View source for Kenneth Kaunda

{{Short description|1st President of Zambia from 1964 to 1991}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2021}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image               = Kenneth David Kaunda.jpg
| caption             = Kaunda in 1983
| office              = [[Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia]]
| term_start          = 22 January 1964
| term_end            = 24 October 1964
| predecessor         = ''Position established''
| successor           = [[Mainza Chona]] <br /> ''as [[Prime Minister of Zambia]]''
| monarch            = [[Elizabeth II]]
| governor-general   = Sir [[Evelyn Hone]]
| order2              = 1st
| office2             = President of Zambia
| term_start2         = 24 October 1964
| term_end2           = 2 November 1991
| vicepresident2      = {{Plainlist|
* [[Reuben Kamanga]]
* [[Simon Kapwepwe]]
* [[Mainza Chona]]}}
| predecessor2        = ''Evelyn Hone as [[Governor of Northern Rhodesia]]''
| successor2          = [[Frederick Chiluba]]
| order3              = 3rd
| office3             = Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement
| term_start3         = 8 September 1970
| term_end3           = 5 September 1973
| predecessor3        = [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]
| successor3          = [[Houari Boumédiène]]
| order4              = 1st
| office4             = Chancellor of Cavendish University Zambia
| term_start4         = 2003
| term_end4           = 25 October 2018
| predecessor4        = position established
| successor4          = [[Rupiah Banda]]
| birth_name          = Kenneth David Buchizya Kaunda
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1924|4|28|df=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Chinsali]], [[Northern Rhodesia]] (now Zambia)
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|2021|6|17|1924|4|28|df=yes}}
| death_place         = [[Lusaka]], Zambia
| resting_place       = [[Embassy Park]], Lusaka
| citizenship         = {{plainlist|
* [[British subject]] (until 1964)
* Zambia (1964–1998, 2000{{nbnd}}2021)
* [[Statelessness|Stateless]] (1998–2000)
}}
| spouse              = {{marriage|[[Betty Kaunda|Betty Banda]]|1946|2013|reason=her death}}
| children            = 8, including [[Tilyenji Kaunda|Tilyenji]]
| party               = [[UNIP]]
| profession          = Teacher
}}
{{Kenneth Kaunda sidebar}}
'''Kenneth Kaunda''' (28 April 1924 – 17 June 2021),<ref name=Arnold /> also known as '''KK''',<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WNBBAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vote+kk%22+%22kaunda%22 |title=Listener and BBC Television Review |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |year=1983 |language=en}}</ref> was a Zambian politician who served as the first [[president of Zambia]] from 1964 to 1991. He was at the forefront of the struggle for independence from [[Northern Rhodesia|British rule]]. Dissatisfied with [[Harry Nkumbula]]'s leadership of the [[Zambian African National Congress|Northern Rhodesian African National Congress]], he broke away and founded the [[Zambian African National Congress (1958–1959)|Zambian African National Congress]], later becoming the head of the socialist [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP).

Kaunda was the first president of independent Zambia. In 1973, following tribal and inter-party violence, all political parties except UNIP were banned through an amendment of the constitution after the signing of the Choma Declaration. At the same time, Kaunda oversaw the acquisition of majority stakes in key foreign-owned companies. The [[1973 oil crisis]] and a slump in export revenues put Zambia in a state of economic crisis. Unrest forced Kaunda to change the rules that had kept him in power. [[Multi-party system|Multi-party]] elections took place in [[1991 Zambian general election|1991]], in which [[Frederick Chiluba]], the leader of the [[Movement for Multi-Party Democracy]], ousted Kaunda.

He was briefly stripped of Zambian citizenship in 1998, but the decision was overturned two years later in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 October 2018|title=How Zambia's first president had to go to court in 1999 to prove he was not a Malawian|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-zambias-first-president-had-to-go-to-court-in-1999-to-prove-he-was-not-a-malawian|access-date=18 June 2021|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en|archive-date=17 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617160126/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/how-zambias-first-president-had-to-go-to-court-in-1999-to-prove-he-was-not-a-malawian|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life==
Kenneth Kaunda was born on 28 April 1924<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kasuka |first=Bridgette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpRQwsE-PmYC&q=Kenneth+Kaunda+28+april&pg=PA13 |title=Independence Leaders of Africa |date=7 February 2012 |publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor |isbn=978-1-4700-4175-5 |access-date=15 October 2019 |via=Google Books}}</ref> at Lubwa Mission in [[Chinsali]], then part of [[Northern Rhodesia]], now Zambia,<ref name=KK /> and was the youngest of eight children.<ref name="WSJforKaunda">{{Cite news |last=McGroarty |first=Patrick |date=17 June 2021 |title=Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia, Last Leader of Africa's Liberation Era, Dies at 97 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/kenneth-kaunda-zambias-longtime-leader-dies-at-97-11623945143via=ProQuest }} {{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His father, the Reverend David Kaunda, was an ordained [[Church of Scotland]]<ref name="BBCKen">{{Cite web|title=Kenneth Kaunda: Zambia's independence hero|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16039411|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 June 2021|date=17 June 2021|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618014202/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-16039411|url-status=live}}</ref> missionary<ref name="KasukaPALSI">{{Cite book |last=Kasuka |first=Bridgette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&q=When+was+kaunda+a+vice+secretary+of+the+nchanga+branch+of+congress&pg=PA336 |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |date=8 February 2012|publisher=Bankole Kamara Taylor |isbn=978-1-4700-4358-2 |language=en |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-date= 28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228044130/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&q=When+was+kaunda+a+vice+secretary+of+the+nchanga+branch+of+congress&pg=PA336#v=snippet&q=When%20was%20kaunda%20a%20vice%20secretary%20of%20the%20nchanga%20branch%20of%20congress&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> and teacher, who had been born in [[Nyasaland]] (now Malawi) and had moved to Chinsali, to work at Lubwa Mission.<ref name="EncyBrit">{{Cite web |title=Kenneth Kaunda |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Kaunda |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=6 September 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929214634/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Kaunda |url-status=live }}</ref> His mother, [[Helen Nyirenda Kaunda]], was also a teacher and was the first African woman to teach in colonial Northern Rhodesia.<ref name= EncyBrit /> They were both teachers among the [[Bemba people|Bemba]] ethnic group which is located in northern Zambia.<ref name= EncyBrit /> His father died when Kenneth was a child.<ref name= BBCKen /> This is where Kenneth Kaunda received his education until the early 1940s. He later on followed in his parents' footsteps and became a teacher;<ref name= BBCKen /> first in Northern Rhodesia<ref name= BBCKen /> but then in the middle of the 1940s he moved to [[Tanganyika Territory]] (now part of Tanzania). He also worked in [[Southern Rhodesia]].<ref name= BBCKen /> He attended Munali Training Centre in [[Lusaka]] between 1941 and 1943.<ref name=KasukaPALSI /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenneth Kaunda and the vision of a united Africa|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/magazine/politicalreforms/Kenneth-Kaunda-and-the-vision-of-a-united-Africa/1843776-4927886-sdjmt8z/index.html|website=The Citizen|access-date=18 June 2021|date=9 January 2019}}</ref> Early in his career, he read the writings of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] that he said: "went straight to my heart."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1962/04/18/archives/a-disciple-of-gandhi-kenneth-kaunda-son-of-a-missionary.html|title=A Disciple of Gandhi; Kenneth Kaunda Son of a Missionary|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 April 1962}}</ref>

Kaunda was a teacher at the Upper Primary School and Boarding Master at Lubwa and then Headmaster at Lubwa from 1943 to 1945.<ref name=KasukaPALSI /> For a time, he worked at the Salisbury and Bindura Mine.<ref name=KasukaPALSI /> In early 1948, he became a teacher in [[Mufulira]] for the United Missions to the Copperbelt (UMCB).<ref name=KasukaPALSI /> He was then assistant at an African Welfare Centre and Boarding Master of a Mine School in Mufulira. In this period, he was leading a [[Pathfinder Scouts Association|Pathfinder Scout]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parsons |first=Timothy H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m3Dsuf5gBtAC&q=kenneth+kaunda+Pathfinder+Scout&pg=PT126|title=Race, Resistance, and the Boy Scout Movement in British Colonial Africa|date=2004|publisher=Ohio University Press|isbn=0-8214-1596-4|language=en |access-date=18 June 2021}}</ref> Group and was Choirmaster at a Church of Central Africa congregation. He was also Vice-Secretary of the Nchanga Branch of Congress.<ref name=KasukaPALSI />

