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{{short description|Byzantine-Greek composer and hymnographer (810–865)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix = [[Saint]]
| name             = Kassia
| birth_date       = c. 810
| death_date       = c. 865
| feast_day        = 7 September
| venerated_in     = [[Eastern Orthodox Church]]<br>[[Catholic Church]]<br>[[Anglican Communion]]
| image            = Kassia.jpg
| caption          = [[Icon]] of St. Kassia
| birth_place      = [[Constantinople]]<br />(modern-day [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]])
| death_place      = [[Kasos]]
| canonized_date   = [[Pre-congregation]]
}}

'''Kassia''', '''Cassia''', '''Kassiane''', or '''Kassiani''' ({{langx|el|Κασσιανή|Kassianí}}, {{IPA|el|kasia'ni|pron}}; {{circa|810}} – c.865<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kassia |url=https://www.musicbywomen.org/composer/kassia/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=Music By Women |language=en-US}}</ref>) was a [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]-Greek [[composer]], [[hymnographer]] and poet.{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}} She holds a unique place in [[Byzantine music]] as the only known woman whose music appears in the [[Byzantine liturgy]].{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=141}} Approximately fifty of her hymns are extant, most of which are [[sticheron|stichera]], though at least 26 have uncertain attribution.{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}} The authenticity issues are due to many hymns being anonymous, and others ascribed to different authors in different manuscripts. She was an [[abbess]] of a [[convent]] in the west of [[Constantinople]].

Additionally, many [[epigram]]s and [[gnomic poetry|gnomic verse]]s are attributed to her,{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=142}} at least 261.{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=149}} Kassia is notable as one of at least two women in the middle Byzantine period known to have written in their own names, the other being [[Anna Comnena]].{{sfn|Stephenson|2010|p=66}} Like her predecessors [[Romanos the Melodist]] and [[Andrew of Crete]], the earliest surviving manuscripts of her works are dated centuries after her lifetime.{{sfn|Mellas|2020|pp=24–25}}

==Name==
Her name is a feminine Greek form of the Latin name ''Cassius''. It is variously spelled Κασσιανή (contemporary pronunciation {{IPA|el|kaˈsçani|}}), Κασ(σ)ία (''Kas[s]ia''), Εικασία (''Eikasia''), Ικασία (''Ikasia''), ''Kassiani'', ''Cas[s]ia'', ''Cassiane'', ''Kassiana''. Modern English-language references to her as a composer generally use the name "Kassia," while references to her religious life tend to use Kassia or Kassiani.{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}}{{sfn|Touliatos-Banker|1984|p=65}}

==Life==
[[File:Emperor Theophilos chooses his wife.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|19th century representation by [[Valentine Cameron Prinsep]] of [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]]' choice]]
Kassia was born between 805 and 810 in [[Constantinople]] into a wealthy family{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}} and grew to be exceptionally beautiful and intelligent. Three Byzantine chroniclers, [[Pseudo-Simeon|Pseudo-Symeon the Logothete]], [[George the Monk]] (a.k.a. George the Sinner) and [[Leo the Mathematician|Leo the Grammarian]], claim that she was a participant in the "[[bride show]]" (the means by which Byzantine princes/emperors sometimes chose a bride, by giving a golden apple to his choice) organized for the young bachelor [[Theophilos (emperor)|Theophilos]] by his stepmother, the Empress Dowager [[Euphrosyne (9th century)|Euphrosyne]]. Smitten by Kassia's beauty, the young emperor approached her and said: "Through a woman [came forth] the baser [things]," referring to the sin and suffering coming as a result of [[Eve]]'s transgression.  Kassia promptly responded, "And through a woman [came forth] the better [things]," referring to the hope of salvation resulting from the [[Incarnation of Christ]] through the [[Virgin Mary]].   According to tradition, the [[wikt:verbatim|verbatim]] dialogue was:
<blockquote>"-{{lang|grc|Ἐκ γυναικὸς τὰ χείρω}}." {{IPA|grc-x-medieval|ek ʝyne'kos ta 'çiro|lang|link=yes}}<br>"-{{lang|grc|Kαὶ ἐκ γυναικὸς τὰ κρείττω}}." {{IPA|grc-x-medieval|c(e) ek ʝyneˈkos ta ˈkrito|lang|link=yes}}</blockquote>
Unsatisfied with her response, Theophilos rejected her and chose [[Theodora (9th century)|Theodora]] as his wife.

