View source for Krahn people

{{Short description|Ethnic group in West Africa}}
{{redirect|Krahn|other uses|Krahn (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Krahn
|caption = <small>'''Photograph of a Kru woman in Liberia taken in 1906 by [[Harry Johnston|Sir Harry Hamilton Johnston]]'''.<ref>{{Citation|last =Johnston|first =Harry Hamilton|author-link =Harry Johnston|title =Kru Woman 2|year =1906|url =http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kru_Woman_2.jpg| access-date =17 May 2012}}</ref></small>
|population = 214,000

|region1 = {{flag|Ivory Coast}}
|pop1 = 116,000

|region2 = {{flag|Liberia}}
|pop2 = 98,000

|religions = Primarily: [[Ethnic religion]]s<br><br>• [[Ivory Coast]]:<ref name=JP2>{{Citation|last =Joshua Project|author-link =Joshua Project|title =Krahn, Western of Cote d'Ivoire|date =n.d.|url =http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=15374&rog3=IV|access-date =16 May 2012}}</ref>{{space|2}} [[Christianity]] (<5%)<br>{{space|28}}[[Evangelical]] (3%)<br>• [[Liberia]]:<ref name=JP2/>{{space|11}} [[Christianity]] (>5%)<br>{{space|30}}[[Evangelical]] (3.5%)
|languages = [[Niger–Congo]]<br>[[Atlantic–Congo]]<br>[[Kru language|Kru]]<br>[[Western Kru]]<br>[[Wè language|Wee]]<br>Guere–Krahn<br>[[Guéré]]
|related =  {{hlist| Wee peoples | Guéré peoples | Sapo peoples | Wobe peoples | Ngere peoples, [[Bassa people (Liberia)|Bassa]], [[Grebo people|Grebo]], [[Kru people|Kru]], [[Jabo people|Jabo]] }}
}}

The '''Krahn''' are an [[ethnic group]] of [[Liberia]] and [[Ivory Coast]]. This group belongs to the [[Kru language]] family and its people are sometimes referred to as the '''Wee''', '''Guéré''', '''Sapo''', or '''Wobe'''.<ref>{{Citation|last =Library of Congress|author-link =Library of Congress|title =Krahn (African people)|year =2004|url =http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2003010694|access-date =16 May 2012}}</ref> It is likely that Western contact with the Kru language is the primary reason for the development of these different names.<ref name="Who Are the Kran">{{cite journal|last =Holsoe|first =Svend E.|author2=Lauer, Joseph J. |title =Who Are the Kran/Guere and the Gio/Yacouba? Ethnic Identifications along the Liberia-Ivory Coast Border|journal =African Studies Review|volume =19|issue =1|pages =139–149|publisher =African Studies Association|date =Apr 1976|jstor =523856|doi=10.2307/523856|s2cid =143324010}}<!--|access-date =16 May 2012--></ref>

== History ==
The Krahn arrived in an area of [[Liberia]] previously known as the "Grain Coast" as part of early 16th-century migrations from the northeast and what is now [[Ivory Coast]].<ref name="MRG">{{Citation|last =Minority Rights Group International|author-link =Minority Rights Group International|title =Liberia Overview|year =2005|url =http://www.minorityrights.org/5235/liberia/liberia-overview.html|access-date =17 May 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120603182909/http://www.minorityrights.org/5235/liberia/liberia-overview.html|archive-date =3 June 2012|url-status =dead}}</ref> This migration occurred due to pressure on local populations resulting from the emigration of ethnic groups from western [[Sudan (region)|Sudan]] after the decline of medieval empires, as well as an increase in regional wars.<ref name="Liberia Past and Present">{{Citation|last =van der Kraaij|first =Fred P.M.|title =The Open Door Policy of Liberia – An Economic History of Modern Liberia|place =Bremen|publisher =Im Selbstverlag des Museums|year =1983|pages =1–5|url =http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Peppercoastbefore1822.htm|access-date =2012-05-17|archive-date =2019-04-23|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20190423114152/http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/Peppercoastbefore1822.htm|url-status =dead}}</ref>

At the time, the African slave trade was becoming more prominent within Liberia. Some Kru subgroups were sold into slavery by their neighbours, but it was more common for the Krahn and other coastal peoples in Liberia to serve as local traders, brokering deals within the Western slave market. Many Kru committed suicide rather than face enslavement.<ref name="Liberia Past and Present" /><ref>{{Citation
|last =Johnston|first =Harry H.|author-link =Harry Hamilton Johnston|title =Liberia|place =New York|publisher =Dodd, Mead, & Company|year =1906|page =110|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=aTwUAAAAIAAJ}}</ref>

