View source for Kerman

{{Short description|City in Kerman province, Iran}}
{{for-multi|the administrative divisions|Kerman province|and|Kerman County|other places with the same name|Kerman (disambiguation){{!}}Kerman}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->
| name               = Kerman
| other_name         = Kārmānia, Boutiā, Carmānia, Karmana
| native_name        = {{langx|fa|کرمان}}
| settlement_type    = City
| image_skyline      = {{Multiple image
| perrow = 1/2/2
| total_width = 250
| border = infobox
| image1 =
| image2 = مجموعه گنجعلیخان.jpg
| image3 = Windcatcher at Ganjali Khan Complex, Kerman.jpg
| image4 = Bazaar de Kerman, Irán, 2016-09-22, DD 38.jpg
| image5 = Shazde-Garden.jpg
|caption1    = [[Jabalieh]], Three Towers of Kerman & [[Jameh Mosque of Kerman]]
| caption2    = [[Ganjali Khan Complex]]
| caption3    = [[Windcatcher|Kerman Grand Bazaar Windcatcher]]
| caption4    = [[Bazaar|Kerman Grand Bazaar]]
| caption5    = [[Shazdeh Garden]]
}}
| nicknames           = {{lang|fa|ديار كريمان}} (Persian for "Land of Karimans"), The City of Stars
| image_seal         = [[File:Official seal of Kermān.png|240px]]
| image_caption      = 
| pushpin_map        = Iran
| mapsize            = 160px
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Kerman province|Kerman]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Iran|County]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Kerman County|Kerman]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Bakhsh (administrative division)|District]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Central District (Kerman County)|Central]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = Mohsen Tuyserkani<ref name="وبسایت شهرداری کرمان">{{Cite web |url=https://kermancity.ir/index.php/fa/2016-01-10-04-55-46 |title=معرفی شهردار |access-date=2019-03-01 |archive-date=2019-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302024642/https://kermancity.ir/index.php/fa/2016-01-10-04-55-46 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kermancity.ir/index.php/en/109-english/7652-the-mayor-of-kerman-was-elected |title=The mayor of Kerman was elected |access-date=2019-12-27 |archive-date=2019-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227040641/https://kermancity.ir/index.php/en/109-english/7652-the-mayor-of-kerman-was-elected |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = {{circa|3rd century BC (Official:1907)}}
| area_total_km2     = 240
| area_total_sq_mi   = 92.22
| area_footnotes     = 
| population_as_of   = 2016
| population_footnotes = <ref name="2016 Kerman Province"/>
| population_total   = 537718
| population_urban   = 738374<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amar.org.ir/english |title=Statistical Center of Iran > Home |website=Amar.org.ir |access-date=2018-09-13 |archive-date=2018-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708015822/https://www.amar.org.ir/english/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_metro   = 
| population_est     = 
| population_est_as_of = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_blank1_title = Population Rank in Iran
| population_blank1  = [[List of Iran cities by population|14th]]
| population_demonym = Kermani
| timezone           = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
| utc_offset         = +3:30
| coordinates        = {{coord|30|15|45|N|57|03|27|E|dim:6km|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=30.2625&mlon=57.0575&zoom=13#map=13/30.26250/57.05750|website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Kerman, Kerman County|date=6 December 2024|access-date=6 December 2024|lang=fa}}</ref>
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1755
| elevation_ft       = 5758
| area_code          = +98 343
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 761
| blank_name         = [[Languages of Iran|Main language(s)]]
| blank_info         = [[Persian language|Persian]]
| blank1_name        = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank1_info        = [[Desert climate#Cold desert climates|BWk]]
| website            = {{URL|https://kermancity.ir}}
}}

'''Kerman''' ({{langx|fa|كرمان}}; {{IPA|fa|kʲeɾˈmɒːn||Fa-Kerman.ogg}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Kirman''', '''Karmana''', '''Kermân''', and '''Kermun'''; known in ancient times as the [[satrapy]] of '''Carmania'''<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3070237}}</ref>}} is a city in the [[Central District (Kerman County)|Central District]] of [[Kerman County]], [[Kerman province|Kerman]] province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.<ref name="Kerman Province Structure">{{cite report|title=Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kerman province, centered in the city of Kerman|language=fa|website=lamtakam.com|via=Lam ta Kam|url=https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113033|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130210435/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/113033|publisher=Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Council|last=Habibi|first=Hassan|archive-date=30 January 2024|date=c. 2024|orig-date=Approved 21 June 1369|id=Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 82812/T139K|access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|Timeline of Kerman}}
Kerman was founded as a defensive outpost, with the name '''Veh-Ardashir''', by [[Ardashir I]], founder of the [[Sasanian Empire]], in the 3rd century AD.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=live |first1=Xavier |last1=de Planhol |first2=Bernard |last2=Hourcade |title=KERMAN ii. Historical Geography |website=Encyclopædia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-historical-geography |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180309/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kerman-historical-geography|archive-date=2019-02-09 |date=June 15, 2017 }}</ref>

