View source for Kassel

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox German place
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 280
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 2/2
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = 18-09-26-Kassel-RalfR-DJI 0369.jpg
  | caption1               = [[Hercules monument (Kassel)|Kassel Hercules]] at [[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]]
  | image2                 = 18-09-26-Kassel-RalfR-DJI 0331.jpg
  | caption2               = [[Wilhelmshöhe Palace]]
  | image3                 = Kassel asv2022-02 img22 Fridericianum.jpg
  | caption3               = [[Fridericianum]]
  | image4                 = Kassel asv2022-02 img37 StMartin Church.jpg
  | caption4               = [[St Martin's Church, Kassel|St Martin's Church]]
  }}
|Gemeindeschlüssel  = 06611000
|type               = City
|pop_metro          = 450000
|image_coa          = DEU Kassel COA.svg
|image_flag         = Flagge Kassel.svg
|coordinates        = {{coord|51.3158|N|9.4979|E|format=dms|display=it}}
|state              = Hessen
|region             = Kassel
|district           = urban
|elevation          = 167
|area               = 107
|postal_code        = 34001–34134
|area_code          = 0561
|licence            = KS
|website            = {{URL|www.kassel.de}}
|mayor              = Sven Schoeller<ref name=mayor>{{cite web|url=https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-04/BVII_m04-2023_Direktwahlen_Tabelle_1a.xlsx|title=Ergebnisse der jeweils letzten Direktwahl von Landrätinnen und Landräte sowie (Ober-)Bürgermeisterinnen und (Ober-)Bürgermeister in Hessen, Stand 13.04.2023|language=de|publisher=[[Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt]]|format=XLS|access-date=6 July 2023|archive-date=7 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162647/https://statistik.hessen.de/sites/statistik.hessen.de/files/2023-04/BVII_m04-2023_Direktwahlen_Tabelle_1a.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|leader_term       = 2023&ndash;29
|Bürgermeistertitel = Lord Mayor
|party              = Greens
| footnotes        = {{designation list
 |embed                 = yes
 |designation1          = WHS
 |designation1_offname  = Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe
 |designation1_date     = 2013
 |designation1_type     = Cultural
 |designation1_criteria = (iii)(vi)
 |designation1_number   = https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1413
 }}
}}

'''Kassel''' ({{IPA|de|ˈkasl̩|-|De-Kassel.ogg}}; in Germany, spelled '''Cassel''' until 1926<ref>{{Cite web|title=Von Cassel zu Kassel|url=https://www.kassel.de/buerger/stadtgeschichte/lokales/von-cassel-zu-kassel.php|access-date=2020-10-09|website=kassel.de: Der offizielle Internetauftritt der Stadt Kassel|language=de}}</ref>) is a city on the [[Fulda River]] in [[North Hesse|northern]] [[Hesse]], in [[Central Germany (geography)|central]] Germany. It is the administrative seat of the [[Regierungsbezirk]] [[Kassel (region)|Kassel]] and the district [[Kassel (district)|of the same name]], and had 201,048 inhabitants in December 2020. The former capital of the [[States of Germany|state]] of [[Hesse-Kassel]], it has many palaces and parks, including the [[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]], which is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Kassel is also known for the ''[[documenta]]'' [[Art exhibition|exhibitions]] of [[contemporary art]]. Kassel has a [[Public university|public]] [[University of Kassel|university]] with 25,000 students (2018) and a multicultural population (39% of the citizens in 2017 had a [[migration background]]).

== History ==
{{see also|Timeline of Kassel}}
[[File:Ansicht Kassel (Braun Hogenberg) 1572.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Kassel, 16th century]]
[[File:Kassel-merian.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A map of Kassel in 1648]]
[[File:KasselObereKoenigsstrasse2347.jpg|thumb|Königsstrasse, the main shopping street]]

Kassel was first mentioned in 913 AD, as the place where two [[deed]]s were signed by King [[Conrad of Franconia|Conrad I]]. The place was called ''Chasella'' or ''Chassalla'' and was a fortification at a bridge crossing the [[Fulda (river)|Fulda river]]. There are several yet unproven assumptions about the origin of the name. It could be derived from the ancient ''Castellum Cattorum'', a castle of the Chatti, a German tribe that had lived in the area since Roman times. Another assumption is a portmanteau from Frankonian ''cas'', meaning ‘valley’ or ‘recess’, and ''sali'' meaning ‘hall’ or ‘service building’, which can be interpreted as ‘(town) hall in a valley’.

A deed from 1189 certifies that Cassel had city rights, but the date when they were granted is not known.

The first castle in Kassel was constructed in 1277, later replaced by a Renaissance castle, the [[Stadtschloss Kassel|Kassel City Palace]], which burned down in 1811.

In 1567 the [[Landgraviate of Hesse]], until then centered in [[Marburg]], was divided among four sons, with [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel|Hesse-Kassel]] (or Hesse-Cassel) becoming one of its successor states. Kassel was its capital and became a centre of [[Calvinist]] Protestantism in Germany. Strong fortifications were built to protect the [[Protestant]] stronghold against Catholic enemies. Secret societies, such as [[Rosicrucianism]], came to the rise, with Christian Rosenkreutz's work ''[[Fama Fraternitatis]]'' first published in 1617. In 1685 Kassel became a refuge for 1,700 [[Huguenot]]s, who found shelter in the newly established borough of Oberneustadt. [[Charles I, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel|Landgrave Charles]], who was responsible for this humanitarian act, also ordered the construction of the ''Oktogon'' ([[Hercules monument (Kassel)|Hercules monument]]) and of the ''[[Orangerie (Kassel)|Orangerie]]''. In the late 18th century, Hesse-Kassel became infamous for selling mercenaries ([[Hessian (soldiers)|Hessians]]) to the British crown to help suppress the [[American Revolution]] and to finance the construction of palaces and the Landgrave's opulent lifestyle.

