View source for Kara-Khanid Khanate

{{short description|Turkic state in Central Asia from 840 to 1212}}
{{About|the Turkic-ruled state|the Khitan-ruled state|Qara Khitai}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Kara-Khanid Khanate
| common_name            = Kara-Khanid Khanate
| status                 = {{Plainlist|
*Independent [[khaganate]] (840–1089)
*[[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] vassal{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}<br />(1089–1141)
*[[Qara Khitai]] vassal{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}<br />(1141–1212)}}
| government_type        = Monarchy ([[diarchy]])
| capital                = {{plainlist|
* [[Balasagun]] (942–1130)
* [[Kashgar]] (1130–1211)
* [[Samarkand]] (1040–1212)}}
| religion               = {{plainlist|
* [[Nestorian Christianity]] (775-934)<ref name="ES"/>
* [[Tengrism]] (840–934)
* [[Buddhism]] (840–934)
* [[Islam]] (934–1212)}}
| common_languages       = {{plainlist|
* [[Khaqani Turkic]] (court, dynastic, literature)<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of inner Asia|year=2000|page=89|author=Svatopluk Soucek}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=An Anthology of Turkish Literature|author=Kemal Silay|year=1996|page=27}}</ref>
* [[Persian language|Persian]]<ref name="iranica">{{cite encyclopedia |url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids |title = Ilak-Khanids  |first = Michal |last = Biran |encyclopedia = Encyclopedia Iranica |date= 2012 |access-date=May 12, 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080737/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids |archive-date = September 9, 2015 |url-status=live |quote = The two last western ḵāqāns, Ebrāhim b. Ḥo-sayn (1178–1203) and ʿOṯmān (1202–12), wrote poetry in Persian }}</ref> (poetry)
* [[Arabic]] (coinage)<ref>{{cite book |first = V.V. |last = Barthold |title = Four Studies on the History of Central Asia (Vol.1) |publisher = E.J. Brill |year=1962 |page=99 |quote=Since 459/1067 the title ''Malik al-mashriq wa al-Ṣīn'' ("king of the East and of China") occurs on Qarakhanid coins. (...) The legends on the coins of the Qarakhanid show that the [[Uyghur alphabet]] was used in their dominions side by side with the common Muslim (Arabic) alphabet.}}</ref>
}}
| leader1                = [[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]]
| year_leader1           = 840–893 (first)
| leader2                = [[Uthman ibn Ibrahim|Uthman Ulugh-Sultan]]
| year_leader2           = 1204–1212 (last)
| title_leader           = [[Khagan]]
| title_deputy           = [[Hajib]] ([[chancellor]])
| deputy1                = [[Yūsuf Balasaguni]]
| year_deputy1           = 11th century
| year_start             = 840
| year_end               = 1212
| p1                     = Karluk Yabghu
| p2                     = Uyghur Khaganate
| p3                     = Samanids
| p4                     = Kingdom of Khotan
| s1                     = Seljuk Empire
| s2                     = Khwarazmian Empire
| s3                     = Qara Khitai
| image_map              = {{Location map+
|Continental Asia
|overlay_image= !Map of the Kara-Khanid Khanate.png
| width=300  <!--  DO NOT CHANGE MAP SIZE (300) AS THIS WILL DISPLACE THE LABELS  -->
| float = center
| border         =none
| nodiv   = 2
| mini    = 1
| relief  = yes
| places  = 
{{Annotation|105|60|[[Kara-khanid Khanate|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#4F311CFF">KARAKHANID KHANATE</span>]]|text-align=center|font-weight=bold|font-style=normal|font-size=6|color=#000000}}
| caption=x
}}
| image_map_size         = 300px
| image_map_caption      = Kara Khanid Khanate, {{circa|1000}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abazov |first1=R. |title=Palgrave Concise Historical Atlas of Central Asia |date=2016 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-230-61090-3 |page=56 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f1wYDAAAQBAJ&pg=PR56 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
The '''Kara-Khanid Khanate''' ({{Langx|fa|قراخانیان|translit=Qarākhāniyān}}; {{lang-zh|t=喀喇汗國|p=Kālā Hánguó}}), also known as the '''Karakhanids''', '''Qarakhanids''', '''Ilek Khanids'''<ref>"Qara-khanids", ''Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East'', Vol. 1, Ed. Jamie Stokes, (Infobase Publishing, 2009), p.&nbsp;578.</ref> or the '''Afrasiabids''' ({{Langx|fa|آل افراسیاب|lit = House of [[Afrasiab]]|translit=Āl-i Afrāsiyāb}}), was a [[Karluks|Karluk]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[khanate]] that ruled [[Central Asia]] from the 9th to the early 13th century.  The dynastic names of Karakhanids and Ilek Khanids refer to royal titles with Kara [[Khagan]] being the most important Turkic title up until the end of the dynasty.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|p=120}}

The Khanate conquered [[Transoxiana]] in [[Central Asia]] and ruled it independently between 999 and 1089. Their arrival in Transoxiana signaled a definitive shift from Iranic to Turkic predominance in Central Asia,{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} yet the Kara-khanids gradually assimilated the Perso-Arab [[Muslim culture]], while retaining some of their native Turkic culture.<ref name="iranica" /> The Khanate split into the Eastern and Western Khanates in the 1040s.  In the late 11th century, they came under the suzerainty of the [[Seljuk Empire]] followed by the [[Qara Khitai]] (Western Liao dynasty) who defeated the Seljuks in the [[Battle of Qatwan]] in 1141. The Eastern Khanate ended in 1211, and the Western Khanate was extinguished by the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] in 1212.<ref name="encyclo">{{cite web |url = http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103 |title = Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2006-12-08 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081202055513/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103 |archive-date=2008-12-02 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Grousset|2004|p=168}}

The capitals of the Kara-Khanid Khanate included [[Kashgar]], [[Balasagun]], [[Uzgen]] and [[Samarkand]]. The history of the Kara-Khanid Khanate is reconstructed from fragmentary and often contradictory written sources, as well as studies on their [[Numismatics|coinage]].{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}

