View source for Ko of Parhae

{{Short description|Founding King of Balhae (r. 689–719)}}
{{redirect|Dae Joyeong|the historical drama|Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)}}
{{POV|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox royalty
| embed        = 
| name         = King Go of Balhae<br/>발해고왕 (渤海高王)
| title        = 
| titletext    = 
| type         = 
| image_size   = 200px
| succession   = King of Balhae
| predecessor  = [[Balhae|Dynasty founder]]
| reign1       = 698–719
| successor1   = [[Mu of Balhae|King Mu]]
| birth_name   = Dae Joyeong<br/>({{Korean|hangul=대조영|hanja=大祚榮|labels=no}})
| birth_date   = Unknown
| birth_place  = 
| death_date   = 719
| death_place  = 
| burial_place = 
| spouse       = 
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| consort      = 
| issue        = [[Mu of Balhae|Muye, King Mu]]<br/>Mun-ye
| issue-link   = 
| issue-pipe   = 
| issue-type   = 
| full name = Dae Joyeong<br/>({{Korean|hangul=대조영|hanja=大祚榮|labels=no}})
| era name     = 
| era dates    = 
| regnal name  = 
| posthumous name  = Go (고왕. 高王)
| house        = [[Balhae|House of Dae]]
| house-type   = 
| father       = [[Dae Jung-sang]]
| mother       = 
| religion     = 
| occupation   = 
| signature_type = 
| signature    = 
| module       = 
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Go of Balhae
| chinese_header = Chinese name
| c = {{linktext|高|王}}
| p = Gāowáng
| w = Kowang
| chinese_header2 = Given in Chinese
| c2 = {{linktext|大|祚|荣}}
| p2 = Dà Zuòróng 
| w2 = Ta Tsojung
| korean_header = Korean name
| hangul = 고왕 
| hanja = 高王 
| rr = Go Wang 
| mr = Ko Wang 
| korean_header2 = Given in Korean 
| hangul2 = 대조영 
|  hanja2 = 大祚榮 
| rr2 = Dae Joyeong 
| mr2 = Tae Choyŏng 
| ibox-order = zh, ko1, ko4, ko3
}}
{{Kings of Balhae}}

'''Dae Joyeong''' ({{Korean|hangul=대조영|hanja=大祚榮|}}; {{IPA|ko|tɛ.dʑo.jʌŋ|}} or {{IPA|ko|tɛ.tɕo.jʌŋ|}}; died 719) or '''Da Zuorong''' ({{zh|t=大祚榮|s=大祚荣}}), also known as '''King Go''' ({{korean|hangul=고왕|hanja=高王|links=no}}; {{IPA|ko|ko.waŋ|}}; Chinese: '''Gao'''), established the state of [[Balhae]], reigning from 699 to 719.

{{anchor|Biography|History}}

== Life ==
=== Early life ===
Dae Joyeong was the first son of general [[Dae Jung-sang]], who was also known as Sari Geolgeol Jungsang ({{Korean|hangul=사리걸걸중상|hanja=舍利乞乞仲象|labels=no}}) or Dae Geolgeol Jungsang ({{Korean|hangul=대걸걸중상|hanja=大乞乞仲象|labels=no}}).