By 843, Kassia had founded a [[convent]] in the west of [[Constantinople]], near the Constantinian Walls, and became its first [[abbess]].<ref>[http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/kassia.html "Other Women's Voices"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011170101/http://home.infionline.net/~ddisse/kassia.html |date=11 October 2007 }}</ref> Although many scholars {{weasel inline|date=September 2020}} attribute this to bitterness at having failed to marry Theophilos and to become empress, a letter from [[Theodore the Studite]] indicates that she had other motivations for wanting a monastic life. It had a close relationship with the nearby monastery of [[Stoudios]], which was to play a central role in re-editing the Byzantine liturgical books in the 9th and 10th centuries, thus ensuring the survival of her work (Kurt Sherry, p.&nbsp;56). However, since the monastic life was a common vocation in her day, religious zeal is as likely a motive as either depression or aspiration for artistic renown.<ref name="lsm"/>

Emperor Theophilos was a fierce [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|iconoclast]], and any residual feelings he may have had for Kassia did not preserve her from the imperial policy of [[Religious persecution|persecution]] for her defence of the [[veneration]] of icons. Among other things, she was subjected to [[scourging]] with a [[whip|lash]]. In spite of this, she remained outspoken in defence of the Orthodox Faith, at one point saying, "I hate silence when it is time to speak."<ref name="lsm"/>

After the death of Theophilos in 842 his young son [[Michael III]] became Eastern Roman Emperor, with Empress Theodora acting as [[Regent]]. Together they ended the second iconoclastic period (814-842); peace was restored to the empire.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

Kassia traveled to Italy briefly, but eventually settled on the Greek Island of [[Kasos]], where she died sometime around 865. In the city of Panaghia, there is a church where Kassia's tomb/reliquary may be found.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2012/09/the-tomb-of-saint-kassiani-in-kasos.html|title=The Tomb of Saint Kassiani in Kasos|last=Sanidopoulos|first=John|access-date=17 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190828045049/https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2012/09/the-tomb-of-saint-kassiani-in-kasos.html|archive-date=28 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
===Overview===
Kassiani wrote many hymns which are still used in the [[Byzantine Rite|Byzantine]] [[Christian liturgy|liturgy]] to this day. She became known to the great [[Theodore the Studite]], while she was still a young girl, and he was impressed by her learning and literary style.<ref name="lsm">{{Citation
  | title = The Lives of the Spiritual Mothers
  | place = Buena Vista CO
  | publisher = Holy Apostles Convent
  | year = 1991
  | id = LOC 91-070245
  | isbn = 0-944359-05-1
  | pages = 374–381}}
</ref> She not only wrote spiritual poetry, but composed music to accompany it. She is regarded as an "exceptional and rare phenomenon" among composers of her day<ref>Savas J. Svas, ''[[Hymnology]] of the Eastern Orthodox Church'' (Byzantine Melodies, 1983), p. 108.</ref> At least twenty-three genuine hymns are ascribed to her.<ref name="lsm"/> Her ''oeuvre'' as a whole demonstrates influence from classical [[Greek literature]], which she studied early in life.{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}}

===Sacred music===
====Hymn of Kassia====
The most famous of her compositions is the eponymous '''Hymn of Kassia''' (also known as the ''[[Troparion]] of Kassiani''), which is chanted each year for [[Great and Holy Wednesday]] as a [[doxastichon]] occurring at the end of the [[aposticha]] of [[orthros]] and the lamp-lighting psalms of the [[Presanctified Liturgy]].{{sfn|''Lenten Triodion''|2002|p=540–42}}