==Names==
The term ''Karakhanid'' was derived from ''Qara Khan'' or ''Qara Khaqan'' ({{Langx|fa|قراخان|translit=Qarākhān}}), the foremost title of the rulers of the dynasty.{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=354}} The word "Kara" means "black" and also "courageous" from Old Turkic (𐰴𐰺𐰀) and ''khan'' means ruler.  The term was devised by European [[Oriental studies|Orientalists]] in the 19th century to describe both the dynasty and the Turks ruled by it.{{sfn|Soucek|2000}}  
* Arabic Muslim sources called this dynasty ''al-Khaqaniya'' ("That of the Khaqans") or ''al Muluk al-Khaniyya al-Atrak'' (The Khanal kings of the Turks).
* In his linguistic treatise ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]]'', [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]], a native-born Karakhanid, listed two endonyms: "Khāqānī Turks" or just "Turks",<ref>Maħmūd al-Kaśġari. (1982) "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by [[Robert Dankoff]] in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. Part I. pp. 75–76; 82–86</ref> the latter he also used to denote [[Turkic peoples]] in general.<ref>Golden, P.B. (2015) [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275968776_THE_TURKIC_WORLD_IN_MAH_MUD_AL-KASHGHARI "The Turkic World in Maḥmûd al Kâshgarî"] p. 506. quote: "He appears to waver in his usage, often employing ''Turk'' to denote his only Qarakhanids, i.e. Türks and at other times to encompass Turkic-speakers in general"</ref>{{NoteTag|When listing 20 Turkic peoples, Kashgari also included the non-Turkic [[Kumo Xi]] (''qāy''), [[Khitan people|Khitans]] (''xitāy'') [[Tanguts]] (''taŋut'') and [[Han Chinese|Han]] (''[[Tuoba#Legacy|Tawγač]]'').<ref>al-Kaśġari (1982), Dankoff (translator). pp. 82–84</ref><ref>Schönig, Klaus, [https://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/turkologie/institut/mitarbeiter/professor/Textdateien/Kashgari.pdf "On some unclear, doubtful and contradictory passages in Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī's "Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk"], ''Türk Dilteri Araştrımaları'' 14 (2004): pp. 42–47 of 35–56</ref>}} 
* Persian sources often used the term ''Al-i Afrasiyab''  ({{Langx|fa|آل افراسیاب|lit=House of Afrisyab|translit=Āl-i Afrāsiyāb}}) based on a supposed link to the legendary though actually unrelated King [[Afrasiab]] of pre-Islamic Transoxania.{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} Kashgari refers to him as [[Alp Er Tunga]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Osman Aziz Basan|year=2010|title=The Great Seljuqs: A History|page=177}}</ref>
* They are also referred to as Ilek Khanids or Ilak Khanids ({{Langx|fa|ایلک خانیان|translit=Ilak-Khānīyān}}) in Persian.<ref name="iranica"/>
* Chinese sources refer to this dynasty as ''Kalahan''  ({{lang-zh|c=喀喇汗}}) or ''Heihan''  ({{lang-zh|c=黑汗}}, literally "Black Khan") or ''Dashi'' ({{lang-zh|c=大食}}, a term for Arabs that extends to Muslims in general).<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url=http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe156%20qarakhanids%20eoe%2016.pdf |chapter=Karakhanid Khanate |first=Michal |last=Biran |title=The Encyclopedia of Empire |editor=John M. MacKenzie |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |date=2016 |isbn=978-1118440643 |access-date=2017-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826031906/http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe156%20qarakhanids%20eoe%2016.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://asiecentrale.revues.org/619 |title=Qarakhanid Studies: A View from the Qara Khitai Edge |journal=Cahiers d'Asie centrale |volume=9 |date=2001 |first=Michal |last=Biran |pages=77–89 |access-date=2017-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826033815/https://asiecentrale.revues.org/619 |archive-date=2017-08-26 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
===Origin===
{{main|Karluks|Karluk Yabghu}}
[[File:Piatto con decorazione di castello assediato, arg, samirechye, da bolshoe-anikovskaya, IX-X sec su orig del l'VIII sec.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|''[[Anikova dish]]'': [[Nestorian Christian]] plate with decoration of the [[Siege of Jericho]], probably made by [[Sogdians|Sogdian]] artists under [[Karluks|Karluk]] dominion, in [[Jetisu|Semirechye]].<ref name="ES">{{cite book |last1=Sims |first1=Eleanor |title=Peerless images : Persian painting and its sources |date=2002 |publisher=New Haven : Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-09038-3 |pages=293–294 |url=https://archive.org/details/peerlessimagespe0000sims/page/294/mode/1up}}</ref> Cast silver of the 9th-10th century, copied from an original 8th century plate.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hermitage Museum |url=https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/08.+applied+arts/97259}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gorelik |first1=Michael |title="Oriental Armour of the Near and Middle East from the Eighth to the Fifteenth Centuries as Shown in Works of Art", by Michael Gorelik, in: Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. Robert Elgood, London 1979. |date=1979 |publisher=Robert Elgood |url=http://warfare.tk/Gorelik-Oriental_Armour.htm}}</ref>]]
The Kara-Khanid Khanate originated from a confederation formed some time in the 9th century by [[Karluks]], [[Yagma]]s, [[Chigils]], [[Tuhsi]], and other peoples living in [[Jetisu|Zhetysu]], Western [[Tian Shan]] (modern [[Kyrgyzstan]]), and Western [[Xinjiang]] around [[Kashgar]].{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} 10th-century Arab historian [[Al-Masudi]] listed two "Khagan of Khagans" of the Karluk horde:<ref>Al-Masudi [https://archive.org/details/historicalencycl00masrich Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems] vol. 1 pp. 311–312. translated by Aloys Spreger</ref> Sanah, a possible rendition of [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] (compare Śaya (also by al-Masudi), Aś(i)nas (al-Tabari), Ānsa (Hudud al-'Alam), and Śaba (Ibn Khordadbeh)<ref>P. B. Golden, "Irano-Turcica: The Khazar sacral kingship revisited," in ''Acta Orientalia Hungarica'' 60:2 (2007) pp. 165, 172, n. 33</ref>), and Afrasiab,<ref>Boris Zhivkov, (2010), ''Khazaria in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries'', p. 46.</ref> whom 11th-century Karakhanid scholar [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] identified with Turkic king [[Alp Er Tunga]], the legendary progenitor of the Karakhanid ruling dynasty.<ref>Maħmūd al-Kašğari. "Dīwān Luğāt al-Turk". Edited & translated by Robert Dankoff in collaboration with James Kelly. In Sources of Oriental Languages and Literature. (1982) Part I, p. 92 and Part II. pp. 225, 337</ref> Furthermore, Kara-khanid heads of state claimed the title [[khagan]], which indicates that they may have been descended from the Ashina.<ref>Carter V. Findley, (2004), ''The Turks in World History'' p. 75</ref> Even so, the tribal origin of Bilge Kul Qadir Khan, the first Kara-Khan, is still unknown: if Bilge Kul Qadir descended from the [[Karluk Yabghu]]s,<ref>[https://e-history.kz/en/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9505/ "Karluk Yabghu State (756–940)"] ''Qazaqstan Tarihy''. quote: "In 840, in the Central Asian steppes an important event occurred. The Yenisei Kyrgyz invasion destroyed the Uighur Khaganate, forcing the Uighurs to flee to Turfan oasis and to [[Gansu]] [original article mistakenly has ''[[Guangzhou]]'']. '''The Karluk Djabgu and the ruler of Isfijab, Bilge Kul Qadeer-Khan,''' took advantage of the situation and proclaimed himself as a sovereign ruler and assumed a new title of Khagan."</ref> then he indeed belonged to the Ashina dynasty as they did; if Bilge Kul Qadir descended from the Yagma (as suggested by [[Vasily Bartold]]),<ref>Golden, P.B. (1992) ''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples''. Series: ''Turcologica'' '''9'''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 214</ref> then he did not, considering that the [[Hudud al-'Alam]] stated that "Their [Yagmas'] king is from the family of the [[Toquz Oghuz|Toġuzġuz]] kings",<ref>''Ḥudūd al'Ālam'' "§13. Discourse on the country of Yaghmā and its towns". Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. pp. 95–96</ref> that Ashina tribe was not listed among the Toquz Oghuz (Ch. 九姓 ''Jĭu Xìng'' "Nine Surnames") in Chinese-language sources<ref>[[Tang Huiyao]], [https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=gb&chapter=956267 vol. 98]</ref><ref>[[Jiu Tangshu]] [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7195 vol. 195]</ref> and that early Uyghur khagans belonged to the [[Yaglakar clan]] of Toquz Oghuz<ref>[[Xin Tangshu]] [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7217%E4%B8%8A vol. 217a]</ref> and later Uyghur khagans belonged to the [[Ädiz clan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Moriyasu|first=Takao|date=2015|title=New Developments in the History of East Uighur Manichaeism|journal=Open Theology|volume=1|issue=1|doi=10.1515/opth-2015-0016|issn=2300-6579|doi-access=free|pages=327–328}}</ref> Alternatively, Bilge Kul Qadir might belong to the Eðgiş or [[Chigils]].<ref>1940–, Kochnev, Boris Dmitrievich (2006). ''Numizmaticheskai︠a︡ istorii︠a︡ Karakhanidskogo kaganata'', 991–1209 gg. Nastich, V. N. Moskva: Sofii︠a︡.</ref>

