View source for Khakassia

{{Short description|First-level administrative division of Russia}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Russian federal subject
| en_name = Republic of Khakassia
| ru_name = Республика Хакасия
| loc_name1 = Хакас Республиказы
| loc_lang1 = Khakas 
| image_map = Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Khakassia.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|53|30|N|90|00|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| image_coa = Coat of arms of Khakassia.svg
| image_flag = Flag of Khakassia.svg
| anthem = "[[State Anthem of the Republic of Khakassia]]"<br />[[File:Хакас_гимн.ogg|center]]
| anthem_ref = <ref name="Anthem">Law #06-ZRKh</ref>
| political_status = Republic
| political_status_link = Republics of Russia
| federal_district = [[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]]
| economic_region = [[East Siberian economic region|East Siberian]]
| adm_ctr_type = [[Capital city|Capital]]
| adm_ctr_name = [[Abakan]]
| official_lang_list = [[Khakas language|Khakas]]
| official_lang_ref = <ref name="Languages">Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, Article&nbsp;69</ref>
| pop_2021census = 532,403
| pop_2021census_rank = 69th
| urban_pop_2021census = 68.4%
| rural_pop_2021census = 31.6%
|pop_2021census_ref=<ref name=2021census>{{cite web|title=Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=1 September 2022}}</ref>
| pop_latest =
| pop_latest_date = 
| pop_latest_ref=
| area_km2 = 61569
| area_km2_rank = 46th
| established_date = 3 July 1991
| established_date_ref = <ref name="DateEstablished">Law #1539-I</ref>
| license_plates = 19
| ISO = RU-KK
| leader_title = [[Head of the Republic of Khakassia|Head]]
| leader_title_ref = <ref name="HeadTitle">Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, Article&nbsp;88</ref>
| leader_name = [[Valentin Konovalov]]
| leader_name_ref = <ref name="HeadName">Official website of the Republic of Khakassia. [http://www.r-19.ru/authorities/glava-rh/index.php Viktor Mikhaylovich Zimin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125163131/http://www.r-19.ru/authorities/glava-rh/index.php |date=25 November 2014 }}, Head of the Republic of Khakassia {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
| legislature = [[Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia|Supreme Council]]
| legislature_ref = <ref name="Legislature">Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia, Article&nbsp;72</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://www.r-19.ru}}
}}

'''Khakassia'''{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ru|Хакасия|Khakasiya}}, {{IPA|ru|xɐˈkasʲɪjə}}|{{langx|kjh|Хакасия / Хакас Чирі|Xakasiya, Xakas Şçirĕ}}, {{IPA|kjh|χɑˈqɑsijɑ, χɑˈqɑs ɕiˈɾɘ|}}}}}} ({{IPAc-en|x|ə|ˈ|k|æ|s|i|ə|,_|k|ə|-}}), officially the '''Republic of Khakassia''',{{efn|{{bulleted list|{{langx|ru|Республика Хакасия|Respublika Khakasiya}}, {{IPA|ru|rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə xɐˈkasʲɪjə|pron}}|{{langx|kjh|Хакас Республиказы|Xakas Respublikazı}}, {{IPA|kjh|χɑˈqɑs rʲɪsˌpublʲɪkəˈzə|}}|group=note}}}} is a [[republics of Russia|republic]] of [[Russia]] located in southern [[Siberia]].<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> It is situated between [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]] to the north and the [[Altai Republic]] to the south.

The capital city of Khakassia is [[Abakan]], and the region covers an area of about {{convert|61,900|km2}}. The population of Khakassia is approximately 537,000 people, with the majority of the population living in urban areas.

The region is known for its natural beauty, with numerous rivers, lakes, and mountains. The [[Khakassia Nature Reserve|Khakassky Nature Reserve]] is located in the region, and it is home to a wide variety of wildlife, including brown bears, wolves, and sable. The region is also known for its traditional crafts, such as woodworking and embroidery, and for its traditional festivals and celebrations.

On July 3, 1991, the region was transformed into an autonomous republic within the RSFSR. It has had its current name since the beginning of 1992.