==Independence struggle and presidency==
[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-124-8.jpg|thumb|Kaunda with UNIP supporters after a meeting with [[Iain Macleod]], [[Secretary of State for the Colonies|Colonial Secretary]], in March 1960|left]]
In 1949 Kaunda entered politics and became the founding member of the [[Zambian African National Congress|Northern Rhodesian African National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zambia's founding president, Kenneth Kaunda, dies aged 97|first=Chris|last=Mfula|url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/zambia-s-founding-president--kenneth-kaunda--dies-aged-97/46713898|access-date=18 June 2021|date=17 June 2021|website=[[Swissinfo]]|archive-date=19 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619190535/https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/reuters/zambia-s-founding-president--kenneth-kaunda--dies-aged-97/46713898|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 November 1953 he moved to Lusaka to take up the post of Secretary General of the Africa National Congress (ANC), under the presidency of [[Harry Nkumbula]].<ref name=BBCKen /> The combined efforts of Kaunda and Nkumbula failed to mobilise native African peoples against the European-dominated [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]].<ref name="BBCKen" /> In 1955 Kaunda and Nkumbula were imprisoned for two months with hard labour for distributing subversive literature.<ref name="BBCKen" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Tischler|first=Julia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enZCvIio6RgC&q=kaunda+imprisoned+1955+nkumbula&pg=PA274|title=Light and Power for a Multiracial Nation: The Kariba Dam Scheme in the Central African Federation|date=8 February 2012 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781137268778|language=en |access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> The two leaders drifted apart as Nkumbula became increasingly influenced by white liberals<ref name="TNYTimes">{{Cite journal|title=Harry Nkumbula Dies; Led African Congress|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/10/obituaries/harry-nkumbula-dies-led-african-congress.html|access-date=18 June 2021|date=10 October 1983|journal=[[The New York Times]]|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214322/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/10/10/obituaries/harry-nkumbula-dies-led-african-congress.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and failing to defend indigenous Africans, Kaunda led a dissident group to Nkumbula that eventually broke with the ANC and founded his own party, the [[Zambian African National Congress (1958–59)|Zambian African National Congress]] (ZANC) in October 1958.<ref name="BBCKen" /><ref name="TNYTimes" /> ZANC was banned in March 1959 and Kaunda was sentenced to nine months' imprisonment, which he spent first in Lusaka, then in [[Salisbury (Rhodesia)|Salisbury]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kenneth David Kaunda |url=https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kenneth-david-kaunda |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=biography.yourdictionary.com |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518104214/https://biography.yourdictionary.com/kenneth-david-kaunda |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBCKen" />

While Kaunda was in prison, [[Mainza Chona]] and other [[Nationalism|nationalists]] broke away from the ANC and, in October 1959, Chona became the first president of the [[United National Independence Party]] (UNIP), the successor to ZANC. However, Chona did not see himself as the party's main founder. When Kaunda was released from prison in January 1960 he was elected president of UNIP. In 1960 he visited [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] in [[Atlanta]] and afterwards, in July 1961, Kaunda organised a [[civil disobedience]] campaign in Northern Province, the so-called Cha-cha-cha campaign, which consisted largely of arson and obstructing significant roads. Kaunda subsequently ran as a UNIP candidate during the 1962 elections. This resulted in a UNIP–ANC [[Coalition government]], with Kaunda as [[Ministry of Local Government (Zambia)|Minister of Local Government and Social Welfare]]. In January 1964, UNIP won the next major elections, defeating their ANC rivals and securing Kaunda's position as prime minister. On 24 October 1964 he became the first president of an [[Zambia Independence Act 1964|independent Zambia]], appointing [[Reuben Kamanga]] as his vice-president.<ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Things You Didn't Know About Reuben Chitandika Kamanga {{!}} Youth Village Zambia |url=https://youthvillagezm.com/2019/06/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-reuben-chitandika-kamanga/ |access-date=18 May 2021 |language=en-GB |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518125925/https://youthvillagezm.com/2019/06/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-reuben-chitandika-kamanga/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Educational policies===
[[File:Saragat Kaunda 1966.jpg|thumb|Italian president [[Giuseppe Saragat]] and Kenneth Kaunda in 1966]]
At the time of its independence, Zambia's [[Modernization theory|modernisation]] process was far from complete. The nation's educational system was one of the most poorly developed in all of Britain's former colonies, and it had just a hundred university graduates and no more than 6,000 indigenous inhabitants with two years or more of secondary education.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Achola |first1=Paul P. W. |title=Implementing Educational Policies in Zambia |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332451468764125887/pdf/multi-page.pdf |publisher=World Bank Discussion: Papers Africa Technical Department Series |access-date=19 June 2021 |page=2 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202218/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/332451468764125887/pdf/multi-page.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia – Education |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |archive-date=17 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191117034837/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia |url-status=live }}</ref> Because of this, Zambia had to invest heavily in education at all levels.<ref>An Introduction to African Politics by Alex Thomson.</ref> Kaunda instituted a policy where all children, irrespective of their parents' ability to pay, were given free exercise books, pens, and pencils. The parents' main responsibility was to buy uniforms, pay a token "school fee" and ensure that the children attended school. This approach meant that the best pupils were promoted to achieve their best results, all the way from primary school to university level. Not every child could go to secondary school, for example, but those who did were well educated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3mE04D9PMpAC&dq=Kaunda+%22education%22&pg=PA900 |title=Encyclopedia of the Developing World |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-57958-388-0 |page=900 |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111331/https://www.google.ca/books/edition/Encyclopedia_of_the_Developing_World/3mE04D9PMpAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Kaunda+%22education%22&pg=PA900&printsec=frontcover |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[University of Zambia]] was opened in Lusaka in 1966, after Zambians all over the country had been encouraged to donate whatever they could afford towards its construction. Kaunda was appointed [[Chancellor (education)|Chancellor]] and officiated at the first graduation ceremony in 1969. The main campus was situated on the Great East Road, while the medical campus was located at Ridgeway near the [[University Teaching Hospital]]. In 1979 another campus was established at the Zambia Institute of Technology in [[Kitwe]]. In 1988 the Kitwe campus was upgraded and renamed the [[Copperbelt University]], offering business studies, industrial studies and environmental studies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.cbu.ac.zm/sbe/about/ |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=School of the Built Environment |language=en-US |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518134707/https://www.cbu.ac.zm/sbe/about/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Other tertiary-level institutions established during Kaunda's era were vocationally focused and fell under the aegis of the Department of Technical Education and Vocational Training.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} They include the [[Evelyn Hone College]] and the Natural Resources Development College (both in Lusaka),{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} the Northern Technical College at Ndola,{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} the Livingstone Trades Training Institute in Livingstone, and teacher-training colleges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Livingstone Institute of Business and Engineering Studies – Confucius Institute |url=https://www.unza.zm/confucius/livingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies#:~:text=The%20institute%20was%20established%20in,programmes%20in%20Carpentry%20and%20Bricklaying.&text=LIBES%20is%20one%20of%20the,University%20of%20Zambia%20in%202011. |access-date=18 May 2021 |website=unza.zm |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518134830/https://www.unza.zm/confucius/livingstone-institute-of-business-and-engineering-studies#:~:text=The%20institute%20was%20established%20in,programmes%20in%20Carpentry%20and%20Bricklaying.&text=LIBES%20is%20one%20of%20the,University%20of%20Zambia%20in%202011. |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Economic policies===
[[File:Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F031748-0006, Frankfurt-Main, Kenneth Kaunda bei Hoechst.jpg|thumb|Kaunda in [[Frankfurt]], West Germany, 1970]]
Kaunda's newly independent government inherited a country with one of the most vibrant economies in sub-Saharan Africa, largely on account of its rich mineral deposits,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fundanga |first1=Caleb M |title=Zambia's economic outlook - what have we learnt in the last 40 years and where do we go from here? |url=https://www.bis.org/review/r050203g.pdf |access-date=22 June 2021 |date=7 January 2005 |archive-date=1 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210901025422/https://www.bis.org/review/r050203g.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> albeit one that was largely under the control of foreign and multinational interests.<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentation of the Government of Zambia: Action Programme for the Development of Zambia |url=https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aconf191cp9zam.en.pdf |website=UNCTAD |access-date=22 June 2021 |date=6 March 2001 |archive-date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502060612/https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/aconf191cp9zam.en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
For example, the [[British South Africa Company]] (BSAC, founded by [[Cecil Rhodes]]) still retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it had acquired from a [[Concession (contract)|concession]] signed with the [[Litunga]] of Bulozi in 1890. Only by threatening to expropriate it on the eve of independence did Kaunda manage to get favourable concessions from the BSAC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79842003/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=Mineral dispute settled |date=24 October 1984 |page=1 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

