View source for Karlsruhe

{{short description|City in Baden-Württemberg, Germany}}
{{Other uses|Karlsruhe (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox German location
| name                = Karlsruhe
| German_name = <small>''Kallsruh'' ([[South Franconian German|South Franconian]])</small>
| type                = City
| image_photo         = {{Photomontage|position=center
| photo1a             = Karlsruhe asv2022-10 img07 Schloss Karlsruhe.jpg{{!}}Karlsruhe Palace
| photo2a             = Aerial image of the Karlsruhe Schlossgarten (view from the south).jpg{{!}}Aerial view
| photo2b             = Karlsruhe, Schloßplatz - panoramio.jpg{{!}}Schlossplatz (Castle Square)
| photo3a             = Konzerthaus Karlsruhe bei Nacht.jpg{{!}}Concert Hall
| photo3b             = Badische Krone (1).JPG{{!}}Crown of Baden
| size                = 280
| spacing             = 2
| color               = #FFFFFF
| border              = 0}}
| image_caption       = Clockwise from top: [[Karlsruhe Palace]], ''Schlossplatz'', [[Crown of Baden]], ''Konzerthaus'', view over Karlsruhe 
| image_flag          = Flagge Karlsruhe.svg
| image_coa           = Coat of arms de-bw Karlsruhe.svg
| coordinates         = {{coord|49.00920970|8.40395140|format=dms|display=it}}
| state               = Baden-Württemberg
| region              = Karlsruhe
| district            = urban
| elevation           = 115
| area                = 173.46
| postal_code         = 76131–76229 <!-- keine Postfächer/Großempfänger -->
| area_code           = 0721
| licence             = KA
| Gemeindeschlüssel   = 08 2 12 000
| divisions           = 27 [[Quarter (country subdivision)|quarters]]
| website             = [https://www.karlsruhe.de/ karlsruhe.de]
| mayor               = [[Frank Mentrup]]<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/oberbuergermeisterwahl-karlsruhe-2020/ Bürgermeisterwahl 2020], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 3 February 2022.</ref>
| leader_term         = 2020&ndash;28
| Bürgermeistertitel  = Oberbürgermeister
| party               = SPD
| year                = 1715
}}

'''Karlsruhe''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɑr|l|z|r|uː|ə}} {{respell|KARLZ|roo|ə}}; {{IPAc-en|USalso|ˈ|k|ɑːr|l|s|-}} {{respell|KARLSS|-}};<ref name="AHD">{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Karlsruhe|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190418115101/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Karlsruhe "Karlsruhe"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Karlsruhe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182504/https://www.lexico.com/definition/karlsruhe |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Karlsruhe |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Karlsruhe|access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|de|ˈkaʁlsˌʁuːə|lang|De-Karlsruhe2.ogg}}; [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]]: ''Kallsruh'') is the [[List of cities in Baden-Württemberg by population|third-largest city]] of the [[States of Germany|German state]] of [[Baden-Württemberg]], after its capital [[Stuttgart]] and [[Mannheim]], and the [[List of cities in Germany by population|22nd-largest city]] in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-13 |title=Mannheim wieder zweitgrößte Stadt im Land - SWR Aktuell |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/mannheim/mannheim-platz-zwei-baden-wuerttemberg-karlsruhe-100.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613180627/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/mannheim/mannheim-platz-zwei-baden-wuerttemberg-karlsruhe-100.html |archive-date=2021-06-13 }}</ref> It is also a former capital of [[Baden]], a historic region named after Hohenbaden Castle in the city of [[Baden-Baden]]. Located on the right bank of the [[Rhine]] ([[Upper Rhine]]) near the French border, between the [[Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region|Mannheim-Ludwigshafen conurbation]] to the north and [[Strasbourg]] to the south, Karlsruhe is Germany's legal center, being home to the [[Federal Constitutional Court]], the [[Federal Court of Justice]] and the [[Public Prosecutor General (Germany)|Public Prosecutor General]].

Karlsruhe was the capital of the [[Margraviate of Baden-Durlach]] ([[Durlach]]: 1565–1718; Karlsruhe: 1718–1771), the [[Margraviate of Baden]] (1771–1803), the [[Electorate of Baden]] (1803–1806), the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] (1806–1918), and the [[Republic of Baden]] (1918–1945). Its most remarkable building is [[Karlsruhe Palace]], which was built in 1715. It contains the [[Badisches Landesmuseum|Baden State Museum]], the large cultural, art and regional history museum of the Baden region of Baden-Württemberg. There are nine institutions of higher education in the city, most notably the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]]. [[Karlsruhe/Baden-Baden Airport]] is the second-busiest airport in Baden-Württemberg after [[Stuttgart Airport]], and the 17th-busiest airport in Germany.

==Geography==
[[File:49th Parallel Karlsruhe.JPG|thumb|left|The [[49th parallel north]] in the Karlsruhe Stadtgarten]]
Karlsruhe lies completely to the east of the [[Rhine]], and almost completely on the [[Upper Rhine Plain]]. It contains the [[Turmberg]] in the east, and also lies on the borders of the [[Kraichgau]] leading to the [[Northern Black Forest]].

The Rhine, one of the world's most important shipping routes, forms the western limits of the city, beyond which lie the towns of [[Maximiliansau]] and [[Wörth am Rhein]] in the German state of [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. The city centre is about {{convert|7.5|km|abbr=on}} from the river, as measured from the Marktplatz (Market Square). Two tributaries of the Rhine, the [[Alb (Upper Rhine)|Alb]] and the [[Pfinz]], flow through the city from the Kraichgau to eventually join the Rhine.

The city lies at an altitude of between {{Convert|100 and 322|m|ft|abbr=on}}, the higher figure being near the communications tower in the suburb of Grünwettersbach. Its geographical coordinates are {{Coord|49|00|N|8|24|E|type:city(282595)_region:DE-BW}}; the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] runs through the city centre, which puts it at the same latitude as much of the [[Canada–United States border]] and the cities of [[Vancouver]] (Canada), [[Paris]] (France), [[Regensburg]] (Germany), and [[Hulunbuir]] (China). Its course is marked by a stone and painted line in the ''Stadtgarten'' (municipal park). The total area of the city is {{convert|173.46|km2|abbr=on}},  hence it is the 30th largest city in Germany measured by land area. The longest north–south distance is {{convert|16.8|km|abbr=on}} and {{convert|19.3|km|abbr=on}} in the east–west direction.

Karlsruhe is part of the urban area of Karlsruhe/Pforzheim, to which certain other towns in the [[Karlsruhe (district)|district of Karlsruhe]], such as [[Bruchsal]], [[Ettlingen]], [[Stutensee]], and [[Rheinstetten]], as well as the city of [[Pforzheim]], belong.

The city was planned with the palace tower (''Schloss'') at the center and 32&nbsp;streets radiating out from it like the [[spokes]] of a wheel, or the ribs of a [[fan (implement)|folding fan]], so that one [[nickname]] for Karlsruhe in German is the "fan city" (''Fächerstadt''). Almost all of these streets survive to this day. Because of this city layout, in [[metric geometry]], [[Karlsruhe metric]] refers to a measure of distance that assumes travel is only possible along radial streets and along circular avenues around the centre.<ref>{{cite web|author=Rashid Bin Muhammad |url=http://www.personal.kent.edu/~rmuhamma/Compgeometry/MyCG/CG-Applets/VoroKarlsruhe/karlcli.htm |title=Karlsruhe-Metric Voronoi Diagram |publisher=Personal.kent.edu |access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref>

The city centre is the oldest part of town and lies south of the palace in the quadrant defined by nine of the radial streets. The central part of the palace runs east–west, with two wings, each at a 45°&nbsp;angle, directed southeast and southwest (i.e.,&nbsp;parallel with the streets marking the boundaries of the quadrant defining the city center).

The [[market square]] lies on the street running south from the palace to [[Ettlingen]]. The market square has the [[town hall]] (''Rathaus'') to the west, the main [[Lutheran]] church (''Evangelische Stadtkirche'') to the east, and the tomb of [[Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach|Margrave Charles III William]] in [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|a pyramid]] in the buildings, resulting in Karlsruhe being one of only three large cities in Germany where buildings are laid out in the [[neoclassicism|neoclassical]] style.