====Early history====
{{see also|Timeline of the Karluks}}
The [[Karluks]] were a nomadic people from the western [[Altai Mountains]] who moved to [[Jetisu|Zhetysu]] (Semirechye). In 742, the Karluks were part of an alliance led by the [[Basmyl]] and [[Uyghur Khaganate|Uyghurs]] that rebelled against the [[Göktürk]]s and led to the demise of the [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] (682–744).{{sfn|Beckwith|2009|p=142}} In the realignment of power that followed, the Karluks were elevated from a tribe led by an ''[[Elteber]]'' to one led by a ''[[yabghu]]'', which was one of the highest Turkic dignitaries and also implies membership in the [[Ashina tribe|Ashina]] clan in whom the "heaven-mandated" right to rule resided.  The Karluks and Uyghurs later allied themselves against the Basmyl, and within two years they toppled the Basmyl khagan. The Uyghur yabghu became khagan and the Karluk leader yabghu. This arrangement lasted less than a year.  Hostilities between the Uyghur and Karluk forced the Karluk to migrate westward into the western [[Turgesh]] lands.{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=349}}

[[File:Anikova, two horsemen (grey background).jpg|thumb|left|Armoured horsemen on the ''[[Anikova dish]]'', [[Jetisu|Semirechye]] {{c.|800}}.<ref name="GK37">{{cite book |last1=Karamian |first1=Gholamreza |last2=Maksymiuk |first2=Katarzyna |title=Crowns, hats, turbans and helmets: the headgear in Iranian history |date=2017 |publisher=Institute of history and international relations, Faculty of Humanities, Siedlce University Department of archaeology and history, central Tehran branch, Tehran Azad University |location=Siedlce Tehran |isbn=978-83-62447-19-0 |page=251, Fig. 37 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Silver-gilt-plate-showing-a-siege-found-in-Siberia-and-thought-to-have-be-made-in_fig153_323545452}}</ref>]]
By 766 the Karluks had forced the submission of the Turgesh and they established their capital at [[Suyab]] on the [[Chu River]]. The Karluk confederation by now included the Chigil and Tukshi tribes who may have been Türgesh tribes incorporated into the Karluk union. The Karluks converted to [[Nestorian Christianity]] at the end of the 8th century CE, about 15 years after they established themselves in the [[Jetisu|Semerich'e]] region.<ref name="ES"/> This was the first time the [[Church of the East]] received such major sponsorship by an eastern power.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Daly |first1=Briton (Yale University) |title=An Israel of the Seven Rivers |journal=Sino-Platonic Papers |date=2021 |page=3 |url=https://sino-platonic.org/complete/spp308_Zhetysu_Karluk_Turks_Sogdians.pdf |quote=The conversion of the Karluk Turks by the Church of the East in the eighth century marked an important moment of self-determination for Christians living in early medieval Central Asia: never before had Christianity enjoyed the official backing of such a significant power in the region as the Karluks, who established their kingdom in Zhetysu, the “Land of the Seven Rivers” beneath Lake Balkhash. The Karluks most likely converted to Christianity about fifteen years after they conquered Zhetysu from the Türgesh Khaganate, bridging the identity of the new Karluk state to a religion that had rarely, if ever, been formally associated with the rulers who controlled Central Asia.}}</ref> Remains of a Nestorian church have been found in the Karluk capital of [[Suyab]], as well as hundreds of tomstones with Nestorian Syriac inscriptions in the [[Jetisu|Semerich'e]] region.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Li |title=Christian Communities in Medieval Central Asia: Syriac and Syro-Turkic Inscriptions from Zhetysu and the Chuy Valley (9th - 14th Centuries) |journal=Silk Road Traces: Studies on Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia |date=1 January 2022 |pages=210–211 |url=https://www.academia.edu/88021440}}</ref>

By the mid-9th century, the Karluk confederation had gained control of the sacred lands of the Western Türks after the destruction of the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] by the [[Old Kirghiz]]. Control of sacred lands, together with their affiliation with the Ashina clan, allowed the Khaganate to be passed on to the Karluks along with domination of the steppes after the previous Khagan was killed in a revolt.{{sfn|Golden|1990|pp=350–351}}

During the 9th century southern Central Asia was under the rule of the [[Samanids]], while the Central Asian steppe was dominated by Turkic nomads such as the [[Pechenegs]], the [[Oghuz Turks]], and the Karluks. The domain of the Karluks reached as far north as the Irtysh and the [[Kimek tribe|Kimek]] confederation, with encampments extending to the Chi and Ili rivers, where the Chigil and Tukshi tribes lived, and east to the Ferghana valley and beyond. The area to the south and east of the Karluks was inhabited by the Yagma.{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=348}} The Karluk center in the 9th and 10th centuries appears to have been at [[Balasagun]] on the Chu River. In the late 9th century the Samanids marched into the steppes and captured [[Taraz]], one of the headquarters of the Karluk khagan, and a large church was transformed into a mosque.

===Formation of the Kara-Khanid Khanate (840 CE)===
[[File:Mausoleum_of_Satuq_Bughra_Khan_(detail,_B&W),_Artush_(Hercule_Louis_Catenacci,_1816-1884).jpg|thumb|Tomb of [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan]] ({{Reign|920|955}} CE) the first Muslim Khan of the Kara-Khanids, in [[Artush]], [[Xinjiang]]]]
During the 9th century, the Karluk confederation (including three chief tribes: the Bulaq (''Mouluo'' 謀落 / ''Moula'' 謀剌), Taşlïk (''Tashili'' 踏實力), and Sebek (Suofu 娑匐){{NoteTag|also known as Chisi in Chinese sources. Golden (1992) hesitantly identifies Chisi with Chuyue, whom he also links to Chigils;<ref>Golden, P.B. (1992) ''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples''. Series: ''Turcologica'' '''9'''. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. pp.&nbsp;196–201.</ref> Atwood (2010) identified Chisi 熾俟 with Zhusi 朱斯, who were also mentioned in Xiu Tangshu. Atwood does not link Chisi 熾俟 ~ Zhusi 朱斯 to Chuyue 處月, but instead to Zhuxie 朱邪, the original tribal surname of the Shatuo ruling house<ref>Atwood, Christopher P. (2010), [https://repository.upenn.edu/ealc/16 "The Notion of Tribe in Medieval China: Ouyang Xiu and the Shatuo Dynastic Myth"]. ''Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations''. 16. pp. 600–601 of 593–621.</ref>}}, along with [[Chigils]], [[Oghuz Turks#Traditional tribal organization|Charuks]], [[Nushibi|Barskhans]], [[Khalaj people|Khalajes]], [[Az (people)|Azkishi]] and [[Tuhsi]]s<ref>[https://e-history.kz/en/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9505/ Karluk Yabghu State (756–940)] in ''Qazagstan Tarihy''</ref> (the last three being possibly remnants of [[Türgesh]]<ref>[[Lev Gumilyov|Gumilyov, L.]] ''Searches for an Imaginary Kingdom: The trefoil of the Bird's Eye View'' [http://gumilevica.kulichki.net/English/sik2b.htm Ch. 5: The Shattered Silence (961–1100)]</ref><ref>Pylypchuk, Ya. "Turks and Muslims: From Confrontation to Conversion to Islam (End of VII century – Beginning of XI Century)" in ''UDK'' 94 (4): 95 (4). In Ukrainian</ref><ref>Minorsky, V. "Commentary" on "§17. The Tukhs" in [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514/mode/2up ''Ḥudūd al'Ālam'']. Translated and Explained by V. Minorsky. pp.&nbsp;300–304.</ref>) and the Yaghma, possible descendants of the [[Toquz Oghuz]], joined forces and formed the first Karluk-Karakhanid khaganate. The Chigils appear to have formed the nucleus of the Karakhanid army. The date of its foundation and the name of its first khan is uncertain, but according to one reconstruction, the first Karakhanid ruler was [[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]].{{sfn|Golden|1990|pp=355–356}}

The rulers of the Karakhanids were likely to be from the Chigil and Yaghma tribes – the Eastern Khagan bore the title ''Arslan Qara Khaqan'' (Arslan "lion" was the totem of the Chigil) and the Western Khagan the title ''Bughra Qara Khaqan'' (Bughra "male camel" was the totem of the Yaghma). The names of animals were a regular element in the Turkic titles of the Karakhanids: thus Aslan (lion), Bughra (camel), Toghan (falcon), Böri (wolf), and Toghrul or Toghrïl (a bird of prey).{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}  Under the Khagans were four rulers with the titles Arslan Ilig, Bughra Ilig, Arslan Tegin and Bughra Tegin.{{sfn|Golden|1990|pp=355–356}} The titles of the members of the
dynasty changed with their position, normally upwards, in the dynastic hierarchy.

