View source for Kra–Dai-speaking peoples

{{Short description|Ethnic groups of Asia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tai
| image = [[File:Taikadai-en.svg|300px]]
| caption = Distribution of the Tai–Kadai (Kra–Dai)–speaking peoples:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{{legend|blue|[[Kra languages|Kra]]}}
{{legend|#DB4FFF|[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]}}
{{legend|#B000A6|[[Ong Be language|Bê]]}}
{{legend|#80FF00|[[Hlai languages|Hlai]]}}
{{Col-2}}
{{legend|#FFEC19|[[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]]}}
{{legend|#FF4C00|[[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]}}
{{legend|#FF9D00|[[Southwestern Tai languages|Southwestern Tai]]}}
{{Col-end}}
| poptime =
| popplace = [[Cambodia]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Burma]], [[Singapore]], [[Thailand]] and [[Vietnam]]
| rels = [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Animism]], [[Shamanism]]
| langs = [[Kra–Dai languages]], [[Mandarin Chinese]] (in China)
| related =
}}

The term '''Kra–Dai peoples''' or '''Kra–Dai-speaking peoples''' refers collectively to the [[ethnic group]]s of southern [[China]] and [[Southeast Asia]], stretching from [[Hainan]] to [[Northeast India]] and from southern [[Sichuan]] to [[Laos]], [[Thailand]] and parts of [[Vietnam]], who not only speak languages belonging to the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai language family]], but also share similar traditions, culture and ancestry.{{NoteTag|There is some ambiguity as to the use of the term ''Tai peoples'', as some of the peoples speaking languages in branches of the [[Kra–Dai languages|Kra–Dai language family]] other than the Tai languages may also call themselves Tai. Therefore the term ''nuclear Tai peoples'' is used when discussing speakers of Tai languages.}}

==Origin==
{{see also|Baiyue|Vietnamese people|History of Thailand|History of Laos|History of Burma|History of Cambodia}}

Chamberlain (2016) proposes that the Kra–Dai language family was formed as early as the 12th century BCE in the middle of the [[Yangtze basin]], coinciding roughly with the establishment of the [[Chu (state)|state of Chu]] and the beginning of the [[Zhou dynasty]].<ref name="Chamberlain 2016">{{harvp|Chamberlain|2016}}</ref> Following the southward migrations of [[Kra languages|Kra]] and [[Hlai people|Hlai]] (Rei/Li) peoples around the 8th century BCE, the Yue (Be-Tai people) started to break away and move to the east coast in the present-day [[Zhejiang]], in the 6th century BCE, forming the [[Yue (state)|state of Yue]] and conquering the [[Wu (state)|state of Wu]] shortly thereafter.<ref name="Chamberlain 2016" /> 

According to Chamberlain, the Yue (Be-Tai) began to migrate southwards along the east coast of China to what are now [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], and northern [[Vietnam]] after Yue was conquered by Chu around 333 BCE. There they formed the [[Luo Yue]], who moved into [[Lingnan]] and northern Vietnma, and then westward into northeastern Laos and [[Sip Song Chau Tai]], and later became the Central-Southwestern Tai, followed by the [[Âu Việt|Xi Ou]], which became the [[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]]).<ref name="Chamberlain 2016" /> 

Tao et. al (2023), however, suggests that the Kra-Dai language family originated from coastal south China, around the [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], and Guangxi provinces, and underwent a radial expansion into the Guizhou-Yunnan region, Hainan Island, and Mainland Southeast Asia. This language dispersal might also be associated with environmental change and demographic changes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tao |first1=Yuxin |last2=Wei |first2=Yuancheng |last3=Ge |first3=Jiaqi |last4=Pan |first4=Yan |last5=Wang |first5=Wenmin |last6=Bi |first6=Qianqi |last7=Sheng |first7=Pengfei |last8=Fu |first8=Changzhong |last9=Pan |first9=Wuyun |last10=Jin |first10=Li |last11=Zheng |first11=Hong-Xiang |last12=Zhang |first12=Menghan |title=Phylogenetic evidence reveals early Kra-Dai divergence and dispersal in the late Holocene |journal=Nature Communications |date=30 October 2023 |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=6924 |doi=10.1038/s41467-023-42761-x |pmid=37903755 |pmc=10616200 |bibcode=2023NatCo..14.6924T }}</ref>

Kra–Dai peoples are thought to have originated in [[Taiwan]], where they spoke a dialect of proto-Austronesian or one of its descendant languages. The Kra–Dai-speaking peoples migrated to southern China, where they brought with them the [[Proto-Kra–Dai language]]. They may originally have been [[Austronesian peoples]].{{sfn|Sagart|2004|pp = 411–440}} Unlike the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian-speaking]] group that sailed south to the [[Philippines]] and other parts of [[maritime Southeast Asia]], the ancestors of the modern Kra–Dai people sailed west to mainland China and possibly traveled along the [[Pearl River]], where their language greatly changed from other Austronesian languages under the influence of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]] and [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] languages.{{sfn|Blench|2004|p=12}} However, no archaeological evidence has been identified which would correspond to this Daic expansion in its earliest phases. 

Aside from linguistic evidence, the connection between Austronesian and Kra–Dai can also be seen in shared cultural practices. Roger Blench (2008) demonstrates that [[tooth ablation]], [[face tattoo]]ing, [[teeth blackening]], and [[snake worship]] are shared between the [[Taiwanese indigenous peoples]] and the Kra–Dai peoples of southern China.{{sfn|Blench|2009|pp = 4–7}}{{sfn|Blench|2008|pp = 17–32}}

Overall, most theories suggest that Kra-Dai peoples are closely related to Austronesians,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Changmai |first1=Piya |last2=Jaisamut |first2=Kitipong |last3=Kampuansai |first3=Jatupol |last4=Kutanan |first4=Wibhu |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427591v1.full |journal=bioRxiv |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.21.427591v1.full |doi=10.1101/2021.01.21.427591 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Dang |last2=Ko |first2=Albert Min-Shan |last3=Stoneking |first3=Mark |date=2023 |title=The genomic diversity of Taiwanese Austronesian groups: Implications for the "Into- and Out-of-Taiwan" models |url=https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus/article/2/5/pgad122/7160857 |journal=PNAS Nexus |volume=2 |issue=5 |page=122 |doi=10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad122 |pmid=37200801 |pmc=10187666 |via=Oxford Academic}}</ref> especially Taiwanese indigenous peoples.<ref name=":2" /> They descend from a local Austronesian-related lineage in continental southeast China, ranging from Zheijiang to Guangdong, with additional gene flow from an [[Austroasiatic languages#Austroasiatic migrations and archaeogenetics|Austroasiatic]]-related lineage.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |last5=Guo |first5=Jianxin |last6=Adnan |first6=Atif |last7=Yin |first7=Lianfei |last8=Huang |first8=Youyi |last9=Zhao |first9=Jing |last10=Yang |first10=Yidong |last11=Ma |first11=Fuwei |last12=Li |first12=Yingxiang |last13=Hu |first13=Rong |last14=Yang |first14=Tianle |last15=Wei |first15=Lan-Hai |date=30 June 2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free |last16=Wang |first16=Chuan-Chao |article-number=853391 }}</ref> Genetic characteristics of the [[Baiyue]] are also well-preserved in Kra-Dai groups from [[South China]] and [[mainland Southeast Asia]],<ref name=":64">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |article-number=msac210 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}}</ref> although it's likely that the Baiyue themselves were multi-ethnic.<ref name=":43">{{Cite book |last=Brindley |first=Erica Fox |title=Ancient China and the Yue: Perceptions and Identities on the Southern Frontier, c.400 BCE–50 CE |date=2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-08478-0 |edition=1st}}</ref> 