After the [[Battle of Nahāvand]] in 642, the city came under Muslim rule. At first, the city's relative isolation allowed [[Kharijites]] and [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrians]] to thrive there, but the Kharijites were wiped out in 698, and the population was mostly Muslim by 725.

Already in the eighth century the city was famous for its manufacture of [[cashmere wool]] [[shawl]]s and other textiles.

The [[Abbasid Caliphate]]'s authority [[Anarchy at Samarra|over the region was weak]], and power passed in the tenth century to the [[Buyid dynasty|Buyid emirs]]. The region and city fell to [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] in the late tenth century. The name Kerman was adopted at some point in the tenth century.<ref>A.H.T. Levi, "[https://books.google.com/books?id=R44VRnNCzAYC&pg=RA1-PA413&dq=kerman Kerman]", in ''International Dictionary of Historic Places'', ed. Trudy Ring, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1995–1996, vol. 4, p. 413.</ref>
[[File:Abbasid al-Mahdi dirham Kirman 166AH.jpg|220x220px|thumb|left|[[Dirham]] of Abbasid caliph [[al-Mahdi|al-Mahdi ibn al-Mansur]], 8th century. Silver 2.95 g]]
[[Image:Rayen Castle 01.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|The [[Rayen Castle]], the second largest brick building in the world]]
Under the rule of the [[Seljuk Turks]] in the 11th and 12th centuries, Kerman remained virtually independent, conquering [[Oman]] and [[Fars province|Fars]].<ref name="columbia">{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Columbia Encyclopedia]] |edition=Sixth |title=Kerman |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kerman.html |via=Encyclopedia.com |year=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |access-date=2008-07-24 |archive-date=2009-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228031605/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Kerman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When [[Marco Polo]] visited Kerman in 1271, it had become a major trade emporium linking the [[Persian Gulf]] with [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] and [[Central Asia]].<ref name="pourshariati">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Pourshariati |first=Parvaneh |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa |title=Kerman |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/kerman |publisher=Gale Group |access-date=2007-09-03 |archive-date=2018-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321192617/http://www.answers.com/topic/kerman |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, however, the city was sacked many times by various invaders. Kerman expanded rapidly during the [[Safavid dynasty]]. Carpets and rugs were exported to England and [[Germany]] during this period.<ref name="iranchamber">{{cite web |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/kerman/kerman.php |title=Iran Chamber Society: Iranian Cities |publisher=Iranchamber.com |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807172757/http://www.iranchamber.com/cities/kerman/kerman.php |archive-date=2013-08-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
In 1793 [[Lotf Ali Khan]] defeated the [[Qajars]], and in 1794 he captured Kerman. But soon after he was besieged in Kerman for six months by [[Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar]]. When the city fell to Agha Mohammad Khan, angered by the popular support that Lotf Ali Khan had received,{{clarify|date=February 2015}}<!--Did Agha Mohammad Khan order this? Who was "angered"? Following a participial phrase ("angered by...had received"), the next thing should be the person or people who were angered.--> many of the male inhabitants were killed or blinded, and a pile was made out of 20,000 detached eyeballs and poured in front of the victorious Agha Mohammad Khan.<ref>Hasan Pir Nia, A. Eghbal Ashtiani, ''History of Persia'' (Tarikh-i Iran), {{ISBN|964-6895-16-6}}, Tehran, 2003, p.655</ref> Many women and children were sold into slavery, and in 90 days the city turned into ruins. However, the Zoroastrians of Kerman who had been strong supporters of Lotf Ali Khan suffered the wrath of the founder of Qajar dynasty the most during this period.[[Image:Kerman Masjid Gate.jpg|thumb|left|220x220px|The Masjid gate through which Agha Mohammad Khan entered the city]]The present city of Kerman was rebuilt in the 19th century to the northwest of the old city, but the city did not return to its former size until the 20th century.

