View source for Khanate of Sibir

{{Short description|1468–1598 Siberian Tatar Khanate in southwestern Siberia}}
{{Expand Russian|date=May 2021|topic=hist}}{{Infobox country
| native_name            = Себер Ҡаннығы<br/>سبر خانلغی
| conventional_long_name = Khanate of Sibir
| common_name            = Sibir
| era                    = 
| status                 = 
| event_pre              = [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]] becomes Khan of Sibir
| date_pre               = 1428
| event_start            = [[Ibak Khan]] establishes Chimgi-Tura as an independent khanate
| year_start             = 1468
| date_start             = 
| event_end              = Conquered by the [[Tsardom of Russia]]
| year_end               = 1598
| date_end               = 
| p1                     = Golden Horde
| p2                     = Uzbek Khanate
| s1                     = Tsardom of Russia
| today                  = [[Russia]]
| image_flag             = 
| flag_type              = 
| image_coat             = 
| image_map              = Siberian Khanate map English revised.svg
| image_map_caption      = Approximate extent of the Khanate of Sibir during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
| capital                = [[Chimgi-Tura|Tyumen]], [[Qashliq|Sibir]]
| common_languages       = [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]], [[Selkup language|Selkup]], [[Khanty language|Khanty]], [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
| official_languages     = [[Chagatai language]], [[Turki]]
| religion               = [[Sunni Islam]], [[Shamanism]]
| government_type        = [[Khanate]]
| leader1                = [[Hajji Muhammad (Golden Horde)|Hajji Muhammad]]
| year_leader1           = 1420–1428
| leader2                = [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]] (as [[Uzbek Khanate|Uzbek Khan]])
| year_leader2           = 1428–1468
| leader3                = [[Ibak Khan]]
| year_leader3           = 1468–1495
| leader4                = [[Kuchum]]
| year_leader4           = 1563–1598
| title_leader           = [[List of Sibir khans|Khan]]
| legislature            = 
| Dynasty                = 
}}

The '''Khanate of Sibir''' ({{langx|sty|Себер Ҡаннығы|Seber Qannïq}};<ref>Файзрахманов Г. Л.  История татар Западной Сибири: с древнейших времен до начала XX века. Казань: Татар, кн. изд-во, 2007. — 431 с. ISBN 978-5-298-01536-3</ref> {{langx|ru|Сибирское царство, Сибирский юрт|Sibirskoye tsarstvo, Sibirsky yurt}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=СИБИРСКОЕ ХАНСТВО • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия |url=https://old.bigenc.ru/domestic_history/text/3660421 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=old.bigenc.ru}}</ref> was a [[Tatars|Tatar]] state in [[western Siberia]]. It was founded at the end of the 15th century, following the break-up of the [[Golden Horde]].<ref name=":0">Сибирское ханство&nbsp;// [[Большая советская энциклопедия#Третье издание|Большая советская энциклопедия]]&nbsp;: <span class="nowrap">[в 30 т.]</span>&nbsp;/ гл. ред. <span class="nowrap"> [[Прохоров, Александр Михайлович|А. М. Прохоров]]</span>.&nbsp;— 3-е изд.&nbsp;— <abbr title="Москва">М.</abbr>&nbsp;: Советская энциклопедия, 1969—1978.</ref> Throughout its history, members of the [[Shaybanids|Shaybanid]] and [[Taibuga|Taibugid]] dynasties often contested the rulership over the [[Khanate]] between each other; both of these competing tribes were direct patrilineal descendants of [[Genghis Khan]] through his eldest son [[Jochi]] and Jochi's fifth son [[Shiban|Shayban (Shiban)]] (died 1266). The area of the Khanate had once formed an integral part of the [[Mongol Empire]], and later came under the control of the [[White Horde]], and under the Golden Horde from 1242 to 1468.
[[File:К ВОПРОСУ О ВОСТОЧНЫХ ГРАНИЦАХ СИБИРСКОГО ХАНСТВА - тема научной статьи по истории и историческим наукам читайте бесплатно те.jpg|thumb|Eastern region of the Khanate of Sibir in 1594-1598]]
The Khanate of Sibir had an ethnically diverse population of [[Turkic peoples]] – [[Siberian Tatars]] and various [[Uralic peoples]] – including the [[Khanty people|Khanty]], the [[Mansi people|Mansi]], and the [[Selkup people|Selkup]]. The Sibir Khanate was the northernmost [[Muslim]] state in [[recorded history]]. 
Its defeat by [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] in 1582 marked the beginning of the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]].

==Geography==
Khanate of Sibir bordered [[Great Perm]], [[Nogai Horde]], [[Kazakh Khanate]], and [[Teleuts]]. On the most northern part it reached the lower reaches of the [[Ob]] river, while its eastern neighbor was [[Skewbald Horde]].

==Aristocracy==
The Sibir Khanate was administered by [[Mirza (noble)|mirza]]s (which is a noble title) who originated from various indigenous Siberian tribes. These mirzas organized loosely knit dominions, which were all under the nominal authority of the ''[[Khan (title)|khan]]'' of [[Chimgi-Tura|Tyumen]] and [[Qashliq|Sibir]]. Mirzas also led the warriors of the Khanate of Sibir into battle and owed nominal allegiance to the ''khan'' of Tyumen and Sibir.