<gallery>
File:Genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesians.png|Proposed genesis of Daic languages and their relation with Austronesian languages ([[Roger Blench|Blench]], 2018)<ref name="Blench 2018">{{Cite book |last=Blench |first=Roger |url=https://www.academia.edu/37593287 |title=Tai-Kadai and Austronesian Are Related at Multiple Levels and Their Archaeological Interpretation (Draft) |date=2018 |quote=The volume of cognates between Austronesian and Daic, notably in fundamental vocabulary, is such that they must be related. Borrowing can be excluded as an explanation |via=Academia.edu}}{{self-published inline|date=January 2025}}</ref>
File:Kra-Tai-Migration1.png|Kra-Dai migration route according to James R. Chamberlain (2016).<ref>{{harvp|Chamberlain|2016|page=67}}</ref>
File:Gerner Tai-Kadai migration route.png|Kra–Dai migration route according to Matthias Gerner's ''Northeast to Southwest Hypothesis''.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Gerner |first=Matthias |date=2014 |title=Project Discussion: The Austro-Tai Hypothesis. The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL-14) |url=http://iscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files-pdf/Papers/Session4/Gerner.pdf |conference=The 14th International Symposium on Chinese Languages and Linguistics (IsCLL -14) |page=158 |access-date=6 February 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201201811/http://iscll-14.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files-pdf/Papers/Session4/Gerner.pdf }}</ref>
</gallery>

== Linguistic subdivisions ==
There are five established branches of the Kra–Dai languages, which may not directly correspond to ethnicity:
* the [[Tai peoples]] of China and much of Southeast Asia (including most notably the Thai, Lao, Isan, Shan and Zhuang, and [[Saek people]] of Laos and Thailand)
* the [[Hlai people]] and [[Be language|Be people]] of China, especially on Hainan
* the [[Kra peoples]] of China and Vietnam (also known as the Geyan peoples)
* the [[Kam–Sui peoples]] (which may or not include the [[Biao people]]) in central China

The [[Lakkia language|Lakkia people]] of [[Guangxi Autonomous Region]] of China (''Tai Lakka'' in neighboring portions of Vietnam) are ethnically of [[Yao people|Yao]], but speak a Kra–Dai language called ''[[Lakkja language|Lakkia]]''.<ref name="Lakkia on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=lbc Lakkia on Ethnologue]</ref> These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Kra–Dai language (possibly the language of the ancestors of the [[Biao people]]).
* The [[Lingao]] people in [[Hainan Province]] of China speak a Kra–Dai language called ''[[Ong-Be language|Be]]'' or ''Lincheng,'' although the ethnicity of the Lingao traces back to the [[Han Chinese|Han]] nationality.<ref name="Lingao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=onb Lingao on Ethnologue]</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
{{Further|List of Tai ethnic groups in India|Kam–Sui peoples|Kra languages}}

The Kra-Dai have historically resided in [[China]], continental [[Southeast Asia]] and parts of northeastern [[India]] since the early Kra-Dai expansion period. Their primary geographic distribution in those countries roughly forms an arc extending from northeastern India through southern China and down to Southeast Asia. Recent Kra-Dai migrations have brought considerable numbers of Kra-Dai peoples to [[Japan]], [[Taiwan]], [[Sri Lanka]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Europe]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[North America]] and [[Argentina]] as well. The greatest [[ethnic diversity]] among the Kra-Dai is found in China, their prehistoric homeland.

The Kra peoples are clustered in the [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]] and [[Hainan]] provinces of China, as well as the [[Hà Giang Province|Hà Giang]], [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lào Cai Province|Lào Cai]] and [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] provinces of [[Vietnam]].

The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in [[China]] as well as neighboring portions of northern [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].

===List of Kra–Dai-speaking peoples per country===

====China====
In [[Northern and southern China|southern China]], people speaking Kra-Dai languages are mainly found in [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]], [[Guangdong]], and [[Hainan]]. According to statistics from the [[1990 Chinese census]], the total population of these groups was 23,262,000. Their distribution is as follows:

* '''Dai (or Tai)''' have a population of about 19 million, mainly inhabiting [[Guangxi]], [[Yunnan]], [[Guangdong]] and parts of [[Guizhou]] and [[Hunan]] provinces.
* '''Kam-Sui (Kam-Shui)''' have a population of about 4 million and live mainly in Hunan, Guizhou, and in Guangxi.
* '''Kra''' have a population of about 22,000 and live mostly in Yunnan, Guangxi and Hunan.

The following is a list of the Kra–Dai ethnic groups in China:

=====Tai and Rauz peoples=====
*[[Thai people|Thai]] (Central Thai)
*[[Bouyei people|Bouyei]]
*[[Tai Chong]] ({{langx|th|ไทชอง}} tai chong)
*[[Dai people|Dai]] ({{langx|th|ไทลื้อ}} tai léu), including the [[Lu people|Lu]], Han Tai, Huayao Tai and Paxi people
*[[Tai Dam people|Tai Dam]]
*[[Dong people|Dong]] ({{zh|c=侗族}}, {{langx|th|ต้ง}}), including the Northern and Southern Dong people
*[[E (ethnic group)|E]] ({{langx|th|อี๋}} ĕe)
*[[Tai Eolai]] ({{langx|th|ไทเอวลาย}} Tai eo laai)
*Fuma ({{langx|th|ฟูมะ}} ''Fū ma'')
*[[Hongjin Tai]]
*[[White Thai people]]
*[[Tai Kaihua]] ({{langx|th|ไทไขหัว}} tai kăi hŭa)
*[[Kang (ethnic group)|Kang]]
*[[Tai Lai]] ({{langx|th|ไทลาย}} tai laai)
*[[Minggiay]] ({{langx|th|มิงเกีย}} ming-gia)
*[[Mo people|Mo]]
*[[Isan people]]
*[[Tai Nuea]] ({{langx|th|ไทเหนือ}} tai nĕua), including the Tai Mao and Tai Pong people
*[[Pachen]] ({{langx|th|ปาเชน}} bpaa chayn)
*[[Tai Payee]] ({{langx|th|ไทปายี่}} tai bpaa yêe)
*[[Pemiayao]] ({{langx|th|เปเมียว}} bpay-mia wor)
*[[Pulachee]] ({{langx|th|ปูลาจี}} bpoo-laa jee)
*[[Pulungchee]] ({{langx|th|ปูลุงจี}} bpoo-lung-jee)
*[[Puyai]] ({{langx|th|ปู้ใย่}} bpôo)
*[[San Chay people|San Chay]] (also referred to as the Cao Lan people)
*[[Shan people|Shan]] ({{langx|th|ไทใหญ่}}  yài tai), including the [[Cun (ethnic group)|Cun]] ({{langx|th|ไทขึน}})
*[[Tay people|Tay]] ({{langx|th|โท้}})
*[[Thuchen]] ({{langx|th|ตูเชน}} dtoo chayn)
*[[Thula]] ({{langx|th|ตุลา}} dtù-laa)
*[[Tai Ya people]] ({{langx|th|ไทหย่า}} tai yàa)
*[[Yoy people|Yoy]] ({{langx|th|ไทย้อย}} tai yói)
*[[Tay people|Tay]] (including the [[Thổ people|Tho]] people)
*[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] ({{langx|th|จ้วง}} jûang), including the Buyang, Dianbao, Pusha, Tulao, Yongchun and [[Nùng people|Nùng]] ({{langx|th|ไทนุง}}) people

=====Hlai people=====
The [[Hlai people|Hlai]] reside primarily, if not completely, on [[Hainan]] island province in China.

