View source for King William's War

{{Short description|North American theater of the Nine Years' War}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict          = King William's War
| partof            = the [[Nine Years' War]] and the [[Indian Wars]]
| image             = Frontenac receiving the envoy of Sir William Phipps demanding the surrender of Quebec, 1690.jpg
| caption           = [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]] meeting with an English envoy prior to the [[Battle of Quebec (1690)|Battle of Quebec]]
| date              = April 1688 – 20 September 1697
| place             = [[North America]]
| casus             = 
| territory         = 
| result            = [[Peace of Ryswick]]<br />''[[Status quo ante bellum]]''
| combatant1        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}
* {{flag|New France}}
[[Wabanaki Confederacy|Wabanakia]]<br/>[[Algonquin people|Algonquin]]<br/>[[Kahnawake]]
| combatant2        = {{flagcountry|Kingdom of England}}
* {{flagicon image|English Red Ensign 1620.svg}} [[New England]]
* {{flagicon image|English Red Ensign 1620.svg}} [[Colony of New York|New York]]
[[Iroquois|Iroquoia]]<br/>[[Mohicans]]
| commander1        = {{plainlist}}
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac|Count Frontenac]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Claude-Sébastien de Villieu]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Joseph-François Hertel de la Fresnière]]
* Father [[Louis-Pierre Thury]]<ref name=DCB>{{cite DCB  |title= Thury, Louis-Pierre |first=René |last=Baudry |volume=1 |url= http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/thury_louis_pierre_1E.html}}</ref>
* Father [[Sébastien Rale]]
* Father [[Jean Baudoin]]
* Chief [[Madockawando]]
{{endplainlist}}
| commander2        = {{plainlist}}
* [[File:New England blank flag.svg|23px]] Sir [[William Phips]]
* [[FIle:English Red Ensign 1620.svg|23px]] [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]]
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of England}} [[Pieter Schuyler]]
{{endplainlist}}
| strength1         = 
| strength2         = 
| casualties1       = 
| casualties2       = 
| campaignbox       = {{Campaignbox Theatres of the War of the Grand Alliance}}
{{Campaignbox King William's War}}
}}
{{Wars of Restoration England}}
'''King William's War''' was the North American theater of the [[Nine Years' War]] (1688–1697).<ref>also known as the ''War of the Grand Alliance'' or the ''War of the League of Augsburg''.</ref>  It was the first of six colonial wars (see the four [[French and Indian Wars]], [[Father Rale's War]] and [[Father Le Loutre's War]]) fought between [[New France]] and [[New England]] along with their respective [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native allies]] before France ceded its remaining mainland territories in North America east of the [[Mississippi River]] in 1763. 
It is also known as the ''Second Indian War'',{{efn|The First Indian War is better known as [[King Philip's War]], the Third Indian War was [[Queen Anne's War]], the Fourth Indian War was [[Father Rale's War]], the fifth was [[King George's War]], and the sixth was the [[French and Indian War]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Alan |author-link= Alan Taylor (historian) |title=Writing Early American History | via = Google books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LZp0BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74 |year=2005 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1910-4 |page=74}}</ref>}} ''Father Baudoin's War'',<ref name=Williams>{{cite book |last=Williams |first= Alan F. |title=Father Baudoin's War: D'Iberville's Campaigns in Acadia and Newfoundland, 1696, 1697 | via = Google books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=pQklAAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=1987 |publisher=Department of Geography, Memorial University of Newfoundland |isbn= 978-0-88901-144-1}}</ref> ''Castin's War'',<ref name= "Herbert Milton Sylvester 1910">{{cite book |last= Sylvester |first=Herbert Milton |title=Indian Wars of New England: The Land of the Abenake. The French Occupation. King Philip's War. St. Castin's War |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-y6AAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA54 |volume= I |year= 1910 |publisher= W.B. Clarke Company |location=Boston |page=54}}</ref> or the ''First Intercolonial War'' in [[French language|French]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lacoursière |first1=Jacques |last2= Provencher |first2=Jean |last3= Vaugeois |first3= Denis |title= Canada-Québec 1534–2000 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nJjoJWUkdjUC&pg=PA92 |year=2001 |publisher= Les éditions du Septentrion |isbn= 978-2-89448-186-8 |page= 92}}</ref>)