The [[Brothers Grimm]] lived in Kassel in the early 19th century, where they collected and wrote most of their [[fairy tales]]. At that time, around 1803, the Landgraviate was elevated to a Principality and its ruler to ''[[Prince-elector]]''. Shortly after, it was annexed by [[Napoleon I of France|Napoleon]] and became the capital of the short-lived [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] under Napoleon's brother [[Jérôme Bonaparte|Jérôme]] in 1807. The Electorate was restored in 1813.

Having sided with Austria in the [[Austro-Prussian War]] to gain supremacy in Germany, the principality was annexed by [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] in 1866. The Prussian administration united [[Nassau (duchy)|Nassau]], Frankfurt and Hesse-Kassel into the new Prussian province of [[Hesse-Nassau]]. Kassel ceased to be a princely residence but soon developed into a major industrial centre as well as a major railway junction. [[Henschel & Son]], the largest railway [[locomotive]] manufacturer in Germany at the end of the nineteenth century, was based in Kassel.

In 1870, after the [[Battle of Sedan]], [[Napoleon III]] was sent as a prisoner to the [[Wilhelmshöhe Palace]] above the city. During World War I, the German military headquarters were located in the Wilhelmshöhe Palace. In the late 1930s, Nazis destroyed [[Heinrich Hübsch]]'s [[Kassel Synagogue]].

During World War II, Kassel was the headquarters for Germany's [[Wehrkreis]] IX, and a local subcamp of [[Dachau concentration camp]] provided [[forced labour]] for the [[Bombing of Kassel in World War II|Henschel facilities]], which included tank production plants.<ref>Edward Victor. ''Alphabetical List of Camps, Subcamps and Other Camps.'' www.edwardvictor.com/Holocaust/List %20 of % 20 camps. htm</ref> There was also a camp for [[Sinti]] and [[Romani people]] (see ''[[Romani Holocaust]]'').<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1997|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Kassel|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=24 October 2023|language=de}}</ref> [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] prisoners of war from the [[Stalag IX-A]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|POW camp]] were deployed to forced labour in the local arms industry in violation of the [[Geneva Conventions]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|page=451|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref> The most severe [[bombing of Kassel in World War II]] destroyed 90% of the downtown area, and some 10,000 people were killed and 150,000 were made homeless.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Allied Destruction of Kassel |url=https://www.inyourpocket.com/kassel/the-allied-destruction-of-kassel_76982f |access-date=3 May 2025 |website=In Your Pocket}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Heavy Raid on Kassel |url=https://ron84z.neocities.org/43/10/images/431022a |access-date=2025-05-04 |website=ron84z.neocities.org}}</ref> Most of the casualties were civilians or wounded soldiers recuperating in local hospitals, whereas [[Bombing of Kassel in World War II|factories]] survived the attack generally undamaged.<ref>{{cite web |title=Allied Around the Clock bombing campaign 1943 Kassel |url=https://histclo.com/essay/war/ww2/air/eur/sbc/43/tar/tkas-oct43.html |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=Histclo.com}}</ref> [[Karl Gerland]] replaced the regional [[Gauleiter]], [[Karl Weinrich]], soon after the raid.

The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Kassel at the beginning of April 1945. The US 80th Infantry Division [[Battle of Kassel (1945)|captured Kassel]] in house-to-house fighting during 1–4 April 1945, which included numerous German panzer-grenadier counterattacks, and resulted in further damage to bombed and unbombed structures alike.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939–1946'', Stackpole Books (Revised Edition 2006), p. 150</ref>

[[Post-war]], most of the ancient buildings in the city centre were not restored, and large parts of the inner city area were completely rebuilt in the style of the 1950s. A few historic buildings, however, such as the [[Fridericianum|Museum Fridericianum]], were restored.

In 1949, the interim parliament ("[[Parlamentarischer Rat]]") eliminated Kassel in the first round as a city to become the provisional capital of the [[West Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]], which the western city of [[Bonn]] won.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hauptstadtbewerbung 1948/49 - Kassel West e.V. |url=https://www.vorderer-westen.net/geschichte/stadtteilgeschichte/hauptstadtbewerbung-194849/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.vorderer-westen.net}}</ref>

In 1964, the town hosted the fourth ''[[Hessentag]]'' state festival.

In 1970, the Chancellor of West Germany [[Willy Brandt]] and the prime minister of the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] [[Willy Stoph]] met in Wilhelmshöhe Palace for negotiations between the two German states.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-21 |title=Historischer Moment: Vor 50 Jahren fand das deutsch-deutsche Treffen in Kassel statt |url=https://www.hna.de/kassel/kassel-deutsch-deutsches-treffen-brandt-stoph-jahren-zr-13771187.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.hna.de |language=de}}</ref> In 1991, the central rail station moved from "Hauptbahnhof" (''main station'') to "Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe", the former now being used exclusively for regional trains. The city had a dynamic economic and social development in the recent years, reducing the unemployment rate by half and attracting new citizens.

== Economy ==
Several international operating companies have factories or headquarters in the city (Volkswagen, Mercedes Benz, SMA, Wintershall, Krauss-Maffei Wegmann, Rheinmetall, Bombardier). The city is home to several hospitals; the public Klinikum Kassel is one of the largest hospitals in the federal state.
{{wide image|Kassel_Panorama.jpg|1600px|Kassel 360° panorama view from the Tower of the Lutherkirche}}

==Geography==
Kassel is the largest city in the north of the [[federated state]] of Hesse in the south-western part of Germany, about 70 kilometers northwest of the geographic center of Germany.

It is located on both sides of the river [[Fulda]]. Kassel's deepest point is in the north-eastern Fulda valley at 132.9 m above sea level.