== Geography ==
The republic is located in the southwestern part of Eastern [[Siberia]] and borders [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]] in the north and east, the [[Tuva Republic]] in the southeast and south, the [[Altai Republic]] in the south and southwest, and [[Kemerovo Oblast]] in the west and northwest. It stretches for {{convert|460|km|sp=us}} from north to south and for {{convert|200|km|sp=us}} from east to west. Mountains (eastern slopes of [[Kuznetsk Alatau]] and the [[Abakan Range]]) cover two-thirds of the republic's territory and serve as the natural boundaries of the republic. The highest point is [[Kyzlasov Peak]]. The remaining territory is flat, with the [[Minusinsk Hollow]] being the most prominent feature. The [[Yenisei River|Yenisei]] is the largest river in the republic. Other significant rivers include the [[Abakan River|Abakan]], [[Tom (river)|Tom]]’, [[Bely Iyus]], [[Cherny Iyus|Black Iyus]], and the [[Chulym River (Ob River)|Chulym]] (between the Yenisei and the eastern mountains), with all except the Abakan part of the [[Ob (river)|Ob river]] basin. There are over three hundred lakes in the republic, both salt- and fresh-water. The climate is continental, with the average annual temperature of {{convert|0|C}}. Natural resources are abundant and include iron, gold, silver, coal, oil, and natural gas. [[Molybdenum]] deposits are the largest in Russia. Forests cover the south and the west of the republic.

== History ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2009}}
[[File:Kurgan, Khakassia.jpg|thumb|Ancient burial ground in the steppe]]
The territory of modern Khakassia formed the core of the [[Yenisei Kirghiz]] state from the 6th century AD. In the 13th century, following defeat by the [[Mongols]], the majority of the Kyrgyz people migrated southwest to [[Central Asia]] to the area of present-day [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Modern [[Khakas]] people regard themselves as the descendants of those Kyrgyz who remained in [[Siberia]]. Khakassia was incorporated into the Russian state under [[Peter the Great]] ({{reign | 1682 | 1725}}).<ref>
{{cite book
 |last1                = Anderson
 |first1               = David G.
 |editor-last1         = Bridger
 |editor-first1        = Sue
 |editor-last2         = Pine
 |editor-first2        = Frances
 |date                 = 11 January 2013
 |orig-date            = 1998
 |chapter              = Living in a subterranean landscape: identity politics in post-Soviet Khakassia
 |title                = Surviving Post-Socialism: Local Strategies and Regional Responses in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
 |url                  = https://books.google.com/books?id=Jeix5BV4BqIC
 |series               = Routledge Studies of Societies in Transition
 |edition              = reprint
 |publication-place    = London
 |publisher            = Routledge
 |page                 = 55
 |isbn                 = 9781135107154
 |access-date          = 30 November 2022
 |quote                = After [the fall of the Kyrgyz state] to the Mongols at the end of the thirteenth century, the pastoralists of the Saya-Altai depression controlled a much more modest regional economy of trade with surrounding peoples until the arrival of Russian Cossacks in the eighteenth century [...].
}} 
</ref>
This incorporation was confirmed in a treaty—the {{ill|Treaty of Burya|ru|Буринский договор}}—between Russia and China in 1729. As it was common to deport convicted criminals from [[European Russia]] to Siberia, forts were quickly constructed in Khakassia (1707 and 1718). Many prisoners remained even after release. Many of the indigenous Khakas people converted to the [[Russian Orthodox]] faith and gradually abandoned their nomadic way of life.

By the time of the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|1917 Russian Revolution]], Russians made up approximately half of the population. Under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule, autonomy was granted on 20 October 1930, when the [[Khakas Autonomous Oblast]] was established. The borders of the autonomous oblast are the same as the borders of the modern Khakas Republic.

During the 1920s and 1930s, the Soviet authorities resettled an estimated quarter of a million Russians in the region. These were followed by 10,000 [[Volga Germans]] [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] during [[World War II]]. By the time of the 1959 Census, ethnic Khakas people represented little more than 10% of the population of the Khakas oblast.

