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{{Short description|Anti-Jewish attack in Kishinev, Russian Empire (19–21 April 1903)}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Second Kishinev pogrom]] (1905)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Coord|47.0376|N|28.8045|E|region:MD_type:event|display=title}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| partof = the [[pogroms in the Russian Empire]]
| image = Pogrom de Chisinau - 1903 - 2.jpg
| caption = Bodies in the street
| title = Kishinev pogrom
| location = Kishinev, [[Bessarabia Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]]<br />({{small|now}} [[Chișinău]], [[Moldova]])
| target = [[History of the Jews in Bessarabia|Bessarabian Jews]]
| date = {{OldStyleDate|19–21 April|1903|6–8 April}}
| type = {{hlist|[[Pogrom]]|[[massacre]]}}
| fatalities = 48
| injuries = 92 gravely injured<br/> >500 lightly injured
| perpetrators = Pogromists
| motive = [[Antisemitism]]
}}
[[File:Kishinev elegy.jpg|thumb|Herman S. Shapiro. "Kishinever shekhita, elegie" (Kishinev Massacre Elegy). Musical composition commemorating the Kishinev pogrom, 1904.]]
The '''Kishinev pogrom''' or '''Kishinev massacre''' was an [[anti-Jewish]] [[riot]] that took place in Kishinev (modern [[Chișinău]], [[Moldova]]), then the capital of the [[Bessarabia Governorate]] in the [[Russian Empire]], on {{OldStyleDate|19–21 April|1903|6–8 April}}.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/172771/pdf |title=The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: A Turning Point in Jewish History |journal=Modern Judaism |last=Penkower |first=Monty Noam |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=October 2004 |volume=24 |number=3 |pages=187–225 |doi=10.1093/mj/kjh017|url-access=subscription }}</ref> During the pogrom, which began on Easter Day, between 40 and 49 Jews were killed, 92 were gravely injured, over 500 were lightly injured and 1,500 homes were damaged.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/the-pogrom-that-transformed-20th-century-jewry/ |title=The pogrom that transformed 20th century Jewry |work=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chicago Jewish Cafe |title=Are Jewish men cowards? Conversation with Prof. Steven J. Zipperstein |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2018-09-20 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbRl4hj7vHo |access-date=2018-10-08}}</ref> American Jews began large-scale organized financial help, and assisted in emigration.<ref name=":0" /> The incident focused worldwide attention on the persecution of Jews within the Russian Empire,<ref name="harvard.edu">{{Cite web |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2009/04/the-pogrom-that-transformed-20th-century-jewry/ |title=The pogrom that transformed 20th century Jewry |author=Corydon Ireland |work=The Harvard Gazette |date=April 9, 2009}}</ref> and led [[Theodor Herzl]] to propose the [[Uganda Scheme]] as a temporary refuge for the Jews.<ref>Birnbaum, Erwin. [https://books.google.com/books?id=GB8uPatYT6kC&dq=chamberlain+kishinev&pg=PA40 ''In the Shadow of the Struggle'']. Accessed 27 January 2022.</ref> A [[Second Kishinev pogrom|second pogrom]] erupted in the city in October 1905.<ref name="JEncyclo" />

==History==
[[File:Pogrom de Chisinau - 1903 - 1.jpg|thumb|Five of the victims]]
The most popular newspaper in Kishinev (modern [[Chișinău]]) at the time, the Russian-language [[anti-Semitic]] newspaper ''Бессарабец'' (''Bessarabets'', meaning "[[Bessarabia]]n"), published by [[Pavel Krushevan]], regularly published articles with headlines such as "Death to the Jews!" and "Crusade against the Hated Race!" (referring to the [[Jew]]s).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Penkower |first=Monty Noam |date=2004 |title=The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: A Turning Point in Jewish History |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1396539 |journal=Modern Judaism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=189 |doi=10.1093/mj/kjh017 |jstor=1396539 |issn=0276-1114|url-access=subscription }}</ref> When a [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] boy, Mikhail Rybachenko, was found murdered in the town of [[Dubăsari]], about {{cvt|40|km}} north of Kishinev, and a girl who committed suicide by poisoning herself was declared dead in a Jewish hospital, the ''Bessarabetz'' paper insinuated that both children had been murdered by the Jewish community [[blood libel|for the purpose of using their blood]] in the preparation of [[Matzah|matzo]] for [[Passover]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Davitt |first=Michael |title=Within The Pale |year=1903 |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |location=London |pages=98–100 |oclc=3469796 }}</ref> Another newspaper, ''Свет'' (''Svet'', "Light") made similar insinuations. These allegations sparked the [[pogrom]].<ref name=JEncyclo/>

