View source for Kozan, Adana

{{Short description|City in Adana Province of Turkey}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = metro district
| name                 = Kozan
| image_skyline        = Kozan view from castle hill 3136.jpg
| image_caption        = View from Kozan Castle
| image_map            = Adana location Kozan.svg
| map_caption          = Map showing Kozan District in Adana Province
| coordinates          = {{coord|37|27|N|35|48|E|region:TR|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Adana
| leader_party         = MHP
| leader_name          = Mustafa Atlı
| leader_name1         = 
| area_total_km2       = 1903
| elevation_m          = 120
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 132703
| population_as_of     = 2022
| postal_code          = 01510
| area_code            = 0322
| website              = {{URL|http://www.kozan.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Kozan''', formerly '''Sis''' ({{langx|hy|Սիս}}), is a municipality and [[Districts of Turkey|district]] of [[Adana Province]], [[Turkey]].<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref> Its area is 1,903&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harita.gov.tr/uploads/files-folder/il_ilce_alanlari.xlsx|title=İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri|publisher=General Directorate of Mapping|access-date=12 July 2023}}</ref> and its population is 132,703 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=12 July 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> It is {{convert|68|km|0|abbr=off}} northeast of [[Adana]], in the northern section of the [[Çukurova]] plain. The [[Kilgen River]], a tributary of the [[Ceyhan River|Ceyhan]], flows through Kozan and crosses the plain south into the Mediterranean. The [[Taurus Mountains]] rise up sharply behind the town.

Sis was the [[Historic capitals of Armenia|capital]] of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], today's [[Sis (ancient city)]], now called Kozan Kalesi, was built on a long rocky ridge in the center of the modern city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.castles.nl/sis-castle|title=Castles.nl - Sis Castle|website=www.castles.nl|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref>

The population of the city has grown rapidly in recent years, from 15,159 in 1960, to 54,451 in 1990, to 72,463 in 2007 and to 74,521 in 2009 (census figures).

==Names==
The oldest known name is Sis or Siskia. Under the [[Roman Empire]], it was for a time named Flavias or Flaviopolis.<ref name="eb1911">{{EB1911|inline=y|wstitle=Sis|volume=25|page=158|first=David George|last=Hogarth|author-link=David George Hogarth}}</ref> The Greek version of the older name, Σίσιον Sision, came back into use in the later Byzantine period.<ref>[[William Mitchell Ramsay]], ''The Historical Geography of Asia Minor'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0sZAAAAYAAJ p. 385]</ref> In [[Armenian language|Armenian]], it is called Sis Սիս or '''Sissu'''.

''Kozan'' ({{langx|ota|قوزان|qōzān}}) was originally the name of the administrative division the town Sis was a part of. This name originates from the Qōzānoğlu dynasty of [[derebey]]s that controlled the region from 1689 to 1865.{{sfn|Gould|2012}}

==History==
===Middle Ages===
[[File:LANGLOIS(1861) p153 - VUE DE SIS.jpg|thumb|right|Panorama view of Sis (c.1855)]]
[[File:DAVIS(1879) p197 TOWN AND FORTRESS OF SIS.jpg|thumb|right|Panorama view of town and fortress (c.1870)]]

In 704, Sis was besieged by the [[Arabs]], but relieved by the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantines]]. The [[Abbasid]] [[caliph]] [[al-Mutawakkil]] took it and refortified it, but it soon returned to Byzantine hands. It was rebuilt in 1186 by [[Leo II, Prince of Armenia|Leo II]], king of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], one of the [[Rupenide]] dynasty who made the city the capital of his Kingdom (from 1186 until 1375). During the [[Crusade]] the catholicate returned to Sis in 1294, and remained there 150 years.<ref name="eb1911"/>

In 1266 Sis, the capital of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], was captured and damaged by the Egyptian Mamluks led by [[Baibars]]. [[al-Said Barakah]] sent [[Qalawun]] to attack the city in 1277, but in 1375, Sis was taken and demolished by the [[Ramadanids]], under the flag of the [[Mamluke]] Sultan of [[Egypt]]. The town never recovered its prosperity, not even when it passed into the power of the Ottomans in 1516.

===Ecclesiastical history===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2020}}
Sis had an important place in ecclesiastical history both the [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] and as a Roman Catholic [[titular see]]. It is first mentioned in [[Theodoret]]'s life of [[St. Simeon Stylites]].