Until 1991, the Khakas Autonomous Oblast was administratively subordinated to [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]]. In July 1991, it was elevated in status to that of [[Autonomous Soviet socialist republic]] within the [[RSFSR]], and in February 1992 it became the Republic of Khakassia.

== Administrative divisions ==
{{Main|Administrative divisions of the Republic of Khakassia}}
[[File:Khakassia republic map.png|thumb|Map of the Republic of Khakassia]]

==Politics==
The highest legal act of the region is the Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_hakas/chapter/1/#block_199 |title=Конституция Республики Хакасия |trans-title=Constitution of the Republic of Khakassia |publisher=[[Garant]] |accessdate=2017-04-18 |archive-date=2017-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003000/http://constitution.garant.ru/region/cons_hakas/chapter/1/#block_199 |url-status=live}}</ref> It was adopted on 25 May 1995 by the Supreme Council of the Republic.

The highest official of the republic, heading the executive power in the region, is the head of the Republic of Khakassia - the chairman of the government of the Republic of Khakassia. The term of office is 5 years. Since 15 November 2018, this post has been occupied by [[Valentin Konovalov]] ([[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]]).

Legislative power in Khakassia is exercised by the unicameral [[Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia]], consisting of 50 deputies elected by a mixed electoral system: 25 by party lists and 25 by single-member districts. The [[United Russia]] faction makes up an absolute majority in the region's parliament (35 seats, 70%). The Chairman of the Supreme Council of the current VII convocation, elected in 2018, is [[:ru:Штыгашев, Владимир Николаевич|Vladimir Shtygashev]].

In the [[Federation Council (Russia)|Federation Council]], the region is represented by a member of the [[CPRF]], Senator [[Valery Usatyuk]], from the executive branch (since November 2018) and a member of United Russia, Senator [[Alexander Zhukov (senator)|Alexander Zhukov]], from the legislative branch (since March 2019).

The deputy of the [[8th State Duma|State Duma of the VIII convocation]] from Khakassia is [[Sergey Sokol]] (United Russia).<ref>[https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3375180.html United Russia wins in the elections to the State Duma from Khakassia] REGNUM, 20 September 2021</ref>

== Demographics ==
Population: {{ru-census|p2010=532,403|p2002=546,072|p1989=568,605}}{{Historical populations|3=1926|4=88877|5=1939|6=272730|7=1959|8=411047|9=1970|10=445824|11=1979|12=498384|13=1989|14=566861|15=2002|16=546072|17=2010|18=532403|19=2021|20=532036|type=|footnote=Source: Census data}}