His ineptness at economic management blighted his country's development after independence. Despite having some of the finest farming land in Africa, Kaunda adopted the same socialist agricultural policies as Tanzania, with disastrous results.<ref name="Times">{{cite journal|journal=The Times|date=18 June 2021|title=obituary}} {{dead link|date=June 2021}}</ref>

Deciding on a planned economy, Zambia instituted a programme of national development, under the direction of the National Commission for Development Planning, which instituted a "Transitional Development Plan" and the "First National Development Plan". The two operations brought major investment in the infrastructure and manufacturing sectors. In April 1968, Kaunda initiated the [[Mulungushi]] Reforms, which sought to bring Zambia's foreign-owned corporations under national control under the Industrial Development Corporation. Over the subsequent years, a number of mining corporations were nationalised, although the country's banks, such as [[Barclays]] and [[Standard Chartered]], remained foreign-owned. The Zambian economy suffered a setback from 1973, when rising oil prices and falling copper prices combined to reduce the state's income from the nationalised mines. The country fell into debt with the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF), and the Third National Development Plan had to be abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning. His weak attempts at economic reforms in the 1980s hastened Zambia's decline.<ref name="Times"/> A number of negotiations with the IMF followed, and by 1990 Kaunda was forced into partial privatisation of the state-owned corporations. The country's economic woes ultimately contributed to his fall from power.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maier |first1=Karl |title=Kaunda Swept From Office In Lopsided Zambian Vote |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/11/02/kaunda-swept-from-office-in-lopsided-zambian-vote/533a319b-ebdc-47f8-aaf1-e9d26d41f3b0/ |access-date=19 June 2021 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=2 November 1991}}</ref><ref name="BritanicaEconomy">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Zambia – Economy |last=Williams |first=Geoffrey J. |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Religion#ref44125 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202437/https://www.britannica.com/place/Zambia/Religion#ref44125 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===One-party state and "African socialism"===
In 1964, shortly before independence, violence broke out between supporters of the [[Lumpa Church]], led by [[Alice Lenshina]]. Kaunda temporarily banned the church and ordered Lumpa's arrest.<ref>{{cite news |page=1 |date=4 August 1964 |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79842686/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=15 die in 'holy war' outbreak |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>

[[File:Dr Banda and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia.jpg|thumb|Malawian president [[Hastings Banda]] meeting with Kaunda]]
From 1964 onwards, Kaunda's government developed authoritarian characteristics. Becoming increasingly intolerant of opposition, Kaunda banned all parties except UNIP following violence during the 1968 elections. However, in early 1972, he faced a new threat in the form of [[Simon Kapwepwe]]'s decision to leave UNIP and found a rival party, the [[United Progressive Party (Zambia)|United Progressive Party]], which Kaunda immediately attempted to suppress.<ref>{{cite journal |page=101 |volume=22 |publisher=Gideon Were Publications |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |year=1993 |jstor=24328639 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |title=The Evolution of One-Party Rule in Zambia, 1964–1972 |last1=Mushingeh |first1=Chiponde |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |url-status=live }}</ref> Next, he appointed the Chona Commission, which was set up under the chairmanship of Mainza Chona in February 1972. Chona's task was to make recommendations for a new Zambian constitution which would effectively reduce the nation to a [[one-party state]]. The commission's terms of reference did not permit it to discuss the possible faults of Kaunda's decision, but instead to concentrate on the practical details of the move to a one-party state.<ref>{{cite journal |page=111 |volume=22 |publisher=Gideon Were Publications |journal=Transafrican Journal of History |year=1993 |jstor=24328639 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |title=The Evolution of One-Party Rule in Zambia, 1964–1972 |last1=Mushingeh |first1=Chiponde |access-date=19 June 2021 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623181754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24328639 |url-status=live }}</ref> Finally, Kaunda neutralised Nkumbula by getting him to join UNIP and accept the Choma Declaration on 27 June 1973. The new constitution was formally promulgated on 25 August of that year.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=AAKyAAAAIAAJ&q=%2225+August+1973%22 ''The Law and Economic Development in the Third World''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128115808/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AAKyAAAAIAAJ&dq=zambia+one+party+state+25+August+1973&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=%2225+August+1973%22 |date=28 November 2018 }}, P. Ebow Bondzi-Simpson
Praeger, 1992, page 25</ref> At the first elections under the new system held that December, Kaunda was the sole candidate.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79841586/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |author=General News Service |title=Zambia faces mounting problems |work=Montreal Gazette |date=18 December 1973}}</ref>

After eliminating political opposition, Kenneth Kaunda established a [[Cult of personality|personality cult]] and promoted a left nationalist-socialist ideology called Zambian Humanism. It combined mid-20th-century concepts of central planning and state control with values Kaunda described as traditional African principles, including mutual aid, trust, and community loyalty. The ideology has been criticized for showing similarities to [[fascism]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Research Repository &#124; IN SEARCH OF STATEHOOD: AN APPRAISAL OF HUMANISM IN KENNETH KAUNda's THOUGHT |url=https://phd-dissertations.unizik.edu.ng/onepaper.php?p=779}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Research Repository &#124; IN SEARCH OF STATEHOOD: AN APPRAISAL OF HUMANISM IN KENNETH KAUNda's THOUGHT |url=https://phd-dissertations.unizik.edu.ng/onepaper.php?p=559}}</ref> Similar forms of [[African socialism]] were introduced in Ghana by [[Kwame Nkrumah]] (Consciencism) and in Tanzania by [[Julius Nyerere]] ([[Ujamaa]]). Kaunda wrote many books elaborating his ideology called ''Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation, Parts 1, 2 and 3''. Other works on the subject include Timothy Kandeke’s ''Fundamentals of Zambian Humanism'', Rev. Fr. Cleve Dillion-Malone’s ''Zambian Humanism, Religion and Social Morality'', and Justin B. Zulu’s ''Zambian Humanism: Some Major Spiritual and Economic Challenges''. In 1980 Kaunda also published ''Kaunda on Violence'' (issued in the United States as ''The Riddle of Violence'').<ref>Kaunda, Kenneth D., and Colin Morris. Kaunda on Violence. London: Collins, 1980.</ref>