The pogrom began on April 19 (April 6 according to the [[Julian calendar]], then in use in the Russian Empire) after congregations were dismissed from church services on Easter Sunday. In two days of rioting, 47 (some put the figure at 49) Jews were killed, 92 were severely wounded and 500 were slightly injured, 700 houses were destroyed, and 600 stores were pillaged.<ref name=JEncyclo>{{Cite Jewish Encyclopedia |title=Kishinef (Kishinev) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev |first1=Herman |last1=Rosenthal |first2=Max |last2=Rosenthal|}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719231005/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/kishinev/kishinev-pogrom.html The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903; with online resources] archived from ''www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org''; archive accessed 27 January 2022</ref> ''[[The Times]]'' published a [[forgery|forged]] dispatch by [[Vyacheslav von Plehve]], the Minister of Interior, to the governor of Bessarabia, which supposedly gave orders not to stop the rioters.<ref>[[John Klier|Klier, John]] (October 11, 2010). "[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Pogroms Pogroms]". ''[[The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe]]''. yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved April 17, 2018.</ref> Unlike the more responsible authorities at Dubăsari, who acted to prevent the pogrom, there is evidence that the officials in Kishinev acted in collusion or negligence, turning a blind eye to the impending pogrom.<ref name=JEncyclo/><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klier |first1=John Doyle |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T3D7CmSOMfIC |title=Pogroms: Anti-Jewish Violence in Modern Russian History |last2=Lambroza |first2=Shlomo |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52851-1 |language=en |page=202}}</ref>

[[File:After Kishinyov pogrom.jpg|thumb|Burial of damaged [[Sefer Torah|Torah scrolls]] after the Kishinev pogrom]]
On 28 April, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reprinted a ''Yiddish Daily News'' report that was smuggled out of Russia:<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Schoenberg |first=Philip Ernest |date=1974 |title=The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23877915 |journal=American Jewish Historical Quarterly |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=262–283 |jstor=23877915 |issn=0002-9068}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|
The mob was led by priests, and the general cry, "Kill the Jews", was taken-up all over the city. The Jews were taken wholly unaware and were slaughtered like sheep. The dead number 120 and the injured about 500. The scenes of horror attending this massacre are beyond description. Babes were literally torn to pieces by the frenzied and bloodthirsty mob. The local police made no attempt to check the reign of terror. At sunset the streets were piled with corpses and wounded. Those who could make their escape fled in terror, and the city is now practically deserted of Jews.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jewish Massacre Denounced |work=The New York Times |date=April 28, 1903 |page=6 |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E0DE2DD1F30E733A2575BC2A9629C946297D6CF&legacy=true}}</ref>
}}

The Kishinev pogrom of 1903 captured the attention of the international public and was mentioned in the [[Roosevelt Corollary|Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine]] as an example of the type of human rights abuse which would justify United States involvement in Latin America. The 1904 book ''The Voice of America on Kishinev'' provides more detail<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Adler |editor-first=Cyrus |url=https://archive.org/stream/voiceamericaonk00adlegoog#page/n7/mode/2up |title=The Voice of America on Kishineff |access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref> as does the book ''Russia at the Bar of the American People: A Memorial of Kishinef''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Singer |first1=Isidore |year=1904 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=piMoAAAAYAAJ |title=Russia at the Bar of the American People |access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref>

==Russian response==
[[File:1904 Russian Tsar-Stop your cruel oppression of the Jews-LOC hh0145s.jpg|thumb|Cartoon of [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Theodore Roosevelt]] telling Tsar [[Nicholas II of Russia]]: "Stop your cruel oppression of the Jews"]]