=== Vital statistics ===
: Source: [http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/Cbsd/DBInet.cgi#1 Russian Federal State Statistics Service]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
! style="width:70pt;"|Average population (x 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Live births
! style="width:70pt;"|Deaths
! style="width:70pt;"|Natural change
! style="width:70pt;"|Crude birth rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Crude death rate (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Natural change (per 1000)
! style="width:70pt;"|Fertility rates
|-
| 1970
| style="text-align:right;"| 448
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,347
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,749
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,598
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.0
|-
| 1975
| style="text-align:right;"| 476
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,106
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,485
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,621
| style="text-align:right;"| 19.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.7
|-
| 1980
| style="text-align:right;"| 508
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,994
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,345
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,649
| style="text-align:right;"| 19.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.2
|-
| 1985
| style="text-align:right;"| 541
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,382
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,546
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,836
| style="text-align:right;"| 19.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 8.9
|-
| 1990
| style="text-align:right;"| 572
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,724
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,060
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,664
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 4.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2,27
|-
| 1991
| style="text-align:right;"| 573
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,114
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,195
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,919
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:blue;"| 2,14
|-
| 1992
| style="text-align:right;"| 574
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,917
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,843
| style="text-align:right;"| 74
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,81
|-
| 1993
| style="text-align:right;"| 574
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,152
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,387
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,235
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.6
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 3.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,58
|-
| 1994
| style="text-align:right;"| 572
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,219
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,426
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 3,207
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.5
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 5.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,57
|-
| 1995
| style="text-align:right;"| 571
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,807
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,186
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,379
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 4.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,44
|-
| 1996
| style="text-align:right;"| 569
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,727
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,093
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,366
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.2
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 4.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,40
|-
| 1997
| style="text-align:right;"| 566
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,309
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,766
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,457
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.7
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 4.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,28
|-
| 1998
| style="text-align:right;"| 563
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,602
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,821
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,219
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 3.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,34
|-
| 1999
| style="text-align:right;"| 559
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,312
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,304
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,992
| style="text-align:right;"| 9.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.8
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 5.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"| 1,25
|-
| 2000
| style="text-align:right;"| 556
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,634
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,104
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,470
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.6
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 4.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,32
|-
| 2001
| style="text-align:right;"| 552
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,576
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,561
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,985
| style="text-align:right;"| 10.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.5
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 5.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,28
|-
| 2002
| style="text-align:right;"| 547
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,118
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,280
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 3,162
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.0
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 5.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,39
|-
| 2003
| style="text-align:right;"| 542
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,417
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,660
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 3,243
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.8
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 6.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,44
|-
| 2004
| style="text-align:right;"| 539
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,453
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,763
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2,310
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.3
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 4.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,43
|-
| 2005
| style="text-align:right;"| 536
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,198
| style="text-align:right;"| 9,411
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 3,213
| style="text-align:right;"| 11.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 17.6
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 6.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,35
|-
| 2006
| style="text-align:right;"| 533
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,465
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,927
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 1,462
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"|- 2.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,40
|-
| 2007
| style="text-align:right;"| 531
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,384
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,324
| style="text-align:right;"| 60
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,60
|-
| 2008
| style="text-align:right;"| 531
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,935
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,427
| style="text-align:right;"| 508
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,72
|-
| 2009
| style="text-align:right;"| 531
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,062
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,255
| style="text-align:right;"| 807
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,81
|-
| 2010
| style="text-align:right;"| 532
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,010
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,373
| style="text-align:right;"| 637
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,80
|-
| 2011
| style="text-align:right;"| 532
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,013
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,154
| style="text-align:right;"| 859
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,83
|-
| 2012
| style="text-align:right;"| 533
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,534
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,137
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,397
| style="text-align:right;"| 16.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,00
|-
| 2013
| style="text-align:right;"| 534
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,362
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,987
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,375
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,01
|-
| 2014
| style="text-align:right;"| 535
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,145
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,999
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,146
| style="text-align:right;"| 15.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 2,01
|-
| 2015
| style="text-align:right;"| 536
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,911
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,216
| style="text-align:right;"| 695
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,99
|-
| 2016
| style="text-align:right;"| 537
| style="text-align:right;"| 7,592
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,869
| style="text-align:right;"| 723
| style="text-align:right;"| 14.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.3
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,97
|-
| 2017
| style="text-align:right;"| 537
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,662
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,752
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -90
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 12.5
|  style="text-align:right; color:red;"| -0.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,78
|}

In 2007, the republic recorded a positive natural increase of population for the first time in many years (Although very small, less than +0.01% per year), being one of the 20 Russian regions to have a positive natural population growth rate.<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0323/barom01.php Постоянное население России на начало 2008 года - 142 миллиона человек]. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref><ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/2008/0323/barom02.php В 2007 году естественная убыль снизилась до 478 тысяч человек, а миграционный прирост увеличился до 240 тысяч]. Demoscope.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref><ref>[http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312 Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики]. Gks.ru (2010-05-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref>

