View source for Komuz

{{Short description|Central Asian stringed musical instrument}}
{{Distinguish|Komuz languages|Kumuz|Kumis}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name           = Komuz
| image          = Kopuz.jpg
| image_size     = 
| alt            = 
| caption        = A Kyrgyz komuz
| background     = string
| names          = *''qomus''
*''gopuz'' (Azerbaijan)
*''huobusi'' 火不思 (China)
*''hebisi '' 和必斯 (China)
*''hunbusi'' 渾不似 (China)
*''kopuz'' (Turkey)
*''sugudu'' 苏古笃 (Naxi people, China)
| classification = String
| hornbostel_sachs = 
| hornbostel_sachs_desc = 
| inventors      = 
| developed      = 
| timbre         = 
| volume         = 
| attack         = 
| decay          = 
| range          = 
| pitch          = 
| related        = Other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[string instruments]], [[lute]], [[qanbus]], modern [[huobusi]]
| musicians      = 
| builders       = 
| articles       = 
}}

The '''komuz''' or '''qomuz''' ({{langx|ky|комуз}} {{IPA|ky|qoˈmuz}}, {{langx|az|Qopuz}}, {{langx|tr|Kopuz}}) is an ancient [[fret]]less [[string instrument]] used in [[Central Asian music]], related to certain other [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[string instruments]], the Mongolian [[tovshuur]], and the [[lute]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com/|title=The Stringed Instrument Database: Index|website=stringedinstrumentdatabase.aornis.com|access-date=Aug 6, 2019}}</ref> 

The instrument can be found in Turkic ethnic groups, from China to Turkey. Forms of this instrument are used in China by the [[Naxi people]] and are called '''Huobusi''', '''Hebisi ''', and '''Hunbusi'''.

It is the best-known national instrument and one of the better-known [[Kyrgyzstan|Kyrgyz]] national symbols.  The komuz is generally made from a single piece of wood (usually [[apricot]] or [[juniper]]) and has three strings traditionally made out of gut, and often from fishing line in modern times. 

In the most common [[Musical tuning|tunings]] the middle string is the highest in pitch. 

Virtuosos frequently play the komuz in a variety of different positions: over the shoulder, between the knees and upside down.  

An illustration of a komuz is featured on the reverse of the [[Kyrgyzstani som|one-som note]].

==Playing style==

[[Image:Girl komuz.JPG|thumb|right|A girl playing the Komuz.]]
The komuz can be used either as accompaniment or as a lead instrument and is used in a wide variety of [[Music genre|musical styles]] including [[aytysh]] (a song competition between [[akyn]]s) and the recitation of epics. It is generally played seated, held horizontally and may be [[Strum|strummed]] or [[Plucked string instrument|plucked]]. 

One [[Musical composition|piece]] ("mash botoy") consists of a simple [[Melody|tune]] repeated many times, each with a new stroke, as a test of the performer’s skill and creativity. The komuz has many different tunings, and the names of the tunings correspond with various styles of music.<ref>Solos, G. "Kirghiz Instruments and Instrumental Music", ''Ethnomusicology'' 5(1):43</ref>

{|
| Kambarkan
| d-a-d
|-
| Kerbez
| e-a-e
|-
| Shingrama
| d-a-e
|-
| Ongu
| e-a-b
|-
| Ters
| d-a-g
|-
| (unknown)
| d-d'-a
|}