As president of UNIP, and under the country's one-party state system, Kaunda was the only candidate for president of the republic in the general elections of [[1978 Zambian general election|1978]], [[1983 Zambian general election|1983]], and [[1988 Zambian general election|1988]], each time with official results showing over 80 per cent of voters approving his candidacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Zambia.htm |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=1 March 2018 |archive-date=5 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305212655/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Zambia.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Zambia |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html |website=africanelections.tripod.com |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=18 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418064451/https://africanelections.tripod.com/zm.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Parliamentary elections were also controlled by Kaunda. In the 1978 UNIP elections, Kaunda amended the party's constitution to bring in rules that invalidated the challengers' nominations: Kapwepwe was told he could not stand because only people who had been members for five years could be nominated to the presidency (he had only rejoined UNIP three years before); Nkumbula and a third contender, businessman Robert Chiluwe, were outmanoeuvred by introducing a new rule that said each candidate needed the signatures of 200 delegates from each province to back their candidacy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia: 1973 and 1978 one-party elections |url=https://www.eisa.org/wep/zam1973election.htm |access-date=18 June 2021 |website=African Democracy Encyclopaedia Project |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111323/https://www.eisa.org/wep/zam1973election.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Foreign policy===
[[File:Zambia123f.jpg|thumb|left|Kaunda visiting [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]] in 1970]]
During his early presidency Kaunda was an outspoken supporter of the [[Internal resistance to apartheid|anti-apartheid]] movement and opposed white minority rule in Southern Rhodesia. Kaunda supported the succession of [[Biafra]] when he recognized it as an independent nation on May 20, 1968.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Anglin |first=Douglas |year=1971 |title=Zambia and the Recognition of Biafra |journal= The African Review |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=102–136 |jstor= 45341498 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45341498}}</ref> Although his nationalisation of the [[copper mining]] industry in the late 1960s and the volatility of international copper prices contributed to increased economic problems,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shafer |first=Michael |year=1983 |title=Capturing the Mineral Multinationals: Advantage or Disadvantage? |journal=International Organization |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=93–119 |doi=10.1017/S0020818300004215 |issn=0020-8183 |jstor=2706487|s2cid=154660324 }}</ref> matters were aggravated by his logistical support for the black nationalist movements in [[Ian Smith]]'s [[Rhodesia]], [[South West Africa]], [[People's Republic of Angola|Angola]], and [[People's Republic of Mozambique|Mozambique]]. Kaunda's administration later attempted to serve the role of a mediator between the entrenched white minority and colonial governments and the various guerrilla movements which were aimed at overthrowing these respective administrations. Beginning in the early 1970s, he began permitting the most prominent guerrilla organisations, such as the Rhodesian [[ZANU]] and the [[African National Congress]], to use Zambia as a base for their operations. Former ANC president [[Oliver Tambo]] even spent a significant proportion of his 30-year exile living and working in Zambia.<ref>[http://www.anc.org.za/people/tambo_or.html Oliver Tambo Biography<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218175948/http://www.anc.org.za/people/tambo_or.html |date=18 December 2005 }}</ref> [[Joshua Nkomo]], leader of [[ZAPU]], also erected military encampments there, as did [[SWAPO]] and its military wing, the [[People's Liberation Army of Namibia]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi-Ndaitwah |first=Netumbo |title=President Nandi-Ndaitwah delivers closing remarks at the Namibia Public-Private Forum |url=https://www.namibian.com.na/president-nandi-ndaitwah-delivers-closing-remarks-at-the-namibia-public-private-forum/ |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=The Namibian |language=en-GB}}</ref>[[File:Cropped white house 78.png|thumb|Kaunda and US president [[Jimmy Carter]] at the [[White House]] in 1978]]In the first twenty years of Kaunda's presidency, he and his advisors sought numerous times to acquire modern weapons from the United States. In a letter written to US president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] in 1967, Kaunda inquired if the United States would provide him with long-range missile systems.<ref name="AndyDeroche2016" /> This request for modern weapons even included missiles with nuclear warheads.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=DeRoche |first1=Andy |date=18 May 2007 |title=Non-alignment on the Racial Frontier: Zambia and the USA, 1964–68 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701284132 |journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=227–250 |doi=10.1080/14682740701284132 |s2cid=154605351 |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308164452/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14682740701284132 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> All of his requests for modern weapons were refused by the United States. In 1980, Kaunda purchased sixteen [[MiG-21]] jets from the [[Soviet Union]], which ultimately provoked a reaction from the United States. Kaunda responded to the United States, stating that after numerous failed attempts to purchase weapons, buying from the Soviets was justified in his duty to protect his citizens and Zambian national security. His attempted purchase of modern American weapons may have been a political tactic to use fear to establish his one-party rule over Zambia.<ref name="AndyDeroche2016">{{Cite journal |last=DeRoche |first=Andy |date=1 November 2016 |title=Asserting African Agency: Kenneth Kaunda and the USA, 1964–1980 |journal=[[Diplomatic History (journal)|Diplomatic History]] |volume=40 |issue=5 |pages=975–1001 |doi=10.1093/dh/dhv047}}</ref>

From April 1975, when he visited US president [[Gerald Ford]] at the [[White House]] in Washington, D.C., and delivered a powerful speech calling for the United States to play a more active and constructive role in southern Africa. Until approximately 1984, Kaunda was arguably the key African leader involved in international diplomacy regarding the conflicts in Angola, Rhodesia (Zimbabwe), and Namibia. He hosted [[Henry Kissinger]]'s 1976 trip to Zambia, got along very well with [[Jimmy Carter]], and worked closely with President [[Ronald Reagan]]'s assistant secretary of state for African affairs, [[Chester Crocker]]. While there were disagreements between Kaunda and US leaders (such as when Zambia purchased Soviet MiG fighters or when he accused two American diplomats of being spies), Kaunda generally enjoyed a positive relationship with the United States during these years.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' London: Bloomsbury, 2016, especially pp.21–196</ref>

On 26 August 1975, Kaunda acted as mediator along with the [[Prime Minister of South Africa]], [[B. J. Vorster]], at the [[Victoria Falls Conference (1975)|Victoria Falls Conference]] to discuss possibilities for an internal settlement in Southern Rhodesia with Ian Smith and the black nationalists.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/79841670/ |via=[[Newspapers.com]] |title=No decision reached in Rhodesia |page=2 |work=[[The Baltimore Sun]] |date=26 August 1975}}</ref> After the [[Lancaster House Agreement]], Kaunda attempted to seek similar majority rule in South West Africa. He met with [[P. W. Botha]] in Botswana in 1982 to debate this proposal, but apparently failed to make a serious impression.<ref name="nyti_SOUT">{{Cite web |title=SOUTH AFRICAN AND ZAMBIAN MEET IN BUSH COUNTRY (Published 1982) |last=Lelyveld |first=Joseph |work=The New York Times |date=1 May 1982 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/world/south-african-and-zambian-meet-in-bush-country.html |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618215143/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/05/01/world/south-african-and-zambian-meet-in-bush-country.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Kenneth David Kaunda DF-SC-84-01864.jpg|left|thumb|Kaunda arrives in the US for an official visit, 1983]]
Meanwhile, the anti-white minority insurgency conflicts of southern Africa continued to place a huge economic burden on Zambia as white minority governments were the country's main trading partners. In response, Kaunda negotiated the [[TAZARA Railway]] ([[Tanzam]]) linking [[Kapiri Mposhi]] in the Zambian [[Copperbelt]] with Tanzania's port of [[Dar es Salaam]] on the Indian Ocean. Completed in 1975, this was the only route for bulk trade which did not have to transit white-dominated territories. This precarious situation lasted more than 20 years, until the abolition of [[apartheid]] in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=aptnlibrary.com |url=http://ww5.aptnlibrary.com/ |access-date=15 October 2019 |website=ww5.aptnlibrary.com |archive-date=15 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015142834/http://ww5.aptnlibrary.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

For much of the [[Cold War]], Kaunda was a strong supporter of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>See: "Message of President Kenneth D. Kaunda to the International Conference on Non-alignment", in: [[Hans Köchler]], ed., ''The Principles of Non-alignment''. London: Third World Centre, 1983, pp. 12–15. [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&pg=PA12] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508190906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&pg=PA12&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&hl=en|date=8 May 2016}}</ref> He hosted a NAM summit in Lusaka in 1970 and served as the movement's chairman from 1970 to 1973. He maintained a close friendship with [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]]'s long-time leader [[Josip Broz Tito]]; he was remembered by many Yugoslav officials for weeping openly over Tito's casket in 1980.  He also visited and welcomed [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s president, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], in the 1970s. In 1986, the [[University of Belgrade]], Yugoslavia, awarded him an honorary doctorate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Belgrade: Honorary Doctors |url=http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503231449/http://www.bg.ac.rs/csrp/nauka/pocasni_doktori.php |archive-date=3 May 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>[[File:Kaunda1986.jpg|thumb|Kaunda in Amsterdam, 1986]]