The area north of the palace is a park and forest. Originally the area to the east of the palace consisted of gardens and forests, some of which remain, but the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] (founded in 1825), [[Wildparkstadion]] football stadium, and residential areas have been built there. The area west of the palace is now mostly residential.
{{Wide image|Karlsruhe 180 panorama.JPG|600|Panorama of Karlsruhe, looking south from the palace tower: The Institute of Technology is on the left, the market square in the centre, the Federal Constitutional Court on the right. Wings of the palace align with streets, all radiating out from the centre of town, i.e.,&nbsp;the palace tower.}}
{{Wide image|Karlsruher Schloss 180 degrees south panorama.jpg|600|A 180-degree panorama from atop [[Karlsruhe Palace|the palace]] tower, facing north}}

===Climate===
Karlsruhe experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') and its winter climate is milder, compared to most other German cities, except for the [[Rhine-Ruhr#Climate|Rhine-Ruhr]] area. Summers are hot with several days registering maximum temperatures between {{Convert|35 and 40|C}}. With an average of more than 2,000 sunshine hours a year, it is also one of the sunniest cities in Germany, like the [[Rhine Palatinate|Rhine-Palatinate]] area.

Precipitation occurs mainly during the winter, while in summer it is concentrated on single evening thunderstorms. In 2008, the weather station in Karlsruhe, which had been in operation since 1876, was closed; it was replaced by a weather station in [[Rheinstetten]], south of Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de/Wetterstation.htm |title=Die Wetterstationen in Karlsruhe |publisher=Wetter.im-licht-der-natur.de |access-date=2013-03-26}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location     = Karlsruhe normals 1991-10/2008, Rheinstetten normals 11/2008-2020, extremes 1948–2020
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 17.5
|Feb record high C = 22.0
|Mar record high C = 26.7
|Apr record high C = 30.4
|May record high C = 33.3
|Jun record high C = 37.3
|Jul record high C = 39.2
|Aug record high C = 40.2
|Sep record high C = 33.2
|Oct record high C = 29.5
|Nov record high C = 22.0
|Dec record high C = 19.2
|year record high C = 
| Jan avg record high C  = 13.2
| Feb avg record high C  = 15.6
| Mar avg record high C  = 20.3
| Apr avg record high C  = 25.9
| May avg record high C  = 29.5
| Jun avg record high C  = 33.3
| Jul avg record high C  = 35.2
| Aug avg record high C  = 34.4
| Sep avg record high C  = 28.7
| Oct avg record high C  = 23.9
| Nov avg record high C  = 17.3
| Dec avg record high C  = 13.5
| year avg record high C = 36.5
|Jan high C = 5.3
|Feb high C = 7.3
|Mar high C = 12.1
|Apr high C = 17.1
|May high C = 21.0
|Jun high C = 24.7
|Jul high C = 27.0
|Aug high C = 26.8
|Sep high C = 21.8
|Oct high C = 16.0
|Nov high C = 9.5
|Dec high C = 6.0
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = 2.5
|Feb mean C = 3.5
|Mar mean C = 7.1
|Apr mean C = 11.2
|May mean C = 15.3
|Jun mean C = 18.9
|Jul mean C = 20.8
|Aug mean C = 20.4
|Sep mean C = 15.8
|Oct mean C = 11.1
|Nov mean C = 6.3
|Dec mean C = 3.3
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -0.3
|Feb low C = -0.0
|Mar low C = 2.5
|Apr low C = 5.3
|May low C = 9.4
|Jun low C = 13.0
|Jul low C = 15.0
|Aug low C = 14.6
|Sep low C = 10.7
|Oct low C = 7.1
|Nov low C = 3.2
|Dec low C = 0.6
|year low C = 
|Jan avg record low C=  -8.7
|Feb avg record low C=  -7.0
|Mar avg record low C= -3.8
|Apr avg record low C= -1.4
|May avg record low C= 2.8
|Jun avg record low C= 7.5
|Jul avg record low C= 10.2
|Aug avg record low C= 9.3
|Sep avg record low C= 5.0
|Oct avg record low C= 0.4
|Nov avg record low C= -3.3
|Dec avg record low C= -7.5
|year avg record low C= -11.3
|Jan record low C = -20.0
|Feb record low C = -15.9
|Mar record low C = -14.6
|Apr record low C = -5.3
|May record low C = -0.9
|Jun record low C = 3.6
|Jul record low C = 6.9
|Aug record low C = 6.3
|Sep record low C = 1.4
|Oct record low C = -4.1
|Nov record low C = -9.3
|Dec record low C = -18.7
|year record low C = 
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 57.0
|Feb precipitation mm = 52.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 52.4
|Apr precipitation mm = 45.2
|May precipitation mm = 75.7
|Jun precipitation mm = 70.2
|Jul precipitation mm = 77.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 62.0
|Sep precipitation mm = 54.8
|Oct precipitation mm = 66.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 64.4
|Dec precipitation mm = 72.0
|year precipitation mm = 
|Jan sun = 57.4
|Feb sun = 85.1
|Mar sun = 143.7
|Apr sun = 196.8
|May sun = 223.7
|Jun sun = 239.7
|Jul sun = 257.0
|Aug sun = 239.9
|Sep sun = 180.8
|Oct sun = 111.8
|Nov sun = 60.9
|Dec sun = 43.0
|year sun = 
|source 1 = Data derived from [[Deutscher Wetterdienst]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwd.de/DE/klimaumwelt/cdc/cdc_node.html|title=Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - CDC (Climate Data Center)|website=www.dwd.de}}</ref>
 |date=20 January 2021
}}

== Districts ==
{{Main|Boroughs of Karlsruhe}}

Karlsruhe is divided into 27 districts.

==History==
According to legend, the name ''Karlsruhe'', which translates as "Charles' repose" or "Charles' peace", was given to the new city after a hunting trip when Margrave [[Charles&nbsp;III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach|Charles III William]] of [[Margraviate of Baden-Durlach|Baden-Durlach]] woke from a dream in which he dreamt of founding his new city. A variation of this story claims that he built the new palace to find peace from his wife.

Charles William founded the city on June 17, 1715, after a dispute with the citizens of his previous capital, [[Durlach]]. The founding of the city is closely linked to the construction of the [[Karlsruhe Palace|palace]]. Karlsruhe became the capital of [[Baden-Durlach]], and, in 1771, of the united [[Baden]] until 1945. Built in 1822, the ''Ständehaus'' was the first parliament building in a German state. In the aftermath of the democratic revolution of 1848, a republican government was elected there.

Karlsruhe was visited by [[Thomas Jefferson]] during his time as the American envoy to France; when [[Pierre Charles L'Enfant]] was planning the layout of [[Washington, D.C.]], Jefferson passed to him maps of 12 European towns to consult, one of which was a sketch he had made of Karlsruhe during his visit.<ref>{{cite book|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=D5ypKh0Tg5oC&pg=PA35|title=Karlsruhe and the United States|pages=35–37|author=Volker C. Ihle|publisher=Sonstige|date= 2011|isbn=9783881903233}}</ref>

In 1860, the first-ever international professional [[convention (meeting)|convention]] of chemists, the [[Karlsruhe Congress]], was held in the city.<ref name="Ihde1961">{{cite journal |last1=Ihde |first1=Aaron J. |title=The Karlsruhe Congress: A centennial retrospective |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |date=February 1961 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=83–86 |doi=10.1021/ed038p83 |bibcode=1961JChEd..38...83I }}</ref>

In 1907 the town was site of the Hau Riot where large crowds caused disturbance during the trial of murderer [[Carl Hau]].

On [[Kristallnacht]] in 1938, the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, and the city's Jews were later sent to the [[Dachau concentration camp]], [[Gurs internment camp|Gurs concentration camp]], [[Theresienstadt]], and [[Auschwitz]] during [[the Holocaust]], with 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews being killed.<ref name="Yad Vashem - Request Rejected">{{Cite web|url=http://db.yadvashem.org/deportation/place.html?language=en&itemId=5433380|title=Yad Vashem – Request Rejected|website=db.yadvashem.org}}</ref> During [[World War II]], it was the location of a [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camp for men,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1988|title=Arbeitserziehungslager Karlsruhe|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=26 November 2022|language=de}}</ref> and a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp, whose prisoners were mainly [[Polish people|Poles]] and [[Russians]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/ss-bauzug/|title=SS Bauzug|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=26 November 2022}}</ref>

{{anchor|Allied air attacks}}The western city and western part of the central area, including the palace, suffered severe damage by [[Allied bombing of Germany|Allied bombing]] during World War II. The castern central area and old towm remained mostly intact,but was largely demolished by the local mayor in the 1960s and early 70s. In the remaining parts and in Durlach, Kalrsruhe still has a relatively high number of baroque architecture (see "Altstadt" in main sights). 

