View source for Kamerun

{{Short description|West African protectorate of the German Empire from 1884 to 1916}}
{{About|the historical German protectorate|the modern nation|Cameroon|the territories ceded to Germany by France in 1911|Neukamerun}}
{{page numbers needed|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kamerun
| native_name            = 
| common_name            = 
| status                 = Protectorate of [[German colonial empire|Germany]]
| empire                 = German Empire
| p1                     = Kingdom of Bamum
| p2                     = Mandara Kingdom
| p3                     = Sokoto Caliphate
| p4                     = Fondom of Bafut
| p5                     = Kotoko kingdom
| p6                     = French Equatorial Africa
| stat_year1             = 1910
| stat_area1             = {{convert|191120.568|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
| stat_pop1              = 2,600,000
| stat_year2             = 1912
| stat_area2             = {{convert|305020.705|mi2|km2|0|disp=number}}
| stat_pop2              = 4,645,000
| flag_p6                = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg
| s1                     = British Cameroon
| flag_s1                = Flag of British Cameroon.svg
| s2                     = French Cameroon
| flag_s2                = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg
| s3                     = French Equatorial Africa
| today                  = [[Cameroon]]<br>[[Nigeria]]<br>[[Gabon]]<br>[[Republic of the Congo]]<br>[[Chad]]<br>[[Central African Republic]]
| flag_s3                = Flag of France (1794–1815, 1830–1958).svg
| image_flag             = Reichskolonialflagge.svg
| flag_type              = Service flag of the Colonial Office
| image_coat             = Wappen Deutsches Reich - Reichsadler 1889.svg
| symbol_type            = Coat of arms of the German Empire
| national_motto         = 
| national_anthem        = '{{Lang|de|[[Heil dir im Siegerkranz]]}}''{{Sfnp|Fischer|Senkel|Tanner|2010}}<br/>"Hail to Thee in the Victor's Crown"<br/><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em" >{{Center|[[File:Heil Dir Im Siegerkranz (old recording).ogg]]}}</div>
| image_map              = Kamerun 1914.svg
| image_map_caption      = Location of Kamerun:<br/>'''Green''': Territory comprising German protectorate of Kamerun<br/>'''Dark grey''': Other [[German colonial empire|German territories]]<br/>'''Darkest grey''': [[German Empire]]
| common_languages       = [[German language|German]] <small>(official)</small><br/>{{hlist|item_style=padding-left:0.5em|[[Basaa language|Basaa]]|[[Beti language|Beti]]|[[Duala language|Duala]]|[[Languages of Cameroon|Other local languages]]}}
| title_representative   = [[List of governors of Kamerun|Governor]]
| representative1        = [[Gustav Nachtigal]]
| year_representative1   = 1884 (first)
| representative2        = [[Karl Ebermaier]]
| year_representative2   = 1914&ndash;1916 (last)
| year_start             = 1884
| date_start             = 17 August
| year_end               = 1916
| currency               = German gold mark
| capital                = [[Yaoundé|Jaunde]]
}}

'''Kamerun'''  was an African [[German colonial empire|protectorate]] of the [[German Empire]] from 1884 to 1916 in the region of today's [[Cameroon|Republic of Cameroon]]. Kamerun also included northern parts of [[Gabon]] and the [[Republic of the Congo|Congo]] with western parts of the [[Central African Republic]], southwestern parts of [[Chad]] and far northeastern parts of [[Nigeria]].