=====Kra peoples=====
The Kra peoples are clustered in the [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Yunnan]], [[Hunan]] and [[Hainan]] provinces of China, as well as the [[Hà Giang Province|Hà Giang]], [[Cao Bằng Province|Cao Bằng]], [[Lào Cai Province|Lào Cai]] and [[Sơn La Province|Sơn La]] provinces of [[Vietnam]].
{{For|detailed geographic distribution|Kra languages}}

=====Kam–Sui peoples=====
{{Main article|Kam–Sui peoples}}
*[[Bouyei people|Bouyei]] of Guizhou (including Ai-Cham, Mak and T'en, although most Bouyei are ''nuclear'' Tai)
*[[Kam people|Kam]] of Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi, referred to as the Dong in China
*[[Mulao people|Mulao]] of Guizhou
*[[Maonan people|Maonan]] of Guangxi
*[[Sui people|Sui]] of Guizhou, Yunnan, and Guangxi; also referred to as the Shui

======Cao Miao people======
The [[Miao people|Cao Miao people]] of Guizhou, Hunan, and Guangxi speak a Kam–Sui language called ''Mjiuniang'', although they are believed to be of [[Hmong–Mien languages|Hmong–Mien]] descent.

======Kang people======
The [[Tay Khang language|Tay Khang]] of Yunnan and [[Laos]] speak a Kam–Sui language but are ethnically related to the [[Dai people]].

=====Biao=====
The [[Biao language|Biao]] are clustered in Guangdong, China.<ref name="Biao on Ethnologue">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=byk Biao at Ethnologue]</ref>

=====Lakkia people=====
The [[Lakkia people|Lakkia]] are an ethnic group clustered in the [[Guangxi Province]] of [[China]] and neighboring portions of [[Vietnam]], whose members are of [[Yao people|Yao]] descent, but speak a Tai–Kadai language called ''Lakkia''.<ref name="Lakkia on Ethnologue"/> These Yao were likely in an area dominated by Tai speakers and assimilated an early Tai–Kadai language (possibly the language of the ancestors of the [[Biao people]]).

=====Lingao people=====
The [[Lingao language|Lingao]] are an ethnic group clustered in Hainan, China whose members are classified as [[Han Chinese]] under [[Chinese nationality law]], but speak a Tai–Kadai language called ''Lincheng''.<ref name="Lingao on Ethnologue"/>

====Laos====
{{see also|Ethnic groups in Laos}}

=====Nuclear Tai peoples=====
*[[Red Thai|Tai Daeng]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=LA Ethnologue report for Laos]</ref>
*[[Tai Dam people|Tai Dam]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Tai Gapong]]
*[[Tai He people|Tai He]]
*[[Tay Khang]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Tai Kao people|Tai Kao]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Kongsat]]
*[[Kuan (ethnic group)|Kuan]] (Population of 2,500 in Laos)<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Tai Laan]]
*[[Tai Maen]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Northern Thai people|Northern Thai]] ([[Lanna]])<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Lao people|Lao]] (Population of 3,000,000 in Laos)<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Lao Lom]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Tai Long language|Tai Long]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Dai people|Dai]] (Population of 134,100 in Laos<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/> including the [[Lu people]]))
*[[Isan people|Northeastern Thai]] (including the [[Kaleun people|Lao Kaleun]] and Isan people)
*[[Tai Nuea]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Nùng people|Nùng]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Nyaw people|Nyaw]]
*[[Tai Pao]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Tai Peung]]
*[[Phuan language|Phuan]] (Population of 106,099 in Laos)<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Phutai]] (Population of 154,400 in Laos)<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Pu Ko]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Rien (ethnic group)|Rien]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Tai Sam]]
*[[Tayten]]
*[[Yoy people|Yoy]]<ref name="Ethnologue report for Laos"/>
*[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (including the [[Nùng people]])
*[[Shan people|Shan]]
*[[Yang people|Yang]]<ref name="THE RESEARCH AND CLASSIFICATION OF THE ETHNIC GROUPS IN LAOS">[http://www.muonglaomagazine.com/lao%2520citizen.html The Research and Classification of the Ethnic Groups in Laos]{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}</ref>
*[[Thai people|Thai]] (Central Thai)

=====Kam–Sui peoples=====
{{see also|Kam–Sui peoples}}
The Kam–Sui peoples are clustered in [[China]] as well as neighboring portions of northern [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].

=====Saek people=====
The center of the [[Saek people|Saek]] population is the [[Mekong River]] in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the [[Isan]] region of northeast [[Thailand]], near the border with Laos.

====Thailand====
{{see also|Ethnic groups in Thailand}}

=====Nuclear Tai peoples=====
*Chiang Saeng
**Central Thai ([[Thai people|Thai]]<ref name="The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples">[http://countrystudies.us/thailand/42.htm The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples]</ref> and [[Khorat Thai]])
**[[Northern Thai people|Northern Thai]] (Tai Wang, [[Lanna]] and [[Thai Yuan]])
**[[Southern Thai people|Southern Thai]] (including the Tak Bai Thai people)
**[[Tai Dam people|Tai Dam]]
**[[Tai Daeng people|Tai Daeng]]
**[[Phuan people|Phuan]]<ref name="The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples"/>
**[[Lao Song|Tai Song]]
*Lao–Phutai
**[[Lao people|Lao]]<ref name="The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples"/> ([[Lao Loum]], Lao Ga, [[Lao Lom]], Lao Ti, [[Lao Wiang]] and Lao Krang)
**[[Isan people|Northeastern Thai]] ([[Tai Kaleun]] and Isan)
**[[Phu Thai|Phutai]]<ref name="The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples"/>
**[[Nyaw]]
*Northwestern Tai
**[[Shan people|Shan]]<ref name="The Thai and Other Tai-speaking Peoples"/>
**[[Lu people|Lu]]
**[[Tai Nuea]] (including the Tai Mao people)
*[[Tai Bueng]]
*[[Tai Gapong]]
*[[Khün]]
*[[Lao Ngaew]]
*Nyong
*[[Yoy people|Yoy]]

=====Saek people=====
The center of the [[Saek people|Saek]] population is the [[Mekong River]] in central Laos. A smaller Saek community makes its home in the [[Isan]] region of northeast [[Thailand]], near the border with Laos.

====Vietnam====

=====Nuclear Tai peoples=====
*[[Buyei]]
*[[Tày Tac]]
*[[Tai Chong]]
*[[Tai Daeng language|Tai Daeng]]
*[[Tai Dam language|Tai Dam]]<ref name="Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam">[http://www.offroadvietnam.com/elpophtml/thai.htm Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam]</ref><ref name="Vets With a Mission">[http://www.vwam.com/vets/tribes/tai.html Vets With a Mission]</ref>
*[[Giáy people|Giáy]]
*[[Tai La]]
*[[Tsun-Lao]]
*[[Tai Kao people|Tai Kao]]
*[[Lao people|Lao]]
*[[Dai people|Dai]]
*[[Tai Man Thanh]]<ref name="Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam"/>
*[[Nang people|Nang]]
*[[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] (including the [[Nùng people]])
*[[Phutai]]
*[[Tai Taosao]]
*[[Tay people|Tay]]<ref name="Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam"/> (including the Tho people)
*[[Tai Do]] (including the Tay Muoi<ref name="Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam"/> and Tay Jo people)
*[[Tai Yung]]
*[[Ka Lao]]
*[[Thu Lao]]
*[[Tai So]]
*[[Tai Chiang]]
*[[Tai Lai]]
*[[Pu Thay]]<ref name="Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam"/>
*[[Tai Hang Thong]]<ref name="Thai Ethnic Group in Vietnam"/>
*[[San Chay people|San Chay]] (also referred to as the Cao Lan people)
*[[Lu people|Lu]]
*[[Yoy people|Yoy]]

=====Kra peoples=====
*[[En language|En people]]
*[[Gelao people|Gelao]]
*[[Lachi people|Lachi]]
*[[Laha people|Laha]]
*[[Qabiao people|Qabiao]]
*[[Sui people|Sui]]

