View source for Kirov-class cruiser

{{Short description|Class of Soviet light cruisers}}
{{about|the Kirov class of light cruisers|the later class of nuclear-powered missile cruisers|Kirov-class battlecruiser}}

{|{{Infobox ship begin}}
{{Infobox ship image
|Ship image=Kirov1941-2.jpg 
|Ship caption=''Kirov'' in 1941
}}
{{Infobox ship class overview
|Name=''Kirov'' class
|Builders=*[[Baltic Shipyard|Ordzhonikidze Shipyard]], [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]
*[[Amur Shipbuilding Plant|Amur Shipbuilding Shipyard]], [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]
*[[Black Sea Shipyard|Marti South Shipyard]], [[Mykolaiv|Nikolayev]]
|Operators={{navy|Soviet Union}}
|Class before={{sclass|Admiral Nakhimov|cruiser|4}}
|Class after={{sclass|Chapayev|cruiser|4}}
|Subclasses=*Project 26
*Project 26bis
*Project 26bis2
|Cost=
|Built range=1935–1944
|In service range=1938–1970   
|In commission range=  
|Total ships completed=6
|Total ships retired=6
}}
{{Infobox ship characteristics
|Hide header=
|Header caption=(Project 26)
|Ship type=[[Cruiser]]
|Ship displacement=*{{cvt|7890|t|LT|0|lk=on}} ([[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard]])
*{{cvt|9436|t|LT|0}} ([[full load]])
|Ship length= {{convert|191.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship beam={{convert|17.66|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|Ship power=*6 Yarrow-Normand [[water-tube boiler]]s
*{{cvt|113500|shp|kW|lk=on}}
|Ship draught={{convert|6.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (full load)
|Ship propulsion=2 shafts, 2 geared [[steam turbine]]s
|Ship speed= {{convert|36|kn|lk=in}}
|Ship endurance={{convert|3750|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|18|kn}}
|Ship complement=872
|Ship sensors=''Arktur'' underwater acoustic communication system
|Ship armament=*3 × triple [[180mm Pattern 1931-1933|{{convert|180|mm|abbr=on|adj=on}} guns]]
*6 × single {{convert|100|mm|adj=on|abbr=on}} [[DP gun]]s
*6 × single [[45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)|{{cvt|45|mm|in}}]] [[AA gun]]s
*4 × single [[DShK|{{cvt|12.7|mm|in}}]] AA [[machine gun]]s
*2 × triple {{cvt|533|mm|in|0}} [[torpedo tube]]s
*96&ndash;164 [[Naval mines|mines]]
*50 [[depth charge]]s
|Ship armour=*[[Belt armor|Waterline belt]]: {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}
*[[Deck (ship)|Deck]]: {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on|0}} each
*[[Gun turret|Turrets]]: {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}
*[[Barbette]]s: {{convert|50|mm|in|abbr=on|0}}
*[[Conning tower]]: {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}}
|Ship aircraft=2 × [[Beriev Be-2|KOR-1]] seaplanes
|Ship aircraft facilities=1 [[Heinkel]] ''K-12'' catapult
|Ship notes=
}}
|}

The '''''Kirov''-class (Project 26) cruisers''' were a [[ship class|class]] of six [[cruiser]]s built in the late 1930s for the [[Soviet Navy]]. After the first two ships, armor protection was increased and subsequent ships are sometimes called the ''Maxim Gorky'' class. These were the first large ships built by the Soviets from the [[keel]] up after the [[Russian Civil War]], and they were derived from the {{ship|Italian cruiser|Raimondo Montecuccoli}}, being designed with assistance from the Italian [[Gio. Ansaldo & C.|Ansaldo]] company. Two ships each were deployed in the [[Black Sea|Black]] and [[Baltic Sea]]s during [[World War II]], while the last pair was still under construction in the [[Russian Far East]] and saw no combat during the war. The first four ships bombarded [[Axis powers|Axis]] troops and facilities after the [[Operation Barbarossa|Germans invaded the Soviet Union]] in June 1941. All six ships survived the war and lingered in training and other secondary roles, with three being [[ship breaking|scrapped]] in the early 1960s and the other three a decade later.