The urban area of Kassel is divided into 23 local districts, each of which has a local council with a local mayor as chairman. The local councils are elected every five years by the population of the local districts. The local advisory board can be heard on all important issues affecting the local district. However, the final decision on a measure rests with the Kassel city council.

===Neighboring communities===
Around Kassel is the [[Districts of Germany|administrative district]] (''[[List of rural districts of Germany|Landkreis]]'') of [[Landkreis Kassel]]. The following cities and municipalities border the city of Kassel (starting clockwise in the north): [[Ahnatal]], [[Vellmar]], [[Fuldatal]], [[Staufenberg (Reinhardswald)|Staufenberg]], [[Niestetal]], [[Kaufungen]], [[Lohfelden]], [[Fuldabrück]], [[Baunatal]], [[Schauenburg]], [[Habichtswald]]. Of these, Vellmar and Fuldatal in the north, Kaufungen in the east, Lohfelden in the southeast and Baunatal in the south are growing closer to the urban area.

==Culture==
[[File:Documenta IX Thomas Schütte links.jpg|thumb|Installation by Thomas Schütte on the portico of the former [[Residenzpalais (Kassel)|Residenzpalais]] during Documenta IX, 1992]]
The first German [[observatory]] was built in Kassel in 1558, and a later version from 1714 survives as the [[Bellevue Palace, Kassel|Bellevue Palace]]. The ''Ottoneum'', the first permanent German theatre building, was built in 1606.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museum |url=https://www.kassel.de/einrichtungen/naturkundemuseum/museum/index.php |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Stadt Kassel |language=de-DE}}</ref> The old building is today the Natural History Museum, and the now-called [[Staatstheater Kassel]] is located in a nearby building that was constructed in the 1950s. 
Since 1927, Kassel has been home to [[Bärenreiter]], a music publishing house distributing compositions of several critically acclaimed classical musicians.

Since 1955 the ''[[documenta]]'', an international [[Art exhibition|exhibition]] of [[modern art|modern]] and [[contemporary art]], has been held regularly in Kassel. The ''documenta'' now takes place every five years. As a result of the ''documenta 6'' in 1977, Kassel became the first city in the world to be illuminated by [[laser]] beams at night (Laserscape, by artist Horst H. Baumann). This laser installation is nowadays still visible at weekends. Artworks from former editions of the ''documenta'' (mainly sculptures) can be found in multiple places in Kassel; among those are the "[[7000 Oaks]]", a work of [[land art]] by the German artist [[Joseph Beuys]]. The latest/current edition of the ''documenta'', known as "''documenta 15''", ran from 18 June until 25 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=documenta fifteen |url=https://documenta-fifteen.de/en/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=documenta fifteen |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Kassel experiences an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb'') close to marine climates, with a more notable [[Continental climate|continental]] influence than [[Berlin]]. Using the 1961–1990 normal and 0&nbsp;°C isotherm, the city already had a [[humid continental climate]] (''Dfb'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=83401&cityname=Kassel,+Germany|title=Kassel, Germany Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref><ref name = noaa/>
{{Weather box
| location = Kassel (1991–2020 normals)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C =13.3
| Feb record high C =17.0
| Mar record high C =24.8
| Apr record high C =30.1
| May record high C =30.0
| Jun record high C =32.5
| Jul record high C =35.1
| Aug record high C =35.2
| Sep record high C =32.5
| Oct record high C =26.9
| Nov record high C =20.7
| Dec record high C =14.8
| Jan record low C  =-19.7
| Feb record low C  =-19.9
| Mar record low C  =-15.6
| Apr record low C  =-7.4
| May record low C  =-2.7
| Jun record low C  =1.2
| Jul record low C  =4.6
| Aug record low C  =4.4
| Sep record low C  =0.9
| Oct record low C  =-2.9
| Nov record low C  =-12.0
| Dec record low C  =-19.4
|Jan high C = 	3.1
|Feb high C = 	4.5
|Mar high C = 	9.2
|Apr high C = 	14.4
|May high C = 	18.6
|Jun high C = 	21.3
|Jul high C = 	23.6
|Aug high C = 	23.6
|Sep high C = 	18.8
|Oct high C = 	13.3
|Nov high C = 	7.2
|Dec high C = 	3.5
| year high C =	13.4
|Jan mean C = 	0.9
|Feb mean C = 	1.4
|Mar mean C = 	5.0
|Apr mean C = 	9.3
|May mean C = 	13.4
|Jun mean C = 	16.1
|Jul mean C = 	18.3
|Aug mean C = 	17.9
|Sep mean C = 	13.8
|Oct mean C = 	9.2
|Nov mean C = 	4.8
|Dec mean C = 	1.3
|year mean C = 	9.3
|Jan low C = 	-1.6
|Feb low C = 	-1.4
|Mar low C = 	1.2
|Apr low C = 	4.4
|May low C = 	8.4
|Jun low C = 	11.1
|Jul low C = 	13.3
|Aug low C = 	13.0
|Sep low C = 	9.5
|Oct low C = 	5.9
|Nov low C = 	2.3
|Dec low C = 	-0.9
| year low C =	5.5
| precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	53.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 	46.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 	51.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 	39.7
|May precipitation mm = 	69.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 	67.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 	74.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 	60.1
|Sep precipitation mm = 	56.2
|Oct precipitation mm = 	58.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 	61.3
|Dec precipitation mm = 	68.2
| year precipitation mm =	706.6
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 	16.6
|Feb precipitation days = 	16.0
|Mar precipitation days = 	16.0
|Apr precipitation days = 	13.3
|May precipitation days = 	14.7
|Jun precipitation days = 	14.2
|Jul precipitation days = 	15.7
|Aug precipitation days = 	14.5
|Sep precipitation days = 	13.5
|Oct precipitation days = 	16.0
|Nov precipitation days = 	18.7
|Dec precipitation days = 	20.1
|year precipitation days = 	188.5
|Jan sun = 	45.3
|Feb sun = 	66.8
|Mar sun = 	119.8
|Apr sun = 	169.5
|May sun = 	196.8
|Jun sun = 	201.4
|Jul sun = 	204.2
|Aug sun = 	192.4
|Sep sun = 	144.1
|Oct sun = 	98.9
|Nov sun = 	38.9
|Dec sun = 	35.2
|year sun = 	1515.1
|Jan humidity = 	85.0
|Feb humidity = 	81.8
|Mar humidity = 	75.7
|Apr humidity = 	68.5
|May humidity = 	70.6
|Jun humidity = 	71.4
|Jul humidity = 	71.9
|Aug humidity = 	71.7
|Sep humidity = 	78.5
|Oct humidity = 	84.5
|Nov humidity = 	87.5
|Dec humidity = 	87.7
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231012161019/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Kassel_10438.csv
| archive-date = 12 October 2023
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Germany/CSV/Kassel_10438.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| access-date = 12 October 2023}}</ref><ref name = noaa>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/DL/10438.TXT
| server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]
| title =Kassel (10438) – WMO Weather Station
| access-date = 31 January 2019
}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations|1472|4500|1626|6329|1773|17311|1871|46362|1900|106034|1919|162391|1925|171483|1933|175179|1939|216141|1943|225694|1945|71209|1950|162132|1956|191935|1961|207507|1966|213084|1971|215039|1976|201705|1981|194779|1986|185370|1991|196828|1996|200927|2001|194718|2011|190765|2022|195012|footnote=Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.
Source:<ref>[[:de:Einwohnerentwicklung von Kassel|Link]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=August 2019}}}}

