View source for Kochis

{{Short description|Ghilji Pashtun nomadic people of Afghanistan}}
{{redirect|Kuchi|the ancient city-state in the Tarim Basin|Kucha|the Montenegrin clan|Kuči|the ethnic group in Gujarat|Kutchi people}}
[[File:Nomadic Kuchi people.jpg|thumb|220px|Kochi people on the move in [[Panjshir Province]] of [[Afghanistan]]]]
[[File:Scenes From Southern Afghanistan DVIDS328126.jpg|thumb|A Kochi girl in southern Afghanistan with her sheep]]

[[File:Nomads in Badghis Province.jpg|thumb|220px|Tents of Kochi [[nomad]]s in [[Badghis Province]] of Afghanistan]]
{{Pashtuns}}
'''Kochis''' or '''Kuchis''' ([[Pashto Language|Pashto]]: کوچۍ '''Kuchis''') are pastoral nomads belonging primarily to the [[Ghilji]] [[Pashtuns]]. It is a social rather than ethnic grouping, although they have some of the characteristics of a distinct ethnic group. They live in southern and eastern Afghanistan, the largest population of Kuchis is probably in the [[Registan Desert]] in southern Afghanistan.<ref>[https://minorityrights.org/communities/kuchis/ Kuchis in Afghanistan]</ref> In the southern, western and northern regions of [[Afghanistan]] they are also referred to at times as '''maldar''' ([[Pashto Language|Pashto]]: مالدار '''maldar''', "herd-owner"),<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tapper |first=Richard |date=March 2008 |title=Who Are the Kuchi? Nomad Self-Identities in Afghanistan |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20203586 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=97–116 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00480.x |jstor=20203586 |access-date=7 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> or '''Powindah'''.<ref name=Vogelsang/> Some of the most notable [[Ghilji]] Kochi tribes include the [[Kharoti]], [[Niazi]], [[Andar (Pashtun tribe)|Andar]], [[Akakhel]], and nasar [[Ahmadzai (Ghilji clan)|Ahmadzai]].<ref name="nps">{{cite web|url=http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Ethnic_identity.html|title=Program for Culture and Conflict Studies at NPS – Home|author=NPS|work=nps.edu}}</ref> In the [[Pashto language]], the terms are کوچۍ '''Kochai''' (singular) and کوچیان '''Kochian''' (plural). In the [[Persian language]], کوچی "Kochi" and "Kochiha" are the singular and plural forms (respectively).

==Description==
The National Multi-sectoral Assessment of Kochi in 2004 estimated that there are about 2.4 million Kochis in Afghanistan, with around 1.5 million (60%) remaining fully nomadic; over 100,000 have been displaced due to natural disasters such as flood and drought in the past few years.<ref>World Food Program, Socio-economic profile, Population and Demography, Afghanistan. Retrieved at {{cite web|url=http://foodsecurityatlas.org/afg/country/socioeconomic-profile/introduction |title=Population and Demograhy — Afghanistan |access-date=2012-03-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121218195206/http://foodsecurityatlas.org/afg/country/socioeconomic-profile/introduction |archive-date=2012-12-18 }}</ref>

<blockquote>The nomads and semi-nomads, generally called ''Kuchi'' in Afghanistan, mostly keep sheep and goats. The produce of the animals (meat, dairy products, hair and wool) is exchanged or sold in order to purchase grain, vegetables, fruit and other products of settled life. In this way an extensive network of exchange has developed along the main routes annually followed by the nomads. The merchant ''Powindah'' (Ghilji) [or Ghilzai] Pashtuns used to move annually from the Afghanistan mountains to the valley of the Indus. These long-distance migrations were stopped in the early 1960s when the border with Afghanistan and Pakistan were closed, but many Kuchis are still allowed to cross as border officials recognize the Kuchi migrations which occur seasonally and allow them to pass even in times of political turmoil. In recent decades, migrations inside Afghanistan continue, although trucks are now often being used to transport livestock and family from one place to another.<ref name=Vogelsang>[[Willem Vogelsang]] (2002), p. 15.</ref></blockquote>