==Design==
Following the [[October Revolution]] and the subsequent Russian Civil War, Soviet industry was not capable of designing large, complex warships by itself and sought foreign assistance. The Ansaldo company provided plans for the contemporary [[Condottieri-class cruiser|''Raimondo Montecuccoli''-class cruisers]] and a design displacing {{convert|7200|t|LT|0|lk=on}} and armed with six {{convert|180|mm|in|adj=on}} guns in twin turrets was produced in 1933. The Italians guaranteed that the cruiser could make {{convert|37|knots|lk=in}} on trials if the size was kept under the 7200-tonne limit. The designer of the new turret managed to persuade his superiors that he could fit triple turrets to the ship while keeping it within the specified limit, and this design was approved in November 1934 as the Project 26.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, p. 83</ref>

The Soviets bought an example of, and plans for, the machinery of the later [[Condottieri-class cruiser|''Duca d'Aosta''-class cruisers]] and had some difficulty in adapting the smaller hull for the larger and more-powerful machinery, so much so that it delayed the start of construction. Another problem was that the Italian design had to be adapted to use the Soviet preference for a mix of longitudinal framing for the hull framing amidships and transverse framing for the ends, while also reinforcing the hull structure to withstand the more-severe weather conditions that the Soviets commonly encountered.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, pp. 83-4</ref>

The ''Kirov''s were built in pairs, each pair incorporating some improvements over the earlier pair. These pairs were designated as the Project 26, Project 26bis, and Project 26bis2 in sequence. The differences between pairs usually related to size, armor, armament and aircraft.<ref name=y5>Yakubov and Worth, p. 85</ref>

===General characteristics===
The Project 26 class ships were {{convert|191.3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} long [[length overall|overall]]. They had a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|17.66|m|ftin|abbr=on}} and at [[full load]] a [[draft (ship)|draft]] of {{convert|6.15|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. They displaced {{convert|7890|t|LT|0}} at [[Displacement (ship)#Standard displacement|standard load]], and {{convert|9436|t|LT|0}} at full load.<ref name=y4/> Their single rudder meant that they were not very maneuverable.<ref name=y0/> ''[[Soviet cruiser Kirov|Kirov]]'' and ''[[Soviet cruiser Voroshilov|Voroshilov]]'' were fitted with a massive tetrapod foremast, but this proved to restrict the view from the [[conning tower]] as well as the fields of fire of the 100&nbsp;mm anti-aircraft guns and greatly increased their silhouette. It was reduced to a simple pole mast in the later ships and the superstructure enlarged to accommodate the fire control facilities formerly housed in the foremast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=100104|script-title=ru:Серия 26 Киров|language=ru|access-date=2009-08-07}}</ref>

Shortly after ''Kirov'' was launched in 1936, the two Project 26bis ships were laid down. They incorporated a number of changes from the first batch, not least of which was that they were larger. They displaced {{convert|8177|t|LT|0}} at standard load and {{convert|9728|t|ton}} at full load. They were only slightly longer at {{convert|191.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}} overall and had a deep draft of {{convert|6.30|m|ftin|abbr=on}} at full load. On trials they proved to be the fastest ships of the class with a speed of {{convert|36.72|knots}}. Their armament was much the same as the earlier ships, although nine [[45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)|{{convert|45|mm|in|abbr=on}}]] ''61-K'' anti-aircraft guns were mounted rather than the six on the first pair and they were fitted to carry 150 ''Model 1908/39'' mines in place of the ''Model 1912'' mines.<ref name=y4>Yakubov and Worth, p. 84</ref>

The Project 26bis2 pair were still larger and displaced {{convert|8400|t|LT|0}} at standard load, and {{convert|10400|t|LT|0}} at full load. They were a tenth of a meter shorter than the Project 26 ships, although the waterline length did not change at all between any of the pairs. Their turbines proved to be slightly more powerful than those of the Project 26bis ships and propelled them at {{convert|36|knots}} on trials. Production delays with the 100&nbsp;mm ''B-34'' dual-purpose guns forced them to use [[85 mm air defense gun M1939 (52-K)|{{convert|85|mm|abbr=on}}]] ''90-K'' guns instead and ten [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|{{convert|37|mm|abbr=on}}]] ''70-K'' anti-aircraft guns supplemented the 45&nbsp;mm guns. The mines changed yet again as they could carry 100 ''KB'' or 106 ''Model 1926'' mines.<ref name=y4/>