Tradition says that in his later years the Emperor Theophilus, still in love with her, wished to see her one more time before he died, so he rode to the [[monastery]] where she resided. Kassia was alone in her cell, writing her ''Hymn'' when she realized that the commotion she heard was because the imperial retinue had arrived.  She was still in love with him but was now devoted to God and hid away because she did not want to let her old passion overcome her [[Religious vows#In the Eastern Orthodox Church|monastic vow]].  She left the unfinished hymn on the table. Theophilus found her cell and entered it alone. He looked for her but she was not there; she was hiding in a closet, watching him. Theophilus, overcome with sadness, cried and regretted that moment of pride when he rejected such a beautiful and intellectual woman; then he noticed the papers on the table and read them.  When he had finished reading, he sat and added one line to the hymn; then he left. The line attributed to the Emperor is the line "those feet whose sound Eve heard at dusk in Paradise and hid herself for fear." Legend says that as he was leaving he noticed Kassia in the closet but did not speak to her, out of respect for her wished privacy. Kassia emerged when the emperor was gone, read what he had written and finished the hymn.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Kasia the Melodist. And the Making of a Byzantine Hymnographer |url=https://doi.org/10.7916/D82806KH |publisher=Columbia University |date=2013 |doi=10.7916/d82806kh |language=en |first=Gheorghita |last=Zugravu |page=174}}</ref>

The music for the hymn is slow, sorrowful and plaintive, lasting about ten to twenty minutes, depending on tempo and style of execution.  It requires a very wide vocal range, and is considered one of the most demanding pieces — if not ''the'' most demanding one — of solo Byzantine chant, and cantors take great pride in delivering it well.  It is also sung by choirs in unison, often underpinned by Byzantine vocal bass drone.

====Other hymns====
Among the other hymns she composed are the following:

*The [[Doxastichon]] chanted at the [[Vespers|Vesperal]] [[Divine Liturgy]] on [[Christmas Eve]]{{sfn|''Festal Menaion''|1977|p=254}}
*Numerous hymns in honor of [[saint]]s found in the [[Menaion]] (fixed cycle of the [[Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar]]), such as [[feast day|Feast]] of the [[Nativity of the Forerunner]], 24 June. {{citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* Among her hymns in the [[Triodion]] (liturgical book used during [[Great Lent]]) are the [[irmos|irmoi]] for the [[orthros|Matins]] Canons of [[Great and Holy Thursday]]{{citation needed|date=April 2023}} and [[Great and Holy Saturday]].{{sfn|''Lenten Triodion''|2002|p=646–51}}
* Her longest composition is a [[Canon (hymnography)|Canon]] for the [[Christian burial|Departed]], consisting of 32 [[strophe]]s, to be chanted at a [[Memorial service (Orthodox)|Parastas]] (memorial services).{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}

===Secular writings===
261 works of secular literature are attributed to Kassia, consisting of [[epigram]]s and [[gnomic poetry|gnomic verse]]s.{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} Never set to music, they were written during the reigns of Theophilos and Michael III.{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} Akin to the rest of her ''oeuvre'', her writings demonstrate influence from classical [[Greek literature]], which she studied early in life.{{sfn|Touliatos|2001}} These literary genres were chiefly dominated by men, so her contributions would have been unusual; Byzantinist Andrew Mellas noted that "perhaps this was an advantage for Kassia and accounts for her originality".{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=142}}

The genre of epigrams had existed from [[classical antiquity]] and into the [[Byzantine Empire]],{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} being defined as somewhere in between the scope of [[lyric poetry|lyric]] and [[epic poetry]].{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} Their exact organization was unformalized, ranging from the use of [[couplets]] to [[iambic pentameter]], among others.{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} The works are generally rooted in the long tradition,{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} though they include her own unique innovations.{{sfn|Kazhdan|2005}} In this genre, she is credited with first synthesizing secular and sacred values.{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=142}} While the works are secular in character, they promoted ethical teachings for the lives of Christians.{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=142}} Byzantinist {{ill|Marc Lauxtermann|de}} described this approach as "An osmosis of ancient wisdom and monastic truth".{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=142}} Kassia abandoned typical themes found in Greek [[prosody (Greek)|prosody]], preferring to discuss more individual and personal issues.{{sfn|Kazhdan|2005}} In addition to ethnical ideals, the themes Kassia covers include ethnical ideals and weaknesses (her examples include 'foolishness' and 'friendship');{{sfn|Kazhdan|2005}} social structures;{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=143}} femininity (particularly 'beauty');{{sfn|Kazhdan|2005}} and the defense of women's rights.{{sfn|Brashier|2012|p=13}} This approach would have made the genre more relevant and accessible to the Byzantine people,{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=142}} though the extent of her epigrams' circulation remains unclear.{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=143}} Her epigrams are particularly reminiscent of similar works by her colleague Theodore the Studite, and are characterized by a concise and straight forward presentation,{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}} often including witty or humorous elements.{{sfn|Brashier|2012|p=13}} According to Mellas, it is probable that they were "a form [[Catechism]] for her nuns and perhaps any friends of the monastery."{{sfn|Mellas|2020|p=143}}