The [[Russian ambassador to the United States]], Count [[Arthur Cassini]], characterised the 1903 pogrom as a reaction of financially hard-pressed peasants to Jewish creditors in an interview on 18 May 1903:
{{Blockquote|The situation in Russia, so far as the Jews are concerned is just this: It is the peasant against the money lender, and not the Russians against the Jews. There is no feeling against the Jew in Russia because of religion. It is as I have said—the Jew ruins the peasants, with the result that conflicts occur when the latter have lost all their worldly possessions and have nothing to live upon. There are many good Jews in Russia, and they are respected. Jewish genius is appreciated in Russia, and the Jewish artist honoured. Jews also appear in the financial world in Russia. The Russian Government affords the same protection to the Jews that it does to any other of its citizens, and when a riot occurs and Jews are attacked the officials immediately take steps to apprehend those who began the riot, and visit severe punishment upon them."<ref>{{cite web |title=Current Literature: A Magazine of Contemporary Record (New York). Vol. XXXV., No.1. July, 1903. Current Opinion. V.35 (1903). p. 16 |pages=25 v |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b2925279;view=image;seq=38;q1=jews;start=1;size=10;page=search;num=16 |publisher=babel.hathitrust.org}}</ref>
}}

There is a memorial to the 1903 pogrom in modern Kishinev.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://picasaweb.google.com/108373287763349412536/Kishinev?authkey=Gv1sRgCLOAx-T2zeqg-QE&feat=email#5805029854701512578 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606173651/https://picasaweb.google.com/108373287763349412536/Kishinev?authkey=Gv1sRgCLOAx-T2zeqg-QE&feat=email#5805029854701512578 |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 6, 2015 |title=Picasa Web Albums - Ronnie - kishinev |access-date=March 26, 2016}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
American media mogul [[William Randolph Hearst]] "adopt[ed] Kishinev as little less than a crusade", according to Stanford historian [[Steven Zipperstein]].{{sfn|Zipperstein|2015|p=372}} As part of this publicity, Hearst sent the Irish nationalist journalist [[Michael Davitt]] to Kishinev as "special commissioner to investigate the massacres of the Jews", becoming one of the first foreign journalists to report on the pogrom.{{sfn|Beatty|2017|p=125}}{{sfn|Zipperstein|2015|p=372}}

Due to their involvement in the pogrom, two men were sentenced to seven and five years' imprisonment respectively, and a further 22 were sentenced to one or two years.

This [[pogrom]] was instrumental in convincing tens of thousands of Russian Jews to leave for the [[Western world|West]] or [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name=JEncyclo/> As such, it became a rallying point for early [[Zionism|Zionists]], especially what would become [[Revisionist Zionism]], inspiring early self-defense leagues under leaders like [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]].<ref name=JEncyclo/>
<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Kishinev Martyrs.jpg|Imprinting honoring the "Kishinev [[Martyrs]]", by [[Ephraim Moses Lilien]].
Image:Kishinev-Petition-1903-01.jpg|A rejected petition to the Tsar of Russia by US citizens, 1903, now kept at the [[US National Archives]]
</gallery>

===1905 pogrom===
{{main|Second Kishinev pogrom}}
A second pogrom took place  in Kishinev on 19–20 October 1905. This time, the riots began as political protests against the [[Tsar]], but turned into an attack on Jews wherever they could be found. By the time the riots were over, 19 Jews had been killed and 56 were injured. Jewish self-defense leagues, organized after the first pogrom, stopped some of the violence, but were not wholly successful. This pogrom was part of a [[Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire#1903–1906|series of pogroms]] that swept the Russian Empire at the time.

==Cultural references==
[[File:Kishinev pogrom stamp from 2003.jpg|thumb|Kishinev pogrom memorial on a [[Post of Moldova|Moldovan postage stamp]] (2003)]]
Russian authors such as [[Vladimir Korolenko]] wrote about the pogrom in ''House 13'', while [[Leo Tolstoy|Tolstoy]] and [[Maxim Gorky|Gorky]] wrote condemnations blaming the Russian government—a change from the earlier pogroms of the 1880s, when most members of the Russian intelligentsia were silent. Tolstoy worked with [[Sholem Aleichem]] to produce an anthology dedicated to the victims, with all publisher and author proceeds going to relief efforts, which became the work "[[Esarhaddon, King of Assyria]]".<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PgdoBgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Esarhaddon,+King+of+Assyria%22+tolstoy&pg=PT182 |title=Tolstoy's Diaries |volume=2: 1895–1910 |editor=R. F. Christian |author=Leo Tolstoy |date=2015 |isbn=9780571324064 |publisher=[[Faber & Faber]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SYJlAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22Esarhaddon,+King+of+Assyria%22+tolstoy&pg=PT7 |title=Tolstoy on Shakespeare: A Critical Essay on Shakespeare |year=1906 |author=Leo Tolstoy |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls Company |translator=Isabella Fyvie Mayo, Vladimir Grigorʹevich Chertkov}}</ref> Sholem Aleichem went on to write the material for the famous ''[[Fiddler on the Roof]]''.

