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{{short description|Fortified complex in Moscow, Russia}}
{{for multi|the type of Russian fortress|Kremlin (fortification)|other uses}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Kremlin
| image = Moscow Kremlin (8281675670).jpg
| image_size = 280px
| caption = View of the Kremlin from across the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]], 2012
| image_map = 
| location = [[Moscow]], Russia
| locmapin = Central Moscow#Russia#Europe
| map_width = 220
| map_caption = Location in Central Moscow##Location in Russia##Location in Europe
| coordinates = {{coord|55|45|6|N|37|37|4|E|type:landmark_region:RU|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{convert|27.7|ha|km2|abbr=on}}
| built = 1482–1495
| architect = 
| architecture = 
| governing_body = 
| owner = 
| designation1 = WHS
| designation1_offname = Kremlin and [[Red Square]], Moscow
| designation1_date = 1990 <small>(14th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
| designation1_number = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/545 545]
| designation1_criteria = i, ii, iv, vi
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Eastern Europe|Eastern Europe]]
}}

The '''Moscow Kremlin''',{{efn|{{lang-rus|Московский Кремль|r=Moskovskiy Kreml'|p=mɐˈskofskʲɪj ˈkrʲemlʲ}}}} commonly known as just the '''Kremlin''',{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|ɛ|m|l|ɪ|n}} {{respell|KREM-lin}}; {{IPA|ru|ˈkrʲemlʲ|lang|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Cinemantique-кремль.wav}}}} is a fortified complex in [[Moscow]], Russia.<ref>Paul, Michael C. (January 2004). "The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682". The Journal of Military History. 68 (1): 31. {{doi|10.1353/jmh.2003.0401}}. S2CID 159954818.</ref> Located in the centre of the country's capital city, the Moscow [[Kremlin (fortification)|Kremlin]] comprises five palaces, four cathedrals, and the enclosing [[Moscow Kremlin Wall|Kremlin Wall]] along with the [[List of Moscow Kremlin towers|Kremlin towers]]. In the complex is the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]], which was one of the royal residences of the [[Emperor of Russia|Tsar of Russia]], and now is the residence of the [[President of Russia|president of the Russian Federation]]. The Moscow Kremlin overlooks the [[Moskva (river)|Moskva River]] to the south, [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] and [[Red Square]] to the east, and [[Alexander Garden]] to the west. 

In the Russian language, ''kreml''' denotes a 'fortress within a city', and there are many historical cities with Kremlin of their own. However, the Moscow Kremlin, the best known, also serves an international-politics [[Metonymy|metonym]] that identifies the [[Government of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Кремль|trans-title= Kremlin|url= http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on|website= [[Max Vasmer|Vasmer]] Etymological dictionary|access-date= 2 June 2014|archive-date= 4 December 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221204114741/https://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&morpho=1&basename=morpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&first=1&off=&text_word=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%8C&method_word=substring&ic_word=on&text_general=&method_general=substring&ic_general=on&text_origin=&method_origin=substring&ic_origin=on&text_trubachev=&method_trubachev=substring&ic_trubachev=on&text_editorial=&method_editorial=substring&ic_editorial=on&text_pages=&method_pages=substring&ic_pages=on&text_any=&method_any=substring&sort=word&ic_any=on|url-status= live}}</ref> During the [[Cold War]] (1947–1991), the term ''The Kremlin'' meant the [[Government of the Soviet Union]] and the term ''[[Kremlinology]]'' meant the study of the decisions of the Soviet leaders and of Russian and Soviet politics. When open to the public, the Kremlin of Moscow offers supervised tours of the [[Moscow Kremlin Museums]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moscow Kremlin Museums: VISIT US|url=https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/visit-to-kremlin/ticket-prices/|access-date=2020-10-14|website=kreml.ru|archive-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024193008/https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/visit-to-kremlin/ticket-prices/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Moscow Kremlin Museums welcomed more than 1 million guests in 2023 |url=https://www.kreml.ru/en-Us/press-room/press-releases/muzei-moskovskogo-kremlya-prinyali-bolee-1-milliona--posetiteley-za-2023-god/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=www.kreml.ru |language=en-Us}}</ref>