====Myanmar====
{{main|Burmese-Tai}}
*[[Shan people|Shan]] (including the [[Khamti people|Khamti]] people)
*[[Dai people|Dai]] (including the [[Lu people]])
*[[Lao people|Lao]]
*[[Tai Khun]]
*[[Tai Yong]]
*[[Tai Nuea]] (including the Tai Mao people)
*[[Tai Laeng]]
*[[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]]
*[[Thai people|Thai]] (Central Thai)
*[[Tai Piw]]
*[[Thai Thanawasri|Tenasserim Thai]]

====Cambodia====
*[[Thai people|Thai]] (Central Thai) (including the Thai descent in [[Koh Kong Province|Koh Kong]])
*[[Lao people|Lao]]
*[[Shan people|Shan]]
*[[Kula people (Asia)|Kula]]

====India====
The following groups are found in [[Assam]], [[India]]:
* [[Ahom people|Ahom]]
* [[Tai Phake people|Tai Phake]]
* [[Khampti]]
* [[Khamyang people|Khamyang]]
* [[Tai Aiton people|Aiton]]
* [[Turung people|Turung]]

==Genetics of Kra–Dai-speaking peoples==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2010}}
{{see also|Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of East and Southeast Asia}}
=== Li (2008) ===
The following table of [[human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups|Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup]] frequencies of modern Kra-Dai speaking peoples is from Li, et al. (2008).<ref name="LiHui2008">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Hui |last2=Wen |first2=Bo |last3=Chen |first3=Shu-Juo |last4=Su |first4=Bing |last5=Pramoonjago |first5=Patcharin |last6=Liu |first6=Yangfan |last7=Pan |first7=Shangling |last8=Qin |first8=Zhendong |last9=Liu |first9=Wenhong |last10=Cheng |first10=Xu |last11=Yang |first11=Ningning |last12=Li |first12=Xin |last13=Tran |first13=Dinhbinh |last14=Lu |first14=Daru |last15=Hsu |first15=Mu-Tsu |last16=Deka |first16=Ranjan |last17=Marzuki |first17=Sangkot |last18=Tan |first18=Chia-Chen |last19=Jin |first19=Li |title=Paternal genetic affinity between western Austronesians and Daic populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |date=2008 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=146 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-8-146 |doi-access=free |pmid=18482451 |pmc=2408594 |bibcode=2008BMCEE...8..146L }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size: 100%"
! Ethnolinguistic group !! Language branch !!''n''!![[Haplogroup C (Y-DNA)|C]]!![[Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)|D]]* !! D1 !![[Haplogroup F (Y-DNA)|F]]!![[Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)|M]]!![[Haplogroup K (Y-DNA)|K]]!![[Haplogroup O (Y-DNA)|O]]* !![[Haplogroup O-M119|O1a]]*-M119 !! O1a2-M50 !![[Haplogroup O-M95|O2a]]*-M95 !! O2a1-M88 !![[Haplogroup O-M122|O3]]*-M122 !! O3a1-M121 !![[Haplogroup O-M122#M7|O3a4]]{{Broken anchor|date=11 June 2024|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Haplogroup O-M122#M7|reason= }}-M7 !! O3a5-M134 !![[Haplogroup O-M117|O3a5a]]-M117 !![[Haplogroup P (Y-DNA)|P]]
|-
![[Gelao language|Qau]] ([[Bijie]])
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 13
|| 
|| 15.4
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 7.7
|| 23.1
|| 
|| 
|| 15.4
|| 
|| 30.8
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 7.7
||
|-
![[Gelao language|Blue Gelao]] ([[Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longlin]])
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 30
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 13.3
|| 60.0
|| 
|| 16.7
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
||
|-
![[Lachi language|Lachi]]
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 30
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 13.3
|| 
|| 13.3
|| 16.7
|| 6.7
|| 
|| 10.0
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 
|| 6.7
|| 23.3
||
|-
![[Gelao language|Mulao]] ([[Majiang County|Majiang]])
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 30
|| 10.0
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 13.3
|| 3.3
|| 3.3
|| 63.3
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
||
|-
![[Gelao language|Red Gelao]] ([[Dafang County|Dafang]])
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 31
|| 3.2
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 6.5
|| 22.6
|| 22.6
|| 
|| 16.1
|| 
|| 12.9
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 16.1
||
|-
![[Gelao language|White Gelao]] ([[Malipo County|Malipo]])
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 14
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 35.7
|| 14.3
|| 
|| 42.9
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 7.1
|| 
||
|-
![[Buyang language|Buyang]] (Yerong)
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 16
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 62.5
|| 6.3
|| 18.8
|| 
|| 
|| 12.5
|| 
||
|-
![[Paha language|Paha]]
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 32
|| 
|| 3.1
|| 
|| 6.3
|| 
|| 6.3
|| 9.4
|| 3.1
|| 
|| 71.9
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
||
|-
![[Qabiao language|Qabiao]]
||[[Kra languages|Kra]]
|| 25
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 32.0
|| 4.0
|| 
|| 60.0
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 4.0
|| 
||
|-
![[Hlai languages|Hlai]] (Qi, [[Wuzhishan City|Tongza]])
||[[Hlai languages|Hlai]]
|| 34
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 35.3
|| 32.4
|| 
|| 29.4
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 2.9
||
|-
![[Cun language|Cun]]
||[[Hlai languages|Hlai]]
|| 31
|| 3.2
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 6.5
|| 9.7
|| 38.7
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 38.7
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 3.2
||
|-
![[Jiamao language|Jiamao]]
||[[Hlai languages|Hlai]]
|| 27
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 25.9
|| 51.9
|| 
|| 22.2
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
||
|-
![[Ong Be language|Lingao]]
||[[Ong Be language|Be]]
|| 30
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 16.7
|| 26.7
|| 
|| 13.3
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 
|| 10.0
|| 26.7
||
|-
![[E language|E]]
||[[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]]
|| 31
|| 3.2
|| 
|| 
|| 3.2
|| 
|| 9.7
|| 16.1
|| 6.5
|| 
|| 54.8
|| 
|| 3.2
|| 
|| 
|| 3.2
|| 
||
|-
![[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]], Northern ([[Wuming County|Wuming]])
||[[Northern Tai languages|Northern Tai]]
|| 22
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 13.6
|| 
|| 4.6
|| 72.7
|| 
|| 
|| 4.6
|| 
|| 
|| 4.6
||
|-
![[Zhuang languages|Zhuang]], Southern ([[Chongzuo]])
||[[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]
|| 15
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 13.3
|| 20.0
|| 
|| 60.0
|| 6.7
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
||
|-
![[Caolan language|Caolan]]
||[[Central Tai languages|Central Tai]]
|| 30
|| 10.0
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 10.0
|| 53.3
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 20.0
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
||
|-
![[Biao language|Biao]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 34
|| 2.9
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 5.9
|| 14.7
|| 
|| 17.7
|| 
|| 52.9
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 5.9
|-
![[Lakkia language|Lakkia]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 23
|| 4.4
|| 52.2
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 4.4
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 8.7
|| 
|| 26.1
|| 
|| 4.4
|| 
|| 
||
|-
![[Kam language|Kam]] ([[Sanjiang Dong Autonomous County|Sanjiang]])
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 38
|| 21.1
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 5.3
|| 10.5
|| 
|| 
|| 39.5
|| 
|| 10.5
|| 
|| 
|| 2.6
|| 10.5
||
|-
![[Sui language|Sui]] ([[Rongshui Miao Autonomous County|Rongshui]])
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 50
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 8.0
|| 
|| 10.0
|| 
|| 18.0
|| 
|| 44.0
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 20.0
|| 
||
|-
![[Mak language|Mak]] & [[Ai-Cham language|Ai-Cham]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 40
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 2.5
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 87.5
|| 
|| 5.0
|| 
|| 
|| 2.5
|| 
|| 2.5
|-
![[Mulam language|Mulam]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 40
|| 2.5
|| 
|| 12.5
|| 7.5
|| 
|| 5.0
|| 
|| 5.0
|| 25.0
|| 30.0
|| 
|| 7.5
|| 
|| 
|| 5.0
|| 
||
|-
![[Maonan language|Maonan]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 32
|| 9.4
|| 
|| 
|| 9.4
|| 
|| 15.6
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 56.3
|| 
|| 9.4
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
||
|-
![[Then language|Then]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 30
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 3.3
|| 33.3
|| 
|| 50.0
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 6.7
|| 3.3
|-
![[Cao Miao language|Cao Miao]]
||[[Kam–Sui languages|Kam–Sui]]
|| 33
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 
|| 8.2
|| 
|| 10.0
|| 
|| 3.0
|| 
|| 66.7
|| 
|| 
|| 12.1
|| 
||
|}