== History ==
[[File:Shidurghū or huobosi or komuz, 9th century AD.jpg|thumb|200px|9th century painting on a banner, found in excavations of a Buddhist temple at [[Jiaohe ruins|Yar-khoto]]. Researchers have tentatively identified it as being part of the komuz family, noting its close resemblance to the modern ''sugudu'' (苏古篤), with four strings, also known as ''hubo'' (胡撥). These names possibly connect linguistically to the ''shidurghū'' lute of the [[Khatā’ī]] people of the Mongolian steppes and ''huobosi'' ( 火撥思) ''Hubosi'' is the Chinese version of the [[qopuz]]..<ref>{{cite book |first1=Gabriela |last1=Currie |first2=Lars |last2=Christensen |title= Eurasian Musical Journeys: Five Tales |publisher= Cambridge University Press |date= 2022|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/elements/eurasian-musical-journeys/E4DC6E746EDCE8773A8EF80262A35DF0}}</ref>]]
[[File:KyrgyzstanP15-1Som-1999(2000) b.jpg|thumb|right|Kyrgyzstan 1-som note featuring the komuz.]]
[[Image:Huobosi_met.jpg|thumb|left|100px|A historical 19th century huobosi, this variant bowed.]]
The word ''komuz'' is cognate to the names of other instruments in the [[Music of Central Asia]], including the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] ''[[kobyz]]'' ([[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] ''qo'biz'') ([[Bowed string instrument|bowed instruments]]), and the [[Tuvans|Tuvan]] and [[Sakha language|Sakha]] or Yakut ''xomus'' (a [[jaw harp]]).

The oldest known komuz-like instrument dates from the 4th century although the related [[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] gopuz is believed to date back to 6000 BC following an archaeological discovery of clay plates depicting gopuz players. In the 1960s American [[archeologists]] working in the Shushdagh mountains near the ancient city of Jygamish in Iranian Azerbaijan, uncovered a number of rare clay plates which dated back to around [[6000 B.C.]] which depicted musicians at a council, holding a komuz-like instrument to their chests.<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Musigi Dunyasi, International Scientific Online Musical Journal of Azerbaijan |title= Gopuz |website= Atlas of Traditional Music of Azerbaijan |url= http://atlas.musigi-dunya.az/en/qopuz.html |quote= Archeological excavations conducted in the 1960s by prominent American archeologists working in Southern Azerbaijan on the Shushdagh mountain slope, in the ancient city of Jygamysh, uncovered rare objects that dated back to the 6th millennium B.C.10 The most interesting of these findings was a clay plate that depicted musicians at a majlis, complete with an ozan pressing a gopuz to his chest.}}</ref> 

The golcha gopuz was mentioned in the epic [[Book of Dede Korkut]].<ref name="atlas.musigi-dunya.az">{{Cite web|url=http://atlas.musigi-dunya.az/atlas/en/qopuz.html|title=''Atlas of traditional music of Azerbaijan''|access-date=Aug 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323032240/http://atlas.musigi-dunya.az/atlas/en/qopuz.html|archive-date=March 23, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The names of parts of the komuz are often allusions to body parts, particularly of horses.  For example, the neck is called {{IPA|ky|mojun|}} "neck", the tuning pegs are called {{IPA|ky|qulɑq|}}, or "ear"s. The Kyrgyz word кыл/qyl means "string of an instrument" or "horse's hair".

The ancient komuz generally had two or three strings. The three-stringed ''golcha gopuz'' was more popular in ancient [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Anatolia]]: the two-stringed ''gil gopuz'' or ''"iklyg"'' was used on the [[Altai Republic|Altai]] plains, in parts of [[Turkmenistan]] and in Chinese territory inhabited by the [[Uyghur people]].

The golcha gopuz is made from a [[leather]] covering which covered around two-thirds of the surface, and the other third is covered with thin wood along with the sound board. The total length of the instrument is 810&nbsp;mm, with the body  410&nbsp;mm, the width 240&nbsp;mm and the height or breadth only 20&nbsp;mm.
The {{langx|ky|ооз комуз}} ({{IPA|ky|oːz qoˈmuz|}}, literally "mouth komuz") or, alternatively, {{langx|ky|темир комуз}} ({{IPA|ky|temir qoˈmuz|}}, literally "metal komuz" or "iron komuz"), is a [[jaw harp]] and as an instrument is unrelated to the komuz.

During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era the instrument fell from favour. It was derided as rudimentary and attempts were made to make it more like the [[Russians|Russian]] [[balalaika]], notably by adding [[fret]]s. After independence the komuz was again taught in music colleges, though some of the Soviet changes have remained.