In the Middle Ages, Sis was the religious center of Christian Armenians, until the Armenians moved the seat of Catholicos back to Vagharshapat ([[Echmiadzin]]), in [[Armenia]]. [[Lequien]] (II, 899) gives the names of several bishops of Sis, before and after Gregory IX.

Even prior to the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]], Sis was an episcopal see and several names of bishops and patriarchs can be found in the literature:

*[[Alexander of Jerusalem|Alexander]], later [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Bishop of Jerusalem]] and founder of the famous library of the Holy Sepulchre in the third century
*Nicetas, present at the [[First Council of Nicaea]] in 325
*John, who lived in 451;
*Andrew in the sixth century
*George (681)
*Eustratus, [[Patriarch of Antioch]] about 868

In 1441, Sis having fallen from its high estate, the Armenian clergy proposed to remove the see, and on the refusal of the Catholicos of the day, [[Gregory IX of Cilicia|Gregory IX]], installed a rival, namely [[Kirakos I Virapetsi]] (Kirakos of Armenia) at [[Echmiadzin]], who, as soon as [[Selim I]] had conquered [[Kingdom of Armenia (Middle Ages)|Greater Armenia]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2007}}, became the more widely accepted of the two by the Armenian church in the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref name="eb1911"/>

The Catholicos of Sis (of the [[Holy See of Cilicia]]) maintained himself nevertheless, with under his jurisdiction several bishops, numerous villages and convents, {{citation needed span|and was supported in his views by the Catholic [[Pope]] up to the middle of the 19th century,|date=May 2020}} when the patriarch [[Nerses V of Armenia|Nerses]], declaring finally for Echmiadzin, carried the government with him.{{clarify|date=May 2020}} In 1885, Sis tried to declare Echmiadzin schismatic, and in 1895 its clergy took it on themselves to elect a Catholicos; but the Porte annulled the election, and only allowed it six years later upon Sis renouncing its pretensions to independence.{{Citation needed|date=December 2011}} That Catholicos had the right to prepare the sacred myron (oil) and to preside over a [[synod]], but was in fact not more than a [[Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]], and regarded by many Armenians as schismatic.<ref name="eb1911"/>

===Ottoman period===
{{expand section|date=April 2015}}
In the Ottoman period, Kozan was in the [[sanjak]] of Adana, and the seat of the [[kaza]] of Kozan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.houshamadyan.org/en/mapottomanempire/vilayet-of-adana/sandjakofsis.html|title=Maps - Vilayet of Adana - Sandjak of Sis :: Houshamadyan - a project to reconstruct Ottoman Armenian town and village life|last=Houshamadyan|website=www.houshamadyan.org|access-date=21 April 2018}}</ref> Ottoman archives show that [[Devşirme]] system was implemented in Kozan. However there is evidence that the locals resisted the practise. In 1564, for example, villagers from Sis came to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] capital [[Istanbul]] and kidnapped their children back.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yılmaz |first=Gülay |date=2015-12-01 |title=The Devshirme System and the Levied Children of Bursa in 1603-4 |url=https://belleten.gov.tr/doi/10.37879/belleten.2015.901 |journal=Belleten |language=tr |volume=79 |issue=286 |pages=901–930 |doi=10.37879/belleten.2015.901 |issn=0041-4255|url-access=subscription }}</ref> From 1689 to 1865,{{sfn|Gould|2012}} the region was under the control of Kozanoğulları, a family of feudal lords. While there are various theories about their history and origin,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Eberhard |first1=Wolfram |title=Nomads and Farmers in Southeastern Turkey, Problems of Settlement |date=1953 |publisher=Brill |page=45}}</ref> they claimed descent from Turkmen tribes,{{sfn|Bearman|Bianquis|Bosworth|van Donzel|2012}} and [[Ahmed Cevdet Pasha]] wrote that they were descended from the Arık tribe of Warsaks.{{sfn|Gould|2012}}

===Modern===

At the turn of the twentieth century, the town's population was 8,000, about 5,600 of which were Armenians.<ref>Kévorkian, Raymond H. and Paul B. Paboudjian, ''Les Arméniens dans l’Empire Ottoman à la veille du génocide''. Paris: Editions d’art et d’histoire, 1992, p. 292.</ref> They were all deported during the course of the [[Armenian genocide]]. Kozan was occupied by [[France]] between March 8, 1919 - June 2, 1920 during the [[Turkish War of Independence]]. After Turkey was declared a republic, Kozan was a province, compromising the districts of Kozan, [[Kadirli]], [[Feke]] and [[Saimbeyli]] between 1923 and 1926.