=== Full genome analysis ===
The core Kra-Dai population from Southern China has more [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in Guangxi|Late Neolithic Fujianese]]-related ancestry (39.0%–53.9%) than [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in Guangxi|Neolithic Mekong]]-related ancestry (24.9%–32.3%), which was similarly observed for present Southeastern Han Chinese (28.9%–40.3% for Late Neolithic Fujianese and 21.8%–25.2% for Neolithic Mekong).<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2020 |title=Genomic Insights into the Demographic History of Southern Chinese |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.08.373225v1.full |journal=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.08.373225 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Alternatively, they could be modeled as having [[Atayal people|Atayal]]-related and [[Tibetans|Tibetan]]-related ancestry, with Atayal-related ancestry being estimated at ~3–38%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Changmai |first1=Piya |last2=Jaisamut |first2=Kitipong |last3=Kampuansai |first3=Jatupol |last4=Kutanan |first4=Wibhu |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Indian genetic heritage in Southeast Asian populations |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=18 |issue=2 |article-number=e1010036 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1010036 |pmc=8853555 |pmid=35176016 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Other studies estimate their Atayal-related ancestry at 50%, with the rest being Yellow River-related. They can also be modeled as having Southeastern Asian ancestry (represented by [[Paiwan people|Paiwan]] and other Taiwanese aborigines), Northern East Asian ancestry (represented by Late Neolithic Shimao) and Southern East Asian ancestry (represented by [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|Dushan]]). The first two components contributed to the Kra-Dai genome in similar proportions. There's also evidence of strong affinities between Kra-Dai groups and [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|ancient Guangxi populations]], such as ''GaoHuaHua'', ''BaBanQinCen'', ''LaCen'' and ''ShenXian''.<ref name="Wang Wu Sun Extensive genetic admixture">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Jiawen |last2=Wu |first2=Jun |last3=Sun |first3=Qiuxia |last4=Wu |first4=Qian |last5=Li |first5=Youjing |last6=Duan |first6=Shuhan |last7=Yang |first7=Lin |last8=Wu |first8=Wenxin |last9=Wang |first9=Zheng |last10=Liu |first10=Yan |last11=Tang |first11=Renkuan |last12=Yang |first12=Junbao |last13=Wang |first13=Chuanchao |last14=Liu |first14=Chao |last15=Xu |first15=Jianwei |date=12 June 2023 |title=Extensive genetic admixture between Tai-Kadai-speaking people and their neighbours in the northeastern region of the Yungui Plateau inferred from genome-wide variations |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=24 |issue=1 |page=317 |doi=10.1186/s12864-023-09412-3 |pmc=10259048 |pmid=37308851 |doi-access=free |last16=Wang |first16=Mengge |last17=He |first17=Guanglin}}</ref> Kra-Dai groups from Guangxi, for example, cluster with the 1,500 year old ''BaBanQinCen'' population, who have Dushan-related ancestry (5%–64%), Northern East Asian-related ancestry (19%–40%) and Southern East Asian-related ancestry (5%–72%).<ref name="Wang2021-Guangxi">{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Tianyi |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Xie |first3=Guangmao |last4=Li |first4=Zhen |last5=Fan |first5=Xuechun |year=2021 |title=Human population history at the crossroads of East and Southeast Asia since 11,000 years ago |journal=Cell |publisher=Elsevier BV |volume=184 |issue=14 |pages=3829–3841.e21 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.018 |pmid=34171307 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Using the [[Dai people|Dai]] as proxies for the ancestral Kra-Dai population, they can also be modeled as a mixture of [[North Indians|North Indian]]-related (6%) and [[Naxi people|Naxi]]/[[Miao people|Miao]]-related groups (94%).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kutanan |first1=Wibhu |last2=Liu |first2=Dang |last3=Kampuansai |first3=Jatupol |last4=Srikummool |first4=Metawee |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=Reconstructing the Human Genetic History of Mainland Southeast Asia: Insights from Genome-Wide Data from Thailand and Laos |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=3459–3477 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab124 |pmid=33905512 |pmc=8321548 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kampuansai |first1=Jatupol |last2=Wongkomonched |first2=Rattanasak |last3=Kutanan |first3=Wibhu |last4=Srikummool |first4=Metawee |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Genetic diversity and ancestry of the Khmuic-speaking ethnic groups in Thailand: a genome-wide perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=15710 |page=15710 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-43060-7 |pmid=37735611 |pmc=10514191 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1315710K }}</ref>

Hlai people are considered to be one of the most isolated Kra-Dai groups, with minimal foreign admixture.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Mengyuan |last2=Wang |first2=Zheng |last3=Zhang |first3=Yaqing |last4=Zhao |first4=Chenxi |last5=Lang |first5=Min |last6=Xie |first6=Mingkun |last7=Qian |first7=Xiaoqin |last8=Wang |first8=Mengge |last9=Hou |first9=Yiping |date=March 2019 |title=Forensic characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of both Y-STR and Y-SNP in the Li and Han ethnic groups from Hainan Island of China |journal=Forensic Science International: Genetics |volume=39 |pages=e14–e20 |doi=10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.11.016 |pmid=30522950}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Wang |first2=Zheng |last3=Guo |first3=Jianxin |last4=Wang |first4=Mengge |last5=Zou |first5=Xing |last6=Tang |first6=Renkuan |last7=Liu |first7=Jing |last8=Zhang |first8=Han |last9=Li |first9=Yingxiang |last10=Hu |first10=Rong |last11=Wei |first11=Lan-Hai |last12=Chen |first12=Gang |last13=Wang |first13=Chuan-Chao |last14=Hou |first14=Yiping |date=August 2020 |title=Inferring the population history of Tai-Kadai-speaking people and southernmost Han Chinese on Hainan Island by genome-wide array genotyping |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=1111–1123 |doi=10.1038/s41431-020-0599-7 |pmc=7381617 |pmid=32123326}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |article-number=msac210 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}}</ref> They could be modeled as having Austronesian-related ancestry and to a lesser extent, Austroasiatic-related and Northeast Asian-related ancestries. In particular, they cluster with Austronesians that harbor more divergent ancestry, such as the [[Amis people|Ami]], Atayal, and [[Kankanaey people|Kankanaey]]. Compared to other Kra-Dai groups, the Hlai have less genetic input from [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|ancient Guangxi populations]] and Han Chinese<ref name=":5" />and tenuously have no [[Denisovan]] introgression. These findings suggest that Hlai and Ami/Atayal form a 'clean clade'.<ref name=":2" /> However, there is evidence of substantial Han Chinese admixture in some Hlai.<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Wang Wu Sun Extensive genetic admixture" /> In addition, the [[Kinh Vietnamese]] diverged from Hlai much earlier than the Dai diverged from Hlai.<ref name=":63">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |article-number=msac210 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}}</ref> Other studies suggest that Longli Bouyei and Qiandongnan Dong are equally as good as Hlai in representing the ancestral Kra-Dai population. This is evident by how they cluster with Iron Age Taiwanese populations like [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|Gongguan]] and [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|Hanben]], along with Neolithic to Bronze Age Fujianese populations like [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|Xitoucun]] and [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|Tanshishan]]. They also cluster with Kinh Vietnamese.<ref name=":4" />