Located in the American zone of the [[Allied-occupied Germany|postwar Allied occupation]], Karlsruhe was home to an [[United States Armed Forces|American military]] base, established in 1945. After the war, the city was part of [[West Germany]] until 1990. In 1995, the base [[List of United States Army installations in Germany#Former installations|closed]], and its facilities were turned over to the city of Karlsruhe.<ref>{{cite web |first=Walter |last=Elkins |url=http://www.usarmygermany.com/Sont.htm?http&&&www.usarmygermany.com/USAREUR_City_Karlsruhe.htm |title=U.S. Army Installations – Karlsruhe |publisher=U.S. Army in Germany |access-date=2012-07-21}}</ref>

==Population==

{{Historical populations
|1720|2347
|1770|3333
|1800|7275
|1834|21047
|1871|36582
|1890|73684
|1900|97185
|1919|135952
|1925|145694
|1933|154902
|1939|190081
|1950|201013
|1956|222237
|1961|244942
|1971|258409
|1976|276620
|1981|271877
|1986|268309
|1990|275061|2001|279578|2011|289173|2022|305408|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.}}

Karlsruhe has a population of about 310,000 and is the 3rd largest city in [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Karlsruhe, which was founded by [[Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach|Charles III William]], became a major city in the 19th century. In the 1950s, Karlsruhe became a significant city where the population started to grow. It gained a large student population due to the university of technology and media arts. Karlsruhe reached populations of 200,000 in 1950 and 300,000 in 2014.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Rank
! style="background:#efefef;"|Nationality
! style="background:#efefef;"|Population (31 December 2022)<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://web3.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/statistik/pdf/2019/2019-jahrbuch.pdf
|title=Statistisches Jahrbuch 2019
|access-date=25 June 2020
|archive-date=20 January 2021
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120195251/https://web3.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/statistik/pdf/2019/2019-jahrbuch.pdf
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
|-
|1||{{flag|Romania}}|| 6,369
|-
|2||{{flag|Turkey}}|| 5,618
|-
|3||{{flag|Italy}}|| 4,568
|-
|4||{{flag|Ukraine}}|| 3,637
|-
|5||{{flag|Croatia}}|| 3,433
|-
|6||{{flag|Poland}}|| 3,089
|-
|7||{{flag|China}}|| 2,542
|-
|8||{{flag|France}}|| 2,352
|-
|9||{{flag|Serbia}}|| 1,746
|-
|10||{{flag|Russia}}|| 1,712
|-
|11||{{flag|Spain}}|| 1,502
|-
|12||{{flag|Bulgaria}}|| 1,384
|-
|13||{{flag|Hungary}}|| 1,294
|-
|14||{{flag|Greece}}|| 1,258
|-
|15||{{flag|India}}|| 1,183
|}

==Main sights==
The ''Stadtgarten'' is a recreational area near the main railway station (''Hauptbahnhof'') and was rebuilt for the 1967 [[Federal Garden Show]] (''Bundesgartenschau''). It is also the site of the [[Karlsruhe Zoo]].

The ''[[Durlach]]er [[Turmberg]]'' has a lookout tower (hence its name). It is a former [[keep]] dating back to the 13th century.

The city has two botanical gardens: the municipal ''[[Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe]]'', which forms part of the Palace complex, and the ''[[Botanischer Garten der Universität Karlsruhe]]'', which is maintained by the university.
{{Wide image|Karlsruhe Orangerie garden panorama.jpg|950|Panorama of the courtyard of [[Botanischer Garten Karlsruhe]]}}

The ''Marktplatz'' has a [[Karlsruhe Pyramid|stone pyramid]] marking the grave of the city's founder. Built in 1825, it is the emblem of Karlsruhe.
The city is nicknamed the "fan city" (''die Fächerstadt'') because of its design layout, with straight streets radiating fan-like from the Palace.

The [[Karlsruhe Palace]] (''Schloss'') is an interesting piece of architecture; the adjacent ''[[Schlossgarten (Karlsruhe)|Schlossgarten]]'' includes the Botanical Garden with a palm, cactus and orchid house, and walking paths through the woods to the north.

The so-called ''Kleine Kirche'' (Little Church), built between 1773 and 1776, is the oldest church of Karlsruhe's city centre.

The architect [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] designed many of the city's most important sights. Another sight is the ''Rondellplatz'' with its 'Constitution Building Columns' (1826). It is dedicated to [[Baden Constitution of 1818|Baden's first constitution in 1818]], which was one of the most liberal of its time. The ''Münze'' (mint), erected in 1826/27, was also built by Weinbrenner.

[[File:Karlsruhe StStephan.jpg|thumb|St. Stephan parish church]]

The St. Stephan parish church is one of the masterpieces of neoclassical church architecture in.<ref>Southern Germany</ref> Weinbrenner, who built this church between 1808 and 1814, orientated it to the [[Pantheon, Rome]].

[[File:Karlsruhe Grabkapelle.jpg|thumb|Grand Ducal burial chapel ''([[:de:Großherzogliche Grabkapelle Karlsruhe|Sepulchral chapel of the Grand Duchy of Baden in Karlsruhe]])'']]

The [[neo-Gothic]] Grand Ducal Burial Chapel, built between 1889 and 1896, is a [[mausoleum]] rather than a church, and is located in the middle of the forest.

The main [[commons:Category:Hauptfriedhof Karlsruhe|cemetery]] of Karlsruhe is the oldest park-like cemetery in Germany. The [[cremation|crematorium]] was the first to be built in the style of a church.

Karlsruhe is also home to a [[natural history museum]] (the [[State Museum of Natural History Karlsruhe]]), an [[opera house]] (the [[Badisches Staatstheater Karlsruhe|Baden State Theatre]]), as well as a number of independent theatres and art galleries. The [[Staatliche Kunsthalle Karlsruhe|State Art Gallery]], built in 1846 by [[Heinrich Hübsch]], displays paintings and sculptures from six centuries, particularly from France, Germany and Holland. Karlsruhe's newly renovated art museum is one of the most important art museums in [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Further cultural attractions are scattered throughout Karlsruhe's various incorporated suburbs. Established in 1924, the Scheffel Association is the largest [[literary society]] in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=January 2009}} Today the ''Prinz-Max-Palais'', built between 1881 and 1884 in neoclassical style, houses the organisation and includes its museum.
[[File:Karlsruhe Moninger Jugendstil.jpg|thumb|Breweries and buildings in the [[Art Nouveau]] style were predominant in the western city.]]
Due to population growth in the late 19th century, Karlsruhe developed several suburban areas (''[[Vorstadt]]'') in the {{Lang|de|[[Gründerzeit]]}} and especially [[Art Nouveau]] styles of architecture, with many preserved examples.

Karlsruhe is also home to the ''Majolika-Manufaktur'',<ref>{{cite web|author=Staatliche Majolika Manufaktur Karlsruhe GmbH |url=http://www.majolika-karlsruhe.com/ |title=Majolika-Manufaktur |publisher=Majolika-karlsruhe.com |access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref> the only art-ceramics pottery studio in Germany.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} Founded in 1901, it is located in the ''Schlossgarten''. A 'blue streak' (''Blauer Strahl'') consisting of 1,645 ceramic tiles, connects the studio with the Palace. It is the world's largest ceramic artwork.{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}}

Another tourist attraction is the [[Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe|Centre for Art and Media]] (''Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie'', or ZKM), which is located in a converted ammunition factory.

==Government==

===Justice===
[[File:Karlsruhe bundesverfassungsgericht.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany]]]]
Karlsruhe is the seat of the German [[Federal Constitutional Court of Germany|Federal Constitutional Court]] ''(Bundesverfassungsgericht)'' and the highest [[Court of Appeals]] in civil and criminal cases, the ''[[Bundesgerichtshof]]''. The courts came to Karlsruhe after World War II, when the provinces of [[Baden Germany|Baden]] and [[Württemberg]] were merged. [[Stuttgart]], capital of Württemberg, became the capital of the new province ([[Württemberg-Baden]] in 1945 and [[Baden-Württemberg]] in 1952). In compensation for the state authorities relocated to Stuttgart, Karlsruhe applied to become the seat of the high court.<ref>Stadt Karlsruhe Stadtarchiv (ed.): ''Karlsruhe. Die Stadtgeschichte.'' Badenia, Karlsruhe 1998, {{ISBN|3-7617-0353-8}}, p. 591–594</ref>

===Public health===
There are four hospitals: The ''[[Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital]]'' provides the maximum level of medical services, the ''St. Vincentius-Kliniken'' and the ''[[Deaconess|Diakonissen]]<nowiki />krankenhaus'', connected to the Catholic and Protestant churches, respectively, offer central services, and the private ''Paracelsus-Klinik'' basic medical care, according to state hospital demand planning.{{Citation needed|date=June 2012}}

==Economy==
Germany's largest [[oil refinery]] is located in Karlsruhe, at the western edge of the city, directly on the river [[Rhine]]. The ''Technologieregion Karlsruhe'' is a loose confederation of the region's cities in order to promote [[high tech]] industries; today, about 20% of the region's jobs are in [[research and development]]. [[EnBW]], one of Germany's biggest [[electric utility]] companies, with a revenue of €19.2&nbsp;billion in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|title=Financial Report 2012|url=https://www.enbw.com/media/konzern/docs/integrierte-berichterstattung/bericht-2012/enbw-finanzbericht-2012.pdf|publisher=EnBW|page=3}}</ref> is headquartered in the city.