==History==
{{History of Afghanistan}}
Kochis historically abstained from politics, because they are nomadic, but under Afghanistan's constitution, they were given ten seats in parliament. Provisions are written into the [[Afghanistan Constitution]] (Article 14) aimed at improving the welfare of Kochis, including provisions for housing, representation, and education.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html|title=Afghanistan Online: The Constitution of Afghanistan|work=afghan-web.com|access-date=2008-12-27|archive-date=2013-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to the [[United Nations High Commission for Refugees]], before the 30 years of war, Kochis owned 30 per cent of the country's goats and sheep and most of the camels for years, and they were largely responsible for the supply of [[animal slaughter|slaughter animals]], [[wool]], [[ghee]] and [[Kashk|quroot]] to the national economy.<ref name = "UNHCR">UNHCR, Formation of 4 Kuchi sheep/goat breeders’ service centres, [http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=46c993942&query=kuchi Durable solutions for Kuchi IDP's in the south of Afghanistan: Options and opportunities, Asia Consultants International], pg. 15</ref> 
[[File:US specialist helping Afghan nomads.jpg|left|thumb|[[United States Army|US army]] medic vaccinating Kochi children, [[Gardez]], 2003.]]
Kochis were also favored by the Kings of Afghanistan, who were themselves ethnic Pashtuns, since the late 1880s. They were awarded "[[firman]]," or royal proclamations, granting them use of summer pastures all over Afghanistan including the northern parts of the country.<ref>Lansford, Tom (2003) A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, {{ISBN|0-7546-3615-1}}, page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.FN20". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, Afghanistan: A Country Study, 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.</ref><ref>O. Roy, Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan, in Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change, 1992, {{ISBN|0-8223-1190-9}}.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=FApipiENsgwC&pg=PA36&dq=Tarzi+nationalism&sig=ACfU3U2ExeSf4rMrbB3pQHXeI_nayeCdqg Afghanistan], by Gilles Dorronsoro</ref> During the Taliban era, Kochis were a main factor and supporter of the [[Taliban]] and their leader [[Mullah Omar]].<ref name="theage.com.au">{{cite web|url=https://www.theage.com.au/news/world/wandering-kuchis-pay-for-their-taliban-links/2005/08/26/1124563029556.html|title=Wandering Kuchis pay for their Taliban links|work=theage.com.au|date=27 August 2005}}</ref> As a result, the northern ethnic groups ([[Hazara people|Hazara]], [[Tājik people|Tajiks]], [[Uzbeks]] and [[Turkmen people|Turkmens]]) have a long-standing distrust of the Kochi. This political dispute has been deepened over the decades of Kochi [[transhumance]], whereby some Kochis became absentee landlords in their summer areas in the north through customary seizure procedures to attach debtors' land. However, the Kochis themselves see the northern minority groups as a non-Afghan race, and claims the Kochis were natives of northern Afghan region, and that during many years of invasion such as [[Genghis Khan]] and [[Timur]], they escaped south.

In 2010 in western Kabul, when Kuchi refugees attempted to resettle on their ancestral lands, they clashed with local Hazara residents. The fighting continued for several days and resulted in casualties among both communities.<ref>[https://minorityrights.org/communities/kuchis/ Kuchis in Afghanistan]</ref> 

Kochis have been identified by the [[United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan]] as one of the largest vulnerable populations in the country. As Afghanistan's population grows, competing claims over summer pastures, both for rainfed cultivation and for grazing of the settled communities' livestock, have created conflict over land across central and northern Afghanistan. Paying head-count fees for each animal crossing someone else's property is exacting a harsh economic toll on the Kochi way of life, one that is already having to contend with recurrent droughts that are now occurring with increasing frequency.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wardak.net/2008/08/05/afghan-settlers-nomads-fight-over.html |title=Wardak.net – Wardak Afghanistan |access-date=2008-12-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210063149/http://wardak.net/2008/08/05/afghan-settlers-nomads-fight-over.html |archive-date=2008-12-10 }}</ref> There are communities of Pashtun Kochi origin in other parts of the world as well, including in the Caribbean, Africa and Europe. In Pakistan, some Kochis are found in [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]].

==In popular culture==

[[James A. Michener]] describes Kochi life in his 1963 novel [[Caravans (novel)|Caravans]], set in 1946 Afghanistan.
==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:A_kuchie_Afghanistan.JPG|Kochis near [[Tarinkot]], [[Urozgan Province]] of Afghanistan
File:Kuchis near Kabul-Jalalabad road.jpg|Kochi tent near the [[Kabul-Jalalabad Road]]
File:Afghan Kuchi girl.jpg|A young Kochi girl
</gallery>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* Vogelsang, Willem. 2002. ''The Afghans''. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-631-19841-5}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kuchi people}}
{{Wiktionary|Kochi}}
*[https://seengar.com/kuchi-community-lifestyle/ Lifestyle of Kuchi community]
*[http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77647 AFGHANISTAN: Threat of ethnic clashes over grazing land]
*[http://areu.org.af Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit]

{{Pashtun tribes}}
[[Category:Pashtun nomadic tribes]]
[[Category:Nomads]]
[[Category:Iranian nomads]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Modern nomads]]
[[Category:Immigration to Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora]]
[[Category:Pashtun tribes]]
[[Category:Tribes of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kandahar Province]]