For King William's War, neither England nor France thought of weakening its position in Europe to support the war effort in North America.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Bromley |editor-first=J. S. |title=The New Cambridge Modern History | volume = 6, The Rise of Great Britain and Russia, 1688–1715/25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOgzAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA488 |year= 1971 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-07524-4 |page=488}}</ref> New France and the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] were able to thwart New England expansion into [[Acadia]], whose border New France defined as the [[Kennebec River]], now in southern Maine.<ref name=Williamson>{{cite book |last=Williamson |first=William D. |author-link=William D. Williamson |title=The History of the State of Maine: From Its First Discovery, A. D. 1602, to the Separation, A. D. 1820, Inclusive |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofstateof02will_0 |volume=II |year=1832 |publisher=Glazier, Masters & Smith}}</ref>{{rp |27}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Griffiths |first=N.E.S. |title=From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604–1755 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cG4wSmIlziYC&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=978-0-7735-2699-0 |page=61}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=William Edgar |title= The Road to Canada: The Grand Communications Route from Saint John to Quebec |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Je0MAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2005 |publisher=Goose Lane Editions |isbn=978-0-86492-426-1|page=21}}</ref> According to the terms of the 1697 [[Peace of Ryswick]], which ended the Nine Years' War, the boundaries and outposts of New France, New England, and New York remained substantially unchanged.

The war was largely caused by the fact that the [[Treaty of Casco (1678)|treaties and agreements]] that were reached at the end of the [[King Philip's War|First Indian War]] (1675–1678) were not adhered to.<ref name=Pulsipher>{{Cite journal |last=Pulsipher |first=Jenny Hale |date=December 2007 |title=Dark Cloud Rising from the East |journal=[[The New England Quarterly]] |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=588–613 |jstor=20474581 |doi=10.1162/tneq.2007.80.4.588 |s2cid=57560166 |doi-access=free }}</ref> In addition, the English were alarmed that the Indians were receiving French or maybe Dutch aid. The Indians preyed on the English and their fears by making it look as though they were with the French. The French were fooled as well, as they thought the Indians were working with the English. Those occurrences, in addition to the fact that the English considered the Indians as their subjects, despite the Indians' unwillingness to submit, eventually led to two conflicts, one of which was King William's War.<ref name= Pulsipher/>

==North America at the end of the 17th century==
[[File:Colonial North America 1689 to 1783.jpg|thumb|275px|left|At the end of the 17th century, English settlers outnumbered the French, although the English were divided into multiple colonies along the Atlantic.]]
The English settlers were more than 154,000 at the beginning of the war and outnumbered the French 12 to 1.<ref>{{cite book | via = Google books |last1= McIlwraith |first1=Thomas F. |last2= Muller |first2=Edward K. |title= North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NS0OTXRlTMC&pg=PA98 |year=2001 |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |isbn= 978-0-7425-0019-8 |page= 98}}</ref> However, they were divided in multiple colonies along the Atlantic coast, which were unable to cooperate efficiently, and were engulfed in the [[Glorious Revolution]], which created tension among the colonists.<ref name="Tucker 2013">{{cite book |last= Tucker |first= Spencer | via = Google books | title= Almanac of American Military History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TO2mx314ST0C&pg=PA10 |volume= I: 1000–1830 |year= 2013 |publisher= ABC-CLIO |isbn= 978-1-59884-530-3 |pages= 10–11}}</ref>  In addition, the English lacked military leadership and had a difficult relationship with their native [[Iroquois]] allies.<ref name="Tucker 2013"/><ref>{{cite book |last= Havard |first= Gilles |title= The Great Peace of Montreal of 1701: French-native Diplomacy in the Seventeenth Century | via = Google books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YOQE3_sDJP0C&pg=PA66 |year=2001 |publisher= McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn= 978-0-7735-2219-0 |page= 66}}</ref>

