו,}}
|-
| 35
| Grant [in his mercy]<sup>[[#textnote g|g]]</sup> peace upon us
| ''Hu [berakhamav] yaʻase shalom ʻalenu''
| {{Script/Hebrew|הוּא [בְּרַחֲמָיו] יַעֲשֶֹה שָׁלוֹם עָלֵינוּ,}}
|-
| 36
| And upon all [his nation]<sup>[[#textnote h|h]]</sup> Israel; and say, Amen.<sup>[[#textnote a|a]]</sup>
| ''V'ʻal kol [ammo] yisra'el, v'ʼimru amen''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל [עַמּוֹ] יִשְֹרָאֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן.}}
|}

=== Text of the burial kaddish ===

In the burial kaddish, and that after a siyum according to Ashkenazim,<sup>[[#textnote i|i]]</sup>, lines [[#textline2|2]]-[[#textline3|3]] are replaced by:

{| style="border: 1px solid; vertical-align:top;"
|-
! #
! English translation
! Transcription
! Aramaic
|-
| 37
| . . . in the world which He will renew
| ''B'ʻal'ma d'hu ʻatid l'ithaddeta''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּעָלְמָא דְהוּא עָתִיד לְאִתְחַדְּתָא}}
|-
| 38
| And where He will give life to the dead
| ''Ulʼaḥa'a metaya''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְאֲחָאָה מֵּתַיָא}}
|-
| 39
| And raise them to eternal life
| ''Ulʼassaqa yat'hon l'ḥayye ʻal'ma''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְאֲסָקָא יָּתְהוֹן לְחַיֵּי עָלְמָא}}
|-
| 40
| And rebuild the city of [[Jerusalem]]
| ''Ul'mivne qarta dirush'lem''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְמִיבְנֵא קַּרְתָּא דִּירוּשְׁלֵם}}
|-
| 41
| And complete [[Temple in Jerusalem|His temple there]]
| ''Ul'shakhlala hekhlehh b'gavvah''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְשַׁכְלָלָא הֵיכְלֵהּ בְּגַוָּהּ}}
|-
| 42
| And uproot foreign worship from the earth
| ''Ul'meʻeqar pulḥana nukhraʼa me'arʻa''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְמֶעֱקַר פּוּלְחָנָא נּוּכְרָאָה מֵּאַרְעָא}}
|-
| 43
| And restore Heavenly worship to its position
| ''Ul'aʼatava pulḥana dishmayya l'ʼatreh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וּלְאֲתָבָא פּוּלְחָנָא דִי שְׁמַיָּא לְּאַתְרֵהּ}}
|-
| 44
| And may the Holy One, blessed is He,
| ''V'yamlikh qudsha b'rikh hu''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְיַמְלִיךְ קוּדְשָׁא בְּרִיךְ הוּא}}
|-
| 45
| Reign in His sovereign splendour . . .
| ''B'malkhuteh viqareh''
| {{Script/Hebrew|בְּמַלְכוּתֵהּ וִיקָרֵהּ}}
|}

=== Recent changes to Oseh Shalom ===

In some recent non-Orthodox prayerbooks, for example, the American [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] [[Machzor]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Mishkan HaNefesh|date=2015|publisher=Central Conference of American Rabbis|location=New York|isbn=978-0-88123-208-0|page=122}}</ref> line 36 is replaced with:

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; vertical-align:top;"
|-
| 36
| All Israel, and all who dwell on earth; and let us say: ''Amen''.
| ''V'al kol Yisra'el, v'al kol yoshvei teiveil; v'imru: Amen.''
| {{Script/Hebrew|וְעַל כָּל יִשְֹרָאֵל וְעַל כָּל יוֺשְׁבֵי תֵבֵל וְאִמְרוּ אָמֵן}}
|}

This effort to extend the reach of Oseh Shalom to non-Jews is said to have been started by the British Liberal Jewish movement in 1967, with the introduction of ''v'al kol bnei Adam'' ("and upon all humans");<ref>{{cite web|last1=Villa|first1=Diana|title=Addition at the end of Kaddish|url=http://www.schechter.edu/AskTheRabbi.aspx?ID=317|website=The Schechter Institutes|access-date=20 December 2015|date=July 2006|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218180416/http://schechter.edu/AskTheRabbi.aspx?ID=317|archive-date=18 December 2010}}</ref> these words continue to be used by some in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Winer|first1=Mark|title=Torah from around the world #73|url=http://www.wupj.org/Publications/Newsletter.asp?ContentID=443|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419155800/http://wupj.org/Publications/Newsletter.asp?ContentID=443|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2012|website=World Union for Progressive Judaism|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>