== History ==
[[File:Cameroon boundary changes.PNG|300px|thumb|left|'''Cameroon, 1901&ndash;1972:'''
{{legend|#ff8040|Kamerun}}  
{{legend|red|[[British Cameroons]]}}
{{legend|blue|[[French Cameroon]] (''Cameroun'')}}
{{legend|green|Independent [[Cameroon]] (''Cameroun'')}}
]]

=== Years preceding colonization (1868–1883) ===
The first German trading post in the Duala area{{efn|Present-day [[Douala]]}} on the Kamerun River [[River delta|delta]]{{efn|Now the [[Wouri River]] delta}} was established in 1868 by the [[Hamburg]] trading company {{ILL|C. Woermann|de|Carl_Woermann}}. The firm's primary agent in [[Gabon]], Johannes Thormählen, expanded activities to the Kamerun River delta. In 1874, together with the Woermann agent in [[Liberia]], Wilhelm Jantzen, the two merchants founded their own company, [[Jantzen & Thormählen]] there.<ref>Washausen, Helmut (1968). ''Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1880 bis 1890'' ['Hamburg and Colonial Politics of the German Empire']. p. 66. Hamburg: Hans Christians Verlag. {{OCLC|186017338}}.</ref>

Both of these West Africa houses expanded into shipping with their own sailing ships and steamers and inaugurated scheduled passenger and freight service between Hamburg and Duala.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Introduction to the history of Cameroon : nineteenth and twentieth centuries |date=1989 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |editor-first1=M. Z. |editor-last1=Njeuma |isbn=0-312-03644-2 |location=New York |pages= |oclc=19981143}}</ref> These companies and others obtained extensive acreage from local chiefs and began systematic [[plantation]] operations, including bananas. The Cameroon territory was under the informal control of the British Empire throughout the years preceding 1884, with substantial British trading operations as well.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Linden |first=Mieke van der |chapter-url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004321199/BP000007.xml |title= The Acquisition of Africa (1870-1914)  |chapter=Chapter 7: German Cameroon |date=2016 |publisher=Brill Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-32119-9 |language=en|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623234118/https://brill.com/view/book/9789004321199/BP000007.xml |archive-date= Jun 23, 2022 }}</ref>

Eventually, these companies would begin agitating for royal protection. By 1884, [[Adolph Woermann]], as spokesman for all West African companies, petitioned the imperial foreign office for "protection" by the German Empire.<ref name=":5" />  This, among a number of other factors, led to [[Chancellor of Germany|Imperial Chancellor]] [[Otto von Bismarck]] approving the establishment of a colony.

==== Colonial goals and motivation ====
For many years prior to the 1880s, Bismarck had resisted the idea of colonial ventures in Africa. This was primarily due to Bismarck's focus on shoring up German interests in Europe itself, especially given the lack of a military infrastructure able to protect colonial interests. Moreover, Germany had no need for the resources that a colony might provide, being largely self sufficient, so a colony would only function as an economic drain. This perspective would change in the early 1880s, due to a variety of internal pressures.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Blackshire-Belay |first=Carol Aisha |date=1992 |title=German Imperialism in Africa The Distorted Images of Cameroon, Namibia, Tanzania, and Togo |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002193479202300207 |journal=Journal of Black Studies |language=en |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=235–236 |doi=10.1177/002193479202300207 |s2cid=141534668 |issn=0021-9347|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The two key factors motivating this change were pressure from economic interests in Germany, and concerns about missing out on what would later be called the [[Scramble for Africa]]. On the political side, colonies became a point of national pride, as Germans saw that other nations had colonies, and thought they should too as a matter of national prestige.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ardener |first=Edwin |date=1962 |title=The Political History of Cameroon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393427 |journal=The World Today |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=341–350 |jstor=40393427 |issn=0043-9134}}</ref> Several government officials took this stance, and it seemed to enjoy public support as well. On the commercial side, the companies already operating in Cameroon (represented by the likes of Adolph Woermann) wanted the protection and support an official German colony would provide, and many German producers sought new markets for their excess goods.<ref name=":0" />

These pressures would eventually culminate in Bismarck allowing the establishment of a Cameroonian colony, among others.<ref name=":6" />