===Armament===
The main armament consisted of three electrically powered MK-3-180 triple turrets with three 57-[[caliber (artillery)|calibre]] [[180mm Pattern 1931-1933|180&nbsp;mm ''B-1-P'' guns.]] The turrets were very small to fit them into the hull space available and were so cramped that their rate of fire was much lower than designed (only two rounds per minute instead of six). The guns were mounted in a single cradle to minimize space and were so close together that their dispersion was very high because the muzzle blast from adjacent guns affected each gun. The turrets weighed approximately {{convert|236|to|247|t|LT|0}}, and the guns could be depressed to −4° and elevated to 48°. The guns fired {{convert|97.55|kg|lb|adj=on}} projectiles at a [[muzzle velocity]] of {{convert|900|-|920|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}}; this provided a maximum range of around {{convert|38000|m|yd|abbr=on}}, depending on ammunition and gun type.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNRussian_71-57_m1932.htm|title=Russian 180 mm/60 (7.1") B-1-K Pattern 1931 180 mm/57 (7.1") B-1-P Pattern 1932 180 mm/56 Pattern 1933|date=7 October 2006 |access-date=2009-08-05}}</ref> Normally, 100 rounds per gun were carried, although an additional four rounds per gun could be carried at overload by the Project 26 ships only.<ref name=y4/>

The secondary armament consisted of six single 56-caliber {{convert|100|mm|adj=on}} ''B-34'' [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] guns with 325 rounds per gun fitted on each side of the rear funnel in all ships except the Project 26bis2 which used eight single 52-caliber {{convert|85|mm|adj=on}} ''90-K'' guns with 300 rounds per gun when the ''B-34'' program ran into problems. Light AA guns initially consisted of six semi-automatic [[45 mm anti-aircraft gun (21-K)|45&nbsp;mm ''21-K'']] AA guns with 600 rounds per gun and four [[DShK|DK]] {{convert|12.7|mm|in|adj=on}} machine guns, with 12,500 rounds per gun, but were significantly increased in service. The Project 26bis ships carried nine ''21-K'' mounts and the Project 26bis were built with an additional ten fully automatic [[37 mm automatic air defense gun M1939 (61-K)|{{convert|37|mm|adj=on}} ''70-K'']] AA guns with a thousand rounds per gun. Over the course of World War II most, if not all, of the 45&nbsp;mm guns were replaced by 37&nbsp;mm guns and one or two [[Lend-Lease]] quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]] MK III mounts were fitted to the ships in the Baltic and Black Seas, although each ship varied in its anti-aircraft suite.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, pp. 84, 86-7</ref>

Six {{convert|533|mm|adj=on}} ''39-Yu'' torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings; these tubes could be individually adjusted to spread out their salvos. ''Molotov'' and ''Kaganovich'' replaced their launchers with the more-modern ''1-N'' mount during the war. A total of 96 ''KB'' or 164 ''Model 1912'' [[Naval mine|mines]] could be carried by the first pair of ships. A pair of [[depth charge]] racks were mounted as well as four ''BMB-1'' depth charge throwers. Twenty large ''BB-1'' and thirty small ''BM-1'' depth charges were carried although no [[sonar]] was fitted for the Project 26 and Project 26bis ships. They did mount the ''Arktur'' underwater acoustic communication system. ''Kalinin'' and ''Kaganovich'' received the Lend-Lease ''ASDIC-132'' system, which the Soviets called ''Drakon-132'', as well as the experimental Soviet ''Mars-72'' sonar system.<ref name=y8>Yakubov and Worth, p. 88</ref>

The Project 26 ships were fitted with the ''Molniya'' fire control system for their main guns which included the ''TsAS-2'' mechanical computer and the ''KDP3-6'' director. Each turret and the director had ''DM-6'' rangefinders which allowed multiple targets to be engaged using a combination of local and central fire control. The four later ships had an improved ''Molniya-ATs'' fire control system which could accept data from spotter aircraft. The anti-aircraft armament was controlled by the ''Gorizont-1'' system with a ''SO-26'' computer, ''Gazon'' vertical [[gyroscope]] and a pair of ''SPN-100'' directors on each side of the superstructure. Each director had a fully stabilized {{convert|3|m|ftin|abbr=on}} rangefinder. ''Voroshilov'' had ''SPN-200'' directors, but the Project 26bis ships used the ''Gorizont-2'' system. This had a more advanced ''Gorizont-2'' computer and ''Shar'' vertical gyroscope.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, p. 87</ref>