=== Notes ===

* Bracketed text varies according to personal or communal traditions.
* <div id="textnote_a">'''(A)''' The congregation responds with "amen" (אָמֵן) after lines [[#textline1|1]], [[#textline4|4]], [[#textline7|7]], [[#textline12|12]], [[#textline15|15]], [[#textline18|18]], [[#textline27|27]], [[#textline33|33]], [[#textline36|36]]. In the [[Ashkenazi]] tradition, the response to line 12 is "Blessed be he" (בְּרִיךְ הוּא ''b'rikh hu''), and in some communities the congregation says "Blessed be He" before the chazzan says it, rendering the next phrase "''brikh hu le'eilah''" (Blessed be He above) (see Darke Moshe OC 56:3).</div>
* <div id="textnote_b">'''(B)''' On line [[#textline1|1]], some say ''Yitgaddeyl veyitqaddeysh'' rather than ''Yitgaddal veyitqaddash'', because the roots of these two words are Hebrew and not Aramaic (the Aramaic equivalent would be ''Yitrabay veyitkadash''), some authorities (but not others) felt that both words should be rendered in pure Hebrew pronunciation.<ref>Scherman, Nosson, ''The Kaddish Prayer: A new translation with a commentary anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic and Rabbinic Sources'' (Brooklyn, Mesorah Publ'ns, 3rd ed. 1991) page 28; Nulman, Macy, ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (Aronson, NJ, 1993) s.v. Kaddish, pages 185–186; see also the pointed Hebrew translations of the Kaddish in the ''Siddur Rinat Yisroel'' (Jerusalem, 1977) Ashkenaz ed. page 40, and in Rosenstein, ''Siddur Shirah Hadasha'' (Eshkol, Jerusalem, no date, reprinted circa 1945 – but original edition was 1914) page 38; Silverman, Morris, ''Comments on the Text of the Siddur'', Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy, vol. 2, nr. 1 (1977–78) page 21.</ref> </div>
* <div id="textnote_c">'''(C)''' Line [[#textline13|13]]: in the Ashkenazi tradition the repeated "le'ela" is used only during the [[Ten Days of Repentance]], or on the High Holiday themselves in the German tradition. In the Sephardi tradition it is never used. In the [[Yemenite Jews|Yemenite]] and [[Italian Nusach|Italian]] traditions it is the invariable wording. The phrase "''le'ela le'ela''" is the Aramaic translation in [[Targum Onkelos]] of the Hebrew phrase "ma'la ma'la" (Deuteronomy 28:43). </div>
* <div id="textnote_d">'''(D)''' Lines [[#textline4|4]] and [[#textline30|30]]–32 are not present in the Ashkenazi or Italian tradition. "Revaḥ vehatzala" is said aloud by the congregation.</div>
* <div id="textnote_e">'''(E)''' Line [[#textline26|26]]: some [[Sephardi]] Jews say ''malka'' [or ''maram'' or ''mareh''] ''di-shmaya ve-ar'a'' (the King [or Master] of Heaven and Earth) instead of ''avuhon de-vi-shmaya'' (their Father in Heaven); De Sola Pool uses ''mara''; the London Spanish and Portuguese Jews use the same text as the Ashkenazim.<ref>Silverman, Morris, ''Comments on the Text of the Siddur'', Journal of Jewish Music & Liturgy, vol. 2, nr. 1 (1977–78) page 21.</ref> </div>
* <div id="textnote_f">'''(F)''' During the "complete kaddish" some include the following congregational responses, which are not regarded as part of the text:</div>
** Before line [[#textline16|16]], "accept our prayer with mercy and favour"
** Before line [[#textline28|28]], "May the name of God be blessed, from now and forever"<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalms|113:2|HE}}</ref>
** Before line [[#textline34|34]], "My help is from God, creator of heaven and earth"<ref>{{bibleverse||Psalms|121:2|HE}}</ref>
* <div id="textnote_g">'''(G)''' Line [[#textline35|35]]: "b'rahamav" is used by [[Sephardim]] in all versions of kaddish; by some Ashkenazim only in "Kaddish deRabbanan" and by others never.</div>
* <div id="textnote_h">'''(H)''' Line [[#textline36|36]]: "ammo" is used by most [[Sephardim]], but not by some of the [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] or [[Ashkenazim]]. </div>
* <div id="textnote_i">'''(I)''' Lines [[#textline37|37]] to [[#textline45|45]]: these lines are also recited by Yemenite Jews as part of every Kaddish DeRabbanan. </div>
* <div id="textnote_z">'''(Z)''' In line [[#textline22|22]], the bracketed word is added in many communities in the Land of Israel.</div>
* In line 1, as noted in (a), the congregation responds "Amen", even though this commonly is not printed in most prayerbooks. This longstanding and widespread tradition introduces a break in the verse which leads to varying opinions regarding whether the phrase "according to His will" applies to "which he created" or to "Magnified and sanctified".<ref>Mishcon, A., ''Disputed Phrasings in the Siddur'', Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 7 n.s., nr. 4 (April 1917) page 545.</ref>
* It is common that the entire congregation recites lines 8 and 9 with the leader, and it is also common that the congregation will include in its collective recitation the first word of the next line (line 10), ''Yitbarakh''. This is commonly thought to be done to prevent any interruption before the next line (which begins with ''Yitbarakh'') is recited by the leader. But this inclusion of ''Yitbarakh'' is subject to a major dispute among the [[Rishonim]] (medieval authorities). [[Maimonides]] and the [[Jacob ben Asher|Tur]] did not include it in the congregation's recitation; [[Amram Gaon]], the [[Vilna Gaon]], and the [[Shulchan Aruch]] include it.<ref>Mishcon, A., ''Disputed Phrasings in the Siddur'', Jewish Quarterly Review, vol. 7 n.s., nr. 4 (April 1917) pages 545–546; Nulman, Macy, ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer'' (Aronson, NJ, 1993) s.v. Kaddish, page 186.</ref> In some communities, the congregation recites in an undertone through and including the words "da'amiran beʻalma" (middle of line 15).<ref>Bet Yosef OC 56.</ref>

== Analysis of the text ==

The opening words of the Kaddish are inspired by the vision in Ezekiel 38:23 of God becoming great in the eyes of all the nations.<ref>{{bibleverse||Ezekiel|38:23|HE}}</ref>

The central line of the Kaddish is the congregation's response: {{Script/Hebrew|יְהֵא שְׁמֵהּ רַבָּא מְבָרַךְ לְעָלַם וּלְעָלְמֵי עָלְמַיָּא}} (''Yehei shmeih rabba mevarakh lealam ulealemai alemaya'', "May His great name be blessed for ever, and to all eternity"), a public declaration of God's greatness and eternality.<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary">{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/kaddish.html |title=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=2011-12-20 |archive-date=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114173230/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/kaddish.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This response is similar to the wording of Daniel 2:20.<ref>{{bibleverse||Daniel|2:20|HE}}</ref> It is also parallel to the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] "{{Script/Hebrew|בָּרוּךְ שֵׁם כְּבוֹד מַלְכוּתוֹ לְעוֹלָם וָעֶד}}" ('Blessed be the name is His glorious kingdom forever and ever]], which is commonly recited after the first verse of the [[Shema]]. Aramaic versions of both wordings appear in the various versions of [[Targum Pseudo-Jonathan]] to Genesis 49:2 and Deuteronomy 6:4.<ref>[http://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Bereshit/49.2#e0n0 AlHaTorah.org: Bereshit 49:2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200657/http://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Bereshit/49.2#e0n0 |date=2020-08-02 }}, [http://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Devarim/6.4#e0n0 AlHaTorah.org: Deuteronomy 6:4] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200837/http://mg.alhatorah.org/Full/Devarim/6.4#e0n0 |date=2020-08-02 }}</ref>

The Mourner's, Rabbis' and Complete Kaddish end with a supplication for peace ("Oseh Shalom..."), which is in Hebrew, and is somewhat similar to the [[Tanakh]] Job 25:2.<ref>{{bibleverse||Job|25:2|HE}}</ref>

Kaddish does not contain God's name. It is said that this is because the first section of Kaddish has 26 words, equalling the ''[[gematria]]'' (numerological value) of the [[Tetragrammaton]], and the Kaddish text proves that from the very beginning with words ''"May His great '''name''' be exalted and sanctified"''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scherman |first1=Nosson |title=Kaddish |date=1980 |publisher=Mesorah Publications |isbn=978-0-89906-160-3 |pages=26–27 |language=en}}</ref>

== Customs ==

Kaddish may be spoken or chanted. In services on certain special occasions, it may be sung to special melodies. There are different melodies in different Jewish traditions, and within each tradition the melody can change according to the version, the day it is said and even the position in the service.<ref>For example:
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.virtualcantor.com/162%20musaf%20kaddish%20shalem.mp3|title=Virtual Cantor's Kaddish Shalem for Shabbat Mussaf|access-date=2009-10-17|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609111115/http://www.virtualcantor.com/162%20musaf%20kaddish%20shalem.mp3|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.virtualcantor.com/483%20RMus%20chatzi%20kaddish.mp3|title=Virtual Cantor's Hatzi Kaddish for Yom Kippur|access-date=2009-10-17|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609111052/http://www.virtualcantor.com/483%20RMus%20chatzi%20kaddish.mp3|url-status=live}}</ref> Many mourners recite Kaddish slowly and contemplatively.

In Sephardi synagogues the whole congregation sits for Kaddish, except:

* During the Half Kaddish immediately before the Amidah, where everyone stands;
* During the Mourner's Kaddish, where those reciting it stand and everyone else sits.