=== Ethnic groups ===
[[File:Этническая карта Республики Хакасия по населённым пунктам.png|thumb|300px|Ethnic map of the Republic of Khakassia by settlement, 2010 census. {{Legend|#ff0000|[[Russians]]}}{{Legend|#008000|[[Khakas]]}}{{Legend|#8a2be2|[[Shors]]}}{{Legend|#0000ff|[[Chuvash people|Chuvashes]]}}]]
According to the 2021 Russian Census,<ref name=census2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|accessdate=30 December 2022}}</ref> ethnic [[Russians]] make up 82.1% of the republic's population, while the ethnic [[Khakas people|Khakas]] are only 12.7%. Other groups include [[ethnic German]]s (0.7%), [[Tuvans]] (0.5%), [[Ukrainians]] (0.4%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan="2" | Ethnic<br />group
! colspan="2" | 1926 census
! colspan="2" | 1939 census
! colspan="2" | 1959 census
! colspan="2" | 1970 census
! colspan="2" | 1979 census
! colspan="2" | 1989 census
! colspan="2" | 2002 census
! colspan="2" | 2010 census
! colspan="2" | 2021 census<sup>1</sup>
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Khakas people|Khakas]]
| 44,219
|49.8%
| 45,799
|16.8%
| 48,512
|11.8%
| 54,750
|12.3%
| 57,281
|11.5%
| 62,859
|11.1%
| 65,421
|12.0%
| 63,643
|12.1%
| 55,144
|12.7%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Russians]]
| 41,390
|46.6%
| 205,254
|75.3%
| 314,455
|76.5%
| 349,362
|78.4%
| 395,953
|79.4%
| 450,430
|79.5%
| 438,395
|80.3%
| 427,647
|81.7%
| 356,325
|82.1%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| [[Germans]]
| 46
|0.1%
| 333
|0.1%
| 10,512
|2.6%
| 10,547
|2.4%
| 11,130
|2.2%
| 11,250
|2.0%
| 9,161
|1.7%
| 5,976
|1.1%
| 2,831
|0.7%
|-
|align="left"| [[Tuvans]]
| 
|
| 21
|0.0%
| 97
|0.0%
| 188
|0.0%
| 271
|0.1%
| 521
|0.1%
| 494
|0.1%
| 936
|0.2%
| 2,051
|0.5%
|-
|align="left"| [[Ukrainians]]
| 836
|0.9%
| 7,788
|2.9%
| 14,630
|3.6%
| 9,480
|2.1%
| 10,398
|2.1%
| 13,223
|2.3%
| 8,360
|1.5%
| 5,039
|1.0%
| 1,800
|0.4%
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| Others
| 2,381
|2.7%
| 13,535
|5.0%
| 22,841
|5.6%
| 21,497
|4.9%
| 23,351
|4.7%
| 28,578
|5.3%
| 24,241
|4.54
| 20,473
|3.9%
| 15,630
|3.6%
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="19"| <sup>1</sup> <small>8,689 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.</small><ref>[http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 Перепись-2010: русских становится больше] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103330/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |date=18 January 2012 }}. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.</ref>
|}

=== Religion ===
{{Bar box
|title=Religion in Khakassia as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas">[http://sreda.org/en/arena "Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia"]. Sreda, 2012.</ref><ref name="2012Arena-religion-maps">[http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps]. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27 August 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived].</ref>
|float=right
|bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodoxy]]|DarkOrchid|31.6}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]]|MediumOrchid|1.4}}
{{Bar percent|[[Protestantism in Russia|Protestantism]]|Navy|0.8}}
{{Bar percent|Other [[Christianity in Russia|Christians]]|DeepSkyBlue|6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Russia|Islam]]|Green|0.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Rodnovery]] and other native faiths|Red|2}}
{{Bar percent|[[Spiritual but not religious]]|DarkSlateGray|37.6}}
{{Bar percent|[[Atheism]] and [[irreligion]]|Black|15.8}}
{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|4.2}}
}}

According to a 2012 survey,<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/> 31.6% of the population of Khakassia adheres to the [[Russian Orthodox Church]], 6% are unaffiliated [[Christians]], 1% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or are members of other (non-Russian) [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox church]]es. 2% of the population adheres to [[Slavic native faith]] (Rodnovery) or Khakas [[Tengrism]] and folk religion, 1% to [[Islam]], 1% to forms of [[Protestantism]], 0.4% to forms of [[Hinduism]] ([[Vedism]], [[Krishnaism]] or [[Tantrism]]) and another 0.4% to [[Tibetan Buddhism]]. In addition, 38% of the population declares to be "[[spiritual but not religious]]", 16% is [[atheism|atheist]], and 2.6% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.<ref name="2012ArenaAtlas"/>
{{clear}}

== Economy ==
The main industries in the republic are coal mining, ore mining, and timber.