==Demographics==
===Ethnicity and religion===
The people of Kerman are [[Persians]], and most are [[Muslim]]. Kerman is a religious conservative city. Kerman has a small [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] minority.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

===Population===
The population of the city in 1996 was 385,000.<ref name="mongabay">{{cite web |url=http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html |title=Cities in Iran: 2005 Population Estimates |website=Mongabay.com |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2012-07-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728030027/http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/2005_world_city_populations/Iran.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of the 2006 national census, the city's population was 496,684 in 127,806 households.<ref name="2006 Kerman Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Kerman Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/08.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920093605/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/08.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 534,441 people in 147,922 households.<ref name="2011 Kerman Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Kerman Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kerman.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329231518/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kerman.xls|archive-date=29 March 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 537,718 people in 162,677 households.<ref name="2016 Kerman Province">{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Kerman Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_08.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020091047/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_08.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=20 October 2020}}</ref>

It is the largest<ref>[https://behgardi.com/the-largest-smallest-city-kerman-province/ بزرگترین و کوچکترین شهرستان استان کرمان The largest/smallest city in Kerman province]</ref> and most developed city in the province and one of the most important cities in southeastern Iran. It is also one of the largest cities of Iran in terms of area. Kerman is famous for its long history and strong [[cultural heritage]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerman Historical-Cultural Structure |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5271/ |access-date=7 January 2024 |website=[[UNESCO World Heritage Centre]] |language=en}}</ref> The city is home to many historic mosques and [[Zoroastrian]] [[fire temples]]. Kerman has been the capital city of Iranian dynasties several times during its history. It is located on a large, flat plain, 800&nbsp;km (500&nbsp;mi) south-east of [[Tehran]], the capital of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=جدیدتخبار کرمان {{!}} خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران |url=https://www.yjc.ir/fa/kerman |access-date=2022-03-27 |website=خبرگزاری باشگاه خبرنگاران {{!}} آخرین اخبار ایران و جهان {{!}} YJC |language=fa-IR}}</ref>

=== Population development ===
Some of these figures are estimates only, official census results are indicated with (¹).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kermancity.kr.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=478 |title=Population development |website=Kermancity.kr.ir |date=August 16, 2011 |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212050407/http://www.kermancity.kr.ir/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17&Itemid=478 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| 
|-
| valign="top" |
{|class = wikitable
|-
!Year
!Population
|-
| 1896 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 40,228
|-
| 1906 || style="text-align:right;"| 55,000
|-
| 1916 ¹|| style="text-align:right;" | 52,154
|-
| 1926 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 55,048
|-
| 1936 || style="text-align:right;"| 75,000
|-
| 1946 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 97,363
|-
| 1956 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 101,716
|-
| 1966 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 140,761
|-
| 1976 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 254,786
|-
| 1986 || style="text-align:right;"| 310,000
|-
| 1991 || style="text-align:right;"| 350,000
|-
| 1996 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 384,991
|}
| valign="top" |
{| class=wikitable
|-
! Year
! Population
|-
| 2001 || style="text-align:right;"| 450,000
|-
| 2006 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 515,414
|-
| 2011 ¹|| style="text-align:right;"| 734,442
|}
|}
¹ official census results

== Geography ==
===Surrounding municipalities===
Kerman is surrounded by the following cities: [[Anar, Iran|Anar]] to the northwest; [[Ravar]] to the north; [[Shahdad]] to the northeast; [[Rafsanjan]] to the west; [[Jiroft]] to the south; [[Sirjan]] to the southwest; [[Mahan, Iran|Mahan]] to the southeast; and [[Bam, Iran|Bam]] to the east.

=== Location ===
Kerman is located on a high margin of the [[Dasht-e Lut|Lut Desert]] (''Kavir-e Lut'') in the south-central part of Iran. The city is surrounded by mountains. Kerman is also located along the mountain Saheb al-Zaman.

The city is 1,755&nbsp;m (5,758&nbsp;ft) [[above sea level]], making it third in [[elevation]] among provincial capitals in Iran. Winter brings very cold nights to Kerman. The mountains in the south and southeast are snow-capped all year round.

Kerman is located at latitude 30.29 and longitude 57.06.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geographic coordinates of Kerman. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Kerman, Iran |url=https://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=128234 |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=dateandtime.info |archive-date=2022-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903160637/https://dateandtime.info/citycoordinates.php?id=128234 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506212443/https://iranicaonline.org/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Kerman has a [[cold desert climate]] (''BWk'', according to the [[Köppen climate classification]]), with hot summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is scarce throughout the year.