Kassel has a population of about 200,000,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kasseler Zahlen im Überblick |url=https://www.kassel.de/daten-und-karten/statistik/ueberblick.php |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Stadt Kassel |language=de-DE}}</ref> and is the 3rd largest city in [[Hesse]] state and the only large city in the North Hesse region.

Kassel is often called the city that located on the center of Germany due to its position.

Kassel first reached its first population peak of over 100,000 in 1899, and its second in 1943 with about 225,000. Kassel was destroyed during World War II and became an industrial city in 1950s. Today, Kassel is home to multiple companies and universities.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#efefef;"|Rank
! style="background:#efefef;"|Nationality
! style="background:#efefef;"|Population (31 December 2022)
|-
|1||Turkey|| 7,343
|-
|2||Ukraine|| 4,579
|-
|3||Syria|| 4,369
|-
|4||Bulgaria|| 3,446
|-
|5||Poland|| 2,152
|-
|6||Italy|| 1,531
|-
|7||Romania|| 1,451
|-
|8||Croatia|| 1,370
|-
|9||Somalia|| 1,305
|-
|10||Afghanistan|| 1,235
|}

== Sights ==

The [[Bombing of Kassel in World War II|bombing raids of 1943]] destroyed 90% of the city center. The city center was almost completely rebuilt during the 1950s and is a combination of renovated or reconstructed old buildings and architecture of the 1950s. Outside the city center, the suburbs are dominated by 19th-century architecture. Timber-framed old towns are situated in suburbs like Harleshausen and Bad Wilhelmshöhe. The oldest monument is the Druselturm; the Brüderkirche and the [[St Martin's Church, Kassel|Martinskirche]] are also, in part, of medieval origin. The towers of the Martinskirche are from the 1950s.

=== Churches ===

==== St. Martin, Kassel ====
The main Protestant church of Kassel, it was begun in 1364 and finished in 1462. Severely damaged by British bombing in 1943, it was later reconstructed in a more modern style between 1954 and 1958.

==== St. Bonifatius, Kassel ====
St. Bonifatius was designed and built in 1956 by [[Bieling Architekten|Josef Bieling]].

===Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe===
{{Main|Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe}}The complex includes Wilhelmshöhe Palace (with the Antiquities Collection and Old Masters), the Hercules monument, and the Lions Castle.
[[Wilhelmshöhe Palace]] above the city was built in 1786, by landgrave Wilhelm IX of Hesse-Kassel. The palace is now a museum and houses an important collection of Graeco-Roman antiques and a fine gallery of paintings comprising the second largest collection of [[Rembrandt]]s in Germany.  It is surrounded by the beautiful [[Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe]] with many appealing sights.  The complex was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1049 | title=Sites in Germany and Italy bring to 19 the number of sites inscribed on the World Heritage List this year | publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Organization | date=23 June 2013 | access-date=9 July 2013}}</ref>[[File:Wilhelmshoehe - Herkules mit Kaskaden.jpg|thumb|[[Hercules monument (Kassel)|Herkules Monument]] and water running down the cascades during the water features in the Bergpark of the [[Wilhelmshöhe Palace]]]]
[[File:Kassel asv2022-02 img07 Orangerie.jpg|thumb|The [[Orangerie (Kassel)|Orangerie]] in the [[Karlsaue]] park]]The [[Hercules monument (Kassel)|Hercules monument]] is a huge octagonal stone structure carrying a giant replica of [[Hercules|Hercules "Farnese"]] (now at [[National Archaeological Museum, Naples|Museo Archeologico Nazionale]] in Naples, Italy).  From its base down to Wilhelmshöhe Palace runs a long set of artificial cascades. Every Sunday and Wednesday afternoon at 14:30 (from May until October), the famous [[Hercules monument (Kassel)|water features]] take place, which start at the Oktagon, and during a one-hour walk through the park visitors can follow the water's way until they reach the lake of the Wilhelmshöhe Palace, where a fountain of about {{convert|50|m|ft}} marks the end of the features.