==History==

===Origin===
[[File:Viewing for Kremlin, 1890s.jpg|thumb|View of the Kremlin in 1890 during the [[Russian Empire]]]]
The site had been continuously inhabited by the [[Meryans]] since the 2nd century [[Common Era|BCE]]. The [[Slavs]] occupied the south-western portion of [[Kremlin Hill|Borovitsky Hill]] as early as the 11th century, as evidenced by a metropolitan seal from the 1090s which was unearthed by Soviet archaeologists in the area. The [[Vyatichi]] built a [[Gord (archaeology)|fortified structure]] (or "grad") on the hill where the [[Neglinnaya River]] flowed into the [[Moskva River]].

Up to the 14th century, the site was known as the "grad of Moscow". The word "Kremlin" was first recorded in 1331<ref>{{cite book |last1=Agrawal |first1=Premendra |title=Silent Assassins. Jan 11, 1966 |date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Agrawal Overseas |isbn=9789350878453 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fQoVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT184 |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> (though etymologist [[Max Vasmer]] mentions an earlier appearance in 1320<ref>{{cite web |last=Фасмера |first=Макс |title=Этимологический Словарь Фасмера |page=321 |language=ru |trans-title=Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary |url=http://vasmer.narod.ru/p321.htm |access-date=12 October 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027030517/http://vasmer.narod.ru/p321.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>). The grad was greatly extended by Prince [[Yuri Dolgorukiy]] in 1156, destroyed by the [[Mongols]] in 1237 and rebuilt in oak by [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan&nbsp;I Kalita]] in 1339.<ref name="PaulJan2004">{{cite journal |first=Michael C. |last=Paul |title=The Military Revolution in Russia 1550–1682 |journal=The Journal of Military History |volume=68 |number=1 |date=January 2004 |page=31 |doi=10.1353/jmh.2003.0401 |s2cid=159954818}}</ref>

===Seat of the grand dukes===
[[Dmitri Donskoi]] replaced the oak [[palisade]] with a strong citadel of white limestone in 1366–1368 on the basic foundations of the current walls;<ref name= PaulJan2004 /> this fortification withstood a siege by Khan [[Tokhtamysh]]. Dmitri's son [[Vasily I of Moscow|Vasily I]] resumed construction of churches and cloisters in the Kremlin. The newly built [[Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow|Cathedral of the Annunciation]] was painted by [[Theophanes the Greek]], [[Andrei Rublev]], and [[Prokhor of Gorodets|Prokhor]] in 1406. The [[Chudov Monastery]] was founded by Dmitri's tutor, [[Alexius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Metropolitan Alexis]]; while his widow, [[Eudoxia of Moscow|Eudoxia]], established the [[Ascension Convent]] in 1397.

===Residence of the tsars===
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| footer = [[Tsar Cannon]] and [[Tsar Bell]], two of the Kremlin's visitor attractions
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[[Ivan III of Russia|Grand Prince Ivan III]] organised the reconstruction of the Kremlin, inviting a number of skilled architects from [[Italian Renaissance|Renaissance Italy]], including [[Pietro Antonio Solari]], who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, and [[Marco Ruffo]] who designed the new palace for the prince. It was during his reign that three extant cathedrals of the Kremlin, the Deposition Church, and [[Palace of Facets|the Palace of Facets]] were constructed. The highest building of the city and [[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovite Russia]] was the [[Ivan the Great Bell Tower]], built in 1505–1508 and augmented to its present height in 1600. The Kremlin walls as they now appear were built between 1485 and 1495.<ref name="PaulJan2004" /> [[Spasskaya Tower|Spasskie]] gates of the wall still bear a dedication in Latin praising Pietro Antonio Solari for the design.