Historical sources give different accounts of Dae Joyeong's ethnicity and background.<ref name="w">{{cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/1804227 |author= Vovin, Alexander|chapter= Why Manchu and Jurchen Look so Un-Tungusic ?|title=Tumen jalafun jecen akū: Festschrift for Giovanni Stary's 60th birthday|editor=Juha Janhunenn |editor2=Alessandra Pozzi |editor3=Michael Weiers|publisher= Harrassowitz|year=2006|pages=255–266}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Richard |first1=Zgusta |title=The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait |date=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30043-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oToLCgAAQBAJ&q=Mohe+tribes+bohai&pg=PA141}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ahmerov.com/book_821_chapter_12_ISTORIJA_TUNGUSSKIKH_PLEMEN_MOKHEH_I_GOSUDARSTVA_BOKHAJJ.html |title=История тунгусских племен мохэ и государства Бохай |trans-title=The history of Mohé and Bohai Tungusic tribes |author1=Tsiporuha Mikhail Isaakovich |work=Покорение Сибири. От Ермака до Беринга |date=2017 |access-date=5 February 2019 |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613014441/https://www.ahmerov.com/book_821_chapter_12_ISTORIJA_TUNGUSSKIKH_PLEMEN_MOKHEH_I_GOSUDARSTVA_BOKHAJJ.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among the official dynastic history works, the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'' refers to Dae Joyeong and his state as [[Sumo Mohe]] (related to [[Jurchens]] and later [[Manchus]]) affiliated with [[Goguryeo]].<ref>''New Book of Tang'', Chapter 219: Bohai. 渤海、本粟末靺鞨附高麗者、姓大氏。</ref>{{sfn|Kim|2015|p=8}} The ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'' also states Dae's ethnic background as Mohe but adds that he was "高麗別種" (''gaoli biezhong'').<ref>''[[Old Book of Tang]]'', Original: 渤海靺鞨大祚榮者，本高麗別種也. [https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%94%90%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7199%E4%B8%8B Link]</ref> The term is interpreted as meaning "a branch of the Goguryeo people" by South and North Korean historians, but as "distinct from Goguryeo" by Japanese and Chinese researchers.<ref>{{cite web |last1=徐吉洙 |title=渤海は高句麗を引き継いだ |url=http://www.searchnavi.com/~hp/koguryo/balhe-30.htm |publisher=高句麗研究会}}</ref> The ''[[Samguk yusa]]'', a 13th-century collection of Korean history and legends, describes Dae as a Sumo Mohe leader. However, it gives another account of Dae being a former Goguryeo general, citing a now-lost Sillan record.<ref>''Samguk yusa'', Chapter 1, Section Mohe Bohai. 通典云，渤海，本栗未靺鞨。至其酋柞榮立國，自號震旦。 [...] 又新羅古記云，高麗舊將柞榮，姓大氏。</ref> Alexander Kim considers this unlikely since Goguryeo fell in 668 while Dae died in 719, and young men could not receive the rank of general.{{sfn|Kim|2011|p=297}}

=== King of Jin (Zhen) and Balhae ===
The Tang killed Geolsa Biu, and Dae Jung-sang also died. Dae Joyeong integrated the armies of Goguryeo people and some Mohe (Malgal) tribes and resisted Tang attack{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}. His victory over the Tang at the [[Battle of Tianmenling]]{{citation needed|date=January 2022}} enabled him to expand his father's empire and claimed himself the King of [[Balhae|Jin (Zhen)]] in 698{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}.<ref name="Bae">Kichan Bae, "Korea at the crossroads:the history and future of East Asia", Happyreading, 2007. {{ISBN|8989571464}} p.83</ref> He established his capital at [[Dunhua|Dongmo Mountain]] in the south of today's [[Jilin|Jilin province]], and built a fortress, which was to become Zhen (Jin) kingdom's capital{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}.

He attempted to expand his influence in foreign politics involving the Tang/ Wu Zhou, the [[Göktürk]]s, the Khitan, [[Silla]]<ref name="Pre-modern">[[Patricia Buckley Ebrey|Patricia Ebrey]], Anne Walthall, "Pre-Modern East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History", Vol.I:to 1800, Cengage Learning, 2013. {{ISBN|1133606512}} p.111</ref> and some independent Mohe tribes. At first he dispatched an envoy to the Göktürks, allying against Tang/ Wu Zhou. Then he reconciled himself with the Tang when [[Emperor Zhongzong of Tang|Emperor Zhongzong]] was restored to the throne.<ref name="Pre-modern" />

In 712, he renamed his empire [[Balhae]]. In 713, he was given the titular title of "Prince of [[Commandery (China)|Commandery]] of Bohai (Balhae)" (渤海郡王) by [[Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China|Emperor Xuanzong]].<ref name="Bae" /> After a period of rest within the empire, King Go made it clear that Silla was not to be dealt with peacefully because they had allied with Tang to destroy Goguryeo, the predecessor of Balhae. This aggressive stance towards Silla was continued on by his son and successor King [[Mu of Balhae]].