The first Soviet ship to carry a [[radar]] was ''Molotov'' which was given a ''Redut-K'' air warning system in 1940, which she used for the entire war. Lend-Lease radars equipped most of the other ships. The British Types 281, 291 and the American SG radars were used for air search. Main battery fire control radars were the British Types 284 and 285 while anti-aircraft fire control was provided by the Type 282 radar. Soviet-designed ''Yupiter-1'' and ''Mars-1'' gunnery radars were fitted in ''Molotov'' and ''Kalinin'' by 1944.<ref name=y8/>

===Machinery===
The ships had a twin-shaft-unit machinery layout with alternating boiler rooms and engine rooms. The machinery for ''Kirov'' was shipped from Italy (being diverted from the contract for the {{ship|Italian cruiser|Eugenio di Savoia||6}}). The machinery for the rest was built in [[Kharkiv]] to Italian plans. The Soviet ''TB-7'' geared turbines proved to be more powerful and more economical than the originals. ''Kirov'' burned {{convert|.8|kg|abbr=on}} of [[fuel oil]] per unit of horsepower compared to ''Kalinin''{{'}}s {{convert|.623|kg|abbr=on}}. Furthermore ''Kirov'' produced only {{convert|113500|shp|kW|lk=on}} on trials while ''Voroshilov'' made {{convert|122500|shp|kW|abbr=on}} and was almost a full knot faster. Six license-built Yarrow-Normand type [[water-tube boiler]]s powered the turbines with a nominal capacity of 106-tonnes/hour of [[superheated steam]] at a pressure of {{convert|25|kg/cm2|kPa psi|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} and a temperature of {{convert|325|°C|°F}}. Each shaft drove a three-bladed {{convert|4.7|m|adj=on}} bronze propeller for a designed speed of {{convert|36|knots}}, although this varied from ship to ship. The normal oil capacity was between {{convert|600|and|650|t|LT|0}}, but the ships varied widely in the amount of oil carried at full load; this ranged from {{convert|1150|to|1660|t|LT|0}}. Endurance figures also varied widely at full load, from {{convert|2140|to|4220|nmi}} at {{convert|18|knots}}. The maximum amount of fuel that could be carried ranged from {{convert|1430|to|1750|t|LT|0}}.<ref name=y0>Yakubov and Worth, p. 90</ref>

===Protection===
The armour scheme formed a raft around the vitals, protected by a waterline [[Belt armor|belt]], [[Deck (ship)|deck]] and traverse [[Bulkhead (partition)|bulkhead]]s uniformly {{convert|50|mm|abbr=on}} in thickness. The [[gun turret|turret]] and [[barbette]] armour was also 50&nbsp;mm thick. The [[conning tower]] sides were {{convert|150|mm|in|abbr=on}} with a 100&nbsp;mm roof. A {{convert|20|mm|in|adj=on}} box protected the steering gear and a number of control positions were protected against splinters: {{convert|14|mm|in|abbr=on}} for the torpedo control station, {{convert|8|mm|in|adj=on}} for main-battery fire control and secondary [[gun shield]]s, {{convert|7|mm|abbr=on}} for the secondary-battery control position and the auxiliary command station had {{convert|25|mm|in|adj=on}} sides and roof.<ref name=y9>Yakubov and Worth, p. 89</ref>

The belt extended {{convert|121|m|ftin|abbr=on}} or 64.5% of the ship's length. Its total height was {{convert|3.4|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|1.33|m|ftin|abbr=on}} was below the designed waterline. A [[double bottom]] extended past the armored traverse bulkheads and a thin longitudinal bulkhead provided some measure of protection against flooding. It has been judged too thin to withstand a [[torpedo]]'s detonation, but possibly the far-side bulkhead might survive intact, which would cause a [[List (watercraft)|list]] from asymmetrical flooding.<ref name=y9/>

The armor of the Project 26 ships was vulnerable even to [[destroyer]]-class weapons at ranges under {{convert|10|km|mi|abbr=on}} and the last four ships were given additional armor. The belt, traverse bulkheads, barbettes and turret face thicknesses were all increased to {{convert|70|mm|in|abbr=on}} and the box protecting the steering gear was increased to {{convert|30|mm|in|abbr=on}}. One oddity of the later ships' armor scheme was the joint between the armour deck and belt. The top and bottom edges of the belt were tapered, the outer surface angling in {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}} from the edge to a thickness of 45&nbsp;mm. Similarly the deck edge was also tapered down to about 25&nbsp;mm for its outermost 200&nbsp;mm. It has been speculated that "This seam in the protection, representing a small target area, may simply have served to save weight and simplify construction."<ref name=y89>Yakubov and Worth, pp. 89-90</ref>