The city's many districts are surrounded by mountains. The northern part of the city is located in an arid desert area, while the highland of the southern part of the city enjoys a more moderate climate.

The city of Kerman has a moderate climate. The average annual rainfall is 148&nbsp;mm. Otherwise, its climate is relatively cool (by Iranian standards).<ref name="iranchamber"/>
{{Weather box
|width = auto
|location = Kerman – Altitude: 1753.8 m (1991–2020, records 1951–2020){{efn-lr|Rainy days calculated using parameters 46, 69 and 71 from the NOAA source}}
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|Jan record high C = 24.4
|Feb record high C = 29.4
|Mar record high C = 32.9
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 38.8
|Jun record high C = 41.6
|Jul record high C = 42.0
|Aug record high C = 42.3
|Sep record high C = 39.0
|Oct record high C = 35.0
|Nov record high C = 31.1
|Dec record high C = 28.0
|Jan high C = 13.2
|Feb high C = 15.6
|Mar high C = 19.7
|Apr high C = 25.2
|May high C = 30.8
|Jun high C = 35.4
|Jul high C = 36.4
|Aug high C = 34.8
|Sep high C = 32.1
|Oct high C = 26.7
|Nov high C = 19.9
|Dec high C = 15.5
|year high C = 25.4
|Jan mean C = 5.1
|Feb mean C = 7.9
|Mar mean C = 12.0
|Apr mean C = 17.5
|May mean C = 22.7
|Jun mean C = 27.5
|Jul mean C = 28.7
|Aug mean C = 26.4
|Sep mean C = 22.9
|Oct mean C = 17.3
|Nov mean C = 10.6
|Dec mean C = 6.4
|year mean C = 17.1
|Jan low C = -2.6
|Feb low C = -0.3
|Mar low C = 4.0
|Apr low C = 8.8
|May low C = 12.9
|Jun low C = 16.9
|Jul low C = 18.5
|Aug low C = 15.3
|Sep low C = 11.4
|Oct low C = 6.9
|Nov low C = 1.4
|Dec low C = -2.1
|year low C = 7.6
|Jan record low C = -30.0
|Feb record low C = -20.0
|Mar record low C = -10.2
|Apr record low C = -3.0
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 7.0
|Jul record low C = 8.0
|Aug record low C = 2.0
|Sep record low C = -1.0
|Oct record low C = -10.0
|Nov record low C = -15.0
|Dec record low C = -25.0
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days= 4.2
|Feb precipitation days= 4.0
|Mar precipitation days= 4.7
|Apr precipitation days= 3.2
|May precipitation days= 1.5
|Jun precipitation days= 0.1
|Jul precipitation days= 0.2
|Aug precipitation days= 0.2
|Sep precipitation days= 0.1
|Oct precipitation days= 0.6
|Nov precipitation days= 1.4
|Dec precipitation days= 3