Kra-Dai groups like the [[Gelao people|Gelaos]] (from [[Daozhen Gelao and Miao Autonomous County|Daozhen]], [[Guiyang]], [[Longlin Various Nationalities Autonomous County|Longlin]] or [[Zunyi]]), [[Dong people|Dong]] (from [[Hunan]], [[Guizhou]], [[Qiandongnan Miao and Dong Autonomous Prefecture|Qiandongnan]]), [[Longli County|Longli]] [[Bouyei people|Bouyei]] and [[Guangxi]] [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] share more alleles with Ancient Northern East Asian-related groups, who are closely related to Neolithic millet farmers from the Yellow River basin. Meanwhile, groups like Dai, [[Hlai people|Hlai]] and other Kra-Dai groups in Southeast Asia share more alleles with Ancient Southern East Asian-related groups. However, Longli Bouyei and Qiandongnan Dong have slightly more Ancient Southern East Asian-related ancestry. Overall, a genetic cline exists for Kra-Dai groups, with [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in southern China|Taiwan Hanben]]-related ancestry increasing in southern Kra-Dai groups.<ref name=":4">{{cite report |title=New insights from the combined discrimination of modern/Ancient genome-wide shared alleles and haplotypes: Differentiated demographic history reconstruction of Tai-Kadai and Sinitic people in South China |last1=Wang |first1=Mengge |last2=He |first2=Guanglin |last3=Zou |first3=Xing |last4=Chen |first4=Pengyu |last5=Wang |first5=Zheng |last6=Tang |first6=Renkuan |last7=Yang |first7=Xiaomin |last8=Chen |first8=Jing |last9=Yang |first9=Meiqing |last10=Li |first10=Yingxiang |last11=Liu |first11=Jing |last12=Wang |first12=Fei |last13=Zhao |first13=Jing |last14=Guo |first14=Jianxin |last15=Hu |first15=Rong |date=2021 |doi=10.1101/2021.06.19.449013 |type=Preprint |last16=Wei |first16=Lan-Hai |last17=Chen |first17=Gang |last18=Yeh |first18=Hui-Yuan |last19=Wang |first19=Chuan-Chao}}</ref>

A common haplogroup among Kra-Dai peoples is O1a-M119, which increases further east in China. It is also more common among Taiwanese aborigines than Austronesian populations from Southeast Asian islands.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Zhiyong |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Hu |first3=Liping |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |last5=Nie |first5=Shengjie |date=May 2024 |title=Evolutionary profiles and complex admixture landscape in East Asia: New insights from modern and ancient Y chromosome variation perspectives |journal=Heliyon |volume=10 |issue=9 |article-number=e30067 |bibcode=2024Heliy..1030067W |doi=10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30067 |pmc=11096704 |pmid=38756579 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Haplogroup O1b1a1a (O-M95) is likewise common in groups like [[Hlai people|Hlai]], [[Dai people|Dai]] and Kinh Vietnamese.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Hao |last2=Lin |first2=Rong |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Zhang |first4=Rui |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Tracing Bai-Yue Ancestry in Aboriginal Li People on Hainan Island |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=39 |issue=10 |article-number=msac210 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msac210 |pmc=9585476 |pmid=36173765}}</ref> Maternal haplogroups B, C and D are common for Kra-Dai peoples in Mainland Southeast Asia whilst M7b and M7c are common for all Austronesians and Kra-Dai peoples.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Duong |first1=Nguyen Thuy |last2=Macholdt |first2=Enrico |last3=Ton |first3=Nguyen Dang |last4=Arias |first4=Leonardo |last5=Schröder |first5=Roland |last6=Van Phong |first6=Nguyen |last7=Thi Bich Thuy |first7=Vo |last8=Ha |first8=Nguyen Hai |last9=Thi Thu Hue |first9=Huynh |last10=Thi Xuan |first10=Nguyen |last11=Thi Phuong Oanh |first11=Kim |last12=Hien |first12=Le Thi Thu |last13=Hoang |first13=Nguyen Huy |last14=Pakendorf |first14=Brigitte |last15=Stoneking |first15=Mark |date=3 August 2018 |title=Complete human mtDNA genome sequences from Vietnam and the phylogeography of Mainland Southeast Asia |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=11651 |bibcode=2018NatSR...811651D |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-29989-0 |pmc=6076260 |pmid=30076323 |last16=Van Hai |first16=Nong}}</ref>  

==== Contributions to East and Southeast Asian populations ====
There is evidence that Kra-Dai ancestry represents the 'southern ancestry' that was introduced in the [[Peopling of China#Archaeogenetic studies in the Central Plains|ancestors of Han Chinese]] although this ancestry increases further south in China.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |article-number=853391 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This ancestry can also be represented by Taiwan Hanben ancestry.<ref name=":4" />