In [[Ashkenazi Jews#Customs.2C laws and traditions|Ashkenazi]] synagogues, the custom varies. Very commonly, in both [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] and [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] congregations, everyone stands for the Mourner's Kaddish; but in some (especially many [[Conservative Judaism|Conservative]] and [[Sephardic Judaism|Sephardic]]) synagogues, most of the congregants sit. Sometimes, a distinction is made between the different forms of Kaddish, or each congregant stands or sits according to his or her own custom. The Mourner's Kaddish is often treated differently from the other variations of Kaddish in the service, as is the Half Kaddish after a morning [[Torah reading]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ask-the-expert-standing-for-kaddish/|title=Ask the Expert: Standing for Kaddish|website=My Jewish Learning|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-date=2019-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228084326/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ask-the-expert-standing-for-kaddish/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Those standing to recite Kaddish bow, by widespread tradition, at various places. This generally includes the first word of the prayer, at each ''Amen'', at ''Yitbarakh'', at ''Brikh hu'', and for the last verse ''Oseh shalom''. For ''Oseh shalom'' it is customary to take three steps back then bow to one's left, then to one's right, and finally bow forward, as if taking leave of the presence of a king, in the same way as when the same words are used as the concluding line of the Amidah.<ref>H.D. Assaf, ''Kaddish: Its origins, meanings and laws'' (Maimonides Research Inst., Haifa, 1966) 2003 English ed. pages 228–233; M. Nulman, ''The Encyclopedia of Jewish Prayer '' (Aronson, NJ, 1993) page 186.</ref>

According to the original Ashkenazic custom, as well as the Yemenite custom, one mourner recites each Kaddish, and the Halachic authorities set down extensive rules to determine who has priority for each kaddish.<ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 276:4</ref> Most (but not all) Ashkenazic communities have adopted the Sephardic custom to allow multiple mourners to recite Kaddish together.

=== Minyan requirement ===

[[Soferim (Talmud)|''Masekhet Soferim'']], an eighth-century compilation of Jewish laws regarding the preparation of holy books and public reading, states in 10:7 that Kaddish may be recited only in the presence of a [[minyan]] - a quorum of ten.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Blumenthal|first1=David|title=Kaddish|url=http://www.js.emory.edu/BLUMENTHAL/Kaddish.html|publisher=Emory University|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=15 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415185506/http://www.js.emory.edu/BLUMENTHAL/Kaddish.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The traditional view is that "If ''kaddish'' is said in private, then by definition it is not ''kaddish''".<ref>{{cite web|title=Kaddish Without A Minyan|url=http://www.ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/210/Q1/|website=Ohr Somayach: Ask the Rabbi|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223071930/http://www.ohr.edu/ask_db/ask_main.php/210/Q1/|url-status=live}}</ref> 
However some alternatives have been suggested, including the ''Kaddish l'yachid'' "Kaddish for an individual",<ref>{{cite web|author1=Amram Gaon|author-link1=Amram Gaon|title=Kaddish L'yachid|url=https://rebpam.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Kaddish-L-yachid-from-the-Siddur-of-Amram-Gaon.pdf|access-date=22 December 2015|language=he|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125710/https://rebpam.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Kaddish-L-yachid-from-the-Siddur-of-Amram-Gaon.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> attributed to the ninth-century [[Amram Gaon]],<ref>{{cite web|last1=Frydman|first1=Pamela|title=Mourner's Prayer without a minyan|url=https://rebpam.com/prayers/kaddish-lyachid/|website=Rabbi Pamela Frydman|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304113741/https://rebpam.com/prayers/kaddish-lyachid/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the use of [[kavanah]] prayer, asking heavenly beings to join with the individual "to make a minyan of both Earth and heaven".<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dosick|first1=Wayne|title=For the Solitary Mourner: A Prayer of Godly Praise|url=http://forward.com/articles/8079/for-the-solitary-mourner-a-prayer-of-godly-praise/|access-date=22 December 2015|work=[[The Forward]]|date=September 5, 2003|archive-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223080658/http://forward.com/articles/8079/for-the-solitary-mourner-a-prayer-of-godly-praise/|url-status=live}}</ref> In some Reform congregations, a minyan is not required for recitation of the Kaddish, but other Reform congregations disagree and believe that the Kaddish should be said publicly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/kaddish-denominational-differences/|title=Kaddish: Denominational Differences|website=My Jewish Learning|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-28|archive-date=2019-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192412/https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/kaddish-denominational-differences/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History and background ==

David de Silva Pool describes the origin of Kaddish as "a closing [[doxology]] to an [[aggadah|Aggadic]] discourse."<ref name="Pool">Pool, D. de S., ''The Kaddish'', Sivan Press, Ltd, Jerusalem, 1909, (3rd printing, 1964). (see [[David de Sola Pool]])</ref> Most of it is written in Aramaic which, at the time of its original composition, was the [[lingua franca]] of the Jewish people. It is not composed in the vernacular Aramaic, however, but rather in a "literary, jargon Aramaic" that was used in the academies, and is identical to the dialect of the [[Targum]]im.<ref name="Pool" />

Professor {{ill|Yoel Elitzur|he|יואל אליצור (חוקר מדעי היהדות)}}, however, argues that the Kaddish was originally written in Hebrew, and later translated to Aramaic to be better understood by the masses. He notes that quotations from the Kaddish in the [[Talmud]] and [[Sifrei]] are in Hebrew, and that even today some of the words are Hebrew rather than Aramaic.<ref>{{Cite news|url = https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0%2C7340%2C%20L-5301143%2C00.html|title = "יתגדל ויתקדש שמו הגדול": הגידו קדיש בעברית|newspaper = Ynet|date = 2 July 2018|access-date = 31 July 2018|archive-date = 31 July 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180731190143/https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,|url-status = live}}</ref>

The oldest version of the Kaddish is found in the ''[[Siddur]] of Rab [[Amram Gaon]]'', c. 900. "The first mention of mourners reciting Kaddish at the end of the service is in a thirteenth century halakhic writing called the [[Isaac ben Moses of Vienna|Or Zarua]]. The Kaddish at the end of the service became designated as Kaddish Yatom or Mourner's Kaddish (literally, "Orphan's Kaddish")."<ref name="jewishvirtuallibrary" />

The Kaddish was not always recited by mourners and instead became a prayer for mourners sometime between the 12th and 13th centuries when it started to be associated with a medieval legend about Rabbi Akiva who meets a dead man seeking redemption in the afterlife.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=George|title=Jewish Word: The Mourner's Kaddish|url=https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-the-mourners-kaddish/|website=Moment Magazine|date=30 November 2020|language=en|access-date=16 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195512/https://momentmag.com/jewish-word-the-mourners-kaddish/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Hebrew reconstruction ===

Elitzur made an attempt at reconstructing the theorized original Hebrew version of Kaddish:<ref>[of Prof. Yoel Elizur's Qadish Hebrew reconstruction]</ref>

: יִתְגַּדֵּל וְיִתְקַדֵּשׁ שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל
: בָּעוֹלָם שֶׁבָּרָא כִּרְצוֹנוֹ
: וְתִמלוֹךְ מַלְכוּתוֹ בְּחַיֵּיכֶם וּבִימֵיכֶם וּבְחַיֵּיהֶם שֶׁל כֹּל בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל בִּמְהֵרָה וּבִזְמַן קָרוֹב
: יְהִי שְׁמוֹ הַגָּדוֹל מְבוֹרָךְ לְעוֹלָם וּלְעוֹלְמֵי עוֹלָמִים