==Composition==
There are 103 [[mahalle|neighbourhoods]] in Kozan District:<ref>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx Mahalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 12 July 2023.</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=12em}}
* [[Acarmantaş, Kozan|Acarmantaş]]
* Ağlıboğaz
* [[Akarca, Kozan|Akarca]]
* [[Akçalıuşağı, Kozan|Akçalıuşağı]]
* [[Akdam, Kozan|Akdam]]
* [[Akkaya, Kozan|Akkaya]]
* [[Alapınar, Kozan|Alapınar]]
* [[Andıl, Kozan|Andıl]]
* [[Arslanlı, Kozan|Arslanlı]]
* Arslanpaşa
* [[Aydın, Kozan|Aydın]]
* [[Ayşehoca, Kozan|Ayşehoca]]
* Bağlar
* [[Bağözü, Kozan|Bağözü]]
* Bağtepe
* [[Boztahta, Kozan|Boztahta]]
* [[Bucakköy, Kozan|Bucakköy]]
* [[Bulduklu, Kozan|Bulduklu]]
* [[Çamdere, Kozan|Çamdere]]
* [[Çamlarca, Kozan|Çamlarca]]
* Çanaklı
* [[Çandık, Kozan|Çandık]]
* [[Çelenuşağı, Kozan|Çelenuşağı]]
* [[Çobanpınarı, Kozan|Çobanpınarı]]
* [[Çokak, Kozan|Çokak]]
* [[Çukurören, Kozan|Çukurören]]
* [[Çulluuşağı, Kozan|Çulluuşağı]]
* Cumhuriyet
* [[Çürüklü, Kozan|Çürüklü]]
* [[Damyeri, Kozan|Damyeri]]
* [[Dikilitaş, Kozan|Dikilitaş]]
* [[Dilekkaya, Kozan|Dilekkaya]]
* [[Doğanalanı, Kozan|Doğanalanı]]
* [[Duraluşağı, Kozan|Duraluşağı]]
* [[Durmuşlu, Kozan|Durmuşlu]]
* [[Düzağaç, Kozan|Düzağaç]]
* [[Enizçakırı, Kozan|Enizçakırı]]
* [[Ergenuşağı, Kozan|Ergenuşağı]]
* [[Eskikabasakal, Kozan|Eskikabasakal]]
* [[Eskimantaş, Kozan|Eskimantaş]]
* [[Faydalı, Kozan|Faydalı]]
* [[Ferhatlı, Kozan|Ferhatlı]]
* [[Gazi, Kozan|Gazi]]
* [[Gedikli, Kozan|Gedikli]]
* [[Gökçeyol, Kozan|Gökçeyol]]
* [[Gökgöz, Kozan|Gökgöz]]
* [[Görbeyaz, Kozan|Görbeyaz]]
* [[Güneri, Kozan|Güneri]]
* [[Hacıbeyli, Kozan|Hacıbeyli]]
* [[Hacımirzalı, Kozan|Hacımirzalı]]
* Hacıuşağı
* Hamamköy
* [[İdemköy, Kozan|İdemköy]]
* [[Ilıcaköy, Kozan|Ilıcaköy]]
* [[Işıkkaya, Kozan|Işıkkaya]]
* [[Işıklı, Kozan|Işıklı]]
* [[Kabaktepe, Kozan|Kabaktepe]]
* Kahveli
* [[Kalkumaç, Kozan|Kalkumaç]]
* [[Kapıkaya, Kozan|Kapıkaya]]
* [[Karabucak, Kozan|Karabucak]]
* Karacaoğlan
* [[Karacaören, Kozan|Karacaören]]
* [[Karahamzalı, Kozan|Karahamzalı]]
* [[Karanebili, Kozan|Karanebili]]
* [[Kemer, Kozan|Kemer]]
* [[Kıbrıslar, Kozan|Kıbrıslar]]
* [[Kızıllar, Kozan|Kızıllar]]
* [[Kızlarsekisi, Kozan|Kızlarsekisi]]
* [[Köseli, Kozan|Köseli]]
* [[Kuytucak, Kozan|Kuytucak]]
* [[Kuyubeli, Kozan|Kuyubeli]]
* [[Kuyuluk, Kozan|Kuyuluk]]
* Mahmutlu
* [[Mahyalar, Kozan|Mahyalar]]
* [[Marankeçili, Kozan|Marankeçili]]
* [[Minnetli, Kozan|Minnetli]]
* [[Orçan, Kozan|Orçan]]
* [[Örendere, Kozan|Örendere]]
* [[Oruçlu, Kozan|Oruçlu]]
* [[Özbaşı, Kozan|Özbaşı]]
* [[Pekmezci, Kozan|Pekmezci]]
* [[Postkabasakal, Kozan|Postkabasakal]]
* [[Salmanlı, Kozan|Salmanlı]]
* [[Şerifli, Kozan|Şerifli]]
* Şevkiye
* Taş
* Tavşantepe
* [[Tepecikören, Kozan|Tepecikören]]
* [[Tufanlı, Kozan|Tufanlı]]
* Tufanpaşa
* [[Turgutlu, Kozan|Turgutlu]]
* Türkeli
* [[Turunçlu, Kozan|Turunçlu]]
* Varsaklar
* [[Velicanlı, Kozan|Velicanlı]]
* [[Yanalerik, Kozan|Yanalerik]]
* Yarımoğlu
* [[Yassıçalı, Kozan|Yassıçalı]]
* [[Yeniköy, Kozan|Yeniköy]]
* [[Yukarıkeçili, Kozan|Yukarıkeçili]]
* [[Yüksekören, Kozan|Yüksekören]]
* [[Zerdali, Kozan|Zerdali]]
{{div col end}}