===Aircraft===
The ''Kirov''s were designed to carry two aircraft, but German [[aircraft catapult|catapults]] had to be imported. Two [[Heinkel]] ''K-12'' catapults were bought in 1937 for ''Kirov'' and ''Voroshilov''. They could traverse 360° and launch an aircraft weighing {{convert|2750|kg|lb|abbr=on}} at a speed of {{convert|125|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}, although no suitable aircraft were in service until the [[Beriev Be-2|KOR-1]] seaplane entered service in September 1939. They proved to be unsuitable for rough-weather landings and were disembarked when [[Operation Barbarossa]] began. ''Gorky'' and ''Molotov'' mounted Soviet-built ''ZK-1'' catapults of roughly comparable performance, but were destined never to use them for lack of suitable aircraft.<ref name=y89/>

The Project 26 ships landed their catapult during 1941 to make room for more AA guns, as did ''Molotov'' in 1942. A ''ZK-1a'' catapult was installed aboard ''Molotov'' in 1943, and she conducted successful experiments with a catapult-launched [[Supermarine Spitfire]] fighter.<ref name=y9/> The Project 26bis2 ships did not receive a catapult until after the end of the war, when a ''ZK-2b'' was fitted. The catapults, however, were removed from all ships by 1947.<ref name=y9/>

==Construction==
While ''Voroshilov'' was laid down first, ''Kirov'' was the prototype for the class and was completed first. Her trials were a disappointment as her Italian-built turbines initially had minor defects, and she was {{convert|1|kn|1}} slower than guaranteed. The Italians pointed out that the guarantee only applied if she displaced 7200 tonnes or less, and she was overweight by over {{convert|500|t|ton}}. Her turrets had numerous teething problems and inflicted more blast damage than anticipated, which showed that her welding plan had not been followed. Her firing arcs were reduced in an attempt to mitigate the problem. ''Voroshilov''{{'}}s Soviet-built turbines were more powerful than anticipated, and she almost achieved her design speed.<ref name=y5/>

Components for the Project 26bis2 ships were manufactured in the West (Ordzhonikidze built those for ''Kalinin'' and Marti those for ''Kaganovich'') and shipped to [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] for assembly.<ref name=y5/> They were launched from [[drydock]]s and towed incomplete to [[Vladivostok]] for fitting-out.<ref name=w>Whitley, p. 212</ref>

==Ships==
{|class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|+ Construction data
|-
! scope="col"|Ship
! scope="col"|Project
! scope="col"|Builder
! scope="col"|[[Laid down]]
! scope="col"|[[Ceremonial ship launching|Launched]]
! scope="col"|[[Ship commissioning|Commissioned]]
! scope="col"|Fate
|-
! scope="row"|{{ship|Soviet cruiser|Kirov||2}} ({{lang|ru|Киров}})
| rowspan=2 | Project 26
| [[Baltic Shipyard|Ordzhonikidze Yard]], [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]
| 22 October 1935
| 30 November 1936
| 26 September 1938
| Scrapped, 22 February 1974
|-
! scope="row"|{{ship|Soviet cruiser|Voroshilov||2}} ({{lang|ru|Ворошилов}})
| [[Black Sea Shipyard|Marti South]], [[Mykolaiv|Nikolayev]]
| 15 October 1935
| 28 June 1937
| 20 June 1940
| scrapped 2 March 1973
|-
! scope="row"|{{ship|Soviet cruiser|Maxim Gorky||2}} ({{lang|ru|Максим Горький}})
| rowspan=2 | Project 26bis
| Ordzhonikidze Yard, Leningrad
| 20 December 1936
| 30 April 1938 
| 12 December 1940
| scrapped 18 April 1959
|-
! scope="row"|{{ship|Soviet cruiser|Molotov||2}} ({{lang|ru|Молотов}}), later renamed ''Slava'' ({{lang|ru|Слава}})
| Marti South, Nikolayev
| 14 January 1937
| 4 December 1939
| 14 June 1941
| scrapped 4 April 1972
|-
! scope="row"|{{ship|Soviet cruiser|Kaganovich||2}} ({{lang|ru|Каганович}}), later renamed ''Lazar Kaganovich'' and later still ''Petropavlovsk'' ({{lang|ru|Петропавловск}})
| rowspan=2 | Project 26bis2<ref>Wright, p. 311</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Amur Shipbuilding Plant]], [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]]
| 26 August 1938
| 7 May 1944
| 6 December 1944
| scrapped 6 February 1960
|-
! scope="row"|{{ship|Soviet cruiser|Kalinin||2}} ({{lang|ru|Калинин}})
| 12 August 1938
| 8 May 1942
| 31 December 1942
| scrapped 12 April 1963
|}