After construction of the new kremlin walls and churches was complete, the monarch decreed that no structures should be built in the immediate vicinity of the citadel. The Kremlin was separated from the walled merchant town ([[Kitay-gorod]]) by a 30-meter-wide moat, over which [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] was constructed during the reign of [[Ivan the Terrible]]. The same tsar also renovated some of his grandfather's palaces, added a new palace and cathedral for his sons, and endowed the Trinity [[metochion]] inside the Kremlin. The metochion was administrated by the [[Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius|Trinity Monastery]] and contained the graceful [[Tented roof|tower church]] of [[Sergius of Radonezh|St. Sergius]], which was described by foreigners as one of the finest in the country.

During the [[Time of Troubles]], the Kremlin was held by the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Polish]] forces for two years, between 21 September 1610 and 26 October 1612. The Kremlin's liberation by the volunteer army of prince [[Dmitry Pozharsky]] and [[Kuzma Minin]] from [[Nizhny Novgorod]] paved the way for the election of [[Michael of Russia|Mikhail Romanov]] as the new tsar. During his reign and that of [[Alexis of Russia|his son Alexis]] and grandson [[Feodor III|Feodor]], the eleven-domed Upper Saviour Cathedral, [[Armorial Gate]], [[Terem Palace]], [[Amusement Palace]] and the palace of [[Patriarch Nikon]] were built. Following the death of Alexis's son, Feodor, and the [[Moscow Uprising of 1682]], [[Peter I of Russia|Tsar Peter]] escaped with much difficulty from the Kremlin and as a result developed a dislike for it. Three decades later in 1703, Peter abandoned the residence of his forefathers for his new capital, [[Saint Petersburg]].
{{external media
 |image1 = [http://mos-kreml.ru/17stroje.html Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 18th century]
 |image2 = [http://mos-kreml.ru/18stroje.html Graphic reconstruction of the Moscow fortress at the beginning of the 19th century]
}}

The Golden Hall, a throne room with murals painted probably after 1547, was destroyed to make place for the Kremlin Palace, commissioned by [[Elizabeth of Russia]] and designed by the Italian architect [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli]] in 1752.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rowland |first=Daniel B. |title=God, Tsar, and people : the political culture of early modern Russia |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-5017-5211-7 |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |oclc=1145926960}}</ref>

===Imperial period===
[[File:Москва. Кремль. Чудов монастырь c Спасс.башни 1909-1911гг p1347649.jpg|220px|thumb|The Kremlin in 1910; many of the buildings were later demolished by the Soviet government.]]
Although still used for coronation ceremonies, the Kremlin was neglected until 1773, when [[Catherine II of Russia|Catherine the Great]] engaged [[Vasili Bazhenov]] to build her new residence there. Bazhenov produced a bombastic [[Neoclassical architecture|Neoclassical]] design on a heroic scale, which involved the demolition of several churches and palaces, as well as a portion of the Kremlin wall. After the preparations were over, construction was delayed due to lack of funds. Several years later the architect [[Matvey Kazakov]] supervised the reconstruction of the dismantled sections of the wall and of some structures of the [[Chudov Monastery]] and built the spacious and luxurious [[Kremlin Senate|Offices of the Senate]], since adapted for use as the principal workplace of the President of Russia.

During the Imperial period, from the early 18th and until the late 19th century, the Kremlin walls were traditionally painted white, in accordance with fashion.<ref name="Semenko2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.rg.ru/2013/11/25/kreml-site.html|title=Почему кремлевские стены красили в белый цвет|trans-title=Why the Kremlin walls painted white|language=ru|last=Semenko|first=Xenia|date=25 November 2013|work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta]]|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=18 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518160602/https://rg.ru/2013/11/25/kreml-site.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