===Conversion to Islam ({{c.|934 CE}})===
In the mid-10th century the Kara-Khanids converted to Islam and adopted Muslim names and honorifics, but retained Turkic regnal titles such as Khan, [[Khagan]], Ilek (Ilig) and [[Tegin]].{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/showfile.asp?pubid=518&type=2 |title = Asia Research Institute Working Paper Series No.44 A History of Uighur Religious Conversions (5th-16th Centuries) by Li Tang |access-date=2008-01-19 |archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080119170546/http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/showfile.asp?pubid=518&type=2 |archive-date=2008-01-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Later they adopted the Arab titles ''sultan'' and ''sultān al-salātīn'' ("Sultan of Sultans"). According to the Ottoman historian known as Munajjim-bashi, a Karakhanid prince named [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan]] was the first of the khans to convert. After conversion, he obtained a [[fatwa]] which permitted him in effect to kill his presumably-still-pagan father, after which he conquered [[Kashgar]] (of the old [[Shule Kingdom]]).{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=357}} Later, in 960, according to Muslim historians [[Ebn Meskavayh|Ibn Miskawaih]] and [[Ibn al-Athir]], there was a mass conversion of the Turks (reportedly "200,000 tents of the Turks"), and circumstantial evidence suggests these were the Karakhanids.{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=357}}

===Conquest of Transoxiana===
{{See also|Kara-Khanid invasion of Khorasan}}
[[File:The accession of Boghra Khan in Kashgar. Majma' al-tawarikh (circa 1425) Miniature (Boghra Khan detail).jpg|thumb|The accession of [[Hasan b. Sulayman|Hasan b. Sulayman Boghra Khan]] in Kashgar. ''Majma' al-tawarikh'' (circa 1425)]]
The grandson of Satuk Bughra Khan, [[Hasan b. Sulayman]] (or Harun) (title: Bughra Khan) [[Karakhanid–Samanid wars|attacked the Samanids]] in the late 10th century. Between 990 and 992, Hasan took [[Isfijab]], [[Ferghana]], [[Ilaq]], [[Samarkand]], and the [[Samanid]] capital [[Bukhara]].<ref name="Frye156-157">''The Samanids'', Richard Nelson Frye, '''The Cambridge History of Iran''', Vol. 4, ed.  R. N. Frye, (Cambridge University Press, 1999), 156–157.</ref> However, Hasan Bughra Khan died in 992 due to an illness,<ref name="Frye156-157" /> and the Samanids returned to Bukhara.

Hasan's cousin [[Ali Arslan Khan|Ali b. Musa]] (title: Kara Khan or Arslan Khan) resumed the campaign against the Samanids, and by 999 Ali's son Nasr had taken Chach, Samarkand, and Bukhara.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}} The Samanid domains were divided between the [[Ghaznavids]], who gained [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Afghanistan]], and the Karakhanids, who received Transoxiana. The [[Oxus River]] thus became the boundary between the two rival empires.

The Karakhanid state was divided into [[appanage]]s ([[Ülüş system]]), as was common of Turkic and Mongol nomads. The Karakhanid appanages were associated with four principal urban centers, [[Balasagun]] (then the capital of the Karakhanid state) in Zhetysu, Kashgar in Xinjiang, [[Uzgen]] in [[Fergana]], and Samarkand in Transoxiana. The dynasty's original domains of Zhetysu and Kasgar and their khans retained an implicit seniority over those who ruled in Transoxiana and Fergana.{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} The four sons of Ali (Ahmad, Nasr, Mansur, Muhammad) each held their own independent appanage within the Karakhanid state.  Nasr, the conqueror of Transoxiana, held the large central area of Transoxiana (Samarkand and Bukhara), Fergana (Uzgen) and other areas, although after his death his appanage was further divided.  Ahmad held [[Jetisu|Zhetysu]] and [[Tashkent|Chach]] and became the head of the dynasty after the death of Ali. The brothers Ahmad and Nasr conducted different policies towards the Ghaznavids in the south – while Ahmad tried to form an alliance with [[Mahmud of Ghazna]], Nasr attempted to expand unsuccessfully into Ghaznavid territory.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}

[[File:Kara-Khanid Khanate.png|thumb|Map of the Kara-Khanid Khanate as of 1006 AD, when it reached its greatest extent]]
Ahmad was succeeded by Mansur, and after the death of Mansur, the Hasan Bughra Khan branch of the Karakhanids became dominant.  Hasan's sons Muhammad Toghan Khan II, and Yusuf Kadir Khan who held [[Kashgar]], became in turn the head of the Karakhanid dynasty. The two families, ''i.e.'', the descendants of Ali Arslan Khan and Hasan Bughra Khan, would eventually split the Karakhanid Khanate in two.

In 1017–1018, the Karakhanids repelled an attack by a large mass of nomadic Turkic tribes in what was described in Muslim sources as a great victory.{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=363}} Around the same time, the Kara-Khanid ruler Ilig Khan reached an agreement with [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], in which they agreed to partition former [[Samanid Empire|Samanid]] territory along the [[Oxus river]].<ref name="Bos106">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C. E. |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia |date= 1998 |publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-103467-1 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA99 |language=en|quote="An agreement was reached at this point with the Karakhanid Ilig Nasr [[Ali Arslan Khan|b. Ali]] making the Oxus the boundary between the two empires [the Karakhanids and the Ghaznavids], for the shrunken Samanid amirate came to an inglorious end when the Ilig occupied Bukhara definitively in 999"}}</ref>

===Conquest of the western Tarim Basin===
The Muslim conquest of the Buddhist cities east of Kashgar began when the Kara-Khanid khaghan [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan|Abdulkarim Satuq Bughra]] converted to Islam in 934 and then captured Kashgar. He and his son directed endeavors to proselytize Islam among the Turks and engage in military conquests.{{sfn|Hansen|2012|p=226}} In the mid-10th century, Satuq's son Musa began to put pressure on Khotan, and a long period of war between Kashgar and the [[Kingdom of Khotan]] ensued.{{sfn|Millward|2009|pp=55–56}} Satok Bughra Khan's nephew or grandson Ali Arslan was said to have been killed by Buddhists during the war;<ref name="RingSalkin1994">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA457|year=1994|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=457–|access-date=2015-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510152451/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA457|archive-date=2016-05-10|url-status=live}}</ref> during the reign of Ahmad ibn Ali, the Karakhanids also engaged in wars against non-Muslims to the east and northeast.{{sfn|Moriyasu|2004|p=207}}

Muslim accounts tell the tale of the four imams from Mada'in (possibly in Iraq) who travelled to help Yusuf Qadir Khan, the Kara-Khanid [[khaghan]], in his conquest of Khotan, Yarkend, and Kashgar. The [[kafir|"infidels"]] were said to have been driven towards Khotan, but the four Imams were killed.{{sfn|Thum|2012|p=633}} In 1006, Yusuf Qadir Khan of Kashgar conquered the Kingdom of Khotan, ending Khotan's existence as an independent state.<ref>Aurel Stein, [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/page/0231.html.en Ancient Khotan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912230458/http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/page/0231.html.en |date=2011-09-12 }}, Clarendon Press, p. 181.</ref>

This conquest of the western [[Tarim Basin]], which includes Khotan and Kashgar is significant as the second wave of the [[Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin]], and modern [[Uyghurs]] identify with the Karakhanids even though the name Uyghur was taken from the [[Manichaeism|Manichaean]] [[Uyghur Khaganate]] and the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] state of [[Qocho]].{{sfn|Millward|2009|pp=52–56}}{{sfn|Starr|2015|p=42}}