==Culture==
[[Islam]] was the professed religion of the Sibir Khanate; it was the religion of the ruling ''Khan'' of Tyumen and Sibir. [[mosque|Grand mosque]]s, [[palace]]s and fortified walls were constructed by the ruling class in both Tyumen and Sibir.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

Islam was professed by not only the Khan but also the Mirzas, who were often educated in famous Islamic centers in Central Asia like Bukhara and Samarkand. However, shamanism and other traditional beliefs were practiced by much of the masses. Some groups practiced a form of Islam that incorporated elements of shamanism.<ref name="Siberia">{{Cite book|last=Forsyth|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC|title=A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-521-47771-0|pages=25–27|language=en}}</ref>

The leading [[Imam]]s and [[Mufti]]s of the Sibir Khanate are known{{by whom|date=October 2015}} to have had some influence in [[Kazan]] and [[Samarkand]]. The Khanate of Sibir was the northernmost [[Muslim]] state in recorded history.{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}

The Khanate of Sibir had extensive trading connections with Central Asia and the [[Khanate of Kazan]].<ref name=":0" />

==History==
[[File:Herberstein-Moscovia-NE.png|thumb|left|''Tumen'' on [[Sigismund von Herberstein]]'s map, published in 1549]]
The area was originally inhabited by mainly [[Samoyedic peoples|Samoyedic]] and [[Ugrians|Ugric]] peoples.<ref name=":1" /> In the 11th century, [[Kipchaks]] began inhabiting the region which led to the [[Turkification]] of the population.<ref name=":1" /> In the 13th century, the [[Mongol conquest of Siberia|Mongols conquered]] the region and it was incorporated into the territory of the Golden Horde. Some of the Tatars who arrived with [[Batu Khan]] during the conquests settled in the area.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Mote|first=Victor L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvZKDwAAQBAJ|title=Siberia: Worlds Apart|publisher=Westview Press|year=2018|isbn=978-0-429-97696-4|pages=38|language=en}}</ref>

The original capital of the Khans was [[Chimgi-Tura]], founded by the first Khan [[Taibuga]], who was a member of the [[Borjigin]]. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca. The Khanate of Sibir as an independent polity was established in the fifteenth century, at a time when the [[Mongols]] of the house of [[Jochi]] were generally in a state of decline.

The Taibugids' control of the region between the [[Tobol]] and middle [[Irtysh]] was not uncontested. The [[Shaybanids]], descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. [[Ibak Khan]], a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named [[Qashliq|Iskar]] (or Sibir or Qashliq) located on the Irtysh.
The [[Siege of Kazan (1552)|Russian conquest of Kazan]] in 1552 prompted the Taibugid Khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with [[Moscow]]. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson [[Kuchum]]. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming Khan.

===Conquest of Sibir===
{{main|Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir}}
[[File:Surikov_Pokoreniye_Sibiri_Yermakom.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Conquest of Siberia by Ermak, painting by Vasily Surikov]]

Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly [[Shamanism|shamanists]], to Islam.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bukharaev|first=Ravil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFK4AwAAQBAJ|title=Islam in Russia: The Four Seasons|publisher=Routledge|year=2014|isbn=978-1-136-80800-5|pages=256}}</ref> His decision to conduct a raid on the [[Stroganov]] trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the [[Cossack]] [[Yermak Timofeyevich|Yermak]] against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the [[Battle of Chuvash Cape]] in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir.[[File:Бегство Кучума из города Кашлык.jpg|thumb|The fall of Qishlaq to Yermak, and the flight of Kuchum. A miniature from the [[Kungur Chronicle]]]]
Over the next fourteen years, however, the [[Russians]] slowly conquered the Khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the [[Ob River|Ob]] and was forced to flee to the territories of the [[Nogai Horde|Nogai]], bringing an end to his rule.

==Taibugids and Shaybanids==
The Khanate of Sibir and the town of Tyumen were founded by [[Taibuga]] some time in the 13th century. He was probably of [[Keraites|Keraite]] origin.<ref>Миллер Г. Ф. Глава первая. События древнейших времён до русского владычества // История Сибири — М.-Л.: АН СССР, 1937. — Т. 1. — С. 189–194.</ref> However, some scholars also attempt to link the Taibugids to the [[Kipchak Khanate|Kipchak]] elites and others. Control alternated between the descendants of Taibuga and the [[Shaybanids]] who had descended from Genghis Khan. There are hints that the Shaybanids were more connected to the steppe nomads and that the Taibugids were more connected with the forest peoples to the north and east.