[[New France]] was divided into three entities: [[Acadia]] on the Atlantic coast; [[Canada (New France)|Canada]], along the [[Saint Lawrence River]] and up to the [[Great Lakes]]; and [[Louisiana (New France)|Louisiana]], from the Great Lakes to the [[Gulf of Mexico]], along the [[Mississippi River]].<ref name= "Rene Chartrand p.4">{{cite book |last= Chartrand |first= René |title= French Fortresses in North America 1535–1763: Québec, Montréal, Louisbourg and New Orleans | via = Google books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=61uICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4 |year=2013 |publisher= Bloomsbury |isbn= 978-1-4728-0317-7 |page= 4}}</ref> The French population amounted to 14,000 in 1689.<ref name= "Rene Chartrand p.4" /> Although the French were vastly outnumbered, they were more politically unified and contained a disproportionate number of adult males with military backgrounds.<ref name= "Tucker 2013" /> Realizing their numerical inferiority, they developed [[Franco-Indian alliance|good relationships with the indigenous peoples]] to [[force multiplication|multiply their forces]] and made effective use of [[hit-and-run tactics]].<ref name="Tucker 2013" />

==Causes of the war==
{{Hatnote|For further details on the war's European causes, see [[Nine Years' War]] and [[Glorious Revolution]].}}
King [[James II of England]], a [[Catholic]], was deposed at the end of 1688 in the Glorious Revolution during which [[William III of England|William III]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary II]], who were [[Protestants]], took the throne. William joined the [[League of Augsburg]] in [[Nine Years' War|its war against France]], which had begun in 1688, where James had fled.

There was significant tension between New France and the northern English colonies in North America, where in 1686, James II had reorganized the separate administrations of the colonies into the [[Dominion of New England]]. New England and the [[Iroquois Confederacy|Iroquois]] at times fought New France and their [[Wabanaki Confederacy|Wabanaki]] allies. The [[Iroquois]] dominated the economically-important [[Great Lakes]] fur trade at the time and had been in conflict with New France since 1680.<ref name=Aquila>{{cite book |last= Aquila |first= Richard |title= The Iroquois Restoration: Iroquois Diplomacy on the Colonial Frontier, 1701–1754 | via = Gooble books |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XwT1LEHlc1QC&pg=PP1 |year= 1997 |publisher= University of Nebraska Press |isbn= 978-0-8032-5932-4 |orig-year= 1983}}</ref>{{rp |43}} At the urging of New England, the Iroquois interrupted the trade between New France and their western tribal allies through military means. In retaliation, New France raided the lands belonging to the [[Seneca people|Seneca]] of western New York. In turn, New England supported the Iroquois in their conflict against New France by raiding the township of [[Lachine massacre|Lachine]].<ref name= Aquila />{{rp |44}}