Kaunda had frequent but cordial differences with US president Ronald Reagan whom he met 1983<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/33083c.htm |title=Remarks of President Reagan and President Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia Following Their Meetings |access-date=8 January 2006 |archive-date=21 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070321043508/http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/archives/speeches/1983/33083c.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and British prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 October 2004 |title=In pictures: 40 years of Zambia |work=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3945291.stm |access-date=7 May 2010 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514003944/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/in_pictures/3945291.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> mainly over what he saw as a blind eye being turned towards South African apartheid.<ref name="lati_Zamb">{{Cite web |title=Zambian Lectures Briton on Apartheid |agency=Reuters |work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 July 1986 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618133923/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-07-25-mn-291-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He always maintained warm [[China–Zambia relations|relations with the People's Republic of China]] who had provided assistance on many projects in Zambia, including the [[Tazara Railway]].<ref name="iris_Kaun">{{Cite news |title=Kaunda lauds Chinese role as 'force for good' in continent |last=Fitzgerald |first=Mary |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=25 August 2008 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172 |archive-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518152025/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-lauds-chinese-role-as-force-for-good-in-continent-1.934172 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Prior to the first [[Gulf War]], Kaunda cultivated a friendship with Iraqi president [[Saddam Hussein]], whom he claimed to have attempted to dissuade from invading Kuwait.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oklahoman.com/article/1926465/african-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion|title=African statesman tells of Saddam Zambian tried to halt Iraqs Kuwait invasion|date=26 April 2003|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=9 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009123402/https://www.oklahoman.com/article/1926465/african-statesman-tells-of-saddambrzambian-tried-to-halt-iraqs-kuwait-invasion|url-status=live}}</ref> A street in Lusaka was named in Saddam's honour, although the name was later changed when both leaders had left power.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nyambi |first1=Oliver |last2=Mangena |first2=Tendai |last3=Pfukwa |first3=Charles |title=The Postcolonial Condition of Names and Naming Practices in Southern Africa |date=17 August 2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FckDQAAQBAJ |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |pages=281|isbn=9781443899239 }}</ref>

In August 1989, [[Farzad Bazoft]] was detained in [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]] for alleged espionage. He was accompanied by a British nurse, Daphne Parish, who was also arrested. Bazoft was later tried, convicted, and executed, but Kaunda managed to negotiate for his female companion's release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1990-07-16 |title=Iraq Frees Nurse Held for Aiding 'Spy' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-07-16-mn-268-story.html |access-date=2025-10-27 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kaunda served as chairman of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) from 1970 to 1971 and again from 1987 to 1988.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Appiah |first1=Anthony |last2=Gates |first2=Henry Louis |title=Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |year=2010 |publisher=OUP |access-date=18 June 2021 |pages=636 |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111210158/https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Fall from power==
Matters quickly came to a head in 1990. In July, amid three days of rioting in the capital, Kaunda announced a referendum on whether to legalise other parties would be held that October. However, he argued for maintaining UNIP's monopoly, claiming that a multiparty system would lead to chaos. The announcement almost came too late; hours later, [[Mwamba Luchembe|a disgruntled officer]] went on the radio to announce Kaunda had been overthrown. The [[1990 Zambian coup d'état attempt|coup attempt]] was broken three to four hours later, but it was clear Kaunda and the UNIP were reeling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perlez |first=Jane |date=1 July 1990 |title=Failed Zambia Coup Weakens Leader |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/world/failed-zambia-coup-weakens-leader.html |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017173754/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/01/world/failed-zambia-coup-weakens-leader.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Kaunda tried to mollify the opposition by moving the referendum to August 1991; the opposition claimed the original date did not allow enough time for voter registration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 July 1990 |title=Zambia's Leader Announces Plan to Free 1,000 Prisoners |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/26/world/zambia-s-leader-announces-plan-to-free-1000-prisoners.html |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=2 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302195701/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/26/world/zambia-s-leader-announces-plan-to-free-1000-prisoners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

While expressing willingness to have the Zambian people vote on a multiparty system, Kaunda maintained that only a one-party state could prevent tribalism and violence from engulfing the country. By September, however, opposition demands forced Kaunda to reverse course. He cancelled the referendum, and instead recommended constitutional amendments that would dismantle UNIP's monopoly on power. He also announced [[1991 Zambian general election|a snap general election]] for the following year, two years before it was due.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 September 1990 |title=Zambia Leader Assents To Multiparty Vote |work=[[The New York Times]] |agency=Associated Press |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/25/world/zambian-leader-assents-to-multiparty-vote.html |access-date=2 March 2017 |archive-date=27 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027130050/http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/25/world/zambian-leader-assents-to-multiparty-vote.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He signed the necessary amendments into law in December.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Associated Press|date=1990-12-18|title=After 17 Years, Zambia Allows Opposition|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/18/world/after-17-years-zambia-allows-opposition.html|access-date=2022-03-14|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=5 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205184631/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/12/18/world/after-17-years-zambia-allows-opposition.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

At these elections, the [[Movement for Multiparty Democracy]] (MMD), helmed by trade union leader [[Frederick Chiluba]], swept UNIP from power in a landslide. In the presidential election, Kaunda was roundly defeated, taking only 24 per cent of the vote to Chiluba's 75 per cent. UNIP was cut down to only 25 seats in the [[National Assembly of Zambia|National Assembly]]. One of the issues in the campaign was a plan by Kaunda to turn over one-quarter of the nation's land to [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]], an Indian guru who promised that he would use it for a network of utopian agricultural enclaves that proponents said would create "Heaven on Earth".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Van Niererk |first=Phillip |date=3 December 1994 |title=A transcendent approach to peace Mozambique / Both the crime and accident rates are down and the rains have come. The President credits TM as the fount of all good things |page=A.21 |work=The Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, Ont.}}</ref><ref>[http://minet.org/TM-EX/Fall-91 Meditation guru and Zambian strongman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090519202133/http://minet.org/TM-EX/Fall-91 |date=19 May 2009 }} ''Philadelphia Inquirer'', 18 October 24 October 1991.</ref> Kaunda was forced in a television interview to deny practising [[Transcendental Meditation technique|Transcendental Meditation]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lyman |first=Rick |date=16 October 1991 |title=Heaven's Strange Bedfellows; Meditation Guru and Zambian Strongman |page=A.1 |work=Philadelphia Inquirer}}</ref> When Kaunda handed power to Chiluba on 2 November 1991, he became the second mainland African head of state to allow free multiparty elections and to relinquish power peacefully after he had lost. The first, [[Mathieu Kérékou]] of [[People's Republic of Benin|Benin]], had done so in March of that year.<ref name="thea_Obit">{{Cite web |title=Obituary: Zambia's Kenneth Kaunda helped liberate Southern African countries |last=Matiashe |first=Farai Shawn |work=The Africa Report.com |date=17 June 2021 |access-date=19 June 2021 |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/99206/obituary-zambias-kenneth-kaunda-helped-liberate-southern-african-countries/ |archive-date=19 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619190047/https://www.theafricareport.com/99206/obituary-zambias-kenneth-kaunda-helped-liberate-southern-african-countries/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Post-presidency==
[[File:The Union External Affairs Minister, Shri K. Natwar Singh calls on the former President of Zambia, Mr. Kenneth Kaunda in New Delhi on March 15, 2005.jpg|left|thumb|Indian foreign minister [[Natwar Singh]] with Kaunda in March 2005]]
[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind meeting with Dr. Kenneth David Kaunda, at his residence, at Lusaka, in Zambia on April 11, 2018.jpg|thumb|Indian president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] and Kaunda in Lusaka, April 2018]]
After leaving office, Kaunda clashed frequently with Chiluba's government and the MMD. Chiluba later attempted to deport Kaunda on the grounds that he was a Malawian.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chirambo |first=Kondwani |date=18 October 1995 |title=Former Ruler Kaunda Facing Deportation, Says Government |language=en |work=Association Press |url=https://apnews.com/article/ae0eb3de3304b81da293add5f95362f9 |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111321/https://apnews.com/article/ae0eb3de3304b81da293add5f95362f9 |url-status=live }}</ref> The MMD-dominated government under the leadership of Chiluba had the constitution amended, barring citizens with foreign parentage from standing for the presidency, to prevent Kaunda from contesting the next elections in 1996, in which he planned to participate.<ref name="Arnold">{{Cite news |last=Arnold |first=Guy |date=17 June 2021 |title=Kenneth Kaunda obituary |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/17/kenneth-kaunda-obituary |access-date=17 June 2021}}</ref> After the [[1997 Zambian coup d'état attempt|1997 coup attempt]], on [[Boxing Day]] in 1997 he was arrested by paramilitary policemen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McKinley |first=James C. Jr. |date=26 December 1997 |title=Zambia Arrests Former President In Crackdown After Failed Coup |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/world/zambia-arrests-former-president-in-crackdown-after-failed-coup.html |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=29 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229103813/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/26/world/zambia-arrests-former-president-in-crackdown-after-failed-coup.html |url-status=live }}</ref> However, many officials in the region appealed against this; on New Year's Eve of the same year, he was placed under house arrest until his court date.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 1997 |title=Former Zambian president released from jail, under house arrest |language=en-US |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9712/31/kaunda.released/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201546/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9712/31/kaunda.released/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1999 Kaunda was declared stateless by the Ndola High Court in a judgment delivered by Justice Chalendo Sakala.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeil |first=Donald G. Jr. |date=1 April 1999 |title=Founder of Zambia Is Declared Stateless In High Court Ruling |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/01/world/founder-of-zambia-is-declared-stateless-in-high-court-ruling.html |access-date=28 May 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=14 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214162218/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/04/01/world/founder-of-zambia-is-declared-stateless-in-high-court-ruling.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Kasuka |editor-first=Bridget |title=Prominent African leaders since independence |publisher=New Africa Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-9987-16-026-6 |page=351}}</ref> Kaunda however successfully challenged this decision in the Supreme Court of Zambia, which declared him to be a Zambian citizen in the ''[[Lewanika and Others vs. Chiluba]]'' ruling.<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016, 228.</ref>