Kassia's gnomic verses were much shorter, usually a single-verse teachings. They often include moral adages and like the epigrams, were succinct.{{sfn|Touliatos|1996|p=2}}

==Portrayals==
Many fictitious stories were created around her relationship with Emperor Theophilos. Contemporary historians such as Glykas, Ptochoprodromos, Kodinos, Zonaras, and Georgios Amartolos described her exile in Italy during the Iconoclasy wars and later settled and died in Kasos sometime between 867 and 890.

A fictional version of her is portrayed by [[Karima Adebibe|Karima McAdams]] in the [[Vikings (season 5)|5th season]] of the television series ''[[Vikings (2013 TV series)|Vikings]]''.

In August 2019, English singer-songwriter [[Frank Turner]] included a song told from her point of view on his album [[No Man's Land (Frank Turner album)|''No Man's Land'']].

==Religious commemoration==
The [[feast day]] of Saint Kassiani is celebrated by the Orthodox Church on [[7 September]].

She is often depicted on the [[icon]] of the [[Sunday of Orthodoxy]] (the First Sunday of Great Lent), because of her strong defence of the [[iconodule|veneration of icons]].

In 2022, Kassia was officially added to the [[Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)|Episcopal Church liturgical calendar]] with a feast day on 7 September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Convention Virtual Binder |url=https://www.vbinder.net/resolutions/24?house=HD&lang=en |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=www.vbinder.net |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913143652/https://www.vbinder.net/resolutions/24?house=HD&lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Recordings==
The following are commercial recordings of the music of Kassia:

* [[Kronos Quartet]]: ''[[Early Music (Lachrymæ Antiquæ)]]'', USA 1997. Includes an instrumental arrangement of Kassia's "Using the Apostate Tyrant as His Tool".
* Sarband : ''Sacred Women, Women as Composers and Performers of Medieval Chant''. Dorian, USA 2001. Album contains one piece by Kassia, Augustus-[[Sticheron]] [[Idiomelon]] [[Doxastikon]]: Vespers of 25 December (Athens MS 883) which is also recorded on the album by VocaMe.
* Deborah Kayser & Nick Tsiavos ''The Fallen Woman'' CD released 2008. Includes a recording of the Kassia Hymn.
* VocaMe : ''Kassia - Byzantine hymns of the first woman composer''. Christophorus, Germany 2009. 18 tracks, with full sung texts in Greek script, German and English translations.<ref>[http://www.vocame.de/en/ Byzantine hymns of the first female composer: Kassia], vocame.de</ref>
*''Choral Settings of Kassiani: with members of [[Cappella Romana]] and the [[English Chamber Choir]]''. Various recordings of the Troparion of Kassiani and When Augustus Reigned. Released in 2011.
*''Hymns of Kassiani'', hymns of Christmas, the Triodion and Holy Week. [[Cappella Romana]], Alexander Lingas. Released in 2021.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
;Books and chapters
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brashier |first=Rachel Nicole |year=2012 |title=Voice of Women in Byzantine Music Within the Greek Orthodox Churches in America |publisher=[[Southern Illinois University Carbondale]] |location=Carbondale |oclc=810092479 |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1842&context=theses }}
* {{cite book |last=Mellas |first=Andrew |year=2020 |title=Liturgy and the Emotions in Byzantium: Compunction and Hymnody |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-108-76736-1 |doi=10.1017/9781108767361 |s2cid=225623021 }}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Mother Mary |translator-last2=Ware |translator-first2=Kallistos |translator-link2=Kallistos Ware |title=The Festal Menaion |date=1977 |series=The Service Books of the Orthodox Church |publisher=Faber & Faber |location=London |ref={{sfnref|''Festal Menaion''|1977}} }}
* {{cite book |translator-last1=Mother Mary |translator-last2=Ware |translator-first2=Kallistos |translator-link2=Kallistos Ware |title=The Lenten Triodion |date=2002 |series=The Service Books of the Orthodox Church |publisher=St. Tikhon's Seminary Press |location=South Canaan, PA |ref={{sfnref|''Lenten Triodion''|2002}}  }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Silvas |first=Anna M. |editor-last=Garland |editor-first=Lynda |editor-link=Lynda Garland |year=2006 |encyclopedia=Byzantine Women: Varieties of Experience 800-1200 |title=Kassia the Nun |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |location=Farnham }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Stephenson|editor-first=Paul|title=The Byzantine World|year=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyKBVmLQzHoC&pg=PA66|access-date=5 February 2013|page=66|publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9780203817254}}
* {{cite book |last=Touliatos |first=Diane |editor-last1=Schleifer |editor-first1=Martha Furman |editor-last2=Glickman |editor-first2=Sylvia |editor-link2=Sylvia Glickman |year=1996 |title=Women Composers: Music Through The Ages |chapter=Kassia |publisher=[[G. K. Hall]] |location=New York |volume=1: Composers Born Before 1599 |isbn=978-0-8161-0926-5 }}
{{refend}}