There were similar tensions on the border between New England and Acadia, whose boundary New France defined as the [[Kennebec River]], now in southern Maine.<ref name=Williamson/>{{rp |27}} English settlers from Massachusetts, whose charter included the Maine area, had by this time expanded their settlements into Acadia. To secure New France's claim to Maine, they established Catholic missions among the three largest Indigenous villages in the region: one on the Kennebec River ([[Norridgewock]]); one farther north on the [[Penobscot River]] ([[Penobscot Indian Island Reservation|Penobscot]]) and one on the [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] ([[Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic|Medoctec]]).<ref>{{CRHP|14831|Meductic Indian Village / Fort Meductic National Historic Site of Canada |December 20, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Grenier |first= John | via = Google books |title=The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710-1760 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jVG5h6G5fWMC&pg=PP1 |year= 2008 |publisher= University of Oklahoma Press |isbn= 978-0-8061-3876-3 |pages= 51, 54}}</ref> For their part, in response to [[King Philip's War]], the five Indigenous tribes in the region of Acadia created the Wabanaki Confederacy to form a political and military alliance with New France to stop the English from further expansion.<ref>{{cite conference |title=Storm Clouds over Wabanakiak: Confederacy Diplomacy until Dummer's Treaty (1727) |first= Harald E.L. |last=Prins |conference= The Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nations Chiefs |location=Amherst, [[Nova Scotia|NS]] |date=March 1999 |url=http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |access-date= 2013-09-16 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110719142815/http://www.wabanaki.com/Harald_Prins.htm |archive-date= 2011-07-19 |url-status= dead | publisher = Wabanaki}}</ref>

==Course of war==
[[File:King williams war.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map of the campaigns during the war]]

=== New England, Acadia, and Newfoundland Theatre ===
The New England, Acadia, and Newfoundland Theatre of the war is also known as Castin's War<ref name="Herbert Milton Sylvester 1910"/> and Father [[Jean Baudoin]]'s War.<ref name=Williams/>

In April 1688, Governor [[Edmund Andros]] plundered [[Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin]]'s home and village on [[Penobscot Bay]] ([[Castine, Maine]]).<ref name=Williamson/>{{rp|607}} Later, in August, the English raided the French village of [[Guysborough, Nova Scotia (community)|Chedabouctou]]. In response, Castin and the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] engaged in the Northeast Coast Campaign of 1688 along the New England/Acadia border. They began August 13, 1688, at New Dartmouth ([[Newcastle, Maine|Newcastle]]), killing a few settlers. A few days later they killed two people at [[Yarmouth, Maine|Yarmouth]] in the first battle. At [[Kennebunk, Maine|Kennebunk]] in the autumn of 1688, members of the Confederacy killed two families.

The following spring, in June 1689, several hundred Abenaki and [[Pennacook]] Indians, under the command of [[Kancamagus]] and Mesandowit, [[Raid on Dover|raided Dover, New Hampshire]]; killed more than 20; and took 29 captives, who were sold into captivity in New France. In June, they killed four men at [[Saco, Maine|Saco]]. In response to those raids, a company of 24 men was raised to search for the bodies and pursue the natives. They were forced to return after they had lost a quarter of their men in conflicts with the natives.<ref name="Clayton, W. W 1888. p. 51">{{cite book |last=Clayton |first=W. Woodford |title=History of York County, Maine: With Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Its Prominent Men and Pioneers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-e8gAQAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=1880 |publisher=Everts & Peck |location= Philadelphia |page=51|isbn=978-0-83280037-5 | via = Google books}}</ref>
[[File:Major Waldrons Terrible Fight.jpg|left|thumb|Major [[Richard Waldron]] shortly before his death during the [[Abenaki]] [[raid on Dover]]]]
In August 1689, Saint-Castin and Father [[Louis-Pierre Thury]]<ref name=DCB/> led an Abenaki war party that [[Siege of Pemaquid (1689)|captured and destroyed the fort]] at [[Pemaquid, Maine|Pemaquid]] (now in [[Bristol, Maine]]). The fall of Pemaquid was a significant setback to the English. It pushed the frontier back to Casco (now [[Falmouth, Maine]]).<ref name= Chet>{{cite book |last=Chet |first=Guy |title=Conquering the American Wilderness: The Triumph of European Warfare in the Colonial Northeast |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GsT6kJE0FgMC&pg=PP1 |year=2003 |publisher=University of Massachusetts Press |isbn=978-1-55849-382-7}}</ref>{{rp|81}}