===Division of the Kara-Khanid Khanate===
[[File:Prince on his throne, with standing courtesans, Afrasiyab, Samarkand, 1170-1220 CE. National History Museum of Samarkand.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Prince on his throne, with standing courtiers, [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiyab]], [[Samarkand]], dated 1170–1220 CE. [[State Museum of History of Uzbekistan|National History Museum of Samarkand]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frantz |first1=Grenet |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |page=232|quote="Fig. 181 – Prince en trône flanqué de deux courtisans -Iran- vers 1170–1220 Samarcande, Musée National d'histoire (...) Des vaisselles de typologie iranienne (...) ont été mises à jour à Afrasiab. Des coupes lustrées et des fragments à décor polychrome (...) y ont également été découverts (fig. 181)"}}</ref>]]
[[File:Ali-Tegin.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Dirham]] of Kara-Khanid ruler [[Ali-Tegin]], minted at [[Dabusiyya]] in 1032/3.]]
Early in the 11th century the unity of the Karakhanid dynasty was fractured by frequent internal warfare that eventually resulted in the formation of two independent Karakhanid states. A son of Hasan Bughra Khan, [[Ali-Tegin|Ali Tegin]], seized control of Bukhara and other towns. He expanded his territory further after the death of Mansur. The son of Nasr, [[Böritigin]], later waged war against the sons of Ali Tegin, and won control of a large part of Transoxiana, making Samarkand the capital. In 1041, another son of Nasr b. Ali, Muhammad 'Ayn ad-Dawlah (reigned 1041–52) took over the administration of the western branch of the family that eventually led to a formal separation of the Khara-Khanid Khanate. Ibrahim Tamghach Khan was considered by Muslim historians as a great ruler, and he brought some stability to the Western Karakhanids by limiting the appanage system that caused much of the internal strife in the Kara-Khanid Khanate.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}

The Hasan family remained in control of the Eastern Khanate. The Eastern Khanate had its capital at Balasaghun and later Kashgar. The Fergana-Zhetysu areas became the border between the two states and were frequently contested. When the two states were formed, Fergana fell into realm of the Eastern Khanate, but was later captured by Ibrahim and became part of the Western Khanate.

===Seljuk suzerainty===
[[File:Kara-Khanid Turkic bowman with long braids, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Kara-Khanid bowman with characteristic Turkic long braids, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fray |first1=Géraldine |last2=Reutova |first2=Marina |title=Du terrain à la muséographique. La restauration de peintures murales en Ouzbékistan : Kazakl iyatkan/akchkhan - PDF Free Download |journal=Cahiers d'Asie centrale |date=2013 |volume=21/22 |page=618, Figure 16 |url=https://docplayer.fr/58776530-Du-terrain-a-la-museographique-la-restauration-de-peintures-murales-en-ouzbekistan-kazakl-iyatkan-akchkhan.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frantz |first1=Grenet |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |pages=221–222}}</ref>]]
In 1040, the [[Seljuk Empire]] defeated the Ghaznavids at the [[Battle of Dandanaqan]] and entered Iran. Conflict with the Karakhanids broke out, but the Karakhanids were able to withstand attacks by the Seljuks initially, even briefly taking control of Seljuk towns in [[Greater Khorasan]]. The Karakhanids, however, developed serious conflicts with the religious classes (the ''[[ulama]]''), and the ''ulama'' of Transoxiana then requested the intervention of the Seljuks. In 1089, during the reign of Ibrahim's grandson Ahmad b. Khidr, the Seljuks entered and took control of Samarkand, together with the domains belonging to the Western Khanate.  For half a century, the Western Karakhanid Khanate was a [[vassal]] of the Seljuks, who largely controlled the appointment of the Khanate's rulers in that time. Ahmad b. Khidr was returned to power by the Seljuks, but in 1095, the ''ulama'' accused Ahmad of heresy and managed to secure his execution.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}

The Karakhanids of Kashgar also declared their submission following a Seljuk campaign into Talas and Zhetysu, but the Eastern Khanate was a Seljuk vassal for only a short time. At the beginning of the 12th century the Eastern Khanate invaded Transoxiana and briefly occupied the Seljuk town of Termez.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}}

=== Qara Khitai invasion ===
The [[Qara Khitai]] (Western Liao dynasty) host which invaded Central Asia was composed of remnants from the defunct [[Liao dynasty]] which was annihilated by the [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] in 1125. The Liao noble [[Yelü Dashi]] recruited warriors from various tribes and formed a horde that moved westward to rebuild the Liao dynasty. Yelü occupied Balasagun on the [[Chu River]], then defeated the Western Karakhanids in [[Khujand]] in 1137.{{sfn|Asimov|1998}} In 1141 [[Qara Khitai]] became the dominant force in the region after they dealt a devastating blow to the Seljuk Sultan [[Ahmad Sanjar]] and the Kara-Khanids at the [[Battle of Qatwan]] near [[Samarkand]].{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} Several military commanders of Karakhanid lineages such as the father of Osman of [[Khwarazm]] fled from Karakhanid lands in the wake of the Qara Khitai invasion.

[[File:Kara-Khanid ruler (sitting cross-legged on a throne), Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.jpg|thumb|Detail of a Kara-Khanid ruler, probably [[Uthman ibn Ibrahim]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Frantz |first1=Grenet |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |page=222|quote="'Uthman ibn Brahim (...) très probablement commanditaire des peintures de Samarkand""}}</ref> sitting cross-legged on a throne in the complete reconstructed relief, [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiab]], [[Samarkand]], circa 1200 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karev |first1=Yury |title=Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004257009 |pages=114–115|quote="The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) the main scenes from the northern wall represents the ruler sitting cross-legged on a throne (see Figs 13, 14) (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions."}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Frantz |first1=Grenet |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |pages=221–222|quote="Peintures murales qui ornaient (...) la résidence privée des derniers souverains qarakhanides de Samarkande (fin du 12ième - début du 13ième siècle (...) le souverain assis, les jambes repliées sur le trône, tient une flèche, symbole du pouvoir (Fig. 171)."}}</ref> The portrait was possibly defaced in 1212 when the [[Khwarazmian Empire]] shah [[Muḥammad b. Tekish]] took over Samarkand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Karev |first1=Yury |title=Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004257009 |page=120|quote="We cannot exclude the possibility that this action was related to the dramatic events of the year 1212, when Samarqand was taken by the Khwarazmshah Muḥammad b. Tekish."}}</ref>]]
Despite losing to the Qara Khitai, the Karakhanid dynasty remained in power as their vassals. The Qara Khitai themselves stayed at [[Jetisu|Zhetysu]] near Balasagun, and allowed some of the Karakhanids to continue to rule as their tax collectors in Samarkand and Kashgar. Under the Qara Khitai the Karakhanids functioned as administrators for sedentary Muslim populations. While the Qara Khitai were Buddhists ruling over a largely Muslim population, they were considered fair-minded rulers whose reign was marked by religious tolerance.{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} Islamic religious life continued uninterrupted and Islamic authority persevered under the Qara Khitai. Kashgar became a [[Nestorianism|Nestorian]] [[metropolis (religious jurisdiction)|metropolitan see]] and Christian gravestones in the Chu River Valley appeared beginning in this period.{{sfn|Asimov|1998}} However, [[Kuchlug]], a [[Naimans|Naiman]] who usurped the throne of the Qara Khitai dynasty, instituted anti-Islamic policies on the local populations under his rule.{{sfn|Biran|2005|pp=194–196}}

=== Downfall ===
The decline of the Seljuks following their defeat by the [[Qara Khitais]] at the [[Battle of Qatwan]] (1141) allowed the [[Khwarazmian Empire|Khwarazmian dynasty]], then a vassal of the Qara Khitai, to expand into former Seljuk territory, where they became independent rulers circa 1190. In 1207, the citizens of Bukhara revolted against the ''sadrs'' (leaders of the religious classes), which the [[Khwarazmshah]] [[Muhammad II of Khwarazm|'Ala' ad-Din Muhammad]] used as a pretext to conquer Bukhara. Muhammad then formed an alliance with the Western Karakhanid ruler [[Uthman ibn Ibrahim]] (who later married Muhammad's daughter) against the Qara Khitai. In 1210, the Khwarezm-Shah took Samarkand after the Qara Khitai retreated to deal with the rebellion from the Naiman Kuchlug, who had seized the Qara Khitans' treasury at Uzgen.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}} The Khwarezm-Shah then defeated the Qara Khitai near Talas. Muhammad and Kuchlug had, apparently, agreed to divide up the Qara Khitan's empire.{{sfn|Golden|1990|p=370}} In 1212, the population of Samarkand staged a revolt against the Khwarezmians, a revolt which Uthman supported, and massacred them. The Khwarezm-Shah returned, recaptured Samarkand and executed Uthman. He demanded the submission of all leading Karakhanids, and finally extinguished the Western Karakhanid state.