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 21.6
|Feb precipitation mm = 27.2
|Mar precipitation mm = 26.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 17.6
|May precipitation mm = 7.9
|Jun precipitation mm = 0.5
|Jul precipitation mm = 0.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 0.9
|Sep precipitation mm = 0.4
|Oct precipitation mm = 2.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 6.1
|Dec precipitation mm = 18.3
|year precipitation mm = 130.1
| Jan rain days  =4.7
| Feb rain days  =5.3
| Mar rain days  =6.7
| Apr rain days  =4.5
| May rain days  =1.9
| Jun rain days  =0.4
| Jul rain days  =0.3
| Aug rain days  =0.4
| Sep rain days  =0.1
| Oct rain days  =0.9
| Nov rain days  =2.6
| Dec rain days  =3.6
| year rain days =
| Jan dew point C =-10.3
| Feb dew point C =-9.4
| Mar dew point C =-8.5
| Apr dew point C =-6.1
| May dew point C =-5.7
| Jun dew point C =-6.1
| Jul dew point C =-5.1
| Aug dew point C =-6.1
| Sep dew point C =-7.6
| Oct dew point C =-7.8
| Nov dew point C =-9.1
| Dec dew point C =-10.4
|Jan sun = 215
|Feb sun = 208
|Mar sun = 240
|Apr sun = 257
|May sun = 306
|Jun sun = 332
|Jul sun = 350
|Aug sun = 354
|Sep sun = 318
|Oct sun = 297
|Nov sun = 245
|Dec sun = 226
|Jan humidity = 50
|Feb humidity = 45
|Mar humidity = 38
|Apr humidity = 33
|May humidity = 24
|Jun humidity = 17
|Jul humidity = 17
|Aug humidity = 18
|Sep humidity = 19
|Oct humidity = 27
|Nov humidity = 38
|Dec humidity = 45
|year humidity= 30.9
| snow colour =
| Jan snow cm  = 3.7
| Feb snow cm  = 1.0
| Mar snow cm  = 0.1
| Apr snow cm  = 0.0
| May snow cm  = 0.0
| Jun snow cm  = 0.0
| Jul snow cm  = 0.0
| Aug snow cm  = 0.0
| Sep snow cm  = 0.0
| Oct snow cm  = 0.0
| Nov snow cm  = 0.0
| Dec snow cm  = 2.6
| year snow cm = 
|Jan snow days= 2.2
|Feb snow days= 1.0
|Mar snow days= 0.4
|Apr snow days= 0
|May snow days= 0
|Jun snow days= 0
|Jul snow days= 0
|Aug snow days= 0
|Sep snow days= 0
|Oct snow days= 0
|Nov snow days= 0.1
|Dec snow days= 1.0
|source 1 = [[NOAA]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Iran/CSV/Kerman_40841.csv |format=CSV |access-date=29 April 2024 |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Kerman |publisher=NOAA }}</ref>
|source 2 = IRIMO (records),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irimo.ir/ |title=Iranian Meteorology |access-date=2023-05-05 |archive-date=2015-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617110806/http://www.irimo.ir/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> (snowfall and snow days 1981-2010)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls |format=XLS |access-date=29 April 2024 |title=WMO Climate Normals for 1981-2010: Kerman |page=8 |publisher=NOAA |archive-date=20 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120051914/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-II/Iran/WMO_Normals_Excel_IRAN_060719.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
{{notelist-lr}}

=== Geological characteristics ===
For Iranian [[paleontologist]]s, Kerman has always been considered a [[fossil]] paradise. The discovery of new [[dinosaur]] [[footprints]] in 2005 renewed hopes for a better understanding the history of this area.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.payvand.com/news/05/jan/1067.html |title=Dinosaur Footprints Moulded in Kerman |publisher=Payvand.com |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2020-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802214530/http://www.payvand.com/news/05/jan/1067.html |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://iran-daily.com/1383/2185/html/art.htm |title=Iran Daily |date=17 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017004609/http://iran-daily.com/1383/2185/html/art.htm |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=2007-10-17}}</ref>

== Government ==
Politics in Kerman are influenced by the former [[President of Iran|President]] [[Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani]], his brother and Vice President [[Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani]] and [[Hossein Marashi]], both from nearby [[Rafsanjan]]. [[Mohammad Javad Bahonar]] was born in Kerman. He was an Iranian scholar, Shiite theologian and politician who served as the Prime minister of Iran from 15{{nbsp}}to 30{{nbsp}}August 1981 when he was assassinated by [[People's Mujahedin of Iran|Mujahedin-e-Khalq]] (MEK).

== Economy ==
{{Main|Kerman carpet}}
[[File:Kirmanrug.jpg|thumb|120px|A Kerman carpet]]
The economy of Kerman is mostly based on farming, notably nut farming and also mining.[[Pistachio]]s are an important part of the economy in Kerman.

Carpet weaving is one of the main industries of the city, and the [[Kerman carpet|carpets]] produced there are renowned internationally.<ref name="pourshariati"/> Carpet weaving is a very old tradition in Kerman. The oldest carpet discovered in Kerman, dates from about 500 years ago.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caroun.com/Rug/CountriesRug/IranRug/KermanRug/2KermanRug-History.html |title=Kerman Rug (Iran): History |publisher=Caroun.com |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2019-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715003807/http://caroun.com/Rug/CountriesRug/IranRug/KermanRug/2KermanRug-History.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Cotton]] textiles and [[Goatwood|goatwool]] shawls are also manufactured.<ref name="mideasttravelling">{{cite web |url=http://www.mideasttravelling.net/iran/kerman/kerman_history.htm |title=Travel in Kerman – Iran – History – WorldTravelGate.net® |publisher=Mideasttravelling.net |access-date=2013-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322141746/http://www.mideasttravelling.net/iran/kerman/kerman_history.htm |archive-date=2012-03-22}}</ref>