==Mourner's Kaddish==<!-- [[Mourner's Kaddish]] redirects here -->
{{see also|Bereavement in Judaism}}
'''Mourner's Kaddish''' is said in most communities at all prayer services and certain other occasions. It is written in [[Aramaic languages|Aramaic]].<ref>[http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1737300/jewish/Why-is-the-Kaddish-Recited-in-Aramaic.htm "Why is the Kaddish in Aramaic?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812052907/http://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/1737300/jewish/Why-is-the-Kaddish-Recited-in-Aramaic.htm |date=2014-08-12 }} chabad.org</ref> It is traditionally recited several times, most prominently at or towards the end of the service, after the [[Aleinu]], closing [[Psalms]] or, on the Sabbath, following the ''Anim Zemirot'' hymn. In most communities, Kaddish is recited during the eleven months after the death of a parent,<ref>Shulchan Aruch YD 376:4. The Mourner's Kaddish is recited for eleven months rather than twelve so as not to imply that one's parent was a sinner.</ref> and then at every anniversary of the death (the [[Yahrzeit]]). Technically, there is no obligation to recite Kaddish for other relatives, even though there is an obligation to mourn for them.<ref>The Shulchan Aruch and commentaries referenced above mention only reciting Kaddish for a parent.  However the Ben Ish Hai (Parshat Va-yechi 15) writes that if somebody does not have children, it is proper to find somebody to recite Kaddish for them.</ref>

Customs for reciting the Mourner's Kaddish vary markedly among various communities. In Sephardi synagogues, the custom is that all the mourners stand and chant the Kaddish together. In [[Ashkenazi]] synagogues before the 19th century, one mourner was chosen to lead the prayer on behalf of the rest, but gradually over the last two centuries, most (but certainly not all) communities have adopted the Sephardi custom.<ref>After a cholera plague in 1831, there were so many mourners that the original custom would not allow them to say kaddish with any frequency, so Rabbi [[Akiva Eger]] allowed them to recite Kaddish together. Over time, this practice became the Ashkenazi norm. See [https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/6892/rov-in-a-time-of-cholera/ Rov in a time of cholera] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420155514/https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/6892/rov-in-a-time-of-cholera/ |date=2020-04-20 }}. Other communities, most notably the community of Frankfurt am Main, maintained the original practice.</ref> In many Reform synagogues, the entire congregation recites the Mourner's Kaddish together. This is sometimes said to be for those victims of the Holocaust who have no one left to recite the Mourner's Kaddish on their behalf and in support of the mourners.<ref name=":0" /> In some congregations (especially Reform and Conservative ones), the Rabbi reads a list of the deceased who have a [[Bereavement in Judaism|Yahrzeit]] on that day (or who have died within the past month), and then ask the congregants to name any people they are mourning for. Some synagogues, especially Orthodox and Conservative ones, multiply the number of times that the Mourner's Kaddish is recited, for example by reciting a separate Mourner's Kaddish after both Aleinu and then each closing Psalm. Other synagogues limit themselves to one Mourner's Kaddish at the end of the service.  And still in other communities where they preserve the original custom to only allow one person to recite each Kaddish, the number of Kaddishim recited depends on how many mourners are present.

Notably, the Mourner's Kaddish does not mention death at all, but instead praises God. Though the Kaddish is often popularly referred to as the "Jewish Prayer for the Dead," that designation more accurately belongs to the prayer called "[[El Malei Rachamim]]", which specifically prays for the soul of the deceased. The Mourner's Kaddish can be more accurately represented as an expression of "justification for judgment" by the mourners on their loved ones' behalf. It is believed that mourners adopted this version of the Kaddish around the 13th century during harsh persecution of Jews by crusaders in Germany because of the opening messianic line about God bringing the dead back to life, although this line is no longer said in the [[Nusach Ashkenaz|Ashkenazi rite]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Women and the Mourner's Kaddish ===
There is evidence of some women saying the Mourner's Kaddish for their parents at the grave, during [[Shiva (Judaism)|shiva]], and in daily prayers since the 17th century.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} Rabbi [[Yair Bacharach]] concluded that technically a woman can recite the Mourner's Kaddish, but since this is not the common practice, it should be discouraged.<ref>The ruling is brought in Pitchei Teshuvah YD 376:3.</ref> As such, women reciting kaddish is controversial in some Orthodox communities, and it is almost unheard of in [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi communities]]. Nevertheless, Rabbi [[Aharon Soloveichik]] ruled that in our time, we should permit women to say Kaddish,<ref>Ahron Soloveichik, Od Yosef Yisrael Beni Hai, [https://tablet.otzar.org/#/b/639517/p/105/t/1651589639300/fs/0/start/0/end/0/c/1651589723984 page 99-100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501090902/https://tablet.otzar.org/#/b/639517/p/105/t/1651589639300/fs/0/start/0/end/0/c/1651589723984 |date=2022-05-01 }}. His formulation is that we surely should not stop a woman from saying Kaddish, but he does not encourage the practice.</ref> and this is a common (but not universal) practice in [[Modern Orthodox]] circles. In 2013, the Israeli Orthodox rabbinical organization Beit Hillel issued a halachic ruling that women may say the Kaddish in memory of their deceased parents (in presence of a male minyan).<ref>{{cite news|author1=Ruchama Weiss|author2=Levi Brackman|title=Halachic ruling: Women may say Kaddish|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4396702,00.html|website=[[Ynetnews]]|date=25 June 2013|access-date=22 December 2015|archive-date=17 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217085749/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4396702,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist Judaism, the Mourner's Kaddish is traditionally said by women who are there also counted in the minyan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://galeapps.galegroup.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=umuser&origURL=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FresultListType%3DRELATED_DOCUMENT%26userGroupName%3Dumuser%26inPS%3Dtrue%26contentSegment%3D9780028660974%26prodId%3DGVRL%26isBOBIndex%3Dtrue%26docId%3DGALE%257CCX2587510528&prodId=GVRL|title=Kaddish|last1=Avenary|first1=Hanoch|last2=Millen|first2=Rochelle|year=2007|editor-last=Berenbaum|editor-first=Michael|editor2-last=Skolnik|editor2-first=Fred|website=Encyclopedia Judaica|publisher=Gale Virtual Reference Library|pages=695–698|access-date=2019-02-28|edition=2|archive-date=2019-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192346/http://galeapps.galegroup.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=umuser&origURL=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fretrieve.do%3FresultListType%3DRELATED_DOCUMENT%26userGroupName%3Dumuser%26inPS%3Dtrue%26contentSegment%3D9780028660974%26prodId%3DGVRL%26isBOBIndex%3Dtrue%26docId%3DGALE%257CCX2587510528&prodId=GVRL|url-status=live}}</ref>

== In the arts ==

The Kaddish has been a particularly common theme and reference point in the arts, including the following:

=== In literature and publications ===

(Alphabetical by author)