It also had a major impact on Jewish art and literature. After interviewing survivors of the Kishinev pogrom, the Hebrew poet [[Chaim Bialik|Hayim Nahman Bialik]] (1873–1934) wrote "[[In the City of Slaughter]]," about the perceived passivity of the Jews in the face of the mobs.<ref name="harvard.edu"/> [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]], who was also in the city after the massacre, translated Bialik's poem into Russian, thereby contributing to both the publication of the poem and Bialik's fame in Russian-speaking countries.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Holtzman |first1=Avner |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/953985607 |title=Hayim Nahman Bialik: poet of Hebrew |last2=Scharf |first2=Orr |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-20066-9 |series=Jewish lives |location=New Haven |pages=95–96 |oclc=953985607}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=מכון ז'בוטינסקי {{!}} Item |url=https://en.jabotinsky.org/archive/search-archive/item/?itemId=115680 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=en.jabotinsky.org}}</ref> In the 1908 play by [[Israel Zangwill]] titled ''[[The Melting Pot (play)|The Melting Pot]]'', the Jewish hero emigrates to America in the wake of the Kishinev pogrom, eventually confronting the Russian officer who led the rioters.<ref name="Zangwill2006">{{cite book |last=Zangwill |first=Israel |title=From the Ghetto to the Melting Pot: Israel Zangwill's Jewish Plays : Three Playscripts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NfMO6oKZoD4C&pg=PA254 |access-date=April 17, 2018 |year=2006 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=9780814329559 |page=254}}</ref>

More recently, [[Joann Sfar]]'s series of graphic novels titled ''Klezmer'' depicts life in Odessa, Ukraine, at this time; in the final volume (number 5), ''Kishinev-des-fous'', the first pogrom affects the characters.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Weingrad |first=Michael |date=Spring 2015 |title=Drawing Conclusions: Joann Sfar and the Jews of France |url=https://jewishreviewofbooks.com/articles/1539/drawing-conclusions-joann-sfar-and-the-jews-of-france/ |magazine=Jewish Review of Books |language=en-US |access-date=April 17, 2018}}</ref> Playwright Max Sparber took the Kishinev pogrom as the subject for one of his earliest plays in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://irl.metafilter.com/2597/Staged-reading-of-play-by-Max-Sparber-Kishinev |title=Staged reading of play by Max Sparber: Kishinev |last=Sparber |first=Max |date=December 3, 2014 |website=[[MetaFilter]] |language=en |access-date=April 17, 2018 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The novel ''[[The Lazarus Project (novel)|The Lazarus Project]]'' by [[Aleksander Hemon]] (2008) provides a vivid description of the pogrom and details its long-reaching consequences.<ref>Hemon, A., (2008). ''The Lazarus project.'' New York: Riverhead Books</ref>

In [[Brazil]], the Jewish writer [[Moacyr Scliar]] wrote the fiction and social satire book "O Exército De Um Homem Só" (1986), about Mayer Guinzburg, a [[History of the Jews in Brazil|Brazilian-Jew]] and [[Communism|Communist]] activist whose family are refugees from the Kishinev pogrom.

==Monument to victims==
[[File:Chișinău Pogrom Monument 1.jpg|thumb|200px|right|The monument erected in Chișinău in memory of the pogrom victims]]
{{Main|Victims of Chișinău Pogrom Monument}}
The Victims of the Chișinău Pogrom Monument ({{langx|ro|Monumentul Victimelor Pogromului de la Chișinău}}) is a [[memorial stone]] to the victims of the Kishinev pogrom, unveiled in 1993 in Alunelul park, Chișinău, Moldova.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://jewishmemory.md/en/chisinau-monument-to-pogrom-victims |title=Chisinau. Monument to Pogrom Victims |work=jewishmemory.md |date=24 April 2016 |access-date=27 January 2022}}</ref>