A number of modern establishments such as [[Textile manufacturing|textile mills]] and [[brickworks]] also have been constructed. The province's mineral wealth includes [[copper]] and [[coal]].<ref name="pourshariati"/>

{{clear left}}

== Culture ==
[[Image:Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine 02.jpg|thumb|240px|Tiled dome of the Shrine of Shah Nematollah Vali, in [[Mahan, Iran|Mahan]], {{cvt|20|mi|km}} outside of Kerman]]

The only Iranian [[anthropology]] museum dedicated to Zoroastrianism is located in the Kerman Fire Temple, showcasing the ancient history of Zoroastrians. The idea of launching the museum along with the library of Kerman's Zoroastrian Society came to light in 1983, when the head of the society, Parviz Vakhashouri, and the former head of the library, Mehran Gheibi, collected cultural heritage [[Artifact (archaeology)|artifacts]] of Kerman's Zoroastrian community. These two officials added many other objects to this collection. The museum was officially inaugurated during Jashn-e Tirgan in 2005 by [[Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization|Iran's Cultural Heritage]], Handicrafts and Tourism Organization (ICHHTO).

Jashn-e Tirgan or Tiregan is an ancient Iranian rain festival observed on July 1. The festivity refers to [[archangel]] Tir (literally meaning arrow) or Tishtar (lightning), who appear in the sky to generate thunder and lightning for providing much-needed rain.

The [[Sadeh]] ceremony is celebrated every year in Kerman.

Also, the archeological ancient areas of [[Jiroft]] and Tappe Yahya [[Baft]] are located south of Kerman. [[Rayen Castle]] is also located in [[Rayen]] town, southeast of Kerman.

Some of the [[handicraft]]s and souvenirs of the province of Kerman are traditional embroidery known as [[pateh]], carpets, rugs, jajeems, [[kilim]]s (a coarse carpet), [[satchel]]s, and other hand woven articles. [[Caraway]] seeds and [[pistachio]]s from [[Rafsanjan]], [[Zarand, Iran|Zarand]], and Kerman are best of the main items of this province.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Handicrafts and Souvenirs in Kerman, [Iran Tourism & Touring Organization] |url=http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=2310 |website=Itto.org |access-date=2016-01-19 |archive-date=2016-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125100732/http://www.itto.org/tourismattractions/?sight=2310 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Sport ==
[[File:Mes Kerman stadium.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Sanat Mes Kerman F.C.|Mes]] [[Shohadaye Mes Kerman Stadium|Arena]]]]
The city is home to athletic teams representing different sports. [[Sanat Mes Kerman FC|Mes Kerman]] is the major football team of the city. It was promoted to Iran's top league, the [[Persian Gulf Pro League]], in the 2005–06 season. The team is named after and sponsored by Kerman's copper industries. This team has a history of participating in the [[AFC Champions League]]. The team now competes in the [[Azadegan League]].

* MES handball team is in the top league.
* MES cycling team is in the top league of cycling in the country.
* MES chess team is in the first league of the country.
* The city's [[baseball]] team, known as the Boshra Baseball Academy, won the country's baseball cup for the first time in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mehrnews.com/detail/News/2009226 |title=Kerman Baseball |publisher=Mehrnews.com |date=March 2013 |access-date=2013-12-10 |archive-date=2013-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212224040/http://mehrnews.com/detail/News/2009226 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Kerman sport venues===

* 15,000-seat [[Shahid Bahonar Stadium]]
* 30,000-seat dedicated MES soccer team stadium (under construction)
* Salimi Kia Stadium
* Sports Complex of Imam Ali
* Sirch Ski Resort
* International [[Kart racing]] track

==Media==
[[File:Kerman irib logo (blue version).png|thumb|240px|Kerman TV hub]]
Kerman is the media hub of the [[Kerman province]]. Newspapers are published in the city, such as ''Kerman Emruz'' (''Kerman Today'') and ''Bidari''. ''Hadis–Pasargad'' is a weekly newspaper. Kerman has a 24-hour TV channel known as the Kerman Channel or Channel 5. The city also has a radio station.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}

== Transportation ==
[[Image:Adineh Kariman Bus Terminus.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Kerman's Adineh bus terminus]]
[[Image:Dubai Airport 16.08.2009 05-12-24.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Boeing 747-400 of Iranian airline, [[Mahan Air]]]]
Kerman is on the [[Road 71 (Iran)|Tehran, Bandar Abbas]] and [[Road 86 (Iran)|Zahedan route]]. [[Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani Airport]] is considered one of Iran's main airports. It has daily and weekly flights to [[Tehran]], [[Ahwaz]], [[Yazd]], [[Esfahan]], [[Bandar Abbas]], [[Mashhad]] and [[Shiraz]].<ref name="iranchamber"/> Also, the [[Trans-Iranian Railway]] passes through this city.<ref name="iranchamber"/> Kerman's newly built [[bus terminus]], Adineh, opened in May 2013.