=== Liberian Civil Wars ===
During the late 1970s, Liberia faced heated civil unrest in which opposition to the [[Americo-Liberian]] and [[William R. Tolbert Jr.|Tolbert]] government led to a military coup, organized in part by indigenous tribal members. The tension culminated in coup on April 12, 1980, in which Master Sergeant [[Samuel Kanyon Doe]], a member of the Krahn ethnic group and leader of the group involved in the coup, seized power, becoming Liberia's first native leader and head of state.<ref name="Mackinlay&Alao">{{cite journal|last =Mackinlay|first =John|author2=Alao, Abiodun |title = Liberia 1994: ECOMOG and UNOMIL Response to a Complex Emergency|journal =Occasional Paper Series 2|publisher =United Nations University|location =Tokyo, Japan|year =1995|url = http://archive.unu.edu/unupress/ops2.html|access-date =17 May 2012}}</ref> With a Krahn leader serving as a key political figure, the once disparaged Krahn were now more prominently included in Liberia's governing body.<ref name="MRG" />

This rise in status led many Krahn speakers to move to the capital, [[Monrovia]]. Doe began showing favoritism to the Krahn, particularly to those from his own tribal group. These measures included appointing members of the Krahn's ethnic kin from Ivory Coast, known more commonly as the Wee, to the Executive Mansion Guard, as well as taking steps to prevent people of other ethnicities from reaching key government positions.<ref name="MRG"/>

By 1985, Doe's response to his opposition created a large "anti-Doe" contingent.<ref name="Mackinlay&Alao"/> In December 1989, exiles and local recruits began organizing military groups and eventually invaded Liberia from Ivory Coast, resulting in [[First Liberian Civil War|a full-scale civil war]] against Doe and his Krahn supporters. As this war progressed, the [[National Patriotic Front of Liberia]] (NPFL) began attacking Krahn civilians in [[Nimba County|Nimba]] and [[Grand Gedeh County|Grand Gedeh]] counties, destroying entire communities as they moved through the country.<ref name="MRG" /><ref name="Mackinlay&Alao"/>

By mid-1990 the war had escalated, prompting foreign intervention. Doe was kidnapped and executed by opposition forces. Following the removal of the Doe regime and the continuation of the civil war, Krahn refugees began fleeing from Liberia to Ivory Coast, some taking the Krahn language with them.<ref name="Mackinlay&Alao" />

Although Doe was removed from power in 1990, the civil war did not officially end until 1997, at which time the NPFL's leader [[Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)|Charles Taylor]] ran for the presidency, winning the [[Liberian general election, 1997|1997 general election]] amid much controversy.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/07/world/in-ruined-liberia-its-despoiler-sits-pretty.html | work=The New York Times | first=Norimitsu | last=Onishi | title=In Ruined Liberia, Its Despoiler Sits Pretty | date=7 December 2000}}</ref> Because of their opposition to Taylor and their affiliation with the previous regime and with rebel groups like [[United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy|ULIMO]], Taylor initiated a crackdown against the Krahn. In 1998, Taylor attempted to murder one of his political opponents, the former [[warlord]] [[Roosevelt Johnson]], causing [[1998 Monrovia clashes|clashes]] in Monrovia, during and after which hundreds of Krahn were massacred and hundreds more fled Liberia. This event was one of the factors that led to the outbreak of the [[Second Liberian Civil War]].{{sfn|Dwyer|2015|pp=112-114}}{{sfn|Lidow|2016|p=108}}

In 2003, members of the Krahn tribe founded a rebel group, the [[Movement for Democracy in Liberia]] (MODEL), opposing Taylor. The group disbanded as part of the peace agreement at the end of the second civil war.<ref name="MRG" />

=== Recent history ===
The stability that followed the civil war has allowed the Krahn to resettle throughout the country. As of 2022, Krahn are typically found in Nimba, Grand Gedeh, and [[Sinoe County|Sinoe]] counties, as well as Ivory Coast.<ref name=e25krw>{{e25|krw|Krahn, Western}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Liberia's Krahn were originally hunters, fishermen and farmers, traditionally focusing on rice and cassava production. Slow or failing development of regions with many Krahn settlers led many of the younger Krahn generations to migrate to areas such as Monrovia.<ref name="MRG" /> The Wee in Ivory Coast were hunters, fishermen and farmers as well, though they tended to focus more heavily on crops such as "rice, yams, taro, [[manioc]], maize, and bananas."<ref name="ALA">{{Citation|last =University of Iowa|author-link =University of Iowa|title =We Information|year =1998|url =http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/We.html|access-date =17 May 2012|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120411032708/http://www.uiowa.edu/~africart/toc/people/We.html|archive-date =11 April 2012|url-status =dead}}</ref> Like the Krahn in Liberia, the Wee traditions of hunting and farming have become unsustainable, and in more recent years many have taken work in diamond camps and on rubber plantations.<ref name="ALA" />