==Service==

===World War II===

====Baltic Fleet====
''Kirov'' was commissioned into the [[Baltic Fleet]] in the autumn of 1938, but was still being worked on into early 1939.<ref name=y1>Yakubov and Worth, p. 91</ref> She sailed to [[Riga]] on 22 October 1940 when the Soviet Union began to occupy [[Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940|Latvia]]; the following day she sailed for [[Liepāja]].<ref>Rohwer, p. 7</ref> During the [[Naval warfare in the Winter War|Winter War]], ''Kirov'', escorted by the destroyers ''Smetlivyi'' and ''Stremitel'nyi'', attempted to bombard [[Finland|Finnish]] coast defense guns at [[Russarö]], {{convert|5|km}} south of [[Hanko, Finland|Hanko]]. She fired only 35 rounds before she was damaged by a number of near misses and had to return to the Soviet naval base at Liepāja for repairs. She remained there for the rest of the Winter War and afterwards was under repair at [[Kronstadt]] from October 1940 to 21 May 1941.<ref name=y1/>

Both ''Kirov'' and ''Maxim Gorky'' were transferred to the [[Gulf of Riga]] on 14 June 1941, shortly before the beginning of [[Operation Barbarossa]]. Both cruisers were active in the last days of June covering Soviet defensive mining operations, but ''Gorky'' and her escorts ran into the German-laid "Apolda" [[minefield]] on the 23rd and ''Maxim Gorky'' and the destroyer ''Gnevny'' both lost their bows. ''Gnevny'' sank, while ''Gorky'' made it to port before being transferred, with assistance, to [[Tallinn]] and later to Kronstadt. ''Kirov'' followed her to Tallinn at the end of the month, after being lightened to pass through the shallows of [[Muhu|Moon Sound]].<ref>Rohwer, pp. 81-2, 84</ref>

''Gorky'' had a new bow section fabricated in Kronstadt and it was mated with the ship on 21 July.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, p. 93</ref> ''Kirov'' provided gunfire support during the defense of Tallinn and served as the flagship of the [[Evacuation of Tallinn|evacuation fleet]] from Tallinn to [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] at the end of August 1941.<ref>Rohwer, pp. 94-5</ref> For most of the rest of the war both cruisers were blockaded in Leningrad and Kronstadt by Axis minefields and could only provide gunfire support for the defenders during the [[siege of Leningrad]] and support for the Soviet [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive]] in mid—1944. Both ships were damaged by German air and artillery attacks, but were repaired during the war.<ref name="Yakubov and Worth, pp. 91, 93">Yakubov and Worth, pp. 91, 93</ref>

====Black Sea Fleet====
On 23 June 1941, ''Voroshilov'' covered Soviet destroyers [[Raid on Constanța|bombarding Constanţa]], but the [[destroyer leader]] ''Moskva'' was sunk by a mine and ''Kharkov'' was damaged by return fire. She bombarded Axis positions near [[Odessa]] in mid-September, but was transferred to [[Novorossiysk]] shortly afterwards. On 2 November, she was hit twice in harbor by [[Junkers Ju 88]] bombers of [[Kampfgeschwader 51|KG 51]]; one hit started a fire in #3 [[Magazine (artillery)|magazine]] that was extinguished by water flooding in from the second hit.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, p. 92</ref> She had to be towed to [[Poti]] for repairs, which lasted until February 1942. She shelled Axis positions near [[Feodosiya]] on 2 April 1942, but was damaged by some near misses on 10 April and had to return to [[Batumi]] for repairs. In May she supported Soviet troops around [[Kerch]] and the [[Taman Peninsula]] while helping to transfer the 9th Naval Infantry Brigade from Batumi to [[Sevastopol]]. On 29 November 1942, she was damaged by nearby [[Naval mine|mine]] explosions while bombarding [[Snake Island (Black Sea)|Feodonisi]], but managed to return to Poti under her own power. Just after her repairs were completed she assisted Soviet forces landing behind German lines at the so-called "[[Malaya Zemlya]]" at the end of January 1943. The loss of three destroyers to German aircraft attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead on 6 October 1943 caused [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission and this meant the end of ''Voroshilov''{{'}}s active participation in the war.<ref>Whitley, p. 211</ref>