===Metro and Tram===
Kerman's Metro had been approved by the government cabinet and was meant to cover large parts of the metropolitan area in Kerman, but the project's operations were cancelled due to several issues.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

=== Chabahar–Zahedan Railway ===
In May 2016, during Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]]'s trip to Iran, agreement was signed to develop two berths at [[Port of Chabahar]] and to build new Chabahar–Zahedan railway, as part of [[North–South Transport Corridor]], by [[Indian Railways]]' public sector unit [[Ircon International]].<ref name=FP1>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/chabahar-india-iran-narendra-modi-nitin-gadkari-afghanistan-2794226.html |title=India eyes Iran's energy resources, commits over Rs 1 lakh crore investment in Chabahar |date=23 May 2016 |website=Firstpost |access-date=30 June 2022 |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630180238/https://www.firstpost.com/world/chabahar-india-iran-narendra-modi-nitin-gadkari-afghanistan-2794226.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Colleges and universities ==
* Kerman Azad University<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kerman.iau.ir/fa |title=Kerman Azad University |access-date=2022-07-18 |archive-date=2022-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727013844/https://kerman.iau.ir/fa |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman]] is one of technological institutions of [[Kerman province]]
* [[Kerman University of Medical Sciences]] is the a medical university
* [[Kerman Graduate University of Technology]] is a [[Postgraduate education|graduate-level]] degree-granting institution.
* Shahid Chamran Technical College of Kerman<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chamran-edu.ir/ |title=دانشكده فني شهيدچمران كرمان نسخه 8.75 __ چهارشنبه ۴ اسفند ۱۳۸۹ |website=chamran-edu.ir |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223071409/http://chamran-edu.ir/ |archive-date=23 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Payam Noor University of Kerman<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pnu.kr.ir/ |title=Archived copy |website=pnu.kr.ir |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209202356/http://pnu.kr.ir/ |archive-date=9 February 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iauk.ac.ir/ |title=دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی کرمان |access-date=2006-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627084025/http://www.iauk.ac.ir/ |archive-date=2013-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Kerman Khaje-Nasir Higher Education Center<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kkhec.ac.ir/ |title=Kkhecnewindex |website=Kkhec.ac.ir |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051218230928/http://www.kkhec.ac.ir/ |archive-date=18 December 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{see also|List of people from Kerman}}
* [[Al-Mahani]] (9th century mathematician and astronomer)
* [[Khwaju Kermani]] (14th century poet from the 14th century)
* [[Shah Nimatullah Wali]] (14th century [[Sufi]] Master and poet)
* [[Ganj Ali Khan]] (16th century [[Kurds|Kurdish]] governor of Kerman.
* [[Mirza Reza Kermani]] (Iranian revolutionary who assassinated the Shah of Persia)
* [[Qasem Soleimani]] (Commander of the [[Qods Force]], a division of the Iranian [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]])
* [[Mohammad Javad Bahonar]] (the Prime minister of Iran from 15 to 30 August 1981 when he was assassinated by Mujahideen-e Khalq)
* [[Mohammad-Reza Bahonar]] (the conservative First Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Iran)
* [[Mohammad Mehdi Zahedi]] (the former Iranian minister of Science and Technology and Mathematics full professor)
* [[Majid Namjoo]] (Iranian politician who was the Minister of Energy in the 9th government)
* [[Mohammad Ebrahim Bastani Parizi]]
* [[Houshang Moradi Kermani]] (writer)
* [[Keikhosrow Shahrokh]]
* [[Peyman Soltani]], conductor of [[Melal Orchestra]]
* [[Saeed Nafisi]] (writer)
* [[Arash Borhani]] (soccer player)
* [[Zahra Nemati]] (paralympic [[archery]] gold medalist at the [[2012 Summer Paralympics]], [[2016 Summer Paralympics]], [[2020 Summer Paralympics]])
* [[Roohollah Khaleghi]]
* [[Ali Movahedi-Kermani]]
* [[Mahnaz Afkhami]] (women's rights activist )
* [[Ahmad Madani]] (Iranian politician, Commander of Iranian Navy (1979))
* [[Javad Nurbakhsh]], previous Master of the Nimatullahi Sufi Order)
* [[Ahmadreza Ahmadi]]
* [[Mozzafar Baghai]]
* [[Ali Akbar Abdolrashidi]]
* [[:de:Parviz Shahriari|Parviz Shahriari]] (mathematician, author, translator and political activist)
* [[Tahereh Saffarzadeh]], poet and writer
* [[Yahya Kamalipour]] was born in 1947 in the city of Ravar in Kerman province. He had the idea of starting a global media magazine in his mind since 1999 and before he became the director of the communications department.  In that year, he shared his idea with the then director of the communication group, but he did not show much interest in this project.  But when he was appointed to manage the communication group, he was able to implement this idea and in the fall of 2002, the first edition of the World Media Magazine was placed on the Internet