On 4 June 1998, Kaunda announced that he was resigning as United National Independence Party leader and retiring from politics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/kaunda-to-retire-from-politics-1.160035|access-date=18 June 2021|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=5 June 1998|title=Kaunda to retire from politics}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kenneth Kaunda &#124; Biography, Age, Death, & Facts &#124; Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Kaunda|access-date=2022-03-14|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=29 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929214634/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kenneth-Kaunda|url-status=live}}</ref> After retiring in 2000, he was involved in various charitable organisations. His most notable contribution was his zeal in the fight against the spread of [[HIV/AIDS]].<ref>Andy DeRoche, ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016), 213–214, 228–229.</ref> One of Kaunda's children was claimed by the pandemic in the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite news|date=6 October 1987|title=Muere un hijo de Kaunda.|work=El País|language=es|url=https://elpais.com/diario/1987/10/06/internacional/560473202_850215.html|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202117/https://elpais.com/diario/1987/10/06/internacional/560473202_850215.html|url-status=live}}</ref> From 2002 to 2004, he was an ''African President-in-Residence'' at the African Presidential Archives and Research Center at [[Boston University]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BU &#124; About the Center |url=http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920185157/http://www.bu.edu/aparc/presidents/index.html |archive-date=20 September 2006 |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref>

In September 2019, Kaunda said that it was regrettable that the late president [[Robert Mugabe]] was maligned and subjected to mudslinging by some sections of the world, who were against his crusade of bringing social justice and equity to Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Zambia : President Mugabe was maligned because of his crusade to bring social justice and equity to Zimbabwe-KK |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2019/09/06/president-mugabe-was-maligned-because-of-his-crusade-to-bring-social-justice-and-equity-to-zimbabwe-kk/ |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=6 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191206082107/https://www.lusakatimes.com/2019/09/06/president-mugabe-was-maligned-because-of-his-crusade-to-bring-social-justice-and-equity-to-zimbabwe-kk/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life and death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Kenneth Kaunda}}
[[File:2020 Kenneth Kaunda (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Kaunda in 2020]]
Kaunda married [[Betty Kaunda|Betty Banda]] in 1946, with whom he had eight children.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mama Betty Kaweche Kaunda – First Lady from 1964 to 1991|publisher=Government of Zambia|url=https://www.sh.gov.zm/?page_id=5135|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200959/https://www.sh.gov.zm/?page_id=5135|url-status=dead}}</ref> She died on 19 September 2013 aged 84, while visiting one of their daughters in [[Harare]], Zimbabwe.

He also wrote music about the independence he hoped to achieve, although only one song has been known to many Zambians ("Tiyende pamodzi ndi mtima umo" literally meaning "Let's walk together with one heart").<ref name="auto" />

On 14 June 2021, Kaunda was admitted to Maina Soko Military Hospital in Lusaka to be treated for an undisclosed medical condition. The Zambian government said medics were doing everything they could to make him recover, though it was not clear what his health condition was.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2021 |title=Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, 97, taken to hospital |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/ |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614195119/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-97-hospitalised-2021-06-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 June 2021, it was revealed that he was being treated for [[pneumonia]], which according to his doctor, had been a recurring problem in his health.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2021 |title=Zambia's founding president Kaunda, 97, treated for pneumonia |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambias-founding-president-kaunda-97-treated-pneumonia-2021-06-15/ |access-date=15 June 2021 |archive-date=15 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615104857/https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/zambias-founding-president-kaunda-97-treated-pneumonia-2021-06-15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 17 June 2021 it was confirmed that he died at the age of 97 after a short illness at Maina Soko Military Hospital. He was survived by 30 grandchildren and eleven great-grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chanda |first1=Bwalya |date=17 June 2021 |title=Breaking: Zambian 1st President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda has died aged 97 |url=https://zambianews365.com/breaking-zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=ZambiaNews365.com |language=en-US |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200151/https://zambianews365.com/breaking-zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2021 |title=Zambian 1st President Dr. Kenneth Kaunda has died aged 97 |url=https://news365.co.za/zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/ |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=News365.co.za |language=en-US |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111617/https://news365.co.za/zambian-1st-president-dr-kenneth-kaunda-has-died-aged-97/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="KK">{{Cite web |title=Former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda dies {{!}} eNCA |url=https://www.enca.com/news/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies |access-date=17 June 2021 |website=enca.com |language=en |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111618/https://www.enca.com/news/former-zambian-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kaunda attributed his longevity to a strict [[Lacto vegetarianism|lacto-vegetarian]] diet and commented that "I don't take meat, no eggs, no chicken, I only eat vegetables like an elephant". He also avoided alcohol and gave up drinking tea in 1953.<ref name="kulinji">{{cite web|title=Kaunda attributed his long life to being a vegetarian|website=Kulinji|date=18 June 2021|url=https://www.kulinji.com/article/news/health/2021/kaunda-attributed-his-long-life-being-vegetarian|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204123357/https://www.kulinji.com/article/news/health/2021/kaunda-attributed-his-long-life-being-vegetarian|archive-date=4 February 2023}}</ref>