The ''[[Löwenburg (Kassel)|Löwenburg]]'' ("Lions Castle") is a replica of a medieval castle, also built during the reign of Wilhelm IX. After the [[Franco-Prussian War]] of 1870–71, [[Napoléon III]] was imprisoned in Wilhelmshöhe. In 1918, Wilhelmshöhe became the seat of the German Army High Command (OHL); it was there that the military commanders [[Paul von Hindenburg|Hindenburg]] and [[Erich Ludendorff|Ludendorff]] prepared the German capitulation.

===Staatspark Karlsaue (Karlsaue Park)===
The [[Karlsaue]] is a large park along the Fulda River that is part of the [[European Garden Heritage Network]]. Established in the 16th century, it is known for the [[Orangerie (Kassel)|Orangerie]], a palace built in 1710 as a summer residence for the landgraves. Today, the Orangerie contains the Museum of Astronomy and Technology, with a scale model of the [[Solar System]] spanning the entire park and beyond. 
In addition, the Park Schönfeld contains a small, municipal [[botanical garden]], the [[Botanischer Garten Kassel]].

===Art museums===
Europe's first public museum, the [[Fridericianum|Museum Fridericianum]], was founded in 1779.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fridericianum |url=https://fridericianum.org/fridericianum/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Fridericianum |language=en-US}}</ref> By the end of the 19th century, the museum held one of the largest collections of watches and clocks in the world.
Other art museums in Kassel include: 
* [[Wilhelmshöhe Palace]] (Antiquities Collection and Old Masters: [[Albrecht Dürer]], [[Peter Paul Rubens|Rubens]], [[Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn|Rembrandt]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Anthony van Dyck]])
* [[New Gallery (Kassel)|New Gallery]] ([[Tischbein family]], [[Joseph Beuys]])
* [[Hessian State Museum, Kassel|Hessisches Landesmuseum]] (with a world-famous wallpaper collection).

===Other museums===
* Museum of Natural History (in the Ottoneum building)
* Museum of physics and astronomy in the [[Orangerie (Kassel)|Orangerie]]
* Marmorbad (marble bath) in the [[Orangerie (Kassel)|Orangerie]]
* Caricatura (in the Hauptbahnhof Kassel)
* Museum of Local History
* Tram Museum Kassel
* Technical Museum and Henschel Museum
* [[Louis Spohr]] Museum (classical music composer) Museum in the [[Bellevue Palace, Kassel|Bellevue Palace]], remaining part of the [[Schloss Bellevue (Kassel)|Bellevueschloss palace complex]]
* Museum for Sepulchral Culture
* Museum of the Brothers Grimm (known as Grimmwelt Kassel)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grimmwelt.de|title=Startseite: GRIMMWELT|website=www.grimmwelt.de|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* Museum of Modern Art (Neue Gallerie)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum-kassel.de/de/museen-schloesser-parks/neue-galerie|title=neue galerie – Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel|website=www.museum-kassel.de|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* Gemäldegallerie Kassel in the Wilhelmshöhe Palace (Schloss Wilhelmshöhe)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum-kassel.de/de/museen-schloesser-parks/unesco-welterbe-bergpark-wilhelmshoehe/schloss-wilhelmshoehe|title=schloss wilhelmshöhe – Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel|website=www.museum-kassel.de|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>
* Botanical Island (Insel Siebenbergen)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum-kassel.de/de/museen-schloesser-parks/staatspark-karlsaue/insel-siebenbergen|title=insel siebenbergen – Museumslandschaft Hessen Kassel|website=www.museum-kassel.de|access-date=4 May 2017}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[KSV Hessen Kassel|Hessen Kassel]] is the [[Association football|football]] club in the city, who plays in the [[Hessenliga]] after being relegated from the [[Regionalliga Südwest]] in the 2017/2018 season. The city's own football stadium, the [[Auestadion]] was built in 1953 and is able to hold 18,737 people. It is located in the south of Kassel at the quarter Südstadt, next to the Karlsaue.

Kassel has a long ice hockey tradition,<ref name="DW1">{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,14912617,00.html|title=German hockey team skates from financial brink back to rink|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|date=20 March 2011|access-date=21 March 2011}}</ref> but it was not until 1977 that the Kassel ice rink (Eissporthalle) opened on a private initiative. The [[Kassel Huskies]] were founding members of the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]] in 1994, belonging to the league from 1994 to 2006 and again from 2008 to 2010. In [[1996–97 DEL season|1997]], they were runners-up in the championship playoffs, losing to [[Adler Mannheim]], and reached the semi-finals on three more occasions. The Huskies ran into financial difficulties and dissolved in 2010.<ref name="DW1"/> The "Young Huskies", which is a junior and youth hockey club, decided to enter a men's team in the Hessenliga.<ref name="DW1"/> This is the fifth division and the lowest men's competition in the state of [[Hesse]].<ref name="DW1"/> The new club was expecting no more than 3,000 supporters for the first home game in the Hessenliga.<ref name="DW1"/> However, they had over 5,000 supporters come to watch.<ref name="DW1"/>

== Transport ==

[[File:Kassel asv2022-02 img46 Wilhelmshöhe tram station.jpg|thumb|A [[Trams in Kassel|tram in Kassel]]]]

Kassel has [[Trams in Kassel|seven tram lines]] (1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8), with trams arriving usually every 15 minutes. The city also operates a light rail [[Stadtbahn]] network called ''[[Kassel RegioTram|RegioTram]]'' using [[Regio Citadis]] low-floor trams which run on both tram and main line railway tracks with three lines (RT1, RT4, RT5). Moreover, a number of low-floor buses complete the Kassel public transport system. The introduction of low-floor buses led to the development of the [[Kassel kerb]] which improves the [[accessibility]] at bus stops.