==Twin towns – sister cities==
* {{flagicon|ARM}} [[Armavir, Armenia|Armavir]], Armenia

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ganjali Khan Mosque.JPG|Ganjali Khan Mosque
File:Ganjali Khan Caravanserai 01.jpg|Ganjali Khan Caravanserai
File:Ganjali Khan Complex, Kerman 01.jpg|Ganjali Khan square
File:Shazdeh Garden Mahan Iran.jpg|[[Shazdeh Garden]] (Prince's Garden)
File:Jardín del Príncipe, Mahan, Irán, 2016-09-22, DD 21.jpg|[[Shazdeh Garden]]
File:Jabalieh, Kerman, Irán, 2016-09-22, DD 02.jpg|[[Jabalieh]] Dome
File:Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine 07.jpg|[[Shah Nimatullah Wali]] holy shrine
File:Shah Nematollah Vali Shrine 06.jpg|[[Shah Nimatullah Wali]] holy shrine (praying hall)
File:Mezquita de Malek, Kerman, Irán, 2016-09-22, DD 27.jpg|Entrance to Kerman's Jameh Mosque (also known as Friday Mosque)
File:Bazaar de Kerman, Irán, 2016-09-22, DD 38.jpg|Kerman's Grand [[Bazaar]]
File:Museum of Zoroastrians - Kerman.jpg|[[Fire Temple of Kerman|Museum of Zoroastrians]]
File:Patteh-Kerman.png|Kerman's Patteh
File:Pars Hotel.jpg|Kerman Pars Hotel
File:Kerman Railway Station 2.jpg|Kerman Railway Station
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Arg e Bam]]
* [[Ganjali Khan Complex]]
* [[Jabalieh]]
* [[Kerman carpet]]
* [[List of Safavid governors of Kerman]]
* [[Pateh]]
* [[Shazdeh Garden]]
* [[Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman]]

{{clear}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{See also|Timeline of Kerman#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Kerman}}

==External links==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?q=Kerman%20Google%20maps&rls=com.microsoft:en-us&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&startIndex=&startPage=1&um=1&sa=N&tab=wl Google Map: Kerman]
* [http://www.weather.com/weather/tenday/Kerman+Iran+IRXX0034 Kerman's Weather]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120603040714/http://anobanini.ir/pic/map/new-map/city/b/kerman-city-map.jpg Kerman's city map]
* [http://www.mahan.aero/home.asp?lang=en Mahan Air]{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.kerman.ir Kerman's portal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180601174222/https://kerman.ir/ |date=2018-06-01 }}
* [http://www.miras.kr.ir/ Kerman's tourist portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120925054222/http://www.kdmc.ir/ Kerman Disaster Management Center ]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180317054501/http://kermankar.ir/ Kerman's job agency]
* [http://www.kza.ir/ Kerman Zoroastrian Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108080731/http://www.europetravelvids.com/8334/Visit_Kerman_in_Iran.html Kerman Travel Video ]

{{Authority control}}

{{Kerman Province|state=collapsed}}

{{Kerman County|state=collapsed}}

{{Provincial capitals of Iran}}

{{Subject bar|auto=y|d=y}}

[[Category:Kerman| ]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Iran]]
[[Category:Populated places in Kerman County]]
[[Category:Cities in Kerman province]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 3rd century]]