=== Initial colonization (1884–1889/90) ===
The official beginning of the German "Protectorate of Cameroon" was on 17 August 1884.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Diduk |first=Susan |date=1993 |title=European Alcohol, History, and the State in Cameroon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/525506 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.2307/525506 |jstor=525506 |s2cid=144978622 |issn=0002-0206|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Gustav Nachtigal]] had arrived in [[Douala|Duala]] in July and negotiated a treaty with a number of rulers local to the region around Duala, at that time the center of Germany's trading operations. From there, he would go on to other parts of Cameroon, securing further treaties with a number of tribes of the regions around the rivers, where trade was already well established. This would establish a trend of using treaties as one method of expanding German control.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schaper |first=Ulrike |date=2016-09-02 |title=David Meetom: Interpreting, Power and the Risks of Intermediation in the Initial Phase of German Colonial Rule in Cameroon |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03086534.2016.1229259 |journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=752–776 |doi=10.1080/03086534.2016.1229259 |s2cid=152280180 |issn=0308-6534|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

As mentioned above, one of the primary motivations for the colony was German corporations seeking to expand their economic interests in Cameroon. Bismarck, being aware of this fact and concerned about the substantial costs of a directly administered colony, opted to instead grant the companies already involved in Cameroon a "Chartered" status.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Ardener |first=Edwin |date=1962 |title=The Political History of Cameroon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40393427 |journal=The World Today |volume=18 |issue=8 |pages=341–350 |jstor=40393427 |issn=0043-9134}}</ref> As such, initial government fell to large German trading companies and concession companies who had already established themselves in the colony.<ref name=":6" />

Eventually, however, it was revealed that the companies were not performing their administrative duties very well. A variety of factors contributed to their failure, but foremost among them were ongoing conflicts with local traders as the traders began to move further inland. This got bad enough that it necessitated the German government stepping in and officially taking over.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Linden |first=Mieke van der |url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789004321199/BP000007.xml |title=Chapter 7: German Cameroon |date=2016 |publisher=Brill Nijhoff |isbn=978-90-04-32119-9 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Expansionary era of colonization (1890–1906) ===
{{related|[[Adamawa Wars]]|[[Bafut Wars]]}}
From thereon out the administration of the colonies would be at the hands of the German administrators. Regardless, the focus of the colony remained the same: to support the plantation industry and the trade of the German companies. As such, this time saw major expansion in the agricultural industry, and efforts were taken to expand further into the landlocked areas of Cameroon to better trade opportunities and German access to the African interior.<ref name=":02" />

The most notable of the German governors, and the man who would come to define the German legacy in Cameroon, would be [[Jesko von Puttkamer|Jesko von Puttkammer]], who governed from 1895–1906 (and for a few shorter times before).<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Anthony |first=Ndi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yQUJAwAAQBAJ&dq=Southern-West+Cameroon+History&pg=PP1 |title=Southern West Cameroon Revisited Volume Two: North-South West Nexus 1858–1972 |date=2014 |publisher=Langaa RPCIG |isbn=978-9956-791-32-3 |pages= |language=en}}</ref> It was Puttkammer who began the German behaviors that lend them a reputation of brutality and harshness as colonizers. During his time, he oversaw a number of military campaigns against local peoples like the Bali, forcing those who rebuffed German attempts at a "treaty" that supposedly justified German expansion.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Terretta |first=Meredith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oVHQAQAAQBAJ&dq=Nation+of+Outlaws%2C+State+of+Violence+%3A+Nationalism%2C+Grassfields+Tradition%2C+and+State+Building+in+Cameroon&pg=PR7 |title=Nation of Outlaws, State of Violence: Nationalism, Grassfields Tradition, and State Building in Cameroon |date=2013 |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-4472-6 |pages= |language=en}}</ref> Oftentimes, he would not act directly against these people, instead relying on empowering other rival local powers and establishing them as "protected by Germany" and arming them.<ref name=":2" /> These groups would then use their newfound power and armaments to conquer dissenting peoples, without the Germans themselves actually ever getting involved.