The city is connected to the [[Deutsche Bahn|national rail network]] at two stations, [[Kassel Hauptbahnhof|Kassel Central]], and [[Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe railway station|Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe]]. The traditional central station (Hauptbahnhof) has been reduced to the status of a regional station since the opening of the [[Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line]] in 1991 and its station (Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe) on the high-speed line at which the [[InterCityExpress]] (ICE) and [[InterCity]] services call as well as [[Nightjet]] and [[Flixtrain]].

Kassel is connected to the motorways [[Bundesautobahn 7|A 7]], [[Bundesautobahn 49|A 49]] and [[Bundesautobahn 44|A 44]].

The city is served by [[Kassel Calden Airport]]. However, the airport only provides routes to limited destinations. The nearest airports to Kassel are [[Paderborn Lippstadt Airport]], [[Hannover Airport]], [[Dortmund Airport]] and [[Frankfurt Airport]].

== Politics ==
=== Mayor ===
The current mayor of Kassel is Sven Schoeller of [[Alliance 90/The Greens]], who was elected in March 2023.<ref name=mayor/> He succeeded Christian Geselle ([[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]), who had been in office since 2017.<ref>[https://votemanager-ks.ekom21cdn.de/20170305/06611000/html5/Buergermeisterwahl_Hessen_143_Gemeinde_Stadt_Kassel.html City of Kassel]</ref>

===City council===
[[File:2021 Kassel City Council election.svg|thumb|300px|Winning party by district in the 2021 city council election]]
The Kassel city council (''Stadtverordnetenversammlung'') governs the city alongside the Mayor. The most recent city council election was held on 14 March 2021, and the results were as follows:

{{election table}}
! colspan=2| Party
! Lead candidate
! Votes
! %
! +/-
! Seats
! +/-
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alliance 90/The Greens}}| 
| align=left| [[Alliance 90/The Greens]] (Grüne)
| align=left| [[Awet Tesfaiesus]]
| 1,201,167
| 28.7
| {{increase}} 10.7
| 20
| {{increase}} 7
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Social Democratic Party of Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Social Democratic Party]] (SPD)
| align=left| Patrick Hartmann
| 1,028,529
| 24.6
| {{decrease}} 4.9
| 17
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Christian Democratic Union of Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU)
| align=left| Michael von Rüden
| 802,551
| 19.2
| {{decrease}} 1.5
| 14
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|The Left (Germany)}}| 
| align=left| [[The Left (Germany)|Kasseler Left]] (Left)
| align=left| Violetta Bock
| 469,800
| 11.2
| {{increase}} 0.6
| 8
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Democratic Party (Germany)}}| 
| align=left| [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]] (FDP)
| align=left| Matthias Nölke
| 236,057
| 5.6
| {{steady}} 0.0
| 4
| ±0
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Alternative for Germany}}| 
| align=left| [[Alternative for Germany]] (AfD)
| align=left| Sven Dreyer
| 233,609
| 5.6
| {{decrease}} 5.4
| 4
| {{decrease}} 4
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Free Voters}}| 
| align=left| [[Free Voters]] (FW)
| align=left| Christian Klobuczynski
| 94,443
| 2.3
| {{decrease}} 0.7
| 2
| ±0
|-
| 
| align=left| Save the Bees
| align=left| Bernd Hoppe
| 77,703
| 1.9
| New
| 1
| New
|-
| bgcolor={{party color|Die PARTEI}}| 
| align=left| [[Die PARTEI]] (PARTEI)
| align=left| Jennifer Rieger
| 41,169
| 1.0
| New
| 1
| New
|-
! colspan=3| Valid votes
! 61,687
! 95.7
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=3| Invalid votes
! 2,765
! 4.3
! 
! 
! 
|-
! colspan=3| Total
! 64,452
! 100.0
! 
! 71
! ±0
|-
! colspan=3| Electorate/voter turnout
! 147,462
! 43.7
! {{increase}} 0.9
! 
! 
|-
| colspan=8| Source: [https://wahlen.statistik.hessen.de/k_2021/html/Gemeindewahl/VG611000 Statistics Hesse]
|}

== Education and research ==
[[File:Uni-Kassel-Diagonale.JPG|thumb|[[University of Kassel]]]]

=== University of Kassel ===
The [[University of Kassel]] is a public higher education institution and was founded in 1971 as a so-called reform university. It is the newest university in the state of [[Hessen]] and has an urban inner-city campus between the city center and the Northern city district. There were around 25,000 students enrolled at the university in 2018, 3,359 of them non-Germans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jahresbericht 2018 der Universität Kassel erschienen |url=https://www.uni-kassel.de/uni/en/aktuelles/sitemap-detail-news/2019/07/03/jahresbericht-2018-der-universitaet-kassel-erschienen?cHash=da44507b5bff1004e8ada58fb0a18b78 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=www.uni-kassel.de |language=en-US |archive-date=23 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523064314/https://www.uni-kassel.de/uni/en/aktuelles/sitemap-detail-news/2019/07/03/jahresbericht-2018-der-universitaet-kassel-erschienen?cHash=da44507b5bff1004e8ada58fb0a18b78 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two hundred and twenty-four students obtained their doctorate from the university in 2017.

The university offers a range of study programs, and several English master's programs as well as two short-term international programs, the [[International Summer University (ISU) Kassel|Summer University]] and the [[International Winter University (IWU) Kassel|Winter University]]. The [[Kunsthochschule Kassel]] (University of Fine Arts) is also part of the university with a satellite campus directly at the Karlsaue park in the Southern city district.