* In Shai Afsai's "The Kaddish" (2010), a poignant short story that could happen in almost any town with a small Jewish community, a group of elderly men trying to form a minyan in order to recite the Kaddish confront the differences between Judaism's denominations.<ref>Shai Afsai, "[https://jewishliteraryjournal.com/fiction/the-kaddish-shai-afsai/ The Kaddish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122103419/https://jewishliteraryjournal.com/fiction/the-kaddish-shai-afsai/ |date=2021-01-22 }}," first published in ''The Jerusalem Post'', Aug. 27, 2010.</ref>
* In the first chapter of [[Sholem Aleichem]]'s novel ''[[Motl, Peysi the Cantor's Son]]'' the boy narrator, whose father just died, needs to quickly learn by heart the Kaddish - which he would have to recite - and struggling with the incomprehensible Aramaic words.
* ''Kaddish'' is a poem, divided into 21 sections and of almost 700 pages length, by German poet Paulus Böhmer. The first ten sections appeared in 2002, the remaining eleven in 2007. It celebrates the world, through mourning its demise.
* ''Kaddish in Dublin'' (1990) crime novel by John Brady where an Irish Jew is involved with a plot to subvert the Irish government.
* [[Nathan Englander]]'s third novel, ''Kaddish.com'' (2019), is about a grieving son who discovers a website that for a fee will match dead relatives with pious students who will recite the Mourner's Kaddish thrice daily on their behalf. In this manner, he outsources his obligation to recite kaddish for his father.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/books/review/nathan-englander-kaddish-com.html |title=Like a JDate for the dead |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 April 2019 |access-date=2019-10-28 |last1=Mirvis |first1=Tova |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028085521/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/05/books/review/nathan-englander-kaddish-com.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In [[Nathan Englander]]'s novel set during the Dirty Wars in Argentina, ''The Ministry of Special Cases'', the protagonist is an Argentinian Jew named Kaddish.
* In ''[[Torch Song Trilogy]]'' (1982), written by [[Harvey Fierstein]], the main character Arnold Beckoff says the Mourner's Kaddish for his murdered lover, Alan, much to the horror of his homophobic mother.
* In [[Frederick Forsyth]]'s novel ''[[The Odessa File]]'', a Jew who commits suicide in 1960s Germany requests in his diary/suicide note that someone say Kaddish for him in Israel. At the end of the novel, a [[Mossad]] agent involved in the plot, who comes into possession of the diary, fulfils the dead man's wish.
* ''[[Kaddish (poem)|Kaddish]]'' is one of the most celebrated poems by the [[Beat Generation|beat]] poet [[Allen Ginsberg]]. It appeared in ''Kaddish and Other Poems'', a collection he published in 1961. The poem was dedicated to his mother, Naomi Ginsberg (1894–1956).
* ''[[Yehiel De-Nur#Published works|Kaddish]]'', a novel by [[Yehiel De-Nur]], in which he explores actual, semi-fictional, and fictional stories relating to [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] struggles during [[the Holocaust]].
* ''[[Kaddish for an Unborn Child]]'' is a novel by the Hungarian Nobel Laureate [[Imre Kertész]].
* "Who Will Say Kaddish?: A Search for Jewish Identity in Contemporary Poland," text by Larry N Mayer with photographs by Gary Gelb (Syracuse University Press, 2002)
* In the September 20, 1998 Nickolodeon's ''Rugrats'' comic strip, the character Grandpa Boris recites the Mourner's Kaddish in the synagogue. This particular strip led to controversy with the [[Anti-Defamation League]].<ref name="Goldberg">{{cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=Denny|date=January–February 1999|title=The ADL vs. Superman|journal=Tikkun|location=Berkeley, CA|volume=14|issue=1|pages=5|url=http://www.tikkun.org/article.php?story=jan1999_goldberg|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416014214/http://www.tikkun.org/article.php?story=jan1999_goldberg|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 16, 2013|access-date=29 May 2011}}</ref>
* The Mystery of Kaddish. Rav "DovBer Pinson". Explains and explores the Kabbalistic and deeper meaning of the Kaddish.
* In [[Philip Roth]]'s novel ''[[The Human Stain]]'', the narrator states that the Mourner's Kaddish signifies that "a Jew is dead. Another Jew is dead. As though death were not a consequence of life but a consequence of having been a Jew."
* “Kaddish” is the penultimate and longest piece in poet Sam Sax's [[Chapbook#Modern chapbooks|chapbook]] ''STRAIGHT'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wintertangerine.com/5-reasons-to-read-sam-sax |title=Five Reasons to Read: STRAIGHT, by sam sax |publisher=www.wintertangerine.com |access-date=2019-10-30 |archive-date=2019-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030112942/http://www.wintertangerine.com/5-reasons-to-read-sam-sax |url-status=live }}</ref> in which he tells the story of the death of the speaker's first love due to an overdose, following narratives of the speaker's own addiction. In August 2016, Sax performed this poem at the Rustbelt Regional Poetry Slam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://buttonpoetry.com/tag/rustbelt-2016/ |title=rustbelt 2016 - Button Poetry |date=24 August 2016 |publisher=buttonpoetry.com |access-date=2019-10-30 |archive-date=2019-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030112939/https://buttonpoetry.com/tag/rustbelt-2016/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Zadie Smith]]'s novel, ''[[The Autograph Man]]'', revolves around Alex-Li Tandem, a dealer in autograph memorabilia whose father's [[Bereavement in Judaism#Yahrtzeit.2C Nahala|Yahrzeit]] is approaching. The epilogue of the novel features a scene in which Alex-Li recites Kaddish with a minyan.
* Several references to the Mourner's Kaddish are made in ''[[Night (memoir)|Night]]'' by [[Elie Wiesel]]. Though the prayer is never directly said, references to it are common, including to times when it is customarily recited, but omitted.
* Leon Wieseltier's ''Kaddish'' (1998) is a book length hybrid of memoirs (of the author's year of mourning after the death of his father), history, historiography and philosophical reflection, all centered on the mourner's Kaddish.

=== In music ===

(Alphabetical by creator)