Han Chinese from Fujian and Guangdong show excessive ancestries from Late Neolithic Fujianese sources (35.0–40.3%). This Late Neolithic Fujianese ancestry peaks in present Ami, Atayal and Kankanaey (66.9–74.3%) and are less significant in Han Chinese from Zhejiang (22%), Jiangsu (17%) and Shandong (8%). This suggests a significant genetic contribution from Kra-Dai-speaking peoples, or groups related to them, to Southern Han Chinese. Other studies suggest actual ancient population admixture between Ami and Atayal and Han Chinese from Guangdong and [[Sichuan]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chiang |first1=Charleston W K |last2=Mangul |first2=Serghei |last3=Robles |first3=Christopher |last4=Sankararaman |first4=Sriram |date=November 2018 |title=A Comprehensive Map of Genetic Variation in the World's Largest Ethnic Group—Han Chinese |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=2736–2750 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msy170 |pmc=6693441 |pmid=30169787 |quote=In contrast, Southern provinces, such as the Southwestern province Sichuan and Southern coastal province Guangdong, showed little influence from Siberia or Western Eurasia, but instead exhibited influences from the ethnic minorities geographically situated in the Southwest and Southeast of China, such as the Ami and Atayal from Taiwan and the Dai.}}</ref><ref name="Lo Cheng Hsiung Detecting Genetic Ancestry">{{cite journal |last1=Lo |first1=Yun-Hua |last2=Cheng |first2=Hsueh-Chien |last3=Hsiung |first3=Chia-Ni |last4=Yang |first4=Show-Ling |last5=Wang |first5=Han-Yu |last6=Peng |first6=Chia-Wei |last7=Chen |first7=Chun-Yu |last8=Lin |first8=Kung-Ping |last9=Kang |first9=Mei-Ling |last10=Chen |first10=Chien-Hsiun |last11=Chu |first11=Hou-Wei |last12=Lin |first12=Chiao-Feng |last13=Lee |first13=Mei-Hsuan |last14=Liu |first14=Quintin |last15=Satta |first15=Yoko |date=27 September 2021 |title=Detecting Genetic Ancestry and Adaptation in the Taiwanese Han People |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=4149–4165 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa276 |pmc=8476137 |pmid=33170928 |last16=Lin |first16=Cheng-Jui |last17=Lin |first17=Marie |last18=Chaw |first18=Shu-Miaw |last19=Loo |first19=Jun-Hun |last20=Shen |first20=Chen-Yang |last21=Ko |first21=Wen-Ya}}</ref> This admixture is also present in the ancestors of [[Taiwanese Han]].<ref name="Lo Cheng Hsiung Detecting Genetic Ancestry" /> Han Chinese from Fujian and Guangdong also have ancestry from Neolithic Mekong sources but this is less significant (21.8–23.6%).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |article-number=853391 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Guangxi Han, who possess the lowest Northern East Asian ancestry among Han subgroups (33.8 ± 4.8%), are believed to descend from Kra-Dai speakers who adopted Chinese dialects.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |article-number=853391 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Both Guangxi and Hainan Han are also closely related to Guangdong Han.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cong |first1=Pei-Kuan |last2=Bai |first2=Wei-Yang |last3=Li |first3=Jin-Chen |last4=Yang |first4=Meng-Yuan |last5=Khederzadeh |first5=Saber |last6=Gai |first6=Si-Rui |last7=Li |first7=Nan |last8=Liu |first8=Yu-Heng |last9=Yu |first9=Shi-Hui |last10=Zhao |first10=Wei-Wei |last11=Liu |first11=Jun-Quan |last12=Sun |first12=Yi |last13=Zhu |first13=Xiao-Wei |last14=Zhao |first14=Pian-Pian |last15=Xia |first15=Jiang-Wei |last16=Guan |first16=Peng-Lin |last17=Qian |first17=Yu |last18=Tao |first18=Jian-Guo |last19=Xu |first19=Lin |last20=Tian |first20=Geng |last21=Wang |first21=Ping-Yu |last22=Xie |first22=Shu-Yang |last23=Qiu |first23=Mo-Chang |last24=Liu |first24=Ke-Qi |last25=Tang |first25=Bei-Sha |last26=Zheng |first26=Hou-Feng |title=Genomic analyses of 10,376 individuals in the Westlake BioBank for Chinese (WBBC) pilot project |journal=Nature Communications |date=26 May 2022 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=2939 |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-30526-x |pmid=35618720 |pmc=9135724 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.2939C }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zou |first1=Xing |last2=Nie |first2=Qianyun |last3=Li |first3=Wenhui |last4=Chen |first4=Yinyu |last5=Song |first5=Tao |last6=Zhang |first6=Peng |title=Genetic variation and phylogenetic analysis of 23 STR in Chinese Han population from Hainan, Southern China |journal=Medicine |date=31 May 2024 |volume=103 |issue=22 |article-number=e38428 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000038428 |pmid=39259071 |pmc=11142786 }}</ref><ref name=":13">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Qiuxia |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Lu |first3=Tao |last4=Duan |first4=Shuhan |last5=Liu |first5=Yan |last6=Chen |first6=Jing |last7=Wang |first7=Zhiyong |last8=Sun |first8=Yuntao |last9=Li |first9=Xiangping |last10=Wang |first10=Shaomei |last11=Lu |first11=Liuyi |last12=Hu |first12=Liping |last13=Yun |first13=Libing |last14=Yang |first14=Junbao |last15=Yan |first15=Jiangwei |last16=Nie |first16=Shengjie |last17=Zhu |first17=Yanfeng |last18=Chen |first18=Gang |last19=Wang |first19=Chuan-Chao |last20=Liu |first20=Chao |last21=He |first21=Guanglin |last22=Tang |first22=Renkuan |title=Differentiated adaptative genetic architecture and language-related demographical history in South China inferred from 619 genomes from 56 populations |journal=BMC Biology |date=6 March 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=55 |doi=10.1186/s12915-024-01854-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38448908 |pmc=10918984 }}</ref>However, there is evidence that Han Chinese from Northern Guangxi have more Southeast Asian-related ancestry, which is closely related to Austronesian, Kra-Dai and Austroasiatic groups, than those from Southern Guangxi.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=Qiuxia |last2=Wang |first2=Mengge |last3=Lu |first3=Tao |last4=Duan |first4=Shuhan |last5=Liu |first5=Yan |last6=Chen |first6=Jing |last7=Wang |first7=Zhiyong |last8=Sun |first8=Yuntao |last9=Li |first9=Xiangping |last10=Wang |first10=Shaomei |last11=Lu |first11=Liuyi |last12=Hu |first12=Liping |last13=Yun |first13=Libing |last14=Yang |first14=Junbao |last15=Yan |first15=Jiangwei |last16=Nie |first16=Shengjie |last17=Zhu |first17=Yanfeng |last18=Chen |first18=Gang |last19=Wang |first19=Chuan-Chao |last20=Liu |first20=Chao |last21=He |first21=Guanglin |last22=Tang |first22=Renkuan |title=Differentiated adaptative genetic architecture and language-related demographical history in South China inferred from 619 genomes from 56 populations |journal=BMC Biology |date=6 March 2024 |volume=22 |issue=1 |page=55 |doi=10.1186/s12915-024-01854-9 |doi-access=free |pmid=38448908 |pmc=10918984 }}</ref> Overall, [[Cantonese people|Cantonese]], Taiwanese Han and Fujianese are considered to be the most southern-shifted Han subgroups.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chen |first1=Jieming |last2=Zheng |first2=Houfeng |last3=Bei |first3=Jin-Xin |last4=Sun |first4=Liangdan |last5=Jia |first5=Wei-hua |last6=Li |first6=Tao |last7=Zhang |first7=Furen |last8=Seielstad |first8=Mark |last9=Zeng |first9=Yi-Xin |last10=Zhang |first10=Xuejun |last11=Liu |first11=Jianjun |date=December 2009 |title=Genetic Structure of the Han Chinese Population Revealed by Genome-wide SNP Variation |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=775–785 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.10.016 |pmc=2790583 |pmid=19944401}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Fine-scale Population Structure and Demographic History of Han Chinese Inferred from Haplotype Network of 111,000 Genomes |last1=Lan |first1=Ao |last2=Kang |first2=Kang |last3=Tang |first3=Senwei |last4=Wu |first4=Xiaoli |last5=Wang |first5=Lizhong |last6=Li |first6=Teng |last7=Weng |first7=Haoyi |last8=Deng |first8=Junjie |last9=Zheng |first9=Qiang |last10=Yao |first10=Xiaotian |last11=Chen |first11=Gang |date=2020 |doi=10.1101/2020.07.03.166413 |type=Preprint|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=He |first1=Guanglin |last2=Li |first2=Yinxiang |last3=Zou |first3=Xing |last4=Yeh |first4=Hui-Yuan |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=The northern gene flow into southeastern East Asians inferred from genome wide array genotyping |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.07.25.453681v1.full |journal=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2021.07.25.453681 |quote=Fujian and Taiwan populations were localized at the southmost end of the Han Chinese cline and showed a close relationship with modern Tai-Kadai-speaking populations and ancient southern East Asians (Liangdao, Hanben, Tanshishan, Xitoucun and so on). |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Southern Chinese also significantly share a genetic component that's more abundant in Dai and Kinh Vietnamese.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zhang |first1=Peng |last2=Luo |first2=Huaxia |last3=Li |first3=Yanyan |last4=Wang |first4=You |display-authors=3 |date=2021 |title=NyuWa Genome Resource: Deep Whole Genome Sequencing Based Chinese Population Variation Profile and Reference Panel |url=https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.11.10.376574v2.full |journal=bioRxiv |doi=10.1101/2020.11.10.376574 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Among Kra-Dai groups in Northeast Thailand near the Laos border, there is 95% Lao-related ancestry although Bru have <1% Lao-related ancestry due to being an isolated Austroasiatic group. Lao-related ancestry makes up >50% of the ancestry of Central Thai whilst southern Thai have 66% Nayu-related ancestry, which is a mixture of Austroasiatic, Austronesian and Kra-Dai. Zhuang-related ancestry also makes up 41% of the ancestry found in Kra-Dai groups in northern Thailand. These findings reflect historic migrations of Kra-Dai groups to Thailand via Laos or the heavy assimilation of Laotians by Thais.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Changmai |first1=Piya |last2=Phongbunchoo |first2=Yutthaphong |last3=Kočí |first3=Jan |last4=Flegontov |first4=Pavel |title=Reanalyzing the genetic history of Kra-Dai speakers from Thailand and new insights into their genetic interactions beyond Mainland Southeast Asia |journal=Scientific Reports |date=24 May 2023 |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=8371 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-35507-8 |pmid=37225753 |pmc=10209056 |bibcode=2023NatSR..13.8371C }}</ref> Compared to other Austroasiatic groups in Southeast Asia, Laotians have high affinities with Kra-Dai groups from China.<ref name=":7" /> Whilst Kinh Vietnamese also have high affinities with Kra-Dai groups,<ref name=":14">{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Dang |last2=Duong |first2=Nguyen Thuy |last3=Ton |first3=Nguyen Dang |last4=Van Phong |first4=Nguyen |last5=Pakendorf |first5=Brigitte |last6=Van Hai |first6=Nong |last7=Stoneking |first7=Mark |date=September 2020 |title=Extensive Ethnolinguistic Diversity in Vietnam Reflects Multiple Sources of Genetic Diversity |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=37 |issue=9 |pages=2503–2519 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msaa099 |pmc=7475039 |pmid=32344428}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Genomic Insights into the Demographic History of Southern Chinese |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |last5=Guo |first5=Jianxin |last6=Lin |first6=Chaowen |last7=Yin |first7=Lianfei |last8=Zhao |first8=Jing |last9=Ma |first9=Zhuofei |last10=Ma |first10=Fuwei |last11=Li |first11=Yingxiang |last12=Hu |first12=Rong |last13=Wei |first13=Lan-Hai |last14=Wang |first14=Chuan-Chao |date=2020 |doi=10.1101/2020.11.08.373225 |type=Preprint|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yang |first1=Zhaoqing |last2=Chen |first2=Hao |last3=Lu |first3=Yan |last4=Gao |first4=Yang |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genetic evidence of tri-genealogy hypothesis on the origin of ethnic minorities in Yunnan |journal=BMC Biology |volume=20 |issue=166 |page=166 |doi=10.1186/s12915-022-01367-3 |pmc=9306206 |pmid=35864541 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Huang |first1=Xiufeng |last2=Xia |first2=Zi-Yang |last3=Bin |first3=Xiaoyun |last4=He |first4=Guanglin |display-authors=3 |date=2022 |title=Genomic Insights Into the Demographic History of the Southern Chinese |journal=Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution |volume=10 |article-number=853391 |doi=10.3389/fevo.2022.853391 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":03">{{cite journal |last1=Nguyen |first1=Nam Ngoc |last2=Hoang |first2=Trong Luc |last3=Nguyen |first3=Trang Hong |last4=Le |first4=Phuong Thi |last5=Nguyen |first5=Chi Hung |last6=Tran |first6=Viet Vinh |last7=Chu |first7=Hoang Ha |last8=Hoang |first8=Ha |date=17 November 2022 |title=The mitochondrial DNA HVI and HVII sequences and haplogroup distribution in a population sample from Vietnam |journal=Annals of Human Biology |volume=49 |issue=7–8 |pages=367–371 |doi=10.1080/03014460.2022.2152488 |pmid=36437685}}</ref>  they are mixed with Austroasiatic groups from Mainland Southeast Asia although this can be found in Laotians to a lesser extent.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thao |first1=Dinh Huong |last2=Dinh |first2=Tran Huu |last3=Mitsunaga |first3=Shigeki |last4=Duy |first4=La Duc |date=2024 |title=Investigating demic versus cultural diffusion and sex bias in the spread of Austronesian languages in Vietnam |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=19 |issue=6 |article-number=e0304964 |bibcode=2024PLoSO..1904964T |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0304964 |pmc=11182502 |pmid=38885215 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Pischedda |first1=S. |last2=Barral-Arca |first2=R. |last3=Gómez-Carballa |first3=A. |last4=Pardo-Seco |first4=J. |display-authors=3 |date=2017 |title=Phylogeographic and genome-wide investigations of Vietnam ethnic groups reveal signatures of complex historical demographic movements |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=12630 |page=12630 |bibcode=2017NatSR...712630P |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-12813-6 |pmc=5626762 |pmid=28974757}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kampuansai |first1=Jatupol |last2=Wongkomonched |first2=Rattanasak |last3=Kutanan |first3=Wibhu |last4=Srikummool |first4=Metawee |display-authors=3 |date=2023 |title=Genetic diversity and ancestry of the Khmuic-speaking ethnic groups in Thailand: a genome-wide perspective |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=13 |issue=15710 |page=15710 |doi=10.1038/s41598-023-43060-7 |pmid=37735611 |pmc=10514191 |bibcode=2023NatSR..1315710K |quote=A genome-wide autosomal study involving approximately 55,000 SNPs has elucidated the genetic element of Khmuic-related ancestry (as exemplified by Htin and Mlabri) within the Kinh, the predominant ethnic group in Vietnam. The admixture of Chinese and Southeast Asian lineages, particularly the Proto-Malay and Khmuic residences, has likely played a significant role in shaping the present-day Vietnamese population. }}</ref> 