==Kozan today==
Today Kozan is a city surrounded by vineyards, gardens and groves of [[Cupressaceae|cypress]], [[sycamore fig]], orange and lemon trees. In summer the great heat (40 plus degrees Celsius or 104 plus degrees Fahrenheit) compels the inhabitants to desert Kozan, retreating to cool off in the wooded higher ground.

==Climate==
Kozan has a [[hot-summer Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Csa''). Kozan has mild, rainy winters and very hot, muggy and dry summers. The highest recorded temperature was on 13 August 2023 at {{convert|48.4|°C|1|abbr=on}}.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

{{Weather box
 | width       = auto
 | collapsed   = yes
 | metric first = yes
 | single line = yes
 | location    = Kozan (1991–2020)
 | Jan high C = 14.6
 | Feb high C = 16.0
 | Mar high C = 19.5
 | Apr high C = 23.8
 | May high C = 28.8
 | Jun high C = 33.1
 | Jul high C = 35.8
 | Aug high C = 36.1
 | Sep high C = 33.5
 | Oct high C = 29.1
 | Nov high C = 22.2
 | Dec high C = 16.5
 | year high C = 25.8
 | Jan mean C = 10.1
 | Feb mean C = 11.2
 | Mar mean C = 14.2
 | Apr mean C = 17.9
 | May mean C = 22.2
 | Jun mean C = 26.1
 | Jul mean C = 28.8
 | Aug mean C = 29.2
 | Sep mean C = 26.7
 | Oct mean C = 22.9
 | Nov mean C = 16.7
 | Dec mean C = 11.9
 | year mean C = 19.9
 | Jan low C = 6.9
 | Feb low C = 7.4
 | Mar low C = 9.9
 | Apr low C = 12.9
 | May low C = 16.8
 | Jun low C = 20.2
 | Jul low C = 23.2
 | Aug low C = 23.7
 | Sep low C = 21.2
 | Oct low C = 18.3
 | Nov low C = 12.8
 | Dec low C = 8.5
 | year low C = 15.2
 | precipitation colour = green
 | Jan precipitation mm = 99.8
 | Feb precipitation mm = 81.62
 | Mar precipitation mm = 91.89
 | Apr precipitation mm = 80.61
 | May precipitation mm = 84.78
 | Jun precipitation mm = 46.94
 | Jul precipitation mm = 24.33
 | Aug precipitation mm = 22.98
 | Sep precipitation mm = 31.99
 | Oct precipitation mm = 43.63
 | Nov precipitation mm = 74.26
 | Dec precipitation mm = 112.22
 | year precipitation mm = 795.05