In the twentieth century the late [[Iran]]ian [[dutar]] player [[Haj Ghorban Soleimani]] invented a new form of the komuz which has received some popularity.<ref>[http://www.tehrantimes.com/Index_view.asp?code=161767 ''Tehran Times'' Tuesday, January 22, 2008, Retrieved January 23, 2008 ]</ref>

=== Legendary origin===
In legends, Dede Korkut is seen as the inventor of the kopuz. In ''The Book of Dede Korkut'', his special bond with the kopuz is not limited to his performances as a [[bard]]. Of particular importance, there is a passage in the story about the brothers Egrek and Segrek. When Segrek wants to attack Egrek, because he thinks he is dealing with an infidel, he says:
{{quote|Hey infidel, out of respect for Dede Korkut's lute, I didn't strike. If you didn't have the lute in your hand I'd have you cut in two in my brother's name.|author=Segrek to Egrek}} 
Thus a random lute is directly connected to Dede Korkut here, which is presumably a reference to the fact that he was the inventor there.<ref>{{cite book|title=Het Boek van Dede Korkoet|translator=R. Boeschoten|date=2005|publisher=Bulaaq|lang=nl|page=240|isbn=9789054600428}}</ref>

==Related instruments==
Different variations of the komuz spread to several eastern European countries such as [[Ukraine]], [[Poland]] and [[Hungary]] during the 4th-5th century A.D, during the mass [[human migration|migration]] of the [[Huns]] into the region. There they became known with similar variations of the name.  (See : [[kobza]])

In [[Dagestan]] (a Russian republic between [[Chechnya]] and the [[Caspian Sea]], just east of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] in the [[Caucasus]]) a special instrument mentioned in both the Vertkov's Atlas SSSR, and in Buchner's book, is called [[agach komus]], or temur by the [[Caucasian Avars|Avar]] people. It seems a kind of slender [[guitar]] with 3 strings, with a body (carved from one block of wood) shaped like a spade and fitted with a trident-like spike at the lower end.

The [[Qanbūs]] of the Arabian and Malay peninsulae is considered by Sachs to derive its name from the komuz.<ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/files/21757/10891257253hilarian.pdf/hilarian.pdf The gambus (lutes) of the Malay world: its origins and significance in zapin Music], Larry Hilarian, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 06 Jul 2004</ref> The five-string kopuz is also thought to have transformed into the six-string instrument known as the sestar or seshane by 13th-century mystic [[Rumi]]. The word "sestar" is mentioned in the poems of the 14th-century poet [[Yunus Emre]]. [[Evliya Çelebi]] describes the kopuz as a smaller version of the seshane.

===Modern huobosi===
Although the term huobosi still applies to the traditional instrument, in China a newer instrument has evolved from the older instrument, resembling a guitar and called the [[Huobosi]].

==Media==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tfIdzzBODBo Video of a komuz master]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lc6qSGn307M Video of a komuz player]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kDCSGfvrEqo A home performance of a traditional Kyrgyz song, played on the komuz]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6S_vr2hNpMo Salamat Sadyqova performing Alymqan on the komuz]

==Sources==
{{reflist|25em}}

==References==
*[http://www.kyrgyzmusic.com/ Welcome to KYRGYZMUSIC.COM]

==External links==
* [http://www.thespektator.co.uk The Spektator – 'Komuz and Creation' - Article in issue fifteen of the Spektator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623062825/http://www.thespektator.co.uk/ |date=2020-06-23 }}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Music of Central Asia]]
*[[Bağlama]]
*[[Baglama|Saz]]
*[[Lute]]
*[[Dutar]]
*[[Dombra]]
*[[Pandura]]
*[[Gadulka]]
*[[Gusle]]
*[[Rebab]]
*[[Kamancheh]]
*[[Cretan lira]]
*[[Kobyz]]
*[[Temir komuz]]
*[[Temir komuz|Agiz komuzu]]
*[[Temir komuz|Gubuz]]
{{div col end}}

{{Turkish musical instruments}}
{{Azerbaijani musical instruments}}
{{Lute}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Komuz}}
[[Category:String instruments]]
[[Category:Necked lutes]]
[[Category:Kyrgyz musical instruments]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Dagestanian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Azerbaijani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Hungarian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkmen musical instruments]]
[[Category:Turkic words and phrases]]