In 1204, a rebellion of the Eastern Kara-Khanid in Kashgar was suppressed by the Kara-Khitai who took the prince Yusuf hostage to Balasagun.{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=81}}   The prince was later released but he was killed in Kashgar by the rebels in 1211, effectively ending the Eastern Kara-Khanid.{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=81}}  In 1214, the rebels in Kashgar surrendered to [[Kuchlug]], who had usurped the Kara-Khitai throne.{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=81}}  In 1218, Kuchlug was killed by the [[Mongol invasions and conquests|Mongol army]].  Some of the Kara-Khitai's eastern vassals including Eastern Kara-Khanids then joined the Mongol forces to conquer the Khwarezmian Empire.{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=87}}

== Culture ==
{{see also|Central Asian art|Architecture of Central Asia}}
[[File:Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk (original).jpg|thumb|[[Early world map]] from ''[[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]]'' ("Compendium of the languages of the Turks"), an Arab-Turkish dictionary by the Kara-Khanid writer [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]], written in [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] Baghdad in 1072-74 CE (1266 copy).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Yong |first1=Heming |last2=Peng |first2=Jing |title=Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911 |date=14 August 2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-156167-2 |pages=379–380 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYFBtTUZFxEC&pg=PA379 |language=en}}</ref>]]
The takeover by the Karakhanids did not change the essentially Iranian character of Central Asia, though it set into motion a demographic and ethnolinguistic shift. During the Karakhanid era, the local population began using Turkic in speech – initially the shift was linguistic with the local people adopting the Turkic language.{{sfn|Golden|2011}} While Central Asia became Turkicized over the centuries, culturally the Turks came close to being Persianized or, in certain respects, Arabicized.{{sfn|Soucek|2000}} Nevertheless, the official or court language used in Kashgar and other Karakhanid centers, referred to as "Khaqani" (royal), remained Turkic.  The language was partly based on dialects spoken by the Turkic tribes that made up the Karakhanids and possessed qualities of linear descent from [[Göktürks|Kök]] and [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] Turkic. The [[Old Uyghur alphabet|Turkic script]] was also used for all documents and correspondence of the khaqans, according to ''[[Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk]]''.<ref name="clark">{{citation |author=Larry Clark |title=Turkology in Mainz |chapter=The Turkic script and Kutadgu Bilig |publisher=Otto Harrasowitz GmbH & Co |year=2010 |page=96 |isbn=978-3-447-06113-1 }}</ref>

[[File:UzgenMausoleum.jpg|thumb|left|11th–12th-century Karakhanid mausolea in [[Uzgen]], [[Kyrgyzstan]].]]

The ''Dīwānu l-Luġat al-Turk'' (Dictionary of Languages of the Turks) was written by a prominent Karakhanid historian, [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]], who may have lived for some time in Kashgar at the Karakhanid court. He wrote this first comprehensive dictionary of Turkic languages in Arabic for the Caliphs of [[Baghdad]] in 1072–76. Another famous Karakhanid writer was [[Yusuf Balasaghuni]], who wrote ''[[Kutadgu Bilig]]'' (The Wisdom of Felicity), the only known literary work written in [[Turki]]c from the Karakhanid period.<ref name="clark"/> ''Kutadgu Bilig'' is a form of [[Islamic advice literature|advice literature]] known as [[mirrors for princes]].<ref name="anthology">{{cite book |author1=Scott Cameron Levi |author2=Ron Sela |title=Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources |chapter=Chapter 13 – Yusuf Hass Hajib: Advice to the Qarakhanid Rulers |pages=76–81 |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-253-35385-6 }}</ref> The Turkic identity is evident in both of these pieces of work, but they also showed the influences of Persian and Islamic culture.{{sfn|Tetley|2009|p=27}} However, the court culture of the Karakhanids remained almost entirely Persian.{{sfn|Tetley|2009|p=27}} The two last western khaqans also wrote poetry in Persian.<ref name="iranica"/>

[[File:Burana_tower_2009.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Burana Tower]], an early Kara-Khanid minaret built in [[Balasagun]] in the 11th century.]]
''The Cambridge World History'' describes the Kara-Khanid state as the first of the Islamic [[Turco-Persian tradition|Turco-Iranian]] states.<ref name="Cambridge">{{cite book |last1=Khazanov |first1=Anatoly M. |author1-link=Anatoly Khazanov |editor1-last=Kedar |editor1-first=Benjamin Z. |editor2-last=Wiesner-Hanks |editor2-first=Merry E. |editor1-link=Benjamin Z. Kedar |editor2-link=Merry Wiesner-Hanks |title=The Cambridge World History (Vol. V): Expanding Webs of Exchange and Conflict, 500 CE–1500 CE |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19074-9 |page=369 |chapter=Pastoral nomadic migrations and conquests|quote=Meanwhile, a new type of statehood, the Islamic Turco-Iranian states, emerged in Central Asia and the Middle East. These were states of the conquest-type, in which the nomadic or formerly nomadic elites, who had converted to Islam, ruled over the conquered sedentary countries with the assistance of Iranian bureaucracy. The first such state was the Qarakhanid one, named after the ruling dynasty, which lasted from 992 to 1214}}</ref>

Islam and its civilization flourished under the Karakhanids.  The earliest example of ''[[madrasas]]'' in Central Asia was founded in Samarkand by [[Böritigin|Ibrahim Tamghach Khan]]. Ibrahim also founded a hospital to care for the sick as well as providing shelter for the poor.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}} His son [[Shams al-Mulk Nasr]] built [[ribat]]s for the [[caravanserais]] on the route between Bukhara and Samarkand, as well as a palace near Bukhara. Some of the buildings constructed by the Karakhanids still survive today, including the [[Kalyan minaret]] built by Mohammad Arslan Khan beside the main mosque in Bukhara, and three mausolea in Uzgend. The early Karakhanid rulers, as nomads, lived not in the city but in an army encampment outside the capital, and while by the time of Ibrahim the Karakhanids still maintained a nomadic tradition, their extensive religious and civil constructions showed that they had assimilated the culture and traditions of the settled population of Transoxiana.{{sfn|Asimov|1998|pp=119–144}} During the excavations of the citadel of Samarkand, the ruins of the palace of the Karakhanid ruler Ibrahim ibn Hussein (1178–1202) were found. The palace was decorated with wall paintings.<ref>Karev, Yury (2005) “Qarākhānid wall paintings in the citadel of Samarqand. First report and preliminary observations”, Muqarnas, 22: 43–81</ref><ref>Karev, Yury (2003) “Un cycle de peintures murales d’époque qarākhānide (XIIème-XIIIème siècles) à la citadelle de Samarkand: le souverain et le peintre”, Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, fasc. 4: 301–347.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
Kara-Khanid Band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading kām-i dil, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.jpg|Kara-Khanid band of inscription containing a fragment of poetry reading kām-i dil, [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiab]], [[Samarkand]], circa 1200 CE.<ref name="Karev115">{{cite book |last1=Karev |first1=Yury |title=Turko-Mongol rulers, cities and city life |date=2013 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-9004257009 |pages=115–120|quote="The ceramics and monetary finds in the pavilion can be dated to no earlier than to the second half of the twelfth century, and more plausibly towards the end of that century. This is the only pavilion of those excavated that was decorated with paintings, which leave no doubt about the master of the place. (...) The whole artistic project was aimed at exalting the royal figure and the magnificence of his court. (...) It was undoubtedly a private residence of the Qarakhanid ruler and his family and not a place for solemn receptions."}}</ref>
Kara-Khanid decorative band with aniimals, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.jpg|Kara-Khanid decorative band with animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.
Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, circa 1200 CE.jpg|Kara-Khanid bands of inscription with running animals, Afrasiab, Samarkand, circa 1200 CE.<ref name="Karev115"/>
</gallery>