New England retaliated for those raids by sending Major [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Benjamin Church]] to raid Acadia. During King William's War, Church led four New England raiding parties into [[Acadia]], which included most of Maine, against the [[Acadians]] and members of the Wabanaki Confederacy. On the first expedition into Acadia, on September 21, 1689, Church and 250 troops defended a group of English settlers trying to establish themselves at Falmouth (near present-day [[Portland, Maine]]). The tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy killed 21 of his men, but Church's defense was successful, and the Natives retreated.<ref name=Drake>{{cite book |last=Drake |first=Samuel Adams |author-link=Samuel Adams Drake |title=The Border Wars of New England: Commonly Called King William's and Queen Anne's Wars |url=https://archive.org/details/borderwarsnewen00drakgoog |year=1897 |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|33}} Church then returned to [[Boston]], leaving the small group of English settlers unprotected. The following spring, over 400 French and native troops, under the leadership of Castin, [[Raid on Salmon Falls|destroyed Salmon Falls]] (now [[Berwick, Maine]]), returned to Falmouth, and massacred all of the English settlers in the [[Battle of Fort Loyal]]. When Church returned to the village later that summer, he buried the dead.<ref name="Church et al">{{cite book | via = Google books |last1=Church |first1=Benjamin |author-link1=Benjamin Church (ranger) |last2=Church |first2= Thomas |last3= Drake |first3= Samuel G. |title=The History of the Great Indian War of 1675 and 1676: Commonly Called Philip's War : Also the Old French and Indian Wars, from 1689 to 1704 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MZA-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=1845 |publisher= H. Dayton |location= New York|isbn= 978-0-65911482-2 }}</ref>{{rp|175–76}} The fall of Fort Loyal (Casco) led to the near-depopulation of Maine. Native forces then attacked New Hampshire frontier without reprisal.<ref name=Chet/>{{rp |82}}

====Battle of Port Royal (1690)====
{{Main|Battle of Port Royal (1690)}}
[[File:Phips portrait.jpg|thumb|upright|[[William Phips]], the [[List of colonial governors of Massachusetts|Governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay]], led an assault on [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]].]]
The [[New Englanders]], led by Sir [[William Phips]], retaliated by attacking [[Port-Royal (Acadia)|Port Royal]], the capital of Acadia. The [[Battle of Port Royal (1690)|Battle of Port Royal]] began on May 9, 1690.<ref name=Reid>{{cite book |last=Reid |first=John G. |author-link=John G. Reid |chapter=1686–1720: Imperial Intrusions |editor1=Phillip Buckner |editor2= John G. Reid |title=The Atlantic Region to Confederation: A History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2spDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82 |year=1994 |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4875-1676-5 |page=82 |jstor= j.ctt15jjfrm}}</ref>{{rp|82}} Phips arrived with 736 New England men in seven English ships. The governor, [[Louis-Alexandre des Friches de Menneval]], fought for two days and then capitulated. The garrison was imprisoned in the church, and Menneval was confined to his house. The New Englanders leveled what was begun of the new fort.<ref name=Dunn>{{cite book |last=Dunn |first=Brenda |title= A History of Port-Royal-Annapolis Royal, 1605–1800 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9c4hPwAACAAJ&pg=PP1 |year= 2004 |publisher= Nimbus |isbn=978-1-55109-740-4}}</ref>{{rp|38}} The residents of Port Royal were imprisoned in the church and administered an oath of allegiance to the King.<ref name=Dunn/>{{rp|39}}

Phips left, but warships from [[New York City]] arrived in June, which resulted in more destruction.<ref name=Reid/>{{rp |82}} The seamen burned and looted the settlement, including the parish church.<ref name=Dunn/>{{rp|40}} The New Englanders left again, and [[Joseph Robineau de Villebon]], the governor of Acadia, moved the capital to safer territory inland at [[Fort Nashwaak]] (now in [[Fredericton]], [[New Brunswick]]). Fort Nashwaak remained the capital until after the war, when Port Royal was restored as the capital in 1699.<ref name=Dunn/>{{rp|45}}