When the Germans did become involved, however, it was brutal, with them often going out of their way to punish those who surrendered to them if their leader still refused, and taking a tithe of people from conquered peoples as essentially slaves, though they did not call them such.<ref name=":3" /> Puttkammer and fellow governor Hans Dominik were responsible for large-scale massacres. At Nachtigal Falls the local adult population was massacred for refusing German protection. The babies of the natives were put in baskets and drowned in the river. Dominik was also known for ordering the mutilation of dead bodies or even living men.<ref>Lewin, Evans, How Germany Treats the Native, Quarterly Review, 229, p. 377, April 1918</ref>

This leads into the second prominent feature of Puttkamer's governorship, his expansion and support for the plantations. This became a problem, as the plantations had more fields than they did workers, so there was a labor shortage. To address this, Puttkamer instituted the "man tithes" mentioned above, in addition to just taking people whenever they conquered new territories or had to put down a rebellion.<ref name=":2" /> These people would then be made to do harsh forced labor, with extremely high rates of death.<ref name=":2" /> Extreme forms of discipline were practiced too, including the cutting of hands, genitals, gouging of eyes and decapitations. Severed limbs were often collected and shown to local authorities as proof of death. Punishments such as flogging were so excessive the German colonies were referred to as the "Flogging Colonies".<ref name=":3" /><ref>Lewin, Evans, How Germany Treats the Native, Quarterly Review, 229, p. 378, April 1918</ref>

These practices, which continued even after Puttkammer retired from his position, would define the German colonial legacy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Njung |first=George |date=2019 |title=The British Cameroons mandate regime: The roots of the twenty-first-century political crisis in Cameroon." The American Historical Review 124, no. 5 (2019): 1715–1722. |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article/124/5/1715/5672976?login=true |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=124 |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref>

In German Cameroon the indigenous slave trade were banned in 1902 and all slaves born after 1902 declared born free; however the slave trade supplied by slave raids in Northern German Cameroon were, in practice, tolerated the entire German colonial period.<ref>Miers, S. (2003). Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem. Storbritannien: AltaMira Press. p. 41</ref>

=== Final years (1907–1916) ===
[[File:Mont_manengoumba.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Manengouba]]]]
After Puttkamer left his position, aggressive expansion was less common (though more territory would be added via diplomatic means), and the colony began to focus more on development.<ref name=":6" /> With subsidies from the imperial treasury, the colony built two rail lines from the port city of [[Douala|Duala]] to bring agricultural products to market. The Northern line extended {{convert|160|km|mi|adj=on}} to the [[Manenguba]] mountains, and the {{convert|300|km|mi|adj=on}} [[Mainline (railway)|mainline]] went to [[Makak]] on the river [[Nyong River|Nyong]].<ref>This line was later extended to the current Cameroon capital of [[Yaoundé]].</ref>  An extensive postal and telegraph system and a river navigation network with government ships connected the coast to the interior.

The Cameroon protectorate was enlarged with [[New Cameroon]] (German: Neukamerun) in 1911 as part of the settlement of the [[Agadir Crisis]], resolved by the [[Treaty of Fez]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dibie |first=Robert A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fkgrDwAAQBAJ&dq=german+cameroon+treaty+of+fez&pg=PA291 |title=Business and Government Relations in Africa |date=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-351-79266-0 |pages= |language=en}}</ref>

=== Loss of Cameroon as a colony ===
At the outbreak of [[World War I]], [[France|French]], [[Belgium|Belgian]] and [[Great Britain|British]] troops invaded the German colony in 1914 and fully occupied it during the [[Kamerun campaign]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Elango |first=Lovett |date=1985 |title=The Anglo-French "Condominium" in Cameroon, 1914–1916: The Myth and the Reality |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/218801 |journal=The International Journal of African Historical Studies |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=657–673 |doi=10.2307/218801 |jstor=218801 |issn=0361-7882|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Following Germany's defeat, the [[Treaty of Versailles]] divided the territory into two [[League of Nations mandate#Class B mandates|League of Nations mandates (Class B)]] under the administration of the United Kingdom and France.<ref name=":7" /> [[French Cameroon]] and part of [[British Cameroon]] reunified in 1961 to form present-day [[Cameroon]].