===Internet activities===
Due to the [[University of Karlsruhe|Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] providing services until the late 1990, Karlsruhe became known as the ''internet capital'' of Germany.<ref>See [http://www.young-germany.de/topic/study/city-campus/karlsruhe-germanys-internet-capital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930205718/http://www.young-germany.de/topic/study/city-campus/karlsruhe-germanys-internet-capital|date=2015-09-30}}, a webpage by the Federal Foreign Office</ref> The [[DENIC]], Germany's [[network information centre]], has since moved to Frankfurt, though, where [[DE-CIX]] is located.

Two major [[internet service provider]]s, [[WEB.DE]] and [[schlund+partner]]/[[1&1 Internet|1&1]], now both owned by [[United Internet]]&nbsp;AG, are located at Karlsruhe.

The library of the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] developed the [[Karlsruher Virtueller Katalog]], the first internet site that allowed researchers worldwide (for free) to search multiple library catalogues worldwide.

In 2000, the regional online newspaper ''ka-news.de'' was created. As a daily newspaper, it not only provides the news, but also informs readers about upcoming events in Karlsruhe and surrounding areas.
[[File:Karlsruhe Rbf Einfahrgruppe.jpg|thumb|[[Rail yard]], [[bypass (road)|bypass road]] Südtangente]]

In addition to established companies, Karlsruhe has a vivid and spreading startup community with well-known startups. Together, the local [[high tech]] industry is responsible for over 22,000 jobs.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.clusterportal-bw.de/clusterdatenbank/clusterdb/Clusterinitiative/show/clusterinitiative/cyberforum-e-v/ | title=Region: Mittlerer Oberrhein Informationstechnologie, IT-Anwendungen / Unternehmenssoftware | access-date=2015-05-08}}</ref>

== Politics ==
=== Mayor ===
[[File:2020 Karlsruhe mayoral election.svg|thumb|The results of the 2020 mayoral election]]
The current mayor of Karlsruhe is Frank Mentrup of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD) since 2013. The most recent mayoral election was held on 6 December 2020, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Candidate
! Party
! Votes
! %
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| 
| align=left| Frank Mentrup
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]/[[Alliance 90/The Greens|Green]]
| 50,064
| 52.6
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| 
| align=left| Sven Weigt
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]/[[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|FDP]]
| 24,158
| 25.4
|-
| 
| align=left| Petra Lorenz
| align=left| Free Voters/For Karlsruhe
| 8,303
| 8.7
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Paul Schmidt (politician)|Paul Schmidt]]
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]]
| 3,914
| 4.1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}| 
| align=left| Vanessa Schulz
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]]
| 2,660
| 2.8
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}}| 
| align=left| Marc Nehlig
| align=left| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| 6,065
| 6.4
|-
| colspan=3 align=left| ''Other''
| 97
| 0.1
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 95,261
! 99.6
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 430
! 0.4
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 95,961
! 100.0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 231,335
! 41.4
|-
| colspan=5| Source: [https://wahlergebnisse.komm.one/produktion/wahltermin-20201206/08212000/html5/Oberbuergermeisterwahl_Stadt_Karlsruhe_Stadt_Karlsruhe_21_Kreisfreie_Stadt_Stadt_Karlsruhe.html City of Karlsruhe]
|}

==== List of mayors ====
After the castle was founded in 1715, there was also a settlement in which a mayor was appointed from 1718. From 1812 the mayors received the title of Lord Mayor.

In addition to the Lord Mayor, there are five other mayors.

Mayor for:

* Human Resources, Elections and Statistics, Citizen Service and Security, Culture
* Youth and social affairs, schools, sports, pools
* Finance, economy and work, city marketing, congresses, exhibitions and events, tourism, supply and ports, real estate and market affairs
* Environment and climate protection, health, cemetery office, waste management, forestry, fire and disaster control
* Planning, building, real estate management, people's apartment and zoo

==== List of Mayors ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Time
!Party
|-
|Johannes Sembach
|1718–1720
|
|-
|Johannes Ludwig
|1721–1723
|
|-
|Georg Adam Ottmann
|1724–1733
|
|-
|Johannes Ernst Kaufmann
|1733–1738
|
|-
|Johann Cornelius Roman
|1738–1744
|
|-
|Johannes Ernst Kaufmann
|1744–1746
|
|-
|Johann Christian Maschenbauer
|1746–1750
|
|-
|Johann Cornelius Roman
|1750–1753
|
|-
|Johann Sebald Kreglinger
|1753–1763
|
|-
|Johann Cornelius Roman
|1763–1765
|
|-
|Georg Jakob Fink
|1765–1773
|
|-
|Christoph Hennig
|1773–1781
|
|-
|Christian Ludwig Schulz
|1781–1799
|
|-
|Georg Friedrich Trohmann
|1799–1800
|
|-
|Gabriel Bauer
|1800–1809
|
|-
|Wilhelm Christian Griesbach
|1809–1816
|
|-
|Bernhard Dollmaetsch
|1816–1830
|
|-
|August Klose
|1830–1833
|
|-
|Christian Karl Füeßlin
|1833–1847
|
|-
|August Klose
|1847 (May–September)
|
|-
|Ludwig Daler
|1847–1848
|
|-
|Jakob Malsch
|1848–1870
|
|-
|Wilhelm Florentin Lauter
|1870–1892
|
|-
|Karl Schnetzler
|1892–1906
|
|-
|Karl Siegrist
|1906–1919
|
|-
|Julius Finter
|1919–1933
|[[German Democratic Party|DDP]]
|-
|Friedrich Jäger
|1933–1938
|[[Nazi Party|NSDAP]]
|-
|Oskar Hüssy
|1938–1945
|NSDAP
|-
|Josef Heinrich
|1945 (April–August)
|
|-
|Hermann Veit
|1945–1946
|[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
|-
|Friedrich Töpper
|1946–1952
|SPD
|-
|Günther Klotz
|1952–1970
|SPD
|-
|[[Otto Dullenkopf]]
|1970–1986
|[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]
|-
|Gerhard Seiler
|1986–1998
|CDU
|-
|[[Heinz Fenrich]]
|1998–2013
|CDU
|-
|Frank Mentrup
|since 2013
|SPD
|}

===City council===
The Karlsruhe city council governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 9 June 2024, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Party
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne)
| 1,546,887
| 25.6
| {{decrease}} 4.5
| 12
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU)
| 1,186,644
| 19.6
| {{increase}} 0.9
| 10
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)
| 749,043
| 12.4
| {{decrease}} 1.9
| 6
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
| 606,048
| 10.0
| {{increase}} 2.9
| 5
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}| 
| align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)
| 377,480
| 6.2
| {{decrease}} 1.1
| 3
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Volt Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Volt Germany]] (Volt)
| 351,295
| 5.8
| New
| 3
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}| 
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|The Left]] (Die Linke)
| 335,309
| 5.5
| {{decrease}} 1.5
| 3
| {{steady}} 0.0
|-
| 
| align=left| Karlsruher List (KAL)
| 322,146
| 5.3
| {{increase}} 0.3
| 3
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}| 
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]]
| 183,083
| 3.0
| {{decrease}} 1.6
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Voters}}| 
| align=left| Free Voters Karlsruhe (FW KA)
| 179,500
| 3.0
| {{decrease}} 0.2
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| 
| align=left| For Karlsruhe (FÜR)
| 122,453
| 2.0
| {{decrease}} 0.7
| 1
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| 
| align=left| Democracy and Education Karlsruhe
| 35,315
| 0.6
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Ecological Democratic Party}}| 
| align=left| [[Ecological Democratic Party]] (ÖDP)
| 31,066
| 0.5
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| 
| align=left| KAG
| 12,546
| 0.2
| New
| 0
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Team Todenhöfer}}| 
| align=left| [[Team Todenhöfer]]
| 8,463
| 0.1
| New
| 0
| New
|-
! colspan=2| Valid votes
! 6,047,278
! 100.0
! 
! 48
! ±0
|-
! colspan=2| Invalid ballots
! 2,702
! 2.0
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=2| Total ballots
! 138,198
! 100.0
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=2| Electorate/voter turnout
! 225,262
! 61.4
! {{increase}} 2.7
! 
! 
|-
| colspan=7| Source: [https://wahlergebnisse.komm.one/lb/produktion/wahltermin-20240609/08212000/praesentation/ergebnis.html?wahl_id=2015&stimmentyp=0&id=ebene_-8552_id_13903 City of Karlsruhe]
|}