* Matthew J. Armstrong quotes the final lines ('oseh shalom bimromav...) in his work ''"Elegy for Dachau"'' (2009).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jwpepper.com/sheet-music/search.jsp?keywords=elegy+for+dachau+armstrong|title=Search elegy for dachau armstrong &#124; Sheet music at JW Pepper|access-date=2019-06-18|archive-date=2021-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124035059/https://www.jwpepper.com/sheet-music/search.jsp?keywords=elegy+for+dachau+armstrong|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''Kaddish'' is the name of [[Symphony No. 3 (Bernstein)|Symphony No. 3]] by [[Leonard Bernstein]], a dramatic work for orchestra, mixed chorus, boys' choir, speaker and soprano solo dedicated to the memory of [[John F. Kennedy]] who was assassinated on November 22, 1963, just weeks before the first performance of this symphony. The symphony is centered on the Kaddish text.
* The Kaddish is spoken in Part V of the Avodath Hakodesh (Sacred Service) by the composer [[Ernest Bloch]] (1933).
* Canadian poet/songwriter/artist Leonard Cohen uses words from the Kaddish in his 2016 final album entitled "[[You Want It Darker]]", specifically in the title song, during the chorus.
* ''Kaddish'' is a work for cello and orchestra by [[David Diamond (composer)|David Diamond]].
* The Israeli rapper [[Dudu Faruk]] has mentioned the kaddish in the lyrics of his 2018 song, "Eliran Sabag"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genius.com/16050288/Dudu-faruk-eliran-sabag/|title=אם חייכת אליו / תפתח ספר תקרא קדיש (אל תשכח שים כיפה)|website=Genius|access-date=2021-11-24|archive-date=2021-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124035129/https://mb.moatads.com/ot/v1?url=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2F16050288%3F&pcode=moatot&ord=1637725881582&jv=1528220226&callback=OneTagNadoscallback_43825029|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Kaddish is a track by [[Gina X Performance]].
* "Kaddish" is the 34th movement in ''[[La Pasión según San Marcos (Golijov)|La Pasión según San Marcos]]'' by composer [[Osvaldo Golijov]].
* "Kaddish" is a song by [[Ofra Haza]] from her album ''[[Desert Wind]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-08-9001110788-story.html |title=Ofra Haza Desert Wind |last=Helm |first=Chris |date=8 February 1990 |website=Chicago Tribune |access-date=22 August 2019 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822035343/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1990-02-08-9001110788-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Nili Isenberg put the words of kaddish to the tune of [[Hello (Adele song)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orjewishlife.com/nili-isenberg-can-her-melding-of-music-and-prayer-inspire-a-generation/ |title=Nili Isenberg: Can her melding of music and prayer inspire a generation? |date=2 October 2018 |publisher=orjewishlife.com |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028081108/https://orjewishlife.com/nili-isenberg-can-her-melding-of-music-and-prayer-inspire-a-generation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> while reciting kaddish for her father.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjV08jdkK7I |title=Oseh Shalom (after Adele) |publisher=Youtube.com |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928211214/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XjV08jdkK7I&feature=youtu.be |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Kaddish'' is the title of a 1979 composition for solo horn by the Russian-Israeli composer Lev Kogan (1927-2007).
* ''Kaddish'' is the title for a work by [[W. Francis McBeth]] for a concert band, based on the chant of the prayer. McBeth composed this work as a memorial for his teacher [[Clifton Williams (composer)|J. Clifton Williams]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://concordband.org/winter07.html |title=Concordband.org |publisher=Concordband.org |access-date=2011-12-20 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813224449/http://concordband.org/winter07.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ''Kaddish (ladder) canon'' is the final piece on the album "These are the Generations" by [[Larry Polansky]]. It is an elegy for friends recently lost.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nwr-site-liner-notes.s3.amazonaws.com/80819.pdf|title=Liner notes|access-date=2020-08-20|archive-date=2020-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921095445/https://nwr-site-liner-notes.s3.amazonaws.com/80819.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The French composer [[Maurice Ravel]] composed a song for voice and piano using part of the Kaddish. It was commissioned in 1914 by Alvina Alvi as part of a set of two songs: "[[Deux mélodies hébraïques]]" and was first performed in June 1914 by Alvi with Ravel at the piano.
* ''Kaddish Shalem'' is a musical work by [[Salamone Rossi]] (1570–c.&nbsp;1628), composed for five voices in [[Homophony|homophonic]] style, the very first [[polyphonic]] setting of this text, in his "Hashirim Asher L'Shlomo", [[The Song of Solomon]].
* ''Inspired by Kaddish'' is a fifteen-movement musical composition by Lawrence Siegel. One of the movements is the prayer itself; the remaining fourteen are stories of the experiences of a number of Holocaust survivors Lawrence interviewed. It was debuted by the [[Keene State College]] Chamber Singers in 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kaddishproject.org/pdf/KaddishENews2.pdf |title=Kaddishproject.org |access-date=2011-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114142127/http://www.kaddishproject.org/pdf/KaddishENews2.pdf |archive-date=2012-01-14 }}</ref>
* [[Mieczysław Weinberg]]'s [[Symphony No. 21 (Weinberg)|Symphony No. 21]] is subtitled "Kaddish". The symphony, composed in 1991, is dedicated to [[Holocaust]] victims from the [[Warsaw Ghetto]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Norris|first1=Geoffrey|title=Weinberg Symphony No 21 (review)|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/weinberg-symphony-no-21|website=Gramophone Magazine|access-date=15 October 2014|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019170842/http://www.gramophone.co.uk/review/weinberg-symphony-no-21|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Concept album ''[[Kaddish (Towering Inferno album)|Kaddish]]'' (1993) created by [[Richard Wolfson (musician)|Richard Wolfson]] with Andy Saunders using the band name [[Towering Inferno (band)|Towering Inferno]].
* The song "Israel" by [[Ween]] on the album [[Shinola, Vol. 1]] is a recitation of the mourner's Kaddish.

=== In visual arts ===

(Alphabetical by creator)

* Clay artist Steven Branfman threw [[chawan]] (Japanese style tea bowls) every day for a year in honor of his departed son Jared who died from brain cancer in 2005 at the age of 23. For a year, they were the only pots he made.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.documentaries.org/a-fathers-kaddish |title=A father's kaddish - CID |publisher=/www.documentaries.org |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028075417/https://www.documentaries.org/a-fathers-kaddish |url-status=live }}</ref> One chawan each day, no matter where he was. He and his family said Kaddish every day for a year. His daily chawan made at his [[potter's wheel]] was his own personal Kaddish. Ten years later, an exhibition displaying all 365 Kaddish Chawan titled ''A Father's Kaddish'' was held in the Thayer Academy Gallery. The online presentation of the exhibition can be seen on the website of The Potters Shop & School.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepottersshopandschool.com/a-fathers-kaddish.php|title=The Potters Shop & School|website=www.thepottersshopandschool.com|accessdate=June 15, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thepottersshopandschool.yolasite.com/a-fathers-kaddish.php |title=A father's kaddish |publisher=thepottersshopandschool.yolasite.com |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2021-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124035028/https://www.thepottersshopandschool.com/a-fathers-kaddish.php |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, an award winning documentary of the same title was made by Spencer Films Jennifer Kaplan Producer/Director.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.afatherskaddish.com/|title=A Father's Kaddish &#124; Spencer Films &#124; Documentary Film &#124; United States|website=A Father's Kaddish|accessdate=June 15, 2025}}</ref> The exhibition is also included in ''The Teabowl: East and West'', by Bonnie Kemske.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-teabowl-9781472585608/ |title=The Teabowl: East and West |publisher=www.bloomsbury.com |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2021-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124035040/https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/the-teabowl-9781472585608/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 
* Artist [[Mauricio Lasansky]], familiar with Kaddish from his background, produced his Kaddish series of eight [[Intaglio (printmaking)|intaglio]] prints, ten years after his Nazi Drawings, his statement of Nazi destruction and degradation. In 1978, the Argentine-born 62 year-old Lasansky completed his answer of peace and survival, his Kaddish prints.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lasanskyart.com/art/collections/kaddish.shtml |title=Mauricio Lasansky :: Kaddish |publisher=www.lasanskyart.com |access-date=2019-10-29 |archive-date=2019-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003014349/http://www.lasanskyart.com/art/collections/kaddish.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Artist Max Miller traveled from synagogue to synagogue throughout New York and beyond,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/nyregion/thecity/a-sons-grief-in-word-and-watercolor.html |title=A Son's Grief, in Word and Watercolor |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=24 April 2005 |access-date=2019-10-28 |last1=Hartocollis |first1=Anemona |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028073333/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/24/nyregion/thecity/a-sons-grief-in-word-and-watercolor.html |url-status=live }}</ref> reciting the daily prayer in memory of his father and then painting a [[watercolor]] study of the synagogue in which he recited it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.maxmillerstudio.com/kaddish |title='Kaddish' by Max Miller |publisher=maxmillerstudio.com |access-date=2019-10-28 |archive-date=2019-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028073337/https://www.maxmillerstudio.com/kaddish |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Following the deaths of both her parents within one week of one another,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wendymegsiegel.com/blog/losing-my-parents |title=Losing Both My Parents |publisher=www.wendymegsiegel.com |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802200623/https://www.wendymegsiegel.com/blog/losing-my-parents |url-status=live }}</ref> artist Wendy Meg Siegel created a [[painting]] with a focus on the Kaddish,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wendymegsiegel.com/blog/kaddish1 |title=Painting with the Kaddish |publisher=www.wendymegsiegel.com |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803000902/https://www.wendymegsiegel.com/blog/kaddish1 |url-status=live }}</ref> as part of her [[canvas]] on canvas "text-tures" series,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wendymegsiegel.com/canvas-on-canvas |title=Canvas on Canvas |publisher=www.wendymegsiegel.com |access-date=2020-01-22 |archive-date=2020-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802213223/https://www.wendymegsiegel.com/canvas-on-canvas |url-status=live }}</ref> which explores methods of combining text and canvas in a somewhat “sculptural” manner.