== Transport ==

The road network is most developed around the major cities of the centre, west, and southwest.
Federal highway R-257 runs through Khakassia. Other major highways include the regional highway A161 south from R-257 in Abakan along the Abakan valley to Abaza and across the mountains to Ak-Dovurak (Tuva). The most developed sections of roads are Abakan - [[Sayanogorsk]], Abakan - Beya, Abakan - Abaza, Abakan - Sorsk, Bograd - Shira - Kopyevo, and Kopyevo - Priiskovy.
Roads to other smaller settlements are mainly dirt roads, although they are currently being replaced with a hard surface.

663&nbsp;km of railways, electrified from Abakan to Kaltas. Other non-electrified sections are Tigey - Kopievo, Askiz - Abaza, Biskamzha - Toya.

The section of the Tigey-Kopyёvo railway and further to Uzhur, Achinsk connects two railway arteries: the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] and Yuzhsib (South-Siberian: Taishet - Abakan - Novokuznetsk - Artyshta - Barnaul - Kulunda - Pavlodar - Astana - Tobol - Kartaly - Magnitogorsk). In addition to Abakan, the central station is Biskamzha. The city of Sayanogorsk is connected to the railway network through the station Kamyshta.

Airports: [[Abakan International Airport]] has regular flights to Moscow, Norilsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, and Krasnoyarsk.

== Sports ==
[[Sayany-Khakassia]]<ref>[http://sk19.ru/ Official home page]</ref> has been playing in the highest division of Russian [[bandy]], the [[Russian Bandy Super League]], for a long time, but was relegated after the [[Russian Bandy Super League 2012–13|2012–13 season]]. Now they play in the 2nd highest division.

<gallery>
File:Abakan08.jpg|A [[megalith]]
File:Вид со второго сундука на первый сундук и на озеро.jpg|The [[Sunduki|Sunduki Highlands]]
File:Вид на озеро Белё при подъеме на гору Чалпан.JPG|[[Lake Belyo]] (the largest in Khakassia)
File:Река Белый Июс.jpg|The [[Bely Iyus]] river
File:View of Khakassia.jpg|Autumn
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category|Khakassia}}
{{wikivoyage}}
* [[List of Chairmen of the Supreme Council of Khakassia]]
* [[Music in Khakassia]]
* [[Altai-Sayan region]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Notes ===
{{notelist}}
{{notelist|group=note}}

=== Sources ===
* {{RussiaBasicLawRef|kk}}
* {{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=Верховный Совет РСФСР
|ru_type=Закон
|ru_number=1539-I
|ru_date=1923 г.
|ru_title=О порядке преобразования Адыгейской, Горно-Алтайской, Карачаево-Черкесской и Хакасской автономных областей в Советские Социалистические Республики в составе РСФСР
|ru_effective_date=
|ru_published_in=
|ru_published_date=
|ru_url=
|en_entity=[[Supreme Soviet of Russia|Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR]]
|en_type=Law
|en_number=1539-I
|en_date=3 July 1923
|en_title=On the Process of Transformation of Adyghe, Mountain Altai, Karachay-Cherkess, and Khakass Autonomous Oblasts into Soviet Socialist Republics Within the RSFSR
|en_effective_date=
|en_url=
}}
* {{Cite Russian law
|ru_entity=Верховный Совет Республики Хакасия
|ru_type=Закон
|ru_number=06-ЗРХ
|ru_date=11 февраля 2015 г.
|ru_title=О государственном гимне Республики Хакасия
|ru_effective_date=14 февраля 2015 г
|ru_published_in="Хакасия", №26
|ru_published_date=14 февраля 2015 г
|ru_url=
|en_entity=Supreme Council of the Republic of Khakassia
|en_type=Law
|en_number=06-ZRKh
|en_date=11 February 2015
|en_title=On the State Anthem of the Republic of Khakassia
|en_effective_date=14 February 2015
|en_url=
}}

{{Subdivisions of Russia}}
{{Khakassia}}
{{TURKSOY}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Khakassia| ]]
[[Category:Central Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1991]]
[[Category:Observer members of the International Organization of Turkic Culture]]
[[Category:Republics of Russia]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Russian is an official language]]