Notably, this did not end German involvement in Cameroon, as many former German plantation owners bought their plantations back in the 1920s and 30s.<ref name=":4" /> It would take until World War II before Germany was "fully out" of Cameroon. 

====Gallery====
<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-003056, Kamerun, Deutscher Landvermesser.jpg|German surveyor in Kamerun, 1884
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 163-161, Kamerun, Duala, Polizeitruppe.jpg|Policemen at [[Douala|Duala]] on the Kaiser's birthday, 1901
File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-034473, Kamerun, bei Tiko, Bananen-Verladung.jpg|Bananas being loaded for export to Germany, 1912
File:Tripolitans in Dikoa.jpg|Civilians in Dikoa, located in the far northern region of Kamerun, 1913
File:Cameroonian troops in World War I.jpg|German Kamerun colonial troops, 1914
</gallery>

==Governors==
{{Main|List of colonial governors of Cameroon#Kamerun}}

== Planned symbols for Kamerun ==
{{Main|Armorial of Germany#Colonies}}
In 1914 a series of drafts were made for proposed coat of arms and flags for the [[German colonial empire|German Colonies]]. However, [[World War I]] broke out before the designs were finished and implemented and the symbols were never actually used.
<div style="text-align: center;">
<gallery>
Proposed Flag of Kamerun.svg|Proposed flag
Proposed Coat of Arms Kamerun 1914.svg|Proposed coat of arms
</gallery>
</div>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Cameroon|History}}
* [[Elo Sambo]]
* [[German East Africa]]
* [[German South West Africa]]
* [[German West African Company]]
* [[History of Cameroon#Colonization|History of Cameroon]]
* [[:Category:German colonisation in Africa|Index: German colonisation in Africa]]
* [[Iwindo]]
* [[Kamerun campaign]]
* [[New Cameroon]]
* [[Ossidinge]]
* [[Togoland]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
<references />

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last1=Fischer |first1=Michael |title=Reichsgründung 1871: Ereignis, Beschreibung, Inszenierung |last2=Senkel |first2=Christian |last3=Tanner |first3=Klaus |date=2010 |publisher=Bachmann Verlag |isbn=978-3830971030 |location=Münster}}
* Tsogang Fossi, Richard. Comment « Cameroons » est devenu allemand. Histoire d'une appropriation par la manipulation et par la force. In: Collective (ed.), [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DE_L_ABSENCE_version_francaise.pdf Atlas de l'absence. Le patrimoine culturel du Cameroun en Allemagne], Berlin 2023, (english working translation [https://www.static.tu.berlin/fileadmin/www/10002011/Forschungsprojekte/Aktuelle_Forschungsprojekte/Umgekehrte_Sammlungen_KAM/ATLAS_DER_ABWESENHEIT_EN_DeepL.pdf online]) Berlin 2023, p. 31-44.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|German Cameroon}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Cameroon | volume= 5 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 110&ndash;113 |short= 1}}
* [http://www.numismondo.net/pm/cmr/index1.htm Banknotes of German Cameroon]

{{Former German colonies}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Coord missing|Cameroon}}

[[Category:Kamerun| ]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in Kamerun]]
[[Category:1884 establishments in the German colonial empire]]
[[Category:1916 disestablishments in Kamerun]]
[[Category:1916 disestablishments in the German colonial empire]]
[[Category:Former German colonies]]
[[Category:Former colonies in Africa]]
[[Category:German West Africa]]
[[Category:German colonisation in Africa]]
[[Category:History of Cameroon]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1916]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1884]]