President [[Edgar Lungu]] announced on his [[Facebook page]] that Zambia will observe 21 days of [[National day of mourning|national mourning]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia's first president Kenneth Kaunda dies at age 97 |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zambia-s-first-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-age-97/ar-AAL9uv4 |access-date=17 June 2021 |publisher=MSN |archive-date=18 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111626/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/zambia-s-first-president-kenneth-kaunda-dies-at-age-97/ar-AAL9uv4 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 21 June, [[Vice-President of Zambia|Vice-President]] [[Inonge Wina]] announced that Kaunda's remains would be taken on a funeral procession around the country's provinces, with church services in each provincial capital, prior to a state funeral at [[National Heroes Stadium]] in Lusaka on 2 July and interment at the Presidential Burial Site on 7 July.<ref>{{cite news |title=KK's body will be taken to all 10 Provinces, but there will be no body viewing, says govt. |url=https://www.mwebantu.com/kks-body-will-be-taken-to-all-10-provinces-but-there-will-be-no-body-viewing-says-govt/ |access-date=21 June 2021 |publisher=Mwebantu |date=21 June 2021 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621175236/https://www.mwebantu.com/kks-body-will-be-taken-to-all-10-provinces-but-there-will-be-no-body-viewing-says-govt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Several other nations also announced periods of state mourning. Zimbabwe declared fourteen days of mourning;<ref>{{cite web | author1=Lovemore | url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/zimbabwe-extends-period-of-mourning-kaunda-to-14-days/ | title=Zimbabwe Extends Period of Mourning Kaunda to 14 Days – Pindula News | work=Pindula News | date=19 June 2021 | access-date=7 May 2022 | archive-date=28 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228140328/https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/zimbabwe-extends-period-of-mourning-kaunda-to-14-days/ | url-status=live }}</ref> South Africa declared ten days of mourning;<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sabcnews.com/president-ramaphosa-declares-10-days-of-mourning-to-honour-kaunda/ | title=President Ramaphosa declares 10 days of mourning to honour Kaunda | date=18 June 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Botswana,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/botswana-declares-seven-day-mourning-period-in-honour-of-kaunda/|title=Botswana declares seven day mourning period in honour of Kaunda|first=Yvonne|last=Mkondani|date=17 June 2021|access-date=17 June 2021|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618111627/https://www.zbcnews.co.zw/botswana-declares-seven-day-mourning-period-in-honour-of-kaunda/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Malawi,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/malawi-declares-7-days-of-mourning-kaunda/ | title=Malawi Declares 7 Days of Mourning Kaunda – Pindula News | access-date=7 May 2022 | archive-date=7 May 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507122955/https://news.pindula.co.zw/2021/06/19/malawi-declares-7-days-of-mourning-kaunda/ | url-status=live }}</ref> Namibia<ref name="xinhuanet.com">{{cite web | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/19/c_1310017111.htm | title=Roundup: African countries mourn passing of Zambia's founding president Kaunda - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn | access-date=22 June 2021 | archive-date=19 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619102321/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/19/c_1310017111.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> and Tanzania<ref name="xinhuanet.com"/> all declared seven days of mourning; Mozambique<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/18/c_1310016013.htm | title=National mourning decreed in Mozambique to honor late Kenneth Kaunda - Xinhua &#124; English.news.cn | access-date=7 May 2022 | archive-date=19 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210619201642/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-06/18/c_1310016013.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> declared six days of mourning; South Sudan<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1407394598536855553|user=SouthSudanGov|title=In honour of the late former Zambian president Kenneth Kaunda, President Kiir has declared 3 days of mourning acros…|date=22 June 2021}}</ref> declared three days of mourning; Cuba<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/261379-cuba-observes-official-mourning-for-the-death-of-the-founding-father-of-the-republic-of-zambia|title=Cuba observes official mourning for the death of the founding father of the Republic of Zambia|website=radiohc.cu|access-date=7 May 2022|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915100123/https://www.radiohc.cu/en/noticias/nacionales/261379-cuba-observes-official-mourning-for-the-death-of-the-founding-father-of-the-republic-of-zambia|url-status=live}}</ref> declared one day of mourning. [[President of Singapore]] [[Halimah Yacob]] offered her condolences to the politicians and people of Zambia for Kaunda's death.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/president-halimah-yacob-sends-condolences-after-former-zambian-president-dies|title=President Halimah Yacob sends condolences after former Zambian president dies|website=[[The Straits Times]] (Singapore)|date=25 June 2021|access-date=25 June 2021|archive-date=25 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625024842/https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/president-halimah-yacob-sends-condolences-after-former-zambian-president-dies|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
'''National honours'''
* {{flag|Zambia}}:
**[[File:ZAM Order of the Eagle of Zambia ribbon.svg|60px]] Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Eagle of Zambia]] (2003)

Kenneth Kaunda's birthday, 28 April, was declared a [[Public holidays in Zambia|public holiday]] in 2021 by then President [[Edgar Lungu]] to honour Kaunda's work and legacy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=KK'S BIRTHDAY NOW A PUBLIC HOLIDAY ~ |url=https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/kks-birthday-now-a-public-holiday/ |access-date=2021-08-01 |language=en-GB |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123053/https://www.znbc.co.zm/news/kks-birthday-now-a-public-holiday/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Zambia : April 28 Declared a Public Holiday in Honour of the late Dr Kaunda |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/07/07/april-28-declared-holiday-in-honour-of-the-late-dr-kaunda/ |access-date=2025-07-30 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}</ref>

On 27 September 2011, President [[Michael Sata]] decided that [[Lusaka International Airport]] should be renamed after Kenneth Kaunda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-27 |title=Zambia : Sata renames three Airports |url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/09/27/sata-renames-airports/ |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Lusaka Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia: Sata renames airports |url=https://www.news24.com/zambia-sata-renames-airports-20110927 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

'''Foreign honours'''
* {{flag|Angola}}:
** [[File:ANG Order of Agostinho Neto.svg|60px]] Recipient of the [[Order of Agostinho Neto]] (1992)
* {{Flag|Cuba}}:
** [[File:Ribbon jose marti.png|60px]] [[Order of José Martí]] (1975)
* {{flag|Jamaica}}:
**[[File:Order of Jamaica (neck ribbon).png|60px|border]] Honorary Member of the [[Order of Jamaica]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jis.gov.jm/information/awards/order-of-jamaica/|title=Order of Jamaica|publisher=JIS.gov|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref>{{Failed verification|date=July 2022}}
* {{flag|Lesotho}}:
**[[File:Most Courteous Order of Lesotho (1987).gif|60px|border]] Commander of the [[Most Courteous Order of Lesotho]] — 4 October 2007<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=Lesotho Celebrates 40 Years of Independence |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WL0610/S01576/cablegate-lesotho-celebrates-40-years-of-independence.htm |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=scoop.co.nz |publisher=Scoop Independent News |archive-date=16 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416125802/http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WL0610/S01576/cablegate-lesotho-celebrates-40-years-of-independence.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Mozambique}}:
**[[File:Ordem_Eduardo_Chivambo_Mondlane.png|60x60px]] Order of [[Eduardo Mondlane]], 1st class (1983)
* {{flag|Portugal}}:
**[[File:PRT Order of Prince Henry - Grand Cross BAR.svg|60px|border]] Grand Cross of the [[Order of Prince Henry]] — 28 May 1975<ref>{{Cite web |title=Entidades Estrangeiras Agraciadas Com Ordens Portuguesas – Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas |url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1 |access-date=30 July 2019 |website=ordens.presidencia.pt |archive-date=17 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117004213/http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154&list=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|South Africa}}:
**[[File:Order of the Companions of O.R. Tambo (ribbon bar).gif|60px|border]] [[Order of the Companions of O. R. Tambo|Supreme Companion of O. R. Tambo]] — 10 December 2002<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidency |url=http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7679 |access-date=15 October 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112205428/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=7679 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{flag|Yugoslavia}}:
**[[File:Order of the Yugoslavian Great Star Rib.png|border|60x60px]] [[Order of the Yugoslav Great Star]]<ref>{{Cite journal |date=8 May 1970 |title=Počeli jugoslavensko-zambijski razgovori |url=https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=99640 |journal=Slobodna Dalmacija |issue=7829 |pages=1 |access-date=14 January 2024 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727115750/https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=99640 |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''Awards'''

* On 21 May 1963, he received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from [[Fordham University]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth D |title=Speech by The Honorable Kenneth D. Kaunda at the ceremonies at which he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Fordham University, Tuesday, May 21, 1963. |date=1963 |publisher=Duquesne University Press |oclc=13884584}}</ref>
* On 19 October 2007 Kaunda was the recipient of the 2007 Ubuntu Award.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=9 December 1965 |title=Zambia's President: Kenneth Kaunda |work=The New York Times |id={{ProQuest|117085202}}}}</ref>