==Transport==

=== Railway ===
VBK [[Verkehrsbetriebe Karlsruhe]] (''{{Literal translation|Karlsruhe Transport Company}}'' ) operates the city's urban public transport network, comprising [[Trams in Karlsruhe|seven tram routes]] and a network of bus routes. All city areas can be reached round the clock by tram and a night bus system. The [[Turmbergbahn]] [[funicular|funicular railway]], to the east of the city centre, is also operated by the VBK. A new section of tram tunnel through central Karlsruhe was completed in December 2021.<ref name="tunnel opening">{{cite news |date=1 December 2021 |title=Karlsruher Stadtbahntunnel kurz vor Eröffnung: Letzte Arbeiten werden erledigt |url=https://bnn.de/karlsruhe/karlsruhe-stadt/karlsruher-stadtbahntunnel-kurz-vor-eroeffnung-letzte-arbeiten-werden-erledigt |access-date=1 November 2023 |publisher=[[Badische Neueste Nachrichten|BNN]] |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Seinsoth |first1=Dorothee |last2=Bender |first2=Markus |last3=Essig |first3=Jürgen |title=Offizielle Eröffnung: Viele Karlsruher wollen die neue U-Bahn sehen |url=https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/karlsruhe/eroeffnung-kombiloesung-karlsruhe-100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121114050/https://www.swr.de/swraktuell/baden-wuerttemberg/karlsruhe/eroeffnung-kombiloesung-karlsruhe-100.html |archive-date=21 January 2022 |access-date=11 December 2021 |website=Swr Aktuell (in German) |publisher=Südwestrundfunk}}</ref>
[[File:Durlacher Tor Kombilösung 3.jpg|thumb|A tram at the subterranean ''Durlacher Tor – [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology|KIT]] Campus Süd'' station]]
The VBK is also a partner, with the [[Albtal-Verkehrs-Gesellschaft]] and [[Deutsche Bahn]], in the operation of the [[Karlsruhe Stadtbahn]], the rail system that serves a larger area around the city. This system makes it possible to reach other towns in the region, like [[Ettlingen]], [[Wörth am Rhein]], [[Pforzheim]], [[Bad Wildbad]], [[Bretten]], [[Bruchsal]], [[Heilbronn]], [[Baden-Baden]], and even [[Freudenstadt]] in the [[Black Forest]] right from the city centre. The Stadtbahn is known for pioneering the concept of operating trams on train tracks, to achieve a more effective and attractive [[public transport]] system.

Karlsruhe is connected via road and rail, with [[Autobahn]] and [[Intercity Express]] connections going to [[Frankfurt]], [[Stuttgart]]/[[Munich]] and [[Freiburg]]/[[Basel]] from [[Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof]]. Since June 2007 it has been connected to the [[TGV]] network, reducing travel time to [[Paris]] to three hours (previously it had taken five hours).

The [[Rhine Valley Railway]] is also an important freight line.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Weinrich |first1=Regina |title=Sperrung der Rheintalbahn |url=https://www.eurotransport.de/artikel/sperrung-der-rheintalbahn-desaster-fuer-den-gueterverkehr-9200330.html |website=Eurotransport |date=16 August 2017 |access-date=9 December 2021}}</ref> Freight trains can bypass Karlsuhe Hauptbahnhof via the [[Karlsruhe freight bypass railway]].

=== Shipping ===
[[File:Karlsruhe OElhafen.jpg|thumb|Oil port]]
Two ports on the [[Rhine]] provide transport capacity on [[cargo ship]]s, especially for [[petroleum products]].

=== Airport ===
The nearest airport is part of the [[Baden Airpark]] (officially ''Flughafen Karlsruhe/[[Baden-Baden]]'') about {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of Karlsruhe, with regular connections to airports in Germany and Europe in general. [[Frankfurt International Airport]] can be reached in about an hour and a half by car (one hour by [[Intercity Express]]); [[Stuttgart Airport]] can be reached in about one hour (about an hour and a half by train and [[S-Bahn]]).

=== Streets ===
Karlsruhe is at the [[Bundesautobahn 5]] and the [[Bundesstraße 10]]. In the city there is a good bike lane infrastructure.

Two interesting facts in transportation history are that both [[Karl Drais]], the inventor of the bicycle, as well as [[Karl Benz]], the inventor of the automobile were born in Karlsruhe. Benz was born in Mühlburg, which later became a borough of Karlsruhe (in 1886). Benz also studied at the Karlsruhe University. Benz's wife [[Bertha Benz|Bertha]] took the world's first long distance-drive with an automobile from [[Mannheim]] to Karlsruhe-Grötzingen and [[Pforzheim]] (see [[Bertha Benz Memorial Route]]). Their professional lives led both men to the neighboring city of Mannheim, where they first applied their most famous inventions.<gallery>
File:Duplex in Karlsruhe III.JPG|The [[Karlsruhe Hauptbahnhof]], the main station in Karlsruhe
File:Karlsruhe tram 2017 3.jpg|alt=A tram in Karlsruhe 2017|A tram in Karlsruhe, 2017
File:Karlsruhe Sophienstr bei Waldstr.jpg|A bike street in Karlsruhe
File:Südtangente Karlsruhe IMGP0787-crop.JPG|The [[Bundesstraße 10]] in Karlsruhe
</gallery>[[File:Karlsruhe Leibgrenadierdenkmal.jpg|thumb|Memorial for Baden Life Grenadiers in several wars, 1803–1918, temporarily removed in 2010]]
[[File:Karlsruhe Durlach Karlsburg.jpg|thumb|[[Karlsburg Castle]] in Durlach]]

==Jewish community==
Jews settled in Karlsruhe soon after its founding.<ref name="Singer1906">"[https://books.google.com/books?id=SzsyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA448 Karlsruhe (Carlsruhe)]" (1906). ''The Jewish Encyclopedia''. Ed. Isidore Singer. Vol. 7. p. 448-449.</ref> They were attracted by the numerous privileges granted by its founder to settlers, without discrimination as to creed. Official documents attest the presence of several Jewish families at Karlsruhe in 1717.<ref name="Singer1906"/> A year later the city council addressed to the margrave a report in which a question was raised as to the proportion of municipal charges to be borne by the newly arrived Jews, who in that year formed an organized congregation, with Rabbi Nathan Uri Kohen of [[Metz]] at its head. A document dated 1726 gives the names of twenty-four Jews who had taken part in an election of municipal officers.

As the city grew, permission to settle there became less easily obtained by Jews, and the community developed more slowly. A 1752 Jewry ordinance stated Jews were forbidden to leave the city on Sundays and Christian holidays, or to go out of their houses during church services, but they were exempted from service by court summonses on Sabbaths. They could sell wine only in inns owned by Jews and graze their cattle, not on the [[commons]], but on the wayside only. [[Nethaneel Weil|Nethanael Weill]] was a rabbi in Karlsruhe from 1750 until his death.

In 1783, by a decree issued by Margrave [[Charles Frederick, Grand Duke of Baden|Charles Frederick of Baden]], the Jews ceased to be [[serf]]s, and consequently could settle wherever they pleased. The same decree freed them from the ''Todfall'' tax, paid to the clergy for each Jewish burial. In commemoration of these changes special prayers were prepared by the acting rabbi Jedidiah Tiah Weill, who, succeeding his father in 1770, held the office until 1805.

In 1808 the new constitution of what at that time, during the [[Napoleonic era]], had become the [[Grand Duchy of Baden]] granted Jews citizenship status; a subsequent edict, in 1809, constitutionally acknowledged Jews as a religious group.<ref name="Dubnow1920">[[Simon Dubnow|Dubnow, Simon]] (1920). ''Die neueste Geschichte des Jüdischen Volkes (1789–1914)''. {{in lang|de}} Translated from the Russian by Alexander Eliasberg. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPuAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA228 Vol. 1. Einleitung. Erste Abteilung: Das Zeitalter der ersten Emanzipation (1789–1815)]. Berlin: Jüdischer Verlag. p. 288.</ref><ref>Kober, Adolf (1942). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=9pwYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA331 Mannheim]." ''The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia''. Ed. Isaac Landman. Vol. 7. New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc. p. 330-332; here: p. 331.</ref> The latter edict provided for a hierarchical organization of the Jewish communities of Baden, under the umbrella of a central council of Baden Jewry (Oberrat der Israeliten Badens), with its seat in Karlsruhe,<ref name="Dubnow1920"/> and the appointment of a chief rabbi of Karlsruhe, as the spiritual head of the Jews in all of Baden.<ref name="Singer1906"/> The first chief rabbi of Karlsruhe and Baden was Rabbi Asher Loew, who served from 1809 until his death in 1837.<ref name="Oelsner">{{cite EJ|last=Oelsner|first=Toni|title=Karlsruhe|volume=11|pages=810–811}}</ref>

Complete [[emancipation]] was given in 1862, Jews were elected to city council and Baden parliament, and from 1890 were appointed judges. Jews were persecuted in the [[Hep-Hep riots|'Hep-Hep' riots]] that occurred in 1819; and anti-Jewish demonstrations were held in 1843, 1848, and the 1880s. The well-known German-Israeli artist [[Leo Kahn (painter)|Leo Kahn]] studied in Karlsruhe before leaving for France and Israel in the 1920s and 1930s.