=== Other institutions ===

* Kassel School of Medicine (KSM)
* YMCA University of Applied Sciences (CVJM-Hochschule)
* Fraunhofer-Institut für Energiewirtschaft und Energiesystemtechnik (IEE)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iee.fraunhofer.de/en.html |website=www.iee.fraunhofer.de |access-date=13 March 2025 |title=Fraunhofer IEE }}</ref>
* Fraunhofer-Institut für Bauphysik (IBP) Projektgruppe Kassel
* Forschungszentrum für Informationstechnik-Gestaltung (ITeG)
* International Center for Development and Decent Work (ICDD)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-kassel.de/einrichtungen/icdd/home.html |title=ICDD: Home |access-date=2015-02-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211110519/http://www.uni-kassel.de/einrichtungen/icdd/home.html |archive-date=2015-02-11 }}</ref>
* Internationales Zentrum für Hochschulforschung Kassel (INCHER)
* Zentrum für Umweltbewusstes Bauen (ZUB)
* Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT)
* AG Friedensforschung

== Associations ==
* Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge [[German War Graves Commission]]
* Gesellschaft für Christlich-Jüdische Zusammenarbeit Kassel
* Spitzenverband der landwirtschaftlichen Sozialversicherung
* [[Deutsche Rentenversicherung|Deutsche Rentenversicherung Hessen]]
* Industrie- und Handelskammer Kassel (Chamber of Commerce Kassel)

==Courts==
Several courts are located in Kassel, including:

* the [[Federal Social Court]] ({{Lang|de|Bundessozialgericht}})
* Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof (Administration Court of Hesse)
* {{Ill|Fiscal Court Hesse|de|Hessisches Finanzgericht}} (''[[Fiscal Court (Germany)|Finanzgericht]]'')
* Sozialgericht Kassel (Social Court Kassel)
* Arbeitsgericht Kassel (Employment Court Kassel)
* Verwaltungsgericht Kassel
* Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt/Main in Kassel
* Landgericht Kassel (Regional Court Kassel)
* Amtsgericht Kassel and Staatsanwaltschaft Kassel (Local Court Kassel)

==Notable people==
{{Further|Category:People from Kassel}}

=== Academia ===
* [[Helmut Hasse]] (1898–1979), fundamental theorist in algebra and number theory
* [[Dieter Koch-Weser]] (1916–2015), professor, [[Harvard Medical School]] and [[Harvard School of Public Health]]
* [[Franz Rosenzweig]] (1886–1929), Jewish-German theologian, philosopher and translator
* [[Georg Friedrich Sartorius]] (1765–1828), academia, research historian and economist

=== Actors and entertainment ===
* [[Daniel Bandmann]] (1837–1905), actor-manager
* [[Doris Devrient]] (1801–1882), actress and singer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eisenberg|first1=Ludwig|title=Ludwig Eisenberg's großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX.|date=1903|location=Leipzig|pages=188–189|url=https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0006/bsb00067974/images/index.html?id=00067974&groesser=&fip=193.174.98.30&no=&seite=204 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[Christine Genast]] (1798–1860), actress, singer and pianist.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Eisenberg|first1=Ludwig|author1-link=Ludwig Eisenberg (writer)|title=Ludwig Eisenberg's großes biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Bühne im XIX. Jahrhundert|date=1903|publisher=P. List|location=Leipzig|page=314 |url=https://archive.org/details/ludwigeisenberg00eiseuoft/page/314/mode/2up|language=de}}</ref>
* [[Hubertus Meyer-Burckhardt]] (born 1956), television journalist and talk show host
* [[F. W. Murnau]] (1888–1931), movie director in the [[silent film|silent era]]
* [[Barbara Rudnik]] (1958–2009), actress
* [[Otto Sander]] (1941–2013), actor
* [[Meryem Sahra Uzerli]] (born 1983), Turkish-German actress

=== Artists and designers ===
* [[Arnold Bode]] (1900–1977), architect, painter, designer, and founder of the documenta
* [[Simon Louis du Ry]] (1726–1799), architect
* [[Hugo Wilhelm Arthur Nahl]] (1833–1899), artist who designed the [[Seal of California]]
* [[Albrecht Rosengarten]] (1809–1893), architect famous for synagogue buildings in Central Europe
* [[Richard Cassels]] (1690 – 1751), architect

=== Business ===
* [[Georges Kugelmann]] (1809–1882), newspaper printer
* [[Horst Paulmann]] (born 1935), German-Chilean billionaire entrepreneur, and founder and chairman of [[Cencosud]]

=== Musicians ===
* [[Franz Curti]] (1854–1898), opera composer
* [[Andreas Dippel]] (1866–1932), operatic tenor
* [[Chris Hülsbeck]] (born 1968), video game music composer
* [[Gertrud Elisabeth Mara]] (1749–1833), operatic soprano
* [[Israel Meyer Japhet]] (1818–1892) choral director in [[Frankfurt am Main]]
* [[Louis Spohr]] (1784–1859), composer and violinist, commemorated by a museum in the city
* [[Charlotte Sporleder]] (1836–1915), composer
* [[Johannes von Soest]] (1448–1506), medieval musician, music theorist, poet, and composer
* [[Milky Chance]] (2013–present), [[Band (rock and pop)|band]]

=== Politicians, military and civil servants ===
*[[Holger Börner]] (1931–2006), politician
*[[Hans Eichel]] (born 1941), politician
*[[Werner von Fichte]] (1896–1955), SA general and police chief
*[[Philipp Scheidemann]] (1865–1939), briefly Germany's Chancellor after the First World War
*[[Josias von Heeringen]] (1850–1926), general
*[[Heinrich von Porbeck]], major general, died at the [[Battle of Talavera]] (1809)
*[[Johanna Vogt]] (1862–1944), [[suffragette]] and the first woman on the city council of Kassel starting in 1919
*[[Kay-Achim Schönbach]] (born 1965), retired Vice Admiral of the [[German Navy]] and politician ([[Values Union]])