=== Online ===

(Alphabetical by creator)

* Mira Z. Amiras and Erin L. Vang have taken the Kaddish as a starting point for a yearlong [[collaboration]] titled, "Kaddish in Two-Part Harmony", consisting of a jointly written [[blog]] and daily [[podcast]] recording of Lev Kogan's "Kaddish" for solo [[horn (instrument)|horn]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://beitmalkhut.org |title=Beitmalkhut.org |publisher=Beitmalkhut.org |access-date=2011-12-20 |archive-date=2011-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211042053/http://beitmalkhut.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* David Bogomolny [[chronicle]]d his yearlong recitation of kaddish in honor of his [[father]] Dr. [[Alexander Bogomolny]], originally on [[The Times of Israel]] [[blog]]s, in a series titled, "The [[skeptic]]'s kaddish for the [[atheist]]", consisting of [[tradition]]al [[Judaism|Jewish]] sources, [[religious text]] analysis, [[modernity|modern]] interpretations and expressions of kaddish, [[philosophy]], [[theology]], [[eschatology]], [[creative writing]], and the personal [[self-reflection|reflections]]; [[memories]]; and [[experiences]] of a [[son]] in [[mourning]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://skepticskaddish.com/ |title=The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist |publisher=wordpress.com |access-date=2020-04-23 |archive-date=2020-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603102307/https://skepticskaddish.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-skeptics-kaddish-for-the-atheist-51/ |title=The skeptic's kaddish for the atheist, 51 |publisher=timesofisrael.com |access-date=2019-10-15 |archive-date=2019-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814033154/https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-skeptics-kaddish-for-the-atheist-51/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* From 2016-2017 Rabbi Ariana Katz recorded a [[podcast]] called "Kaddish" focused on [[mourning]] [[ritual]] and [[customs]], featuring [[grammatical person|first person]] [[storytelling]] and [[interview]]s, using [[Jews|Jewish]] [[tradition]] to [[contextualism|contextualize]] and deepen [[theme (narrative)|themes]] of the show, and holding space at the intersection of [[life]] and [[death]]. "Kaddish" covered topics including mourning chosen [[family]], [[reproduction|reproductive]] loss, [[illness]], ritual [[writing]], [[suicide]], [[LGBT]] burial, [[tattoos]] and [[religious conversion#Judaism|conversion]] status, and state [[violence]]. Featured guests [[sharing|shared]] their personal and professional [[expert]]ise and [[narrative|story]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arianakatz.com/kaddish |title=Kaddish - Rabbi Ariana Katz |publisher=arianakatz.com |access-date=2020-05-11 |archive-date=2020-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803000814/https://www.arianakatz.com/kaddish |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Onscreen, in film ===

(Chronological)

* In the 1973 film ''[[Les aventures de Rabbi Jacob]]'' (''[[The Mad Adventures of Rabbi Jacob]]''), it is chanted at the end of the Bar-Mitzvah service.
* In the film ''[[The Passover Plot (film)|The Passover Plot]]'' (1976), a revived Jesus dies finally and is mourned with a Kaddish recitation by a disciple.
* In the film ''[[Mikey and Nicky]]'' (1976), while an inebriated Nicky ([[John Cassavetes]]) is laughing in front of his mother's grave, the disquieted Mikey ([[Peter Falk]]) attempts to recite the Kaddish despite the distractions from his friend.
* In the 1980 film ''[[The Jazz Singer (1980 film)|The Jazz Singer]]'' starring [[Neil Diamond]], character Cantor Rabinovitch ([[Laurence Olivier]]) says the Kaddish while disowning his son. The Kaddish helps bring forth the power needed to evoke the emotion of loss.
* In ''[[Rocky III]]'' (1982), [[Rocky Balboa (character)|Rocky Balboa]] recites the Mourner's Kaddish for Mickey.
* In the film ''[[Yentl (film)|Yentl]]'' (1983), at Yentl's father's burial, the rabbi asks who will say Kaddish (Kaddish is traditionally said by a son). Yentl replies that she will and, to the horror of those assembled, grabs the [[siddur]] and starts saying Kaddish.
* Steve Brand's feature documentary ''Kaddish'' (1984), about [[Yossi Klein Halevi]]'s growing up as the child of his Holocaust survivor father, was named by the New York-based [[Village Voice]] as one of the ten best films of the year.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/03/movies/the-legacy-of-a-survivor.html |title=The legacy of a survivor |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=3 April 1984 |access-date=2019-10-31 |last1=Maslin |first1=Janet |archive-date=2019-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031140208/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/04/03/movies/the-legacy-of-a-survivor.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-09-26-8503050596-story.html |title='Kaddish': Handing down the Holocaust's pain |publisher=www.chicagotribune.com |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-date=2019-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031140211/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-09-26-8503050596-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It won the Special Jury Prize at the 1985 [[Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162419/awards |title=Kaddish - Awards - IMDB |publisher=www.imdb.com |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-date=2021-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519173728/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0162419/awards |url-status=live }}</ref>
* In ''[[Torch Song Trilogy (film)|Torch Song Trilogy]]'' (1988), Arnold (portrayed by playwright [[Harvey Fierstein]]) says the Mourner's Kaddish for his murdered lover, Alan, and Arnold's mother (portrayed by [[Anne Bancroft]]) strongly protests.
* The Kaddish is recited in the film ''[[Schindler's List]]'' (1993), in the last scene at the factory.
* Film ''Saying the Kaddish'' (1999) by [[Dan Frazer]]
* [[Konstantin Fam]]'s ''Kaddish'' (2019) centers on the testament of a former concentration camp prisoner who confronts and turns the lives of two young people from different worlds around, shedding light on the tragic history of their family.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9643286/ |title=Kaddish (2019) |date=9 June 2019 |publisher=imdb.com |access-date=2019-10-31 |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220181610/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9643286/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The Kaddish as a form of religious excommunication (when recited for someone still alive) appears in the fantasy-documentary [[A Kaddish for Bernie Madoff: The Film|A Kaddish For Bernie Madoff (2021)]], created by musician/poet [[Alicia Jo Rabins]] and directed by Alicia J. Rose. The film tells the story of Madoff and the system that allowed him to function for decades through the eyes of Rabins, who watches the financial crash from her 9th floor studio in an abandoned office building on Wall Street.