Today, there are about 900 members in the Jewish community, many of whom are recent immigrants from Russia, and an orthodox rabbi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jg-karlsruhe.de/index.php/de/|title=Aktuelles|website=jg-karlsruhe.de}}</ref>

Karlsruhe has memorialized its Jewish community and notable pre-war synagogues with a memorial park.<ref name="alemannia-judaica">{{cite web|url=http://www.alemannia-judaica.de/images/Images%2021/ka%20syn.jpg|title=images/Images%2021/ka%20syn|publisher=alemannia-judaica.de|access-date=2014-07-24}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Juedischer Friedhof Groetzingen.jpg|[[Grötzingen Jewish Cemetery|Jewish cemetery of Grötzingen]]
File:Karlsruhe Synagoge 1810.jpg|alt=Karlsruhe Synagogue, built by Friedrich Weinbrenner in 1798 (existed until 1871)|The [[Karlsruhe Synagogue]], built by [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] in 1798 (existed until 1871)
File:Karlsruhe Shoa.jpg|Holocaust memorial
File:Karlsruhe Synagoge Luftbild.jpg|The new synagogue
File:Chanukka Karlsruhe-2016 Mentrup-Mendelson.jpg|[[Public menorah]] on the ''Marktplatz''
</gallery>

=== Karlsruhe and the Holocaust ===
On 28 October 1938, all Jewish men of Polish extraction were expelled to the Polish border, their families joining them later and most ultimately perishing in the ghettoes and concentration camps. On [[Kristallnacht]] (9–10 November 1938), the Adass Jeshurun synagogue was burned to the ground, the main synagogue was damaged, and Jewish men were taken to the Dachau concentration camp after being beaten and tormented. Deportations commenced on 22 October 1940, when 893 Jews were loaded onto trains for the three-day journey to the [[Gurs internment camp|Gurs concentration camp]] in France. Another 387 were deported in from 1942 to 1945 to Izbica in the Lublin district (Poland), Theresienstadt, and Auschwitz. Of the 1,280 Jews deported directly from Karlsruhe, 1,175 perished. Another 138 perished after deportation from other German cities or occupied Europe. In all, 1,421 of Karlsruhe's Jews died during the [[The Holocaust]]. A new community was formed after the war by surviving former residents, with a new synagogue erected in 1971. It numbered 359 in 1980.<ref name="Yad Vashem - Request Rejected"/>

==Notable people==
=== Public service ===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R35179, Prof. Friedrich Ratzel.jpg|thumb|[[Friedrich Ratzel]]]]
[[File:Siegfried Buback.jpg|thumb|[[Siegfried Buback]], 1976]]
[[File:Frank-Jurgen Richter (Horasis Global India Business Meeting 2010).jpg|thumb|[[Frank-Jurgen Richter]], 2010)]]
* [[Jacob Ettlinger]] (1798–1871), an [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] rabbi and author and one of the leaders of [[Orthodox Judaism]]. 
* [[Anton von Stabel]] (1806-1880), a Baden lawyer, judge and statesman.
* [[Heinrich Julius Holtzmann]] (1832–1910), Protestant theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Holtzmann, Heinrich Julius|volume=13|page=620|short=1}}</ref>
* [[Adolf Hausrath]] (1837–1909), a German theologian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Hausrath, Adolph |volume= 13 |page= 71 |last= |first= |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Adolf Marschall von Bieberstein]] (1842–1912), [[State Secretary]] of the [[Federal Foreign Office|Foreign Office]] of the [[German Empire]].<ref>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Marschall von Bieberstein, Baron Adolf von|short=1}}</ref>
* [[Karl Benz]] (1844–1929), mechanical engineer and inventor of the first automobile; founded [[Karl Benz#Benz .26 Cie. and the Benz Patent Motorwagen|Benz & Co.]], [[Daimler-Benz]], (now part of [[Daimler&nbsp;AG]]). He was born locally in [[Mühlburg]] 
* [[Friedrich Ratzel]] (1844–1904), geographer and ethnographer, used the term ''[[Lebensraum]]''.<ref>{{Cite NIE |wstitle= Ratzel, Friedrich |volume= XVI | page= 720 |short=1}}</ref> 
* [[Hedwig Kettler]] (1851–1937),  women's rights activist, writer and education reformer; founded the first German ''Mädchengymnasium'' (girls' high school) in Karlsruhe
* [[Berthold von Deimling]] (1853–1944), general officer of the German Army during [[World War I|WW1]] became a pacifist.
* [[Franz Lipp]] (1855–1937), a German lawyer and politician, participant in [[Palm Sunday Putsch]]
* [[Ludwig R. Conradi]] (1856–1939), leader of European [[Adventism]], caused controversy and schism
* [[Gustav Landauer]] (1870–1919), theorist of [[anarchism]] in Germany
* [[Maximilian Bayer]] (1872–1917), founded [[Scouting and Guiding in Germany|Scouting in Germany]] 
* [[Walter von Reichenau]] (1884–1942), ''[[Generalfeldmarschall]]'' in World War II; authored the [[Severity Order]]
* [[Otto Wagener]] (1888–1971), SA-''[[Stabschef]]'', Nazi economic specialist and a ''[[Generalmajor]]'' in the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''
*brothers [[Maximilian Fretter-Pico]] (1892–1984), & [[Otto Fretter-Pico]] (1893–1966), WW2 generals 
* [[Reinhold Frank]] (1896–1945), lawyer who worked for the [[German resistance to Nazism|resistance]] in Nazi Germany. helped the [[20 July plot]]
* [[Hans Frank]] (1900–1946), [[War crime|war criminal]] Obergruppenführer SA, [[Gauleiter]] and governor-general of Nazi-occupied Poland; hanged at Nuremberg for his war crimes during [[World War&nbsp;II]]
* [[Siegfried Buback]] (1920–1977), then-[[Attorney General of Germany|Attorney General of West Germany]], victim of the [[Rote Armee Fraktion]]
* [[Werner Nachmann]] (1925–1988), entrepreneur and politician
* [[Harry L. Ettlinger]] (1926–2018), US Army private who assisted the [[Monuments Men and Women Foundation|MFAA]] in the recovery of art looted by the Nazis. He was the last Jewish boy to celebrate his [[bar mitzvah]] in Karlsruhe's Kronenstrasse Synagogue
* [[Ingo Wellenreuther]] (born 1959), former judge; politician, (CDU), member of the Bundestag, 2002 to 2021.
* [[Dirk Jens Nonnenmacher]] (born 1963), [[mathematician]] and bank CEO and chairman
* [[Joachim Nagel]] (born 1966), economist, President of the [[Deutsche Bundesbank|Bundesbank]] since 2022.
* [[Frank-Jürgen Richter]] (born 1967), entrepreneur and former director of the [[World Economic Forum]].
* [[Ulrich Arnswald]] (born 1970), German philosopher, economist and political scientist
* [[Diana Stöcker]] (born 1970), politician (CDU)

[[File:Karoline von guenderode.jpg|thumb|[[Karoline von Günderrode]]]]
[[File:Rihm Wolfgang Philharmonie koeln 0806 2007 - cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Wolfgang Rihm]], 2007]]
[[File:2013-01-20-niedersachsenwahl-146.jpg|thumb|[[Susanne Stichler]], 2013]]