=== Early political structures ===
[[File:Face mask by Wee people.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=A Wee face mask designed to look like a leopard. On display at the Indianapolis Museum of Art|Wee [[Face mask (We people)|Face mask]] on exhibit at the [[Indianapolis Museum of Art]]<ref>{{Citation|last =The Indianapolis Museum of Art|author-link =Indianapolis Museum of Art|title =Face Mask|year =2012|url =http://www.imamuseum.org/art/collections/artwork/face-mask--46| access-date =11 May 2012}}</ref>]]
Early Krahn political organizations were traditionally decentralized in both Liberia and Ivory Coast.<ref name="MRG" /> {{unreliable source?|date=October 2020}} Often, tribes did not have a central governing power, instead turning to a village "headman" who rose to a position of social esteem through skill, hard work, and luck in hunting and farming. These individuals often formed councils consisting of young warriors for protection and village elders to serve as consultants in village affairs. This governing group would broker trades with neighboring tribes, as well as make important decisions for the tribe members.<ref name="ALA" /> {{unreliable source?|date=October 2020}}

Within these tribal groups, it was not uncommon for [[Mask#Ritual masks|ceremonial face masks]] to serve dual roles in rituals and politics. These masks were often modeled after animals and were utilized in community mediations. They may also have been a means of implementing social control in the years prior to adoption of Western laws during the [[Africa#Colonialism|colonial period]].<ref name="Odyssey Online">{{Citation|last =Michael C. Carlos Museum of Emory University|author-link = Michael C. Carlos Museum|title =Bush Cow Mask|date =n.d.|url = http://carlos.emory.edu/ODYSSEY/AFRICA/AF_rit_cerem_mask_cow.html | access-date =16 May 2012}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
[[File:KrahnMask.jpg|thumb|alt=A wood carved, Krahn face mask on display at the National Museum of African Art |A Krahn mask on exhibit at the [[National Museum of African Art]] in [[Washington, DC]]<ref>{{Citation|last =National Museum of African Art|author-link =National Museum of African Art|title =Krahn Mask|year =2008|url =https://www.flickr.com/photos/nostri-imago/2922765203/| access-date =17 May 2012}}</ref>]]

Many Krahn people believe that objects have spirits or souls ([[animism]]). The Wee of Ivory Coast also believe that the natural world is made up of "bush spirits."<ref name="ALA" /> These spirits are part of the world untouched by man, and the Wee believe that keeping these spirits appeased is vital to the health of the tribe. Whenever new land requires cultivating for fields or expansion, or when tribesmen needed to venture outside the village, it becomes necessary to make offerings to the spirits. It is further believed that the bush spirits take corporeal form in order to interact with the villagers and participate in ceremonies.<ref name="ALA" />
The Wee believe that the bush spirits can communicate with humans through dreams, often demanding ceremonial masks be created in their honor in either male or female form. These masks then serve a variety of functions, ranging from ritual ceremonies, entertainment, and focal points in moral stories to judicial and political controls. Typically, female masks are viewed as less imposing and more beautiful than male masks and are in turn used more for ritual and entertainment purposes, while the male masks are often more ferocious-looking and used in sociopolitical contexts. All Wee masks are believed to deflect sorcery, and many undergo shifts in their primary function during their lifetime.<ref>{{Citation|last =Curnow|first =K.|title =African Art|date =n.d.|url =http://www.oberlin.edu/amam/IvoryCoast.htm| access-date =17 May 2012}}</ref>

==Language==
The Krahn language is one of the [[Kru language]]s in the [[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo language family]]. Although many Kru-speaking tribes have adopted English as their second language, recent studies have shown that Kru is still spoken by many Liberians. Within the Kru languages there are several subcategories, with Eastern and Western Kru offering the first significant division of tribal language breakdowns. Krahn falls under the Western Kru, [[Guere language|Wee]] subgroup.<ref name=e25krw/><ref name="Olukoju 2006">{{cite book |last =Olukoju|first =Ayodeji|title =Culture and Customs of Liberia|publisher =Greenwood Press|year =2006|location =Westport, CT|isbn =9780313332913|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=jOo6fCPSt0QC | access-date =17 May 2012}}</ref>

Some scholars further denote a difference between [[Konobo language|Eastern]] and [[Western Krahn language|Western Krahn]], with Eastern variations typically spoken in northeast Liberia and Western Krahn spoken throughout Grand Gedeh County and Ivory Coast. As of 2020, there were approximately {{sigfig|99,200|2}} Eastern Krahn speakers within Liberia, with an additional {{sigfig|101,000|2}} Western Krahn speakers in Liberia and, according to a 1993 estimate, {{sigfig|12,200|2}} in Ivory Coast.<ref name=e25krw/><ref name=e25kqo>{{e25|kqo|Krahn, Eastern}}</ref><ref name="Olukoju 2006"/>

== See also ==
*[[Ethnic groups in Africa]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book
 |title=American Warlord. A true story
 |last=Dwyer |first= Johnny
 |publisher=[[Vintage Books]]
 |year=2015
 |location = [[New York City]]
 }}
*{{cite book
 |title=Violent Order. Understanding Rebel Governance through Liberia's Civil War
 |last=Lidow |first= Nicholai Hart
 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]
 |year=2016
 |location = [[Cambridge]]
 }}

{{Africa topic}}
{{Liberia topics}}
{{Ivory Coast topics}}
{{Ethnic groups in Liberia}}
{{Ethnic groups in the Ivory Coast}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Krahn people| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Liberia]]