;Encyclopedia and journal articles
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Dyck |first=Andrew R. |date=1986 |title=On Cassia, κυριε Ηεν πολλαις |journal=Byzantion |publisher=[[Peeters (publishing company)|Peeters]] |volume=56 |pages=63–76 |jstor=44160984 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Evangelatou |first=Maria |date=2014 |title=Threads of Power: Clothing Symbolism, Human Salvation, and Female Identity in the Illustrated Homilies by Iakobos of Kokkinobaphos |journal=Dumbarton Oaks Papers |volume=68 |pages=241–323 |jstor=24643760 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kazhdan |first1=A. P. |author-link1=Alexander Kazhdan |last2=Talbot |first2=A.-M. |author-link2=Mary M. Talbot |date=1991–1992 |title=Women and Iconoclasm |journal=[[Byzantinische Zeitschrift]] |volume=84–85 |issue=2 |pages=391–408 |doi=10.1515/byzs.1992.84-85.2.391 |s2cid=191604164 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Kazhdan |first=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Kazhdan |editor-last=Kazhdan |editor-first=Alexander |year=2005 |orig-year=1991 |encyclopedia=[[The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium]] |title=Kassia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-504652-6 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195046526.001.0001/acref-9780195046526-e-2781?rskey=EWLDCb&result=1 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Simic |first=Kosta |date=2009 |title=Life According to Nature: Ascetic Ideals in a Sticheron by Kassia |journal=Annual Journal of the Centre of Church Studies |volume=6 |pages=111–121 |url=https://www.academia.edu/1074079 }}
* {{cite journal |last=Simic |first=Kosta |date=January 2011 |title=Kassia's hymnography in the light of patristic sources and earlier hymnographical works |journal=Zbornik radova Vizantoloskog instituta |volume=48 |issue=48 |pages=7–37 |doi=10.2298/ZRVI1148007S |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/ft.aspx?id=0584-98881148007S |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last=Touliatos-Banker |first=Diane |date=Spring 1984 |title=Women Composers of Medieval Byzantine Chant |journal=College Music Symposium |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=62–80 |jstor=40374217 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Touliatos |first=Diane |year=2001 |encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]] |title=Kassia |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40895 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040895 }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |last=Kosta |first=Simić |date=2011 |title=Kassia's hymnography in the light of patristic sources and earlier hymnographical works |journal=Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta |volume=48 |issue=48 |pages=7–37 |doi=10.2298/ZRVI1148007S |issn=0584-9888 |eissn=2406-0917 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite web |last=Mellas |first=Andrew |date=1 June 2018 |title=Tears of Compunction in Byzantine Hymnody |work=Histories of Emotion |url=https://historiesofemotion.com/2018/06/01/tears-of-compunction-in-byzantine-hymnody/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119231459/https://historiesofemotion.com/2018/06/01/tears-of-compunction-in-byzantine-hymnody/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 January 2019 }}
* {{cite book |last=Tripolitis |first=Antonia |year=1992 |title=Kassia: The Legend, the Woman and her Work |publisher=Garland |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8240-2990-6 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{Librivox author |id=1325}}
* [https://library.princeton.edu/byzantine/subject-name/cassia Works by Kassia] at the [[Princeton University Library]]

{{Byzantine music}}
{{Medieval women writers}}
{{portal bar|Byzantine Empire|Saints|Music|Poetry}}
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[[Category:9th-century births]]
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