=== The arts ===
* [[Johann Peter Hebel]] (1760–1826), short story writer, dialectal poet and Lutheran theologian; lived locally.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Hebel, Johann Peter |volume= 13 |page= 166 |last= |first= |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Antoine Ignace Melling]] (1763–1831), painter, architect and voyager
* [[Friedrich Weinbrenner]] (1766–1826), [[Classical architecture|neoclassicist]] architect; his tomb is in the main Protestant church.
* [[Karoline von Günderrode]] (1780–1806), [[Romanticism|romantic]] poet.
* [[August Böckh]] (1785–1867), classical scholar and antiquarian.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Böckh, Philipp August |volume= 4 |pages= 106-107 |last= |first= |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Julius Braun]] (1825–1869), historian, with an interest in art, culture and religion.<ref>{{Cite NIE |wstitle= Braun, Julius |volume= III | page= |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Joseph Viktor von Scheffel]] (1826–1886), poet and novelist.<ref>{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle= Scheffel, Joseph Viktor von |volume= 24 |pages= 315-316 |last= |first= |author-link= |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Ludwig Eichrodt]] (1827–1892), poet and dramatist.<ref>{{Cite Americana|wstitle= Eichrodt, Ludwig |volume= X |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Ferdinand Keller (painter)|Ferdinand Keller]] (1842–1922), genre and history painter.<ref>{{Cite NIE |wstitle= Keller, Ferdinand (painter) |volume= XI | page= |short=1}}</ref>
* [[Teobert Maler]] (1842–1917),  an explorer who documented the ruins of the [[Maya civilization]].
* [[Hermann Billing]] (1867–1946), [[Art Nouveau]] architect, born and lived in Karlsruhe, where his works now are. 
* [[Karl Hofer]] (1878–1955) an [[Expressionism|expressionist]] painter & director of the [[Berlin University of the Arts|Berlin Academy of Fine Arts]].
* [[Otto Bartning]] (1883–1959), architect and architectural theorist; planned the [[Bauhaus]] with [[Walter Gropius]]
* [[Margarete Schweikert]] (1887–1957), composer, music critic, violinist and pianist
* [[Karl Hubbuch]] (1891-1979), German painter, printmaker and draftsman
* [[Hermann Goetz (art historian)|Hermann Goetz]] (1898–1976), art historian (partic. Indian art history) and museum director 
* [[Marie Luise Kaschnitz]] (1901–1974). short story writer, novelist, essayist and poet. 
* [[Peter Sloterdijk]] (born 1947), philosopher and cultural theorist, rejects the existence of [[Mind–body dualism|dualisms]] 
* [[Wolfgang Rihm]] (1952–2024), composer of [[contemporary classical music]]
* [[Kolja Lessing]] (born 1961), violinist, pianist, composer and academic teacher
* [[Sebastian Koch]] (born 1962), television and film actor.
* [[Andi Deris]] (born 1964), musician and songwriter, lead singer of the [[power metal]] band [[Helloween]] 
* [[Susanne Stichler]] (born 1969), journalist and television presenter
* [[Laith Al-Deen]] (born 1972), pop singer.
* [[Maren Ade]] (born 1976), film director, screenwriter and producer.
* [[Nora Krug]] (born 1977), German-American writer, lives in [[Brooklyn]]
* [[Fatma Aydemir]] (born 1986), German author and journalist
* [[Moon Ga-young]] (born 1996), South Korean actress and model
* [[Heinrich Kley]] (born 1863), Influential artist 

[[File:ETH-BIB-Willstätter, Richard (1872-1942)-Portrait-Portr 07881.tif|thumb|[[Richard Willstätter]]]]
[[File:Rahel straus 1905.jpg|thumb|[[Rahel Straus]], 1905]]

=== Science ===
* [[Marianne Bielschowsky]] (1904–1977), biochemist and anti–fascist<ref>{{cite book|first1=Peter Alexander|last1=Barton |first2=August|last2=Obermayer |title=Briefe einer Antifaschistin. Marianne Angermann an ihre Eltern, Antifaschisten in Deutschland (seit ihrer Übersiedlung nach Spanien vom 22. Dezember 1935 bis 14. Juli 1936) Heft 1. Letters of an antifascist. Marianne Angermann to her parents, antifascists in Germany (from her move to Spain on 22nd December 1935 until 14th July 1936) Journal 1|chapter=Introduction |publisher=University of Otago, Department of Languages and Cultures, German Programme |volume=29 |date=2020 |isbn=978-0-473-53549-0 |doi=10.11157/ogs-vol29id399 |doi-access=free |url=https://otagogermanstudies.otago.ac.nz/ogs/article/download/399/309 |access-date=8 September 2025 |page=}}</ref>{{rp|3–4}}
* [[Johann Gottfried Tulla]] (1770–1828), stabilized and straightened the southern [[Rhine]]; a co-founder of the [[Karlsruhe University]] (1825)
* [[Karl Drais]] (1785–1851), inventor of the two-wheeler principle ([[dandy horse]]) basic to bicycles and motorcycles & the key typewriter and earliest stenograph
* [[Friedrich Parrot]] (1791–1841), a Baltic German naturalist, explorer, and mountaineer; climbed [[Mount Ararat]]
* [[Robert Gerwig]] (1820–1885), civil engineer, designer of the [[Black Forest Railway (Baden)|Black Forest Railway]]
* [[Heinrich Hertz]] (1857–1894), discovered electromagnetic waves at the [[University of Karlsruhe]] in the 1880s.<ref>{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf |volume= 13 | pages = 400&ndash;401  |short= 1}}</ref>
* [[Hermann Blau]] (1871–1944), engineer and chemist and inventor of [[Blau gas]]
* [[Richard Willstätter]] (1872–1942), [[Organic chemistry|organic chemist]], recipient of 1915 [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry]]
* [[Eugen Fischer]] (1874–1967), physician who influenced Nazi racial hygiene
* [[Rahel Straus]] (1880–1963), a pioneering German-Jewish medical doctor, feminist and writer. 
* [[Friedrich Hund]] (1896–1997), physicist of the pioneering generation of [[quantum mechanics]] (see [[Hund's rules]]) 
* [[S. H. Foulkes]] (1898-1976), psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, founder of [[group analysis]].
* [[Erik H. Erikson]] (1902–1994), children's psychoanalyst and theoretical pioneer of [[Identity crisis|identity building]]. School locally
* [[Fritz Görnnert]] (1907–1984), German aircraft engineer and civil servant in the [[Ministry of Aviation (Nazi Germany)|Reich Aviation Ministry]]
* [[Klaus-Robert Müller]] (born 1964), computer scientist and physicist, a pioneer of [[machine learning]]

=== Sport ===
[[File:Lina Radke 1928.jpg|thumb|[[Lina Radke]], 1928]]
[[File:2018-11-30 DFB presentation of the new head coach of the National Womens Team StP 6868 LR10 by Stepro.jpg|thumb|[[Oliver Bierhoff]], 2018]]
* [[Ludwig Durlacher]] (1844–1924), a [[Grand Duchy of Baden]]-born American strongman and gym owner.
* [[Walther Bensemann]] (1873–1934), one of the founders of the first southern German soccer club [[Karlsruher FV]] and later one of the founders of [[German Football Association|DFB]], lived locally
* [[Gottfried Fuchs]] (1889–1972), was born in Karlsruhe and holds the record of ten goals in one single international soccer match  at the [[Football at the 1912 Summer Olympics|1912 Olympics]] for the German national team
* [[Julius Hirsch]] (1892–1945), Olympian footballer, first Jewish member of the [[Germany national football team|national team]], two-time Germany team champion, awarded the [[Iron Cross]] during World War I, murdered in [[Auschwitz concentration camp]]
* [[Lina Radke]] (1903–1983), track and field athlete gold medallist, women's 800m at the [[1928 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Gerhard Hennige]] (born 1940). a retired sprinter, silver medallist at the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] 
* [[Detlef Hofmann]] (born 1963), sprint canoeist, gold medallist at the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]. 
* [[Oliver Bierhoff]] (born 1968), retired footballer and captain of [[Germany national football team|Germany]]; played 444 games and 70 for [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
* [[Oliver Kahn]] (born 1969), [[Goalkeeper (association football)|goalkeeper]] of [[Karlsruher SC]] & [[Bayern Munich]], played 630 games and 86 for [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
* [[Mehmet Scholl]] (born 1970), footballer for [[Karlsruher SC]] & [[Bayern Munich]], played 420 games and 36 for [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
* [[Jens Nowotny]] (born 1974), footballer, played 344 games and 48 for [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
* [[Renate Lingor]] (born 1975), former footballer  for the [[Germany women's national football team]], played 149 games
* [[Regina Halmich]] (born 1976), retired female boxing flyweight world champion
* [[Vincenzo Italiano]] (born 1977), Italian football manager currently managing [[Fiorentina]], played 410 games
* [[Dennis Aogo]] (born 1987), football defender, played 340 games and 12 for [[Germany national football team|Germany]]
* [[Danny Williams (soccer, born 1989)|Danny Williams]] (born 1989), footballer played 290 games and 23 for [[United States men's national soccer team|United States]]
* [[Sead Kolašinac]] (born 1993), [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnian]] footballer, played 60 games for [[Bosnia and Herzegovina national football team|Bosnia]] 
* [[Marco Pašalić]] (born 2000), footballer<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2025 |title=Orlando City SC acquires Croatian international Marco Pašalić as Designated Player |url=https://www.orlandocitysc.com/news/orlando-city-sc-acquires-croatian-international-marco-pasalic-as-designated-player |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Orlando City SC|Orlando City]]}}</ref>
* [[Alexi Pitu]] (born 2002), [[Romanian national football team|Romanian]] football player

=== Aristocracy ===
* [[Charles III William, Margrave of Baden-Durlach]] (1679–1738), [[Margrave of Baden-Durlach]], 1709 to 1738. 
* [[Frederica of Baden]] (1781–1826) Queen of Sweden from 1797 to 1809 as the consort of King [[Gustav IV Adolf]].
* [[Princess Alexandrine of Baden]] (1820–1904), [[Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] 1844 to 1893
* [[Frederick II, Grand Duke of Baden]] (1857–1928) the last sovereign [[Grand Duke of Baden]], 1907 to abolition 1918.
* [[Victoria of Baden]] (1862–1930), queen consort of Sweden by her marriage to King [[Gustaf&nbsp;V of Sweden]]
* [[Berthold, Margrave of Baden]] (1906–1963), head of the [[House of Baden]], until 1918 & 1929 until his death

==Education==
* [[Bismarck-Gymnasium Karlsruhe]]
{{see also|Hans-Freudenberg-Kolleg|List of schools in Germany}}

Karlsruhe is a renowned research and study centre, with one of Germany's finest institutions of higher education.