In Church's second expedition to Acadia, he arrived with 300 men at [[Casco Bay]] on 11 September 1690. His mission was to relieve the English Fort Pejpescot (now [[Brunswick, Maine]]), which had been taken by the Wabanaki Confederacy.<ref name="Church et al"/>{{rp|179–180}} He went up the [[Androscoggin River]] to Fort Pejepscot.<ref name=Drake/>{{rp|66}} From there, he went {{convert|40|mi}} upriver to [[Livermore Falls, Maine|Livermore Falls]] and attacked a native village. Church's men shot three or four native men when they were retreating. Church discovered five English captives in the wigwams. Church butchered six or seven Natives and took nine prisoners.<ref name=Drake/>{{rp|67}} A few days later, in retaliation, the members of the Wabanaki Confederacy attacked Church at [[Cape Elizabeth, Maine|Cape Elizabeth]] on Purpooduc Point, killed seven of his men, and wounded 24 others.<ref name=Drake/>{{rp |69}} On September 26, Church returned to [[Portsmouth, New Hampshire]].

During King William's War, when the town of [[Wells, Maine|Wells]] contained about 80 houses and log cabins strung along the [[U.S. Route 1 in Maine|Post Road]], it was attacked on June 9, 1691, by about 200 Native Americans commanded by the [[sachem]] Moxus, but Captain [[James Converse]] and his [[militia]] successfully defended Lieutenant Joseph Storer's garrison, which was surrounded by a gated [[palisade]]. Another sachem, [[Madockawando]], threatened to return the next year "and have the dog Converse out of his den."<ref name=Roach>{{cite book |last=Roach |first=Marilynne K. | via = Google books |title= The Salem Witch Trials: A Day-by-day Chronicle of a Community Under Siege |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TvxES1lB6XoC&pg=PA163 |year= 2002 |publisher=Taylor Trade Publications |isbn=978-1-58979-132-9 |page=163}}</ref>

As the Natives withdrew, they went to [[York, Maine|York]] off [[Cape Neddick, Maine|Cape Neddick]], boarded a vessel, and killed most of the crew. They also burned a hamlet.<ref name="Clayton, W. W 1888. p. 51"/>

In early 1692, an estimated 150 Abenakis, commanded by officers of New France, returned to York, killed about 100 of the English settlers, and burned down buildings in what would become known as the [[Candlemas Massacre]].

Church's third expedition to Acadia during the war occurred in 1692, when he raided Penobscot (now [[Penobscot Indian Island Reservation|Indian Island, Maine]]) with 450 men.<ref name="Church et al"/>{{rp|212}} Church and his men then went on to raid Taconock ([[Winslow, Maine]]).<ref name="Church et al"/>{{rp|214}}

In 1693, New England frigates attacked Port Royal again and burned almost a dozen houses and three barns full of grain.<ref name= Dunn/>{{rp|43}}

On July 18, 1694, the French soldier [[Claude-Sébastien de Villieu]], with about 250 Abenakis from [[Norridgewock]] under command of their [[sagamore (title)|sagamore]] (paramount chief) Bomazeen (or Bomoseen), raided the English settlement of [[Durham, New Hampshire]], in the [[Raid on Oyster River|Oyster River Massacre]]. In all, the French and native force killed 104 inhabitants and took 27 captive and burned half the dwellings, including five [[garrisons]]. They also destroyed crops and killed [[livestock]], which caused [[famine]] and [[destitution]] for the survivors.