 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
 | Jan precipitation days = 7.8
 | Feb precipitation days = 7.5
 | Mar precipitation days = 8.3
 | Apr precipitation days = 8.2
 | May precipitation days = 7.0
 | Jun precipitation days = 4.8
 | Jul precipitation days = 2.7
 | Aug precipitation days = 2.5
 | Sep precipitation days = 3.3
 | Oct precipitation days = 4.8
 | Nov precipitation days = 4.8
 | Dec precipitation days = 8.2
 | year precipitation days = 69.9

 | Jan humidity = 56.2
 | Feb humidity = 56.5
 | Mar humidity = 58.7
 | Apr humidity = 62.4
 | May humidity = 62.3
 | Jun humidity = 62.0
 | Jul humidity = 63.8
 | Aug humidity = 63.6
 | Sep humidity = 57.6
 | Oct humidity = 51.0
 | Nov humidity = 49.9
 | Dec humidity = 56.8
 | year humidity = 58.4
 | source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Kozan_17908.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Kozan
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 15, 2024}}</ref>
}}

==Notable natives==
{{incomplete list|date=April 2015}}
* [[Nerses Balients]] (fl. early 14th century), [[Armenians|Armenian]] ecclesiastical figure, politician, historian
* [[Grigor Khul]] (12th century), Armenian musician
* [[Manase Sevak]] (1897–1967), Armenian biochemist and public figure, member of [[New York Academy of Sciences]] and [[Soviet Armenia's Academy of Sciences]]
* [[Grigor Kyulyan]] (1912–1974), Armenian writer
* [[İmren Aykut]] (born 1940), Turkish female economist, trade unionist, politician and former government minister

==Things to see==
Today ruins of churches, convents, castles and palaces may be seen on all sides. The lofty castle and the monastery and church built by Leo II, and containing the coronation chair of the kings of [[Cilician Armenia]],<ref name="eb1911"/> were still noteworthy up until the [[Armenian genocide]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Street view, Kozan - Adana 01.JPG|Street view of Kozan
File:Büyük Cami, Kozan 01.JPG|Grand Mosque of Kozan
File:Kozan Castle view from middle to north end 3217.jpg|[[Kozan Castle]]
File:Dilekkaya, Kocakışla, 01500 Dilekkaya-Kozan-Adana, Turkey - panoramio.jpg|[[Anavarza Castle]]
File:Kozan Velicanlı Mahallesi Sin Manastırı.jpg|Kozan [[Velicanlı, Kozan|Velicanlı]] District Sin Monastery
File:Kozan Barajı, Kozan - Adana 03.JPG|[[Kozan Dam]]
File:Kozan 05.JPG|General view of Kozan
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kozan Dam]] on the Kilgen River, {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} north of Kozan

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{Catholic|wstitle=Flavias}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1=Gould |first1=A.G. |editor-last1= Bearman |editor-first1= P. |editor-last2= Bianquis |editor-first2= Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3= C.E. |editor-last4= van Donzel |editor-first4= E. |editor-last5= Heinrichs |editor-first5= W.P. |title=Ḳōzān |year=2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher= E. J. Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kozan-SIM_4455?s.num=0&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2&s.q=%E1%B8%B2%C5%8Dz%C4%81n}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |editor-last1= Bearman |editor-first1= P. |editor-last2= Bianquis |editor-first2= Th. |editor-last3=Bosworth |editor-first3= C.E. |editor-last4= van Donzel |editor-first4= E. |editor-last5= Heinrichs |editor-first5= W.P. |title=Ḳōzān-Og̲h̲ullari̇ |year=2012 |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |publisher= E. J. Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/kozan-oghullari-SIM_4456?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Sis Armenian History and Presence in Sis]
* [http://www.pbase.com/dosseman/kozan Many pictures of the town and the castle]
{{Commons category|Kozan}}
{{Historic capitals of Armenia}}
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Adana|sortkey=Kozan}}
{{Kozan District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kozan, Adana| ]]
[[Category:Metropolitan district municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]
[[Category:Populated places in Adana Province]]
[[Category:Districts of Adana Province]]
[[Category:Former Armenian communities in Adana Province]]
[[Category:Places of the Armenian genocide]]