''Molotov'' was commissioned just before the German invasion and spent most of 1941 moving from port to port to take advantage of her air warning radar, the first fitted in the Soviet Navy. She bombarded Axis positions near Feodosiya in early November and was sent to reinforce Sevastopol with elements of the 386th Rifle Division from Poti. Damaged by a number of shell hits while off-loading troops on 29 December, she was still able to take 600 wounded when she departed. She reprised her role as a transport during the first week of January. Her bow was damaged during a heavy storm in Tuapse when it was thrown against the jetty on 21&ndash;22 January 1942. She spent most of the next month under repair, although her bow could not be straightened which reduced her speed by several knots. After making a number of bombardment sorties in support of Soviet troops on the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)#The Soviet landing at Kerch|Kerch Peninsula]], she returned to Poti for more permanent repairs on 20 March. In June she made a number of transport runs in support of the garrison of [[Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)|Sevastopol]]. On 2 August her stern was blown off by torpedo bombers acting in concert with Italian [[MAS (boat)|MAS torpedo boats]]. The damage reduced her speed to {{convert|10|knots}} and she had to be steered by her engines. She was under repair at Poti until 31 July 1943, using the stern of the incomplete {{sclass|Chapayev|cruiser|1}} ''Frunze'', the rudder of the incomplete cruiser ''Zheleznyakov'', the steering gear from ''Kaganovich'' and the steering sensor from the submarine ''L-25''. She saw no action after completing her repairs due to Stalin's order.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, p. 94</ref>

====Pacific Fleet====
[[File:Kaganovich cruiser.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cruiser ''Lazar Kaganovich''|alt=Water-level rear quarter view of a large grey warship at anchor. One gun turret, the main mast and both funnels are prominent.]]
Even though ''Lazar Kaganovich'' and ''Kalinin'' were both commissioned before the end of the war, they saw no action during the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]] in 1945;<ref name=w/> in any event, ''Lazar Kaganovich'' was not fully completed until 29 January 1947.<ref name=y95>Yakubov and Worth, p. 95</ref>

===Postwar careers===
''Kirov'' was damaged by a German magnetic mine while leaving Kronstadt on 17 October 1945. She was under repair until 20 December 1946. Refitted from November 1949 to April 1953, her machinery was completely overhauled, with her radars, fire control systems and anti-aircraft guns being replaced by the latest Soviet systems. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 2 August 1961, regularly visited [[Poland]] and [[East Germany]], and was sold for scrap on 22 February 1974. Two of her gun turrets were installed at Saint Petersburg as a monument. ''Maxim Gorky'' tested the first Soviet naval [[helicopter]], the [[Kamov Ka-10]], in December 1950 and began her refit in mid-1953. This was planned much like ''Kirov''{{'}}s refit, although her displacement was to increase {{convert|1000|t|LT|0}} from torpedo bulges, with consequent penalties to her speed and range. The Navy reevaluated the scope of the work in 1955, deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship, and suspended the refit. ''Gorky'' was sold for scrap on 18 April 1959 after it was decided that she was not required as a missile test ship.<ref name="Yakubov and Worth, pp. 91, 93"/>

''Voroshilov'' began her postwar modernization in April 1954, but encountered the same issues as ''Maxim Gorky''. Unlike her half-sister, she was selected for conversion as a testbed for missile development as Project 33 on 17 February 1956. The conversion process was quite prolonged, as her armament was removed and she received an entirely new superstructure and masts; and she was not recommissioned as ''OS-24'' until 31 December 1961. She was modernized under Project 33M from 11 October 1963 to 1 December 1965. Converted to a floating barracks on 6 October 1972, she was briefly redesignated as ''PKZ-19'' before being sold for scrap on 2 March 1973.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, pp. 91-2</ref> ''Voroshilov''{{'}}s 14-ton [[propeller]] and 2.5-ton stop [[anchor]] are on display at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain in [[Sevastopol]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol|title=Sapun Mountain Guide|publisher=PoliPRESS Publisher|location=Simferopol|year=2006|pages=140|language=ru}}</ref>