===Technology, engineering, and business===
The [[Karlsruhe University]] (''Universität Karlsruhe-TH''), the oldest technical university in Germany, is home to the ''[[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]]'' (Karlsruhe Research Center), where engineering and scientific research is performed in the areas of health, earth, and environmental sciences. The [[Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences]] (''Hochschule Karlsruhe-HS'') is the largest university of technology in the state of [[Baden-Württemberg]], offering both professional and academic education in [[engineering]] sciences and business. In 2009, the [[University of Karlsruhe]] joined the ''[[Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe]]'' to form the [[Karlsruhe Institute of Technology]] (KIT).

===The arts===
The [[Academy of Fine Arts, Karlsruhe]] is one of the smallest universities in Germany, with average 300 students. The [[Karlsruhe University of Arts and Design]] (HfG) was founded to the same time as its sister institution, the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe (''[[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie]]''). The HfG teaching and research focuses on [[new media]] and [[media art]]. The [[Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe]] is a music [[Music school|conservatory]] that offers degrees in [[Musical composition|composition]], music performance, education, and radio [[journalism]]. Since 1989 it has been located in the Gottesaue Palace.

===International education===
The [[Karlshochschule International University]] (formerly known as ''Merkur Internationale Fachhochschule'') was founded in 2004. As a foundation-owned, state-approved [[management school]], Karlshochschule offers [[undergraduate education]] in both German and English, focusing on international and [[intercultural]] [[management]], as well as service- and culture-related industries. Furthermore, an international consecutive [[Master of Arts]] in [[leadership studies]] is offered in English.

===European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT)===
{{Main|European Institute of Innovation and Technology}}
Karlsruhe hosts one of the [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]]'s Knowledge and Innovation Communities (KICs) focusing on [[sustainable energy]]. Other co‑centres are based in [[Grenoble]], France (CC Alps Valleys); [[Eindhoven]], the Netherlands, and [[Leuven]], Belgium (CC [[Benelux]]); [[Barcelona]], Spain (CC Iberia); [[Kraków]], Poland (CC PolandPlus); and [[Stockholm]], Sweden (CC Sweden).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |title=Sustainable Energy - KIC InnoEnergy |access-date=2009-12-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222225533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |archive-date=2009-12-22 }}</ref>

=== University of Education ===
The [[Karlsruhe University of Education]] was founded in 1962. It is specialized in educational processes. The university has about 3700 students and 180 full-time researchers and lecturers. It offers a wide range of educational studies, like teaching profession for primary and secondary schools (both optional with a European Teaching Certificate profile), Bachelor programs that specializes in Early Childhood Education and in Health and Leisure Education, Master programs in Educational Science, Intercultural Education, Migration and Multilingualism. Furthermore, the University of Education Karlsruhe offers a Master program for Biodiversity and Environmental Education.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.en.ph-karlsruhe.de/the-university/|title=Karlsruhe University of Education|website=ph-karlsruhe.de|access-date=2018-03-04|archive-date=2018-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231755/https://www.en.ph-karlsruhe.de/the-university/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Culture==
[[File:Karlsruhe Nancybrunnen.jpg|thumb|Nancy fountain]]
[[File:Karlsruhe Gottesaue3.jpg|thumb|Gottesau Palace (now music college)]]

In 1999 the [[Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie|ZKM]] (''Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie'', Centre for Art and Media) was opened. Linking new media theory and practice, the ZKM is located in a former weapons factory. Among the institutes related to the ZKM are the ''[[Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung]]'' (State University of Design), whose president is philosopher [[Peter Sloterdijk]] and the Museum for Contemporary Art.

==Twin towns – sister cities==
Karlsruhe is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.karlsruhe.de/int/i1/kulturinternational/partnerstaedte.de|website=karlsruhe.de|publisher=Karlsruhe|language=de|access-date=2021-02-15|archive-date=2020-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225007/https://www.karlsruhe.de/int/i1/kulturinternational/partnerstaedte.de|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Nancy, France|Nancy]], France (1955)
*{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Nottingham]], England, United Kingdom (1969)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Halle (Saale)|Halle]], Germany (1987)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Krasnodar]], Russia (1997)
*{{flagicon|ROU}} [[Timișoara]], Romania (1997)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Vinnytsia]], Ukraine (2022)

===Partnerships===
Karlsruhe also cooperates with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partneri- ja kummikaupungit|url=https://www.ouka.fi/oulu/kansainvalisyys/partneri-ja-kummikaupungit|website=ouka.fi|date=20 April 2017|publisher=Oulu|language=fi|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Oulu]], Finland

==Legacy==
* The Ukrainian village [[Stepove, Mykolaiv Raion|Stepove]] near the city of [[Mykolaiv]] in [[southern Ukraine]] was established by German colonists as Karlsruhe.
* The element [[Protactinium]] was discovered here in [[1913]].

==Events==
Every year in July there is a large open-air festival lasting three days called simply ''[[Das Fest]]'' ("The Festival").<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dasfest.de/index.php?article_id=1&clang=1 | title = das FEST | access-date = 2015-04-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dasfest.net/ | title = das FEST | access-date = 2011-01-05 | language = de | archive-date = 2010-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101231223432/http://www.dasfest.net/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

The Baden State Theatre has sponsored the [[Händel]] Festival since 1978.

The city hosted the 23rd and 31st [[European Juggling Convention]]s (EJC) in 2000 and 2008.

In July the [[African Summer Festival]] is held in the city's Nordstadt. Markets, drumming workshops, exhibitions, a varied children's programme, and musical performances take place during the three days festival.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africansummerfestival.de |title=Karlsruhe Afrikamarkt & Festival 2011 |publisher=Africansummerfestival.de |access-date=2011-04-07}}</ref>

In the past Karlsruhe has been the host of [[LinuxTag]] (the biggest Linux event in Europe) and until 2006 hosted the annual Linux Audio Conference.<ref name="lac">{{cite web|url=http://lac.zkm.de/|title=4th International Linux Audio Conference|publisher=lac.zkm.de|access-date=2014-07-24|archive-date=2015-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012140355/http://lac.zkm.de/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Visitors and locals watched the total [[solar eclipse]] at noon on August 11, 1999. The city was not only located within the eclipse path but was one of the few within Germany not plagued by bad weather.

==Sport==
; Football: [[Karlsruher SC]] (KSC), [[German Football Association|DFB]] (2. Liga)

; Basketball: [[PS Karlsruhe Lions]], 2024 champion of the [[ProA]] (second division)
Karlsruhe co-hosted the FIBA [[EuroBasket 1985]].

; Volleyball: [[SVK Beiertheim]], [[German Women's 2 Volleyball Bundesliga|second German division]]

; Tennis: [[TC Rueppurr]] (TCR), [Tennis-Bundesliga] (women's first division)

; Lacrosse: [[KIT SC Karlsruhe Storm]], 1. Bundesliga Süd

; Baseball, softball: [[Karlsruhe Cougars]], Regional League South-East (men's baseball), 1st Bundesliga South (women's softball I) and State League South (women's softball II)

; American football: [[Badener Greifs]], currently competing in the Regional League Central but formerly a member of the [[German Football League]]'s 1st Bundesliga, lost to the [[Berlin Adler]] in the 1987 [[German Bowl]] (see also: [[German Football League]])
{{Wide image|Karlsruhe Schloss Panorama1 meph666 Okt 2006.jpg|950|Karlsruhe Palace}}
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Karlsruhe}}
{{EB1911 Poster|Karlsruhe}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}}
* [https://geoportal.karlsruhe.de/stadtplan/ Map of Karlsruhe]
* [[Karlsruhe:en:Main Page|City wiki of Karlsruhe]] {{in lang|de|en}}
* [https://www.nucleonica.com/wiki/index.php?title=Category%3AKNC Karlsruhe Nuclide Chart]

{{Germany districts baden-württemberg}}{{Boroughs of Karlsruhe}}{{Cities in Germany}}
{{World Games Host Cities}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karlsruhe| ]]
[[Category:1715 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Capitals of former nations]]
[[Category:Cities in Baden-Württemberg]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Germany]]
[[Category:Karlsruhe (region)]]
[[Category:Planned capitals]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1715]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Rhine]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Baden-Württemberg]]