==== Siege of Pemaquid (1696) ====
[[File:Les Anglais attaqués par les Français à Terre-Neuve en 1696.jpg|upright|thumb|In 1696, a [[Avalon Peninsula Campaign|military campaign]] saw the sacking of English settlements on the [[Avalon Peninsula]].]]
In 1696, New France and the tribes of the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]], led by Saint-Castie and [[Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville]], returned and fought a [[naval battle off St. John (1696)|naval battle in the Bay of Fundy]], and moved on to [[Siege of Pemaquid (1696)|raid Pemaquid]]. After the Siege of Pemaquid, d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenakis in the [[Avalon Peninsula Campaign]]. They destroyed almost every English settlement in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], over 100 English were killed, captured many times that number, and deported almost 500 to England or France.<ref name=Reid/>{{rp|84}}

In retaliation, Church went on his fourth expedition to [[Acadia]] and carried out a [[Raid on Chignecto (1696)|retaliatory raid against Acadian communities]] on the [[Isthmus of Chignecto]] and [[Siege of Fort Nashwaak|Fort Nashwack]], which was the capital of Acadia.<ref name="Church et al"/>{{rp|215}} He personally led his troops in killing inhabitants of Chignecto, looted their household goods, burned their houses, and slaughtered their livestock.

=== Quebec and New York Theatre ===
Also in August 1689, 1,500 Iroquois, seeking revenge for the actions of [[Jacques-René de Brisay, Marquis de Denonville]], attacked the French settlement at [[Lachine massacre|Lachine]]. [[Louis de Buade de Frontenac]], who replaced Denonville as governor general, later attacked the Iroquois village of [[Onondaga (village)|Onondaga]]. New France and its Indian allies and attacked English frontier settlements in early 1690, [[Schenectady massacre|most notably in Schenectady]], New York.

[[File:Defense de Quebec par Frontenac en 1690.jpg|thumb|left|French batteries bombard the New England fleet during the [[Battle of Quebec (1690)|Battle of Quebec]].]]

That was followed by two expeditions. One, on land under [[Connecticut]] provincial the militia general [[Fitz-John Winthrop]], targeted [[Montreal]]; the other, led by Sir [[William Phips]], targeted [[Quebec City|Quebec]]. Winthrop's expedition failed because of  disease and supply issues, and Phips was defeated in the [[Battle of Quebec (1690)|Battle of Quebec]]. The Quebec and Port Royal expeditions were the only major New England offensives of King William's War; for the remainder of the war, the English colonists were engaged primarily in defensive operations, skirmishes, and retaliatory raids.

The Iroquois Five Nations suffered from the weakness of their English allies.<ref name=Taylor>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPoAQRgkrOcC&pg=PP1 |year=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-200210-0}}</ref>{{rp|290}} In 1693 and 1696, the French and their Indian allies ravaged Iroquois towns and destroyed crops while [[Province of New York|New York]] colonists remained passive. After England and France made peace in 1697, the Iroquois, now abandoned by the English colonists, remained at war with New France until 1701,<ref name=Taylor/>{{rp|291}} when [[Great Peace of Montreal|a peace was agreed]] at Montreal between New France and a large number of Iroquois and other tribes.

=== Hudson Bay Theatre ===
[[File:The Sinking of the Pelican.jpg|thumb|Sinking of the ''[[French ship Pélican (1693)|Pélican]]'' after the [[Battle of Hudson's Bay]]. Although victorious in battle, ''Pélican'' sustained damage and subsequently sank.]]
The war also served as a backdrop for an ongoing economic war between French and English interests in Arctic North America. The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] had established trading outposts on [[James Bay]] and the southern reaches of [[Hudson Bay]] by the early 1680s. In a series of raids, beginning with the [[Hudson Bay expedition]], organized by Denonville and continuing until the Nine Years' War, most of those outposts, including [[Moose Factory]], [[York Factory]], and [[Fort Albany (Ontario)|Fort Albany]], were taken by French raiders, primarily led by d'Iberville.

However, the French forces were small, and their hold on the captured posts quite weak—York Factory was recaptured by the English in 1695. In 1697, in the [[Battle of Hudson's Bay]], one of the war's major naval battles, d'Iberville, with a single ship, defeated three English ships and went on to again capture York Factory.