=== Royalty and socialites ===
*[[Jérôme Bonaparte]] (1784–1860), Prince, brother of [[Napoleon Bonaparte]], lived in Kassel while he was king of [[Kingdom of Westphalia|Westphalia]]
*[[Maria Amalia of Courland]] (1653–1711), noblewoman, participated in creation of park at [[Karlsaue]]
*[[Prince Charles of Hesse-Kassel]] (1744–1836)
*[[Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel]] (1747–1837)
*[[Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel|Princess and Landgravine Augusta of Hesse-Kassel]] (1797–1889), consort to [[Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge]]
*[[Landgravine Charlotte of Hesse-Kassel]] (1627–1686), noblewoman, member of the [[House of Hesse-Kassel]]
*[[Louise of Hesse-Kassel]] (1817–1898), princess of Hesse-Kassel, later queen consort of [[Christian IX of Denmark|King Christian IX]] of [[Kingdom of Denmark|Denmark]]
*[[William IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]] (1532–1592), the first [[Landgrave]] of the [[Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel]]
*[[Frederick I of Sweden]] (1676–1751), King of Sweden and also Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel

=== Scientists and physicians ===
* [[Valerius Cordus]] (1515–1544) physician and botanist, authored [[pharmacopoeias]] and herbals
* [[Friedrich Armand Strubberg]] (1806–1889), merchant, physician, colonist in North America, direct descendant of [[Frederick I of Sweden]]
* [[Justus Carl Hasskarl]] (1809–1894), botanist specialising in [[Pteridophytes]], [[Bryophytes]], and [[Spermatophytes]]
*[[Carl Friedrich Claus]] (1827–1900), chemist
*[[Adolf Eugen Fick]] (1829–1901), physiologist
*[[Jakob Stilling]] (1842–1915), ophthalmologist, son of [[Benedict Stilling]], surgeon, and brother of [[:de:Heinrich Stilling|Heinrich Stilling]], pathologist
*[[Carl Kaiserling]] (1869–1942), pathologist

=== Sports ===
*[[Leni Junker]] (1905–1997), sprinter
*[[Yunus Mallı]] (born 1992), Turkish footballer
*[[Annika Mehlhorn]] (born 1983), butterfly and medley swimmer
*[[Yona Melnik]] (born 1949), Israeli Olympic judoka
*[[Carolin Simon]] (born 1992), footballer

=== Writers and journalists ===
*The [[Brothers Grimm]], Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859), academics, linguists, cultural researchers, and authors who collected folklore and published several collections as [[Grimms' Fairy Tales]]
*[[Helmut Kollars]] (born 1968), writer and illustrator
*[[Rudolf Erich Raspe]] (1736–1794), [[University of Kassel]] librarian who fled to England after embezzling significant funds from [[Frederick II, Landgrave of Hesse-Kassel]], and wrote (or compiled) ''[[s:The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen|The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchhausen]]''
*[[Christian Ludwig Reissig]] (1784–1847), romantic poet
*[[Paul Reuter]] (1816–1899), reporter, founder of the [[Reuters]] news agency
*[[Lucien Scheler]] (1902–1999), French poet, writer, and publisher
*[[Anant Kumar]] (born 1969), writer, journalist, translator and literary critic of Indian descent

=== Others ===
*[[Barbara Goette]], (1908-1997), multiple courses and multiple jobs.
*[[Herman Lamm]] (1890–1930), German-American bank robber
*[[Norbert Trelle]] (born 1942), Roman Catholic German bishop
*[[Nils Seethaler]] (born 1981), ethnologist

[[File:Kassel asv2022-02 img21 Rathaus.jpg|thumb|The city hall]]

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}}
Kassel is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web |title=Städtepartnerschaften|url=https://www.kassel.de/buerger/rathaus_und_politik/rund-ums-rathaus/staedtepartnerschaften/index.php|website=kassel.de|publisher=Kassel|language=de|access-date=2021-02-15}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Florence]], Italy (1952)
*[[Mitte|Mitte (Berlin)]], Germany (1962)
*[[Mulhouse]], France (1965)
*[[Rovaniemi]], Finland (1972)
*[[Västerås Municipality|Västerås]], Sweden (1972)
*[[Yaroslavl]], Russia (1988)
*[[Arnstadt]], Germany (1989)
*[[Ramat Gan]], Israel (1990)
*[[Kocaeli Province|Kocaeli]], Turkey (1999) <!--not İzmit-->
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[Air-raid shelter am Weinberg]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{See also|Timeline of Kassel#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Kassel}}

==External links==
{{Commons-inline}}
{{Wikivoyage inline|Kassel}}
* [http://www.stadtpanoramen.de/en/kassel/kassel.html Kassel City Panoramas] – Panoramic views and Virtual Tours
* [http://www.kassel.de/ Official website]
* [http://www.kassel-marketing.de/en/home Kassel Tourist Board]
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090804004021/http://uni-kassel.de/ University of Kassel]
* [http://sites.google.com/site/kasselstrassenkriminalitaet/ Street Crime Mapping Kassel 2009]
* [http://www.clipfish.de/video/2694062/wasserspiele-in-kassel/ Video of the waterfeatures]

{{Geographic location
|Centre    = Kassel
|North     = [[Göttingen]], [[Hildesheim]], [[Hanover]]
|Northeast = [[Salzgitter]], [[Braunschweig]]
|East      = [[Erfurt]], Leipzig
|Southeast = 
|South     = [[Fulda]]
|Southwest = [[Marburg]], [[Gießen]], Frankfurt
|West      = [[Dortmund]], [[Wuppertal]]
|Northwest = [[Paderborn]], [[Detmold]], [[Bielefeld]]
}}

{{Cities in Germany}}
{{Germany districts hesse}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kassel| ]]
[[Category:1849 establishments in the German Confederation]]
[[Category:1840s in the Electorate of Hesse]]
[[Category:Establishments in the Electorate of Hesse]]
[[Category:Huguenot history in Germany]]
[[Category:Kassel (region)]]
[[Category:Urban districts of Hesse]]