Dae Joyeong died in 719, and his son Dae Muye assumed the throne.<ref>UNESCO Korean Committee, "Korean History:Discovery of its Characteristics and Developments", VOl.5, Hollym, 2004. {{ISBN|1565911776}} p.158</ref> Dae Joyeong was given the posthumous name "King Go."

== Legacy ==
[[File:RoK warship Dae Jo Yeong (DDG 977).jpg|right|thumb|250px|ROK navy warship, Dae Jo Yeong in San Diego, USA.]]

After the fall of Balhae, [[Dae Gwang-hyeon]], the last prince led many of the Balhae aristocracy into the Korean state, thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo.<ref>{{cite book|last1=이상각|script-title=ko:고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년|date=2014|publisher=들녘|isbn=9791159250248|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LonnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|access-date=29 December 2022|language=ko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴|url=http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020|website=우리역사넷|publisher=[[National Institute of Korean History]]|access-date=29 December 2022|language=ko}}</ref> Dae Joyeong's descendants include modern-day Koreans who bear the surname [[Tae (Korean surname)|Tae]], or [[Dae (surname)|Dae]].<ref name="Lee Ki-baik page 88–89">Lee Ki-baik. "''The Society and Culture of Parhae.''" The New History of Korea, page 88-89. Harvard University Press, 1984.</ref>

In South Korea, a [[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|television drama]] on [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS1]] was launched since September 2006 in his honor. Roughly 30% (based on 2007 survey) of the South Korean viewers enjoyed this programme{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}.

The third [[Chungmugong Yi Sun-sin class destroyer]] commissioned by the [[Republic of Korea Navy]] is named ''Dae Joyeong''.<ref>[http://timesofoman.com/article/42482/Oman/Korea-celebrates-ties-with-Oman "Korea celebrates ties with Oman"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630103311/http://timesofoman.com/article/42482/Oman/Korea-celebrates-ties-with-Oman |date=2015-06-30 }} Times of Oman, 2014-10-29</ref> KDX-II class destroyers are named after significant figures in [[History of Korea|Korean history]] such as admiral [[Yi Sun-sin]].

The [[Chunbun Ancestral Rite]] is held annually in Balhae Village, [[North Gyeongsang Province]] in order to commemorate the achievements of Dae Jo-yeong.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ksjchnews.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=1820|script-title=ko:[이 사람이 사는 법] 남천면 송백리 태재욱씨 - 경산자치신문|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> The Gyeongsan City mayor participates in the event, which is open for public participation.

== In popular culture ==
* Portrayed by [[Choi Soo-jong]] in the 2006–2007 [[Korean Broadcasting System|KBS]] TV series ''[[Dae Jo-yeong (TV series)|Dae Jo-yeong]]''.

== See also ==
*[[Rulers of Korea]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation|last=Kim|first=Alexander|year=2011a|title=Relations Between Bohai and Silla (7th to 9th Centuries): A Critical Analysis}}
* {{citation|last=Kim|first=Alexander|year=2011|title=The Historiography of Bohai in Russia}}
* {{citation|last=Kim|first=Alexander|year=2015|title=The Problem of the Ethnic Composition of the Bohai State – A Comparative Analysis of Russian and Korean Materials}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051022141145/http://blog.empas.com/stronghold/276018_400x629.bmp Portrait of Dae Joyoung (Korean)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Balhae|House of Dae]]||||719}}
{{s-reg}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Dae Jung-sang]]|as=Duke of Zhen (Jin)}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Sumo Mohe|Zhen (Jin)]]|years=698–712}}
{{s-aft|after=Himself|as=King of Balhae}}
{{s-bef|before=Himself|as=King of Zhen (Jin)}}
{{s-ttl|title=King of [[Balhae]]|years=712–719}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Mu of Balhae|Mu]]}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:7th-century births]]
[[Category:719 deaths]]
[[Category:Balhae monarchs]]
[[Category:Mohe peoples]]
[[Category:Korean generals]]
[[Category:8th-century Korean monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Founding monarchs in Asia]]