== Publications ==
<!-- All need checking. -->
* {{cite book |last=Kaunda|first=Kenneth David|title=Dominion Status for Central Africa?|publisher=Union of Democratic Control Publications |year=1958}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth D. |title=Dominion status for Central Africa? |date=1958 |publisher=Published by Union of Democratic Control Publications for the Union of Democratic Control |oclc=2977403}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth D |title=Dominion status for Central Africa? |date=1958 |publisher=Published by Union of Democratic Control Publications for the Union of Democratic Control |location=London |language=English |oclc=2977403}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gpsQAQAAIAAJ |title=Dominion Status for Central Africa? |date=1958 |publisher=Union of Democratic Control Publications |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Kaunda|first=Kenneth David|title=Zambia Shall Be Free: An Autobiography |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Heinemann |year=1981 |orig-date=1962 |isbn=9780435900045}}<ref name="D. S. 170–171">{{Cite journal |last=D. S. |date=April 1963 |title=Zambia Shall be Free |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095104 |journal=African Affairs |volume=62 |issue=247 |pages=170–171 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a095104 |issn=1468-2621|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FhLAAAAMAAJ |title=Zambia, Independence and Beyond: The Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda |last=Kaunda|first=Kenneth David |publisher=Nelson |year=1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth D |title=Zambia, independence and beyond: the speeches of Kenneth Kaunda; |date=1966 |publisher=Nelson |location=London |language=English |oclc=1312519 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Zambia, Independence and Beyond : The Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda by Kaunda, Kenneth David [ Legum, Colin; editor: ]: orig. boards (1966) {{!}} Expatriate Bookshop of Denmark |url=https://www.abebooks.com/Zambia-Independence-Beyond-Speeches-Kenneth-Kaunda/1948968203/bd |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=abebooks.com |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050939/https://www.abebooks.com/Zambia-Independence-Beyond-Speeches-Kenneth-Kaunda/1948968203/bd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vlTYswEACAAJ&q=zambia,+independence+and+beyond+by++kenneth+kaunda |title=Zambia: Independence and Beyond the Speeches of Kenneth Kaunda |date=1978 |publisher=Nelson |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Kaunda|first=Kenneth David|title=A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda, President of Zambia|publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1969 |isbn=9780582640030}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z75DAAAACAAJ&q=the+humanist+outlook+by++kenneth+kaunda |title=A Humanist in Africa: Letters to Colin M. Morris from Kenneth D. Kaunda, President of Zambia |date=1969 |publisher=Longmans, Green |isbn=978-0-582-64003-0 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth D |title=The Humanist Outlook |location=London|publisher=Longman|year=1973}}
* {{cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth |title=Humanism in Zambia: A Guide to Its Implementation |year=1974 |publisher=Division of National Guidance |location=Lusaka}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pDR7xgEACAAJ |title=Humanism in Zambia and a Guide to Its Implementation |date=1971 |publisher=Zambia Information Services |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last=Kaunda|first=Kenneth|editor-last=Morris|editor-first=Colin|title=The Riddle of Violence|location=San Francisco|publisher=Harper & Rowe|year=1980}}<!--are this and next the same book, US and UK editions?--><ref>{{Cite web |title=The riddle of violence by Kaunda, Kenneth D: New Paperback (1981) {{!}} Save With Sam |url=https://www.abebooks.com/riddle-violence-Kaunda-Kenneth-Harper-Row/31093194479/bd |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=abebooks.com |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.abebooks.com/riddle-violence-Kaunda-Kenneth-Harper-Row/31093194479/bd |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The riddle of violence book by Kenneth D. Kaunda |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/the-riddle-of-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/1203813/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=ThriftBooks |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050939/https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/the-riddle-of-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/1203813/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaunda |first1=Kenneth D |title=The riddle of violence |last2=Morris |first2=Colin |date=1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-250450-0 |language=English |oclc=6815260}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-DYzAQAAIAAJ |title=The Riddle of Violence |date=1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-250450-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Riddle of Violence |date=1981 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-250450-0 }}</ref>
* {{cite book |editor-last=Morris |editor-first=Collin M. |title=Kaunda on Violence |location=London |publisher=Collins |year=1980}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaunda on Violence by Kaunda, Kenneth David Hardback Book The Fast Free Shipping |url=https://www.ebay.com/itm/382510103858 |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=eBay |language=en-US |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.ebay.com/itm/382510103858 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaunda on Violence book by Kenneth D. Kaunda |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/kaunda-on-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/2061019/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=ThriftBooks |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/kaunda-on-violence_kenneth-d-kaunda/2061019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kaunda |first1=Kenneth D |title=Kaunda on violence |last2=Morris |first2=Colin |date=1980 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-216143-5 |location=London |language=English |oclc=7004165}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaunda |first=Kenneth David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o-tswEACAAJ |title=Kaunda on Violence |date=1980 |publisher=Collins |isbn=978-0-00-216143-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaunda on Violence – Lengthy Personal Inscription by Kaunda |url=https://www.abebooks.com/signed/KAUNDA-VIOLENCE-LENGTHY-PERSONAL-INSCRIPTION-Kenneth/64251078/bd |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=abebooks.com |language=en |archive-date=28 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528050938/https://www.abebooks.com/signed/KAUNDA-VIOLENCE-LENGTHY-PERSONAL-INSCRIPTION-Kenneth/64251078/bd |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Zambia|Biography}}
*[[Michael Sata]]
*[[Harry Nkumbula]]
*[[Simon Kapwepwe]]
*[[History of Christianity in Zambia]]
* [[Bibliography of the history of Zambia]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Bibliography==
* DeRoche, Andy. ''Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2016)
* [http://search.eb.com/eb/article-3849 "Kaunda, Kenneth"]. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 19 May 2006.
* Hall, Richard. ''The High Price of Principles: Kaunda and the White South'' (1969)
* Ipenburg, At. ''All Good Men: The Development of Lubwa Mission, Chinsali, Zambia, 1905–1967'' (1992)
* Macpherson, Fergus. ''Kenneth Kaunda: The Times and the Man'' (1974)
* Mulford, David C. ''Zambia: The Politics of Independence, 1957–1964'' (1967)

==External links==
{{sister project links||d=Q105480|c=Category:Kenneth Kaunda|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|s=no|wikt=no|species=no}}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm 1964: President Kaunda takes power in Zambia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605125604/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/25/newsid_2658000/2658325.stm |date=5 June 2013 }}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&pg=PA12 Kaunda on the non-aligned movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508190906/https://books.google.com/books?id=WlaLuBO-YBMC&pg=PA12&dq=%22kenneth+D.+kaunda%22&hl=en |date=8 May 2016 }}
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6728015.stm Kaunda on Mugabe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411032258/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6728015.stm |date=11 April 2021 }}
*[http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/kenneth-kaunda-the-united-states-and-southern-africa-9781474267625 Kenneth Kaunda, the United States and Southern Africa by Andy deRoche] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002182237/http://www.bloomsbury.com/us/kenneth-kaunda-the-united-states-and-southern-africa-9781474267625/ |date=2 October 2016 }}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsQFmp9CDcw Faces of Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918172147/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MsQFmp9CDcw&gl=US&hl=en |date=18 September 2019 }}
*{{C-SPAN|52082}}
*{{NPG name| id=62482}}
*[https://nai.uu.se/library/resources/liberation-africa/interviews/kenneth-kaunda.html Interview with Kenneth Kaunda by Tor Sellström within the project Nordic Documentation on the Liberation Struggle in Southern Africa]
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{{s-bef|before=[[Roy Welensky]] |as=Prime Minister of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Zambia|Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia]]|years=1964}} 
{{s-aft|after=Himself |as=President of Zambia}}
{{s-bef|before=Himself |as=Prime Minister of Northern Rhodesia}} 
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of Zambia]]|years=1964–1991}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Frederick Chiluba]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]]}} 
{{s-ttl|title= [[Non-Aligned Movement|Chairperson of the Non-Aligned Movement]]|years=1970–1973}} 
{{s-aft|after=[[Houari Boumédiène]]}}
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{{ZambianPresidents}}
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