== The name list of the victims ==
Many sources report that 49 people were killed in the Kishinev pogrom, but their specific identity remains elusive.<ref name=":1" /> Soon after the pogrom, one of the first foreign journalists to arrive in the city was the Irish reporter [[Michael Davitt]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beatty |first=Aidan |title=Jews and the Irish Nationalist Imagination: Between Philosemitism and Antisemitism. Journal of Jewish Studies. Vol. 68, No. 1 (2017) |url=https://www.academia.edu/19097039 |journal=Journal of Jewish Studies |pages=125}}</ref> He covered the events and later published a book detailing his findings, which included a list of the victims' names, ages, and, in some instances, their occupations. However, this list contains only 40 of the 49 victims.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davitt |first=Michael |url=https://archive.org/details/withinpaletruest00davi/page/216/mode/1up |title=Within the pale:The true story of anti-Semitic persecution in Russia |date=1903 |publisher=Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America |others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library |pages=217-222}}</ref> In the [[National Library of Israel]], there is a photo album from the pogrom titled ''Kishinev Pogrom [Photo Album]'', published in 1929, which includes a list of the victims. The list claims there were 49 fatalities but records the names of only 41 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=פרעות קישינב [אלבום תצלומים] |trans-title=Kishinev Pogrom [Photo Album] |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/images/NNL_ARCHIVE_AL990037778210205171/NLI |website=[[the National Library of Israel]] |language=he}}</ref> The organization [[JewishGen]] cross-referenced a wide range of sources and compiled a list of 47 names, though they caution that errors may still exist, suggesting that further research is required to complete the record.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kishinev: List of Victims of Kishinev Pogrom of 1903 |url=https://kehilalinks.jewishgen.org/chisinau/LIF_POGROM1903_Victims.asp |access-date=2025-01-08 |website=kehilalinks.jewishgen.org}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Judaism|Moldova}}
*[[1929 Hebron massacre]]
*[[History of the Jews in Moldova]]
*[[Jacob Bernstein-Kogan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite journal |last1=Beatty |first1=Aidan |title=Jews and the Irish nationalist imagination: between philo-Semitism and anti-Semitism |journal=[[Journal of Jewish Studies]] |date=2017 |volume=68 |issue=1 |pages=125–128 |doi=10.18647/3304/JJS-2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/19097039}}
*{{cite book |last1=Zipperstein |first1=Steven J. |editor1-last=Freeze |editor1-first=ChaeRan Y. |editor2-last=Fried |editor2-first=Sylvia Fuks |editor3-last=Sheppard |editor3-first=Eugene R. |title=The Individual in History: Essays in Honor of Jehuda Reinharz |date=2015 |publisher=[[Brandeis University Press]] |location=Waltham, Massachusetts |isbn=9781611687330 |language=en |chapter=Inside Kishinev’s Pogrom: Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Michael Davitt, and the Burdens of Truth |chapter-url=https://history.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9471/f/burdens_of_truth-1.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2020 |access-date=13 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225025552/https://history.stanford.edu/sites/g/files/sbiybj9471/f/burdens_of_truth-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}

==Further reading==
*Judge, Edward H. ''[[Easter in Kishinev: Anatomy of a Pogrom]]''. NYU Press 1992.
*{{Cite journal |last=Penkower |first=Monty Noam |year=2004 |title=The Kishinev Pogrom of 1903: A Turning Point in Jewish History |journal=Modern Judaism |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=187–225 |doi=10.1093/mj/kjh017 |jstor=1396539 |s2cid=170968039}}
*{{Jewish Encyclopedia |no-prescript=1 |last=Rosenthal |first=Herman |last2=Rosenthal |first2=Max |title=Kishinef (Kishinev) |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/9350-kishinef-kishinev }}
*Schoenberg, Philip Ernest. "The American Reaction to the Kishinev Pogrom of 1903". ''American Jewish Historical Quarterly'' 63.3 (1974): 262–283.
*Zipperstein, Steven J. ''[[Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History]]''. Liveright Publishing March 2018.
*{{Cite web |title=YIVO {{!}} Kishinev |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Kishinev |access-date=2022-04-19 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}

==External links==
*[https://archive.today/20121216111819/http://www.kishinevpogrom.com/index.html Kishinev Pogrom] unofficial commemorative website
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080719231005/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/kishinev/kishinev-pogrom.html Resources about the pogrom]
*"Are Jewish men cowards?" Interview in [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbRl4hj7vHo&t=673s Chicago Jewish Cafe] with Prof. Steven Zipperstein, the author of "Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History."

{{Massacres of Jews}}
{{Russian Empire–United States relations|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kishinev pogrom| ]]
[[Category:1903 riots]]
[[Category:April 1903 in Europe]]
[[Category:History of Chișinău]]
[[Category:Massacres in 1903]]
[[Category:1903 murders in the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe]]