Numerous works of art and decorative objects are also known from the realm of the Kara-Khanids during the time of their rule (840–1212). Samarkand, with its old citadel of [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiab]] where many works of art have been excavated, was conquered by the Kara-Khanids between 990 and 992, and held until 1212 (11th–12th centuries):
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px" perrow="4">
File:Bowl with bird - Uzbekistan, Afrasiab (Samarkand) -11th century - Reserve, A -398-1 ; KP 1829.jpg|Bowl with bird. [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiab]] (Samarkand), 11th century.<ref name="AC234"/>
File:Bol - Uzbekistan, Afrasiab (Samarcand) -11th century - Reserve A-49-311 ; KP-215.jpg|Decorated bowl. [[Afrasiyab (Samarkand)|Afrasiab]] (Samarkand), 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collinet |first1=Anabelle |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |page=231}}</ref>
File:Mirror with figure of a Harpy, 11-12th century, Termez, Uzbekistan.jpg|Mirror with figure of a [[Harpy]], 11–12th century, [[Termez]].<ref name="AC234">{{cite book |last1=Collinet |first1=Anabelle |title=Splendeurs des oasis d'Ouzbékistan |date=2022 |publisher=Louvre Editions |location=Paris |isbn=978-8412527858 |page=234}}</ref>
File:Lampe à double bec (Paykend).jpg|Lamp with double beak, 11–12th century. [[Paykend]].<ref name="AC234"/>
</gallery>

== Legacy ==
Kara-Khanid is arguably the most enduring cultural heritage among coexisting cultures in Central Asia from the 9th to the 13th centuries. The Karluk-Uyghur dialect spoken by the nomadic tribes and Turkified sedentary populations under Kara-Khanid rule formed two major branches of the Turkic language family, the [[Chagatai language|Chagatay]] and the [[Kipchak languages|Kypchak]]. The Kara-Khanid cultural model that combined nomadic Turkic culture with Islamic, sedentary institutions spread east into former [[Gaochang|Kara-Khoja]] and [[Tangut people|Tangut]] territories and west and south into the subcontinent, Khorasan (Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Northern Iran), [[Golden Horde]] territories ([[Tataristan]]), and [[Turkey]]. The [[Chagatai Khanate|Chagatay]], Timurid, and [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] states and societies inherited most of the cultures of the Kara-Khanids and the Khwarezmians without much interruption.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

The Kara-Khanids translated the [[Quran]] into [[Middle Turkic]]. There are four surviving copies of the Quran translations found in various collections and a Middle Turkic excerpt of [[Al-Fatiha]], which supposedly belong to the Kara-Khanid period.<ref name=tercume>{{cite web|url=http://atalarmirasi.org/tr/234-kuran-terc%C3%BCmeleri|title=Kur'an Tercümeleri|publisher=International Turkic Academy|language=tr}}</ref>

==Identification with China==
{{Central Asia 1000 CE|right|The Kara Khanid Khanate and neighbouring polities, {{circa|1000}}.||Map of the Kara-Khanid Khanate.png}}
Kara-Khanid monarchs adopted ''Tamghaj Khan'' (Turkic for "Khan of China"; {{lang|zh-Hant|桃花石汗}}) or ''Malik al-Mashriq wa-l’Sin'' (Arabic for "King of the East and China"; {{lang|zh-Hant|東方與秦之主}}) as their title, and minted coins bearing these titles.<ref name="China1">{{cite journal|last1=Biran|first1=Michal |year=2001 |title=Qarakhanid Studies: A View from the Qara Khitai Edge|journal=Cahiers d'Asie centrale |volume=9 |pages=77–89 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/asiecentrale/619}}</ref><ref name="China2">{{cite book|last1=Biran|first1=Michal|title=Karakhanid Khanate|year=2016|url=http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/wbeoe156%20qarakhanids%20eoe%2016.pdf|page=2}}</ref> Another title they used was ''Sulṭān al-Sharq wa al-Ṣīn'' (Sultan of the East and China).<ref>{{cite book |author=Dilnova Duturaeva |title=Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-51033-3 |page=16}}</ref> Early period "proto-Qarakhanid" coinage featured Chinese-style square-holed coins, combined with Arabic writing.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dilnova Duturaeva |title=Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-51033-3 |page=14}}</ref>

Much of the realm of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, including [[Transoxiana]] and the western [[Tarim Basin]], had been under the rule of the [[Tang dynasty]] prior to the [[Battle of Talas]] in 751, and the Kara-Khanid rulers continued to identify their dynasty with China several centuries later.<ref name="China1"/> Yusuf Qadir Khan sent the first Kara-Khanid envoy to the Song dynasty, Boyla Saghun, to request the Song to send an official envoy who would help 'pacify' Khotan, apparently seeking to use the prestige of the Chinese court to strengthen the Kara-Khanids' local status.<ref>{{cite book |author=Dilnova Duturaeva |title=Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-51033-3 |pages=77–78}}</ref>

The Kara-Khanid rulers also formed marriage relations with the Liao dynasty and addressed the Song emperors as "maternal uncle", in possible imitation of Uyghur and Tibetan rulers who had marital relations with the previous Tang dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dilnova Duturaeva |title=Qarakhanid Roads to China: A History of Sino-Turkic Relations |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-51033-3 |pages=109–110}}</ref>

In an account, the Kara-Khanid scholar [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] referred to his homeland, around [[Kashgar]], then part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate, as "Lower China".{{sfn|Biran|2005|p=98}}

==Genetics==
[[File:Karakhanid female, Jambyl Region Museum, Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|Karakhanid female, Jambyl Region Museum, Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duturaeva |first1=Dilnoza |title=Qarakhanid roads to China: a history of Sino-Turkic relations |date=2022 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-51033-3 |page=70, Figure 1 |quote=Figure 1 Qarakhanid Female Image on a Ceramic Fragment. Courtesy of Jambyl Region History Museum, Kazakhstan}}</ref>]]
{{See also|Göktürks#Genetics|Karluks#Genetics|Kimek tribe#Genetics|Kipchaks#Genetics|Golden Horde#Genetics}}
A genetic study published in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' in May 2018 examined the remains of three Khara-Khanid individuals.{{sfn|Damgaard et al.|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 2, Rows 117-119}} They were found to be carrying the maternal haplogroups [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G2a2]], [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]] and [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J1c]].{{sfn|Damgaard et al.|2018|loc=Supplementary Table 8, Rows 60-62}} The Kara-Khanid were found to have more [[East Asian people|East Asian]] ancestry than the preceding [[Goktürks]].{{sfn|Damgaard et al.|2018|p=4}}