''Molotov'' suffered a fire in the #2 turret handling room on 5 October 1946 which required the magazine to be flooded; 22 sailors were killed and 20 wounded. She was used as a testbed for the new radars intended for the ''Chapayev'' and {{sclass|Sverdlov|cruiser|0}} cruisers in the late 1940s. Modernized like her half-sister ''Kirov'' between 1952 and 29 October 1955, she was renamed ''Slava'' on 3 August 1957 after [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] fell out of favor with [[Nikita Khrushchev]]. She was reclassified as a training cruiser on 3 August 1961 and deployed to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] during 5&ndash;30 June 1967 to show Soviet support for [[Syria]] during the [[Six-Day War]]. She returned to the Mediterranean between September and December 1970 where she assisted the {{sclass2|Kotlin|destroyer|1}} ''Bravyi'' after the latter's collision with the [[aircraft carrier]] {{HMS|Ark Royal|R09|6}} on 9 November 1970. She was sold for scrap on 4 April 1972.<ref>Yakubov and Worth, p. 91, 95</ref>

''Kalinin'' was placed in reserve on 1 May 1956, and was restored to the Navy List on 1 December 1957 before being disarmed and converted into a floating barracks on 6 February 1960. She was sold for scrap on 12 April 1963. ''Kaganovich'' was renamed ''Lazar Kaganovich'' on 3 August 1945 to distinguish her from [[Lazar Kaganovich|Lazar's]] disgraced brother [[Mikhail Kaganovich]]. She was renamed ''Petropavlovsk'' on 3 August 1957 after Lazar Kaganovich was purged from the government after an unsuccessful coup against [[Nikita Khrushchev]] that same year. Her superstructure was badly damaged by a Force 12 [[Pacific typhoon|typhoon]] on 19 September 1957 and she was deemed uneconomical to repair and sold for scrap on 6 February 1960.<ref name=y95>Yakubov and Worth, p. 95</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

==References==
*{{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|url=https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314|url-access=limited|editor-last=Chesneau|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7 |last=Budzbon |first=Przemysław|pages=[https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds00ches_314/page/n325 318]–346|chapter=Soviet Union|editor-first=Roger}}
* {{cite book|last=Rohwer|first=Jürgen|title=Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=2005|edition=Third Revised|isbn=1-59114-119-2|author-link=Jürgen Rohwer}}
* {{cite book|last=Whitley|first=M. J.|title=Cruisers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia|publisher=Cassell|location=London|year=1995|isbn=1-86019-874-0|author-link=Michael J. Whitley}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Christopher C.|title=Cruisers of the Soviet Navy, Part II: Project 26 and Project 26bis–the ''Kirov'' Class |journal=Warship International |date=2008 |volume=XLV |issue=4 |pages=299–316 |issn=0043-0374}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=Christopher C.|title=Cruisers of the Soviet Navy, Part III: The ''Kirov'' Class Ships' Characteristics, Section I |journal=Warship International |date=2010 |volume=XLVII |issue=2 |pages=127–152 |issn=0043-0374}}
* {{cite book|last=Yakubov|first=Vladimir|author2=Worth, Richard |title=The Soviet Light Cruisers of the ''Kirov'' Class|editor=Jordan, John|publisher=Conway|location=London|year=2009 |series=Warship 2009|pages=82–95|isbn=978-1-84486-089-0|name-list-style=amp}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Budzbon |first1=Przemysław |last2=Radziemski |first2=Jan |last3=Twardowski |first3=Marek |title=Warships of the Soviet Fleets 1939–1945 |date=2022 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |isbn=978-1-68247-877-6|volume=I: Major Combatants|name-list-style=amp}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kirov class light cruiser}}
* [http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/cruiser/molotov.htm ''Molotov'' on Black Sea Fleet (with photos)] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://flot.sevastopol.info/ship/cruiser/voroshilov.htm ''Voroshilov'' om Black Sea Fleet (with photos)] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://ship.bsu.by/main.asp?id=100104 class history] {{in lang|ru}}
* [http://navsource.narod.ru/02.html Individual ship histories on navsource.narod.ru] {{in lang|ru}}

{{Kirov class cruisers}}
{{WWII Soviet ships}}
{{Good article}}

[[Category:Cruiser classes]]
[[Category:Kirov-class cruisers| ]]
[[Category:Italy–Soviet Union relations]]