=== Onscreen, in television ===

(Alphabetical by program title)

* In the television series&nbsp;''[[Babylon 5]]'',&nbsp;Lt. Comdr. Susan Ivanova&nbsp;finally decides to sit Shiva and recite the Mourner's Kaddish at the end of episode "TKO" (Season 1, Ep. 14), for her father with an old family friend, Rabbi Koslov, who has come to the station to urge her to mourn.
* In the television series ''[[Drawn Together]]'', [[Toot Braunstein]] recites the Mourner's Kaddish in the episode "[[A Very Special Drawn Together Afterschool Special]]", after saying that her son was (metaphorically) dead.
* In the television show ''[[Everwood]]'', Ephram Brown recites the Mourner's Kaddish at his mother's [[Bereavement in Judaism#Unveiling of the tombstone|unveiling]].
* In the second-season finale of [[Homeland (TV series)|Homeland]], [[The Choice (Homeland)|The Choice]], [[CIA]] agent Saul Berenson ([[Mandy Patinkin]]) recites the Mourner's Kaddish while standing over the corpses of victims of a terrorist attack.
* "[[Homicide: Life on the Street (season 5)|Kaddish]]" is the title of ''[[Homicide: Life on the Street]]'' episode 5.17, in which detective [[John Munch]] ([[Richard Belzer]]), who is Jewish, investigates the rape and murder of his childhood sweetheart.
* ''[[List of Northern Exposure episodes#Season 4: (1992–1993)|Kaddish For Uncle Manny]]''",<ref>{{cite web |author=TV.com |url=http://www.tv.com/northern-exposure/kaddish-for-uncle-manny/episode/189347/summary.html |title=TV.com |publisher=TV.com |date=2006-05-14 |access-date=2011-12-20 |archive-date=2011-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101101334/http://www.tv.com/northern-exposure/kaddish-for-uncle-manny/episode/189347/summary.html |url-status=live }}</ref> episode 4.22 of ''[[Northern Exposure]]'' (first aired 5-3-93) relates to Joel's (Rob Morrow) seeking out of ten Jews in remote Alaska to join him for Kaddish in memory of his recently departed Uncle Manny in New York City. Joel eventually decides, though, that saying Kaddish for his uncle is best accomplished in the presence of his new Cicely family, who although Gentile, are most near and dear to him.
* In the television show ''[[The Patient]]'', episode 1.7, Dr. Strauss recites the Kaddish for his recently deceased wife. 
* The second season of the series [[Quantico (TV series)|Quantico]], FBI Special Agent Nimah Amin, herself a Muslim, recites the Mourner's Kaddish at Simon Asher's unveiling.
* The fictional character [[Dan Turpin]] was killed by [[Darkseid]] in ''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]'', and a Rabbi said Kaddish at his funeral. An onscreen, post-episode message dedicated the episode to [[Jack Kirby]], a Jewish comic book artist, who influenced much of the comic book community.
* In the series ''[[Touched by an Angel]]'', episode 3.5 (season 3, episode 5), Henry Moskowitz, a proud archaeologist on a dig at a Navajo excavation site, receives a surprise visit from zayda (grandfather). Sam hopes to reconcile with his grandson and Jewish family faith by asking him to say kaddish.<ref>[http://www.tv.com/shows/touched-by-an-angel/written-in-dust-3414/ "Written in Dust"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417043232/http://www.tv.com/shows/touched-by-an-angel/written-in-dust-3414/ |date=2013-04-17 }} tv.com</ref>
* "[[Kaddish (The X-Files)|Kaddish]]" is the title of ''[[The X-Files]]'' episode 4.15 (season 4, episode 15), in which a [[Golem]] is avenging a murder.

=== Onstage, in dance, theater and musicals ===

* In [[Tony Kushner]]'s play ''[[Angels in America]]'', the characters of Louis Ironson and [[Ethel Rosenberg]] say the Kaddish over [[Roy Cohn]]'s dead body. Louis, a non-practicing Jew, mistakenly identifies the Kaddish as being written in Hebrew.
* ''Kaddish'' is a female dance solo choreographed by [[Anna Sokolow]] to music by Maurice Ravel.
* The Mourner's Kaddish can be heard being recited by Collins and Roger during the song "[[La Vie Boheme]]" in the musical ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]''.
* A brief portion of the Mourner's Kaddish (lines 34-36 above) is recited during the song "Prayer" in the musical ''[[Come from Away]]''.

== See also ==

* [[Bereavement in Judaism]]

== References ==

; Notes

{{Reflist|30em}}

; Bibliography
* Cyrus Adler, et al. [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=7&letter=K "Kaddish"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040814132624/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=7&letter=K |date=2004-08-14 }}. [[Jewish Encyclopedia]], 1906. pp.&nbsp;401–403.
* Yesodot Tefillah, Rabbi Eliezer Levi, published by Abraham Zioni Publishing House, Israel 1977. P173
* Kaddish is a female dance solo choreographed by Anna Sokolow to Maurice Ravel.
* De Sola Pool, Kaddish (1909) [https://archive.org/details/kaddishk00poolrich The Kaddish]

==External links==
{{Wiktionary}}
*[[David De Sola Pool]], [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f9/The_Kaddish_%28IA_kaddishk00poolrich%29.pdf The Kaddish], inaugural dissertation. Leipzig 1909.

== External links ==
{{Wiktionary}}
{{commons category}}
* [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-mourners-kaddish Jewish Virtual Library - Jewish Prayers: The Mourner's Kaddish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730231132/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-mourners-kaddish |date=2019-07-30 }}
* [http://www.neirot.com/jewish-perspective-values/the-importance-of-kaddish/ Neirot Foundation: The Importance of Kaddish]{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.mykaddish.com/ myKaddish.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314010855/http://www.mykaddish.com/ |date=2019-03-14 }}
* [http://www.kaddishfoundation.com/ The Kaddish Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302044722/http://kaddishfoundation.com/ |date=2018-03-02 }}: A non-profit whose member recite the Kaddish every day for eleven months following the death of a Jewish relative, loved-one or friend.
* [http://birkat-hamazon.com/Kaddish/ Birkat Hamazon: Kaddish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409044952/https://birkat-hamazon.com/Kaddish |date=2019-04-09 }}

{{Jewish life}}
{{Jewish prayers}}
{{The Jazz Singer}}

[[Category:Aramaic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Aramaic words and phrases in Jewish law]]
[[Category:Aramaic words and phrases in Jewish prayers and blessings]]
[[Category:Bereavement in Judaism]]
[[Category:Jewish life cycle]]
[[Category:Jewish prayer and ritual texts]]
[[Category:Jewish theology]]