==Monarchs==
[[File:Genealogy of the Karakhanids.png|thumb|Genealogy of the Karakhanids]]
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
{{History of Central Asia}}
*[[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]] (840–893)
*[[Bazir Arslan Khan]] (893–920)
*[[Oghulcak Khan]] (893–940)
*[[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan|Satuk Bughra Khan]] 920–955, in 932 adopted Islam,{{sfn|Grousset|2004|p=145}} in 940 took power over [[Karluks]]
*[[Musa Bughra Khan]] 955–958
*Suleyman Arslan Khan 958–970
*[[Ali Arslan Khan]] 970–998, Great Qaghan  
*Ahmad Arslan Qara Khan 998–1017, son of Ali Arslan
*Mansur Arslan Khan 1017–1024, son of Ali Arslan
*Muhammad Toghan Khan 1024–1026, son of [[Hasan b. Sulayman]]
*Yusuf Qadir Khan 1026–1032, son of Hasan b. Sulayman
*[[Ali Tigin Bughra Khan]] (1020–1034), Great Qaghan in [[Samarkand]], son of Hasan b. Sulayman
*Abu Shuja' Sulayman 1034–1042

'''Western Karakhanids'''

*[[Tamghach Khan Ibrahim]] (also known as Böritigin) c. 1040–1068
*[[Shams al-Mulk Nasr]]  1068–1080: married Aisha, daughter of [[Alp Arslan]].<ref>Ann K. S. Lambton, ''Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia'', (State University of New York, 1988), 263.</ref>
*Khidr 1080–1081
*Ahmad 1081–1089
*Ya'qub Qadir Khan 1089–1095
*Mas'ud 1095–1097
*Sulayman Qadir Tamghach 1097
*Mahmud Arslan Khan 1097–1099
*Jibrail Arslan Khan 1099–1102
*Muhammad Arslan Khan 1102–1129
*Nasr 1129
*Ahmad Qadir Khan 1129–1130
*Hasan Jalal ad-Dunya 1130–1132
*Ibrahim Rukn ad-Dunya 1132
*Mahmud 1132–1141 
*Ibrahim Tabghach Khan 1141–1156
*Ali Chaghri Khan 1156–1161
*Mas'ud Tabghach Khan 1161–1171
*Muhammad Tabghach Khan 1171–1178
*Ibrahim Arslan Khan 1178–1202
*[[Uthman ibn Ibrahim]] 1202–1212

'''Eastern Karakhanids'''

*Ebu Shuca Sulayman 1042–1056
*Muhammad bin Yusuph 1056–1057
*İbrahim bin Muhammad Khan 1057–1059
*Mahmud 1059–1075
*Umar (Kara-Khanid) 1075
*Ebu Ali el-Hasan 1075–1102
*Ahmad Khan 1102–1128
*İbrahim bin Ahmad 1128–1158
*Muhammad bin İbrahim 1158–?
*Yusuph bin Muhammad ?–1205
*Ebul Feth Muhammad 1205–1211

==Genealogy of House of Qara-Khan==
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|"House of [[Afrasiab]]"}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#FFC90E|#white; border-width:2px}} Qara-Khanid Khanate <br>
{{Color sample|border=#2E8D37|#white; border-width:2px}} Eastern Qara-Khanid Khanate <br>
{{Color sample|border=#8AA949|#white; border-width:2px}} Western Qara-Khanid Khanate
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Bilge Kul Qadır Khan|Bilge-Kul]]''' <br>{{r.|840|893}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#FFC90E
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Bazir Arslan Khan|Bazir]]''' <br>{{r.|893|920}}
|A02='''[[Oghulchak Khan|Oghulchuq]]''' <br>{{r.|920|940}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan|Satuq]]''' <br>{{r.|940|955}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A02 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Musa Baytash Khan|Musa]]''' <br>{{r.|955|958}}
|A02='''Sulayman I''' <br>{{r.|958|970}}
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|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#FFC90E
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A02 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Ali Arslan Khan|Ali I]]''' <br>{{r.|993|998}}
|A02='''[[Hasan ibn Sulayman|Hasan I]]''' <br>{{r.|970|993}}
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{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | | | | | | A04 | | A05 | | | | | | A06 | |
|A01='''Ahmad I''' <br>{{r.|998|1017}}
|A02='''Mansur''' <br>{{r.|1017|1024}}
|A03=Nasr
|A04='''Muhammad I''' <br>{{r.|1024|1026}}
|A05='''Yusuf I''' <br>{{r.|1026|1032}}
|A06='''[[Ali-Tegin|Ali II]]''' <br>{{r.|1032|1034}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | |:| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | | | | | | | | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | A06 | |
|A01='''Mahmud I''' <br>{{r.|1097|1099}}
|A02='''[[Böritigin|Ibrahim I]]''' <br>{{r.|1040|1068}}
|A03='''Sulayman II''' <br>{{r.|1034|1042}} <br>{{hilight|{{r.|1042|1055}}|#2E8D37}}
|A04='''Muhammad II''' <br>{{r.|1055|1057}}
|A05='''Mahmud''' <br>{{r.|1059|1075}}
|A06=Yusuf
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{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | A06 | | A07 | | A08 | | A09 | |
|A01='''[[Shams al-Mulk Nasr|Nasr I]]''' <br>{{r.|1068|1080}}
|A02='''Khidr''' <br>{{r.|1080|1081}}
|A03=Muhammad
|A04=Dawud
|A05='''Ya'qub''' <br>{{r.|1089|1095}}
|A06='''Hasan II''' <br>{{r.|1075|1102}}
|A07='''Ibrahim I''' <br>{{r.|1057|1059}}
|A08='''Umar''' <br>{{r.|1075|1075}}
|A09=Abdul-Mu'min
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | | A04 | | | | | | A05 | | A06 | |
|A01='''Ahmad II''' <br>{{r.|1081|1089}}
|A02='''Mas'ud I''' <br>{{r.|1095|1097}}
|A03='''Sulayman III''' <br>{{r.|1097|1097}}
|A04='''Ahmad II''' <br>{{r.|1102|1128}}
|A05='''Jibril''' <br>{{r.|1099|1102}}
|A06=Ali
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | |)|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | | | | | | A04 | |
|A01='''Muhammad II''' <br>{{r.|1102|1129}}
|A02='''Ibrahim II''' <br>{{r.|1132|1132}}
|A03='''Ibrahim II''' <br>{{r.|1128|1158}}
|A04='''Hasan II''' <br>{{r.|1130|1132}}
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | | A06 | | | | | | A07 | |
|A01='''Nasr II''' <br>{{r.|1129|1129}}
|A02='''Ahmad III''' <br>{{r.|1129|1130}}
|A03='''Mahmud II''' <br>{{r.|1132|1141}}
|A04='''Ibrahim III''' <br>{{r.|1141|1156}}
|A05='''Muhammad III''' <br>{{r.|1158|1180}}
|A06='''Ali III''' <br>{{r.|1156|1161}}
|A07=Husayn
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#8AA949
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{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|(| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | |
|A01='''Yusuf II''' <br>{{r.|1180|1205}}
|A02='''Mas'ud II''' <br>{{r.|1161|1168}}
|A03='''Nasr III''' <br>{{r.|1168|1171}}
|A04='''[[Ibrahim ibn Hussein|Ibrahim IV]]''' <br>{{r.|1178|1202}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#2E8D37
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#8AA949
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#8AA949
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#8AA949
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | |!| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | | | | | A03 | |
|A01='''Muhammad IV''' <br>{{r.|1205|1211}}
|A02='''Muhammad III''' <br>{{r.|1171|1178}}
|A03='''[[Uthman ibn Ibrahim|Uthman]]''' <br>{{r.|1202|1212}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#2E8D37
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#8AA949
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#8AA949
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==See also==
*[[Khanate]]
*[[Göktürks]]
*[[Uyghur Khaganate]]
*[[Uyghur people]]
*[[Karluks]]
*[[Chigils]]
*[[Yagma|Yaghmas]]
*[[List of Sunni Muslim dynasties]]
*[[History of the central steppe]]
*[[Islamization and Turkification of Xinjiang]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
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{{refend}}

{{Clear}}
{{Central Asian history}}
{{Historical polities in Xinjiang}}
{{Inner Asia}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ashina tribe]]
[[Category:1212 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:840 establishments]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Khanates]]
[[Category:Former confederations]]
[[Category:Diarchies]]
[[Category:Uyghur history]]