==Aftermath==
The [[Treaty of Ryswick]], signed in September 1697 ended the war between the two colonial powers and reverted the colonial borders to the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]''. The peace did not last long;<ref>{{cite book|last=Trafzer|first=Clifford E. |title= As Long as the Grass Shall Grow and Rivers Flow: A History of Native Americans|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RCF1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PP1 |year=2000|publisher=Harcourt College|isbn=978-0-15-503857-8}}</ref> and within five years, the colonies were embroiled in the next phase of the colonial wars, [[Queen Anne's War]]. After their settlement with France in 1701, the Iroquois remained neutral in that conflict and never took part in active hostilities against either side. Tensions remained high between the English and the tribes of the Wabanaki Confederacy, which again fought with the French in Queen Anne's War, and conflict was characterized by frequent raids in Massachusetts, including one on [[Groton, Massachusetts|Groton]] in 1694, in which children were kidnapped, and the [[Raid on Deerfield]] in 1704, in which more than 100 captives were taken north to Montreal for ransom or adoption by the Mohawks and the French. By the end of the war, the Natives had succeeded in killing more than 700 English and capturing over 250 along the border of Acadia and New England.<ref>{{cite book |title=Exercises of the Eliot Historical Society on Monday the fifth of July, 1897: In commemoration of Major Charles Frost on the two hundredth anniversary of his massacre by the Indians, Sunday, July fourth, 1697 |year=1897 |page= 16 | via = The Internet Archive |url= https://archive.org/details/exercisesofeliot00elio/page/16| place = Eliot, ME | publisher = The Society }}</ref>

The Treaty of Ryswick was unsatisfactory to representatives of the Hudson's Bay Company. Since most of its trading posts in Hudson Bay had been lost to the French before the war began, the rule of ''status quo ante bellum'' meant that they remained under French control. The company recovered its territories at the negotiating table when the [[Treaty of Utrecht]] ended Queen Anne's War.

Scholars debate whether the war was a contributing factor to the [[Salem witch trials]]. King William's War and [[King Philip's War]] (1675–78) led to the displacement of many refugees in [[Essex County, Massachusetts|Essex County]]. The refugees carried with them fears of the Indians, which is debated to have led to fears of [[witchcraft]], especially since the devil was arguably closely associated with Indians and magic. Of course, [[Cotton Mather]] also wrote that it would lead to an age of sorrow and was arguably a proponent in leading [[Salem, Massachusetts|Salem]] into the witchcraft crisis of 1692. Scholars debate that theory, and one scholar, Jenny Hale Pulsipher, maintains that King William's War was more of a cause.<ref name=Pulsipher/> Other scholars that have written on the theory of the wars being a leading cause of the Salem Witchcraft Trials include Mary Beth Norton, James Kences, and Emerson Baker.

==See also==
*[[Colonial American military history]]
*[[Military history of Canada]]
**[[Military history of Nova Scotia]]
*[[Military history of England]]
*[[Military history of France]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite journal|last1=Baker|first1=Emerson W.|last2=Reid|first2= John G.|author-link2= John G. Reid|title= Amerindian Power in the Early Modern Northeast: A Reappraisal|journal=[[William and Mary Quarterly]]|series=3rd series|volume=61|issue= 1 |date= January 2004|pages=77–106|doi=10.2307/3491676|jstor= 3491676}}
* {{cite book|last=Weidensaul|first=Scott|title= The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDNclf2hvYEC&pg=PA182|year=2012|publisher= Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-15-101515-3|pages=182–221|chapter='Our Enimies are Exceedeingly Cruell'}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|King William's War}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=King William's War|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite Collier's|wstitle=King William's War |short=x |noicon=x}}
}}
* [http://www.usahistory.info/colonial-wars/King-Williams-War.html King William's War (1689–1697)] at usahistory.info

{{British colonial campaigns}}
{{Canadian military history}}
{{Authority control}}

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