Taibuga's father was called On (On-Son, Onsom and other variants). Grousset says that they were 'the issue of Taibugha-bäki' without explanation ('bäki' (bek) was a princely suffix and Taibuqa was a Naiman chief at the time of Genghis Khan.) A few sources identify him with Bek Ondi Oglan, the great-great-great-grandson of [[Shayban (tribe)|Shayban]], and thus a Shaybanid. The Stroganov chronicle says that On was killed by a chief called Chingi who spared Taibuga, sent him to fight the [[Khanty people|Ostyaks]] and granted him his own principality. Taibuga founded Tyumen and named it Chingi-tura in honor of his benefactor. Another source makes On a Nogai whose 'Hoflager' (German for 'court-camp') was Kasyl-Tura at the mouth of the [[Ishim River]] about {{convert|100|mi|km|order=flip}} east of [[Tobolsk]]. Another source says that when [[Tokhtamysh]] was defeated he fled to the 'land of Sibir' (the first mention of 'Sibir' in Russian chronicles). Here he was protected by On until both were killed by [[Edigu]] about 1405.

{{Continental Asia in 1500 CE|right|{{center|The Sibir Khanate and main polities in Asia {{c.|1500}}}}}}
There is no more information about Taibuga except that some say he drove the Novgoroders from his lands.
In 1428 a 17-year old Shaybanid called [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]] was chosen Khan on the [[Tura River]] (possibly at Tyumen). This implies that the Taibugids had been pushed aside. When he led his followers south for better things the remaining Shaybanids gathered around [[Ibak Khan]], who was from a junior branch of the house. The Taibugids must have been restored because some time between 1464 and 1480 Ibak killed the Taibugid Mar and made himself Khan. In 1483 Fyodor Kurbsky is said to have led an army to the Irtysh River, but this had no lasting effects. Ibak went to the Volga where he killed the last Khan of the Golden Horde. Returning, he was killed by Mar's grandson called Mamuk or Makhmet or Mamet (about 1495). Makhmet moved the capital from Tyumen to [[Qashliq|Sibir]] and was briefly Khan of [[Kazan Khanate|Kazan]] (1496). In 1552 the Taibugids Yediger and Bekbulat congratulated Ivan the Terrible on his conquest of Kazan. Later they paid limited tribute to Russia. In 1563 Ibak Khan's grandson Kuchum seized the throne from Yediger and Bekbulat. In 1573, following the [[Russo-Crimean War (1571)]] he stopped paying tribute and raided the Perm lands. In 1582, he was driven out by Yermak and died some time after 1600.

==List of khans==
''List of Taibugids'': 
# On
# Taibugha
# Khoja
# Mar (killed by Ibak)
# Obder (perhaps died as Ibak's captive)
# Muhammad 
# Abalak (son of Obder)
# Aguish 
# Kasim
# Yadiger (killed by Kuchum) 
# Bekbulat (brother of Yadiger and possibly a co-regent)
# Seid Ahmad (reoccupied Sibir after Yermak's death, captured by the [[Tsardom of Russia]] in 1588).

''List of Shaybanids:'' 
# Ibak Khan
# Murtaza Khan
# [[Kuchum Khan]]
#* Ali son of Kuchum (tried to reoccupy Sibir after Yermak's death), 
#* Ishim (Asim?) son of Kuchum (married a [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] & settled in their territory in 1620)

==See also==
{{Portal|Siberia}}
* [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia]]
* [[List of Sibir khans]]
* [[Russian conquest of Siberia]]
* [[History of Siberia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Additional sources==
* Forsyth, James. ''A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990.'' Cambridge University Press, 1992. {{ISBN|0-521-40311-1}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070703182348/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/tatar.htm The West Siberian Tatars] by [[Edward J. Vajda]]
* [http://timelines.ws/countries/SIBERIA.HTML Timeline Siberia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630135712/http://timelines.ws/countries/SIBERIA.HTML |date=2017-06-30 }} at Timelines of History by Algis Ratnikas

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm Siberian Tatars]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030217182052/http://artsweb.bham.ac.uk/mdraper/transnatsufi/Research_Papers/Landa.htm Sufism in Russia Today]
* [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Kotkin3.html Russian "Conquest" 1580–1760] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601075709/http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Kotkin3.html |date=2020-06-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030313004110/http://www.nlr.ru:8101/eng/exib/siberia/sib01.htm Siberia Mapping]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030402185615/http://www.megalink.net/~dschorr/RusArm17.html Notes on the Russian Army of the 17th Century (1632–1698)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020120223155/http://land.sfo.ru/eng/4_4_2.htm Ancient Humans]
* [http://haldjas.folklore.ee/~aado/rahvad/mansingl.htm The Mansi]{{Self-published source|date=April 2018}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160521210802/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Muscovy.html Moscovite]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050206115836/http://www.weeklyholiday.net/200902/heri.html Sahanjar Soder]

{{State successors of Golden Horde}}
{{Turkic topics}}

{{coord|57|30|34|N|67|06|58|E|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sibir, Khanate Of}}
[[Category:Khanate of Sibir| ]]
[[Category:Tatar states|Sibir]]
[[Category:Siberian Tatars]]
[[Category:History of Siberia]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of Asia]]
[[Category:1468 establishments]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1468]]
[[Category:Khanates]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 1590s]]