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Works cited===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite web |last=Blench |first=Roger |title=The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection |date=12 July 2009 |url=http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Daic/Daic%20prehistory%20paper%20EURASEAA%202008.pdf |access-date=2 May 2018 |archive-date=29 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429082046/http://rb.rowbory.co.uk/Language/Daic/Daic%20prehistory%20paper%20EURASEAA%202008.pdf }} Presented at the 12th EURASEAA meeting Leiden, 1–5 September 2008.
* {{cite conference |last=Blench |first=Roger |year=2008 |title=The Prehistory of the Daic (Taikadai) Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Leiden%202008/Prehistory%20of%20Daic%20peoples%20Leiden%202008%20ppt.pdf |conference=EURASEAA, Leiden, 1–5 September 2008}}
* {{cite conference |last=Blench |first=Roger |title=Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology? |conference=Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic and Archaeological Evidence in Geneva, Geneva 10–13 June 2004 |location=Cambridge, England |year=2004 |pages=1–25 |url=http://rogerblench.info/Genetics/Geneva%20paper%202004.pdf |access-date=30 October 2018}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Chamberlain |first1=James R. |title=Kra-Dai and the Proto-History of South China and Vietnam |journal=The Journal of the Siam Society |date=29 November 2016 |volume=104 |pages=27–77 |url=https://so06.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/pub_jss/article/view/158051 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sagart |first1=Laurent |title=The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai |journal=Oceanic Linguistics |date=December 2004 |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=411–444 |doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0012 |url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00090906/file/THE_HIGHER_PHYLOGENY_OF_AUSTRONESIAN.pdf }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last1=Blench |first1=Roger |title=The Prehistory of the Daic- or Kra-Dai-Speaking Peoples and the Hypothesis of an Austronesian Connection |date=2013 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-641-2 |hdl=1959.11/17444 }}
* {{cite book |doi=10.4324/9780203926789 |title=Past Human Migrations in East Asia |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-134-14963-6 |editor-last1=Sanchez-Mazas |editor-last2=Blench |editor-last3=Ross |editor-last4=Peiros |editor-last5=Lin |editor-first1=Alicia |editor-first2=Roger |editor-first3=Malcolm D. |editor-first4=Ilia |editor-first5=Marie }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tai Peoples}}
[[Category:Tai peoples| ]]
[[Category:Tai history]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Thailand]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in China]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Laos]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples of East Asia]]