French forces occupied the Kremlin from 2 September to 11 October 1812, following the [[French invasion of Russia]]. Subsequently, when [[Napoleon]] retreated from Moscow, he ordered the whole Kremlin to be blown up. The [[Kremlin Arsenal]], several portions of the Kremlin Wall and several wall towers were destroyed by explosions and the [[Palace of Facets|Faceted Chamber]] and other churches were damaged by fire. Explosions continued for three days, from 21 to 23 October 1812. However, rain damaged the [[Fuse (explosives)|fuses]], and the damage was less severe than intended. Restoration works were undertaken in 1816–1819, supervised by [[Joseph Bové|Osip Bove]]. During the remainder of the reign of [[Alexander I of Russia|Alexander I]], several ancient structures were renovated in a fanciful neo-Gothic style, but many others, including all the buildings of the Trinity metochion, were condemned as "disused" or "dilapidated" and were torn down.
[[File:Moscow Grand Kremlin Palace3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Grand Kremlin Palace]], commissioned 1838 by Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]], constructed 1839–1849, today the official residence of the [[President of Russia]]]]
On visiting Moscow for his coronation festivities, Tsar [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] was not satisfied with the Grand Palace (alias Winter Palace), which had been erected in the 1750s to the design of [[Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli|Francesco Rastrelli]]. The elaborate [[Baroque]] structure was demolished, as was the nearby church of St. John the Precursor, built by [[Aloisio the New]] in 1508 in place of the first church constructed in Moscow. The architect [[Konstantin Thon]] was commissioned to replace them with the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]], which was to rival the [[Winter Palace]] in St. Petersburg in its dimensions and in the opulence of its interiors. The palace was constructed in 1839–1849, followed by the re-building of the [[Kremlin Armoury]] in 1851.

After 1851 the Kremlin changed little until the [[Russian Revolution (1917)|Russian Revolution of 1917]]. The only new features added during this period were the [[Monument to Alexander II (Moscow)|Monument to Alexander II]] and a stone cross marking the spot where in 1905 [[Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia]] was assassinated by [[Ivan Kalyayev]]. These monuments were destroyed by the [[Bolshevik]]s in 1918.

[[File:Москва. Вид на Кремль (с Москв.моста). 1898г big 486981883185 e1t.jpg|thumb|left|The Kremlin in the [[Russian Empire]], 1898]]

===Soviet period===
The [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government moved from [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]] (present-day Saint Petersburg) to Moscow on 12 March 1918. [[Vladimir Lenin]] selected the [[Kremlin Senate]] as his residence. [[Joseph Stalin]] also had his personal rooms in the Kremlin. He was eager to remove all the "relics of the tsarist regime" from his headquarters. Golden eagles on the towers were replaced by shining [[Kremlin stars]], while the wall near [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] was turned into the [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]].

The [[Chudov Monastery]] and [[Ascension Convent]], with their 16th-century [[cathedrals]], were demolished to make room for the military school. The Little Nicholas Palace and the old Saviour Cathedral were pulled down as well. 

In 1939, the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|Molotov-Ribbentrop pact]] was signed here.

During the [[Second World War]], in order to confuse the German pilots, the towers were repainted with different colors and covered with wooden tents. Every roof was painted rusty brown so as to make them indistinguishable from typical roofs in the city. The grounds, paved with cobblestone, were covered up with sand. Tents painted to look like roofs were stretched over the gardens, and the facades of the buildings were also painted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MANAEV |first1=GEORGY |title=How the Russians made the Kremlin 'disappear' during |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/330345-how-russians-made-kremlin-disappear |website=Russia Beyond |access-date=16 January 2022 |date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116230437/https://www.rbth.com/history/330345-how-russians-made-kremlin-disappear |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Kremlin birds eye view-1.jpg|thumb|Kremlin in bird's-eye view in 1987]]
The residence of the Soviet government was closed to tourists until 1955. It was not until the [[Khrushchev Thaw]] that the Kremlin was reopened to foreign visitors. The Kremlin Museums were established in 1961, and the complex was among the first Soviet patrimonies inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] in 1990.

Although the current director of the Kremlin Museums, [[Yelena Gagarina|Elena Gagarina]] ([[Yuri Gagarin]]'s daughter), advocates a full-scale restoration of the destroyed cloisters, recent developments have been confined to expensive restoration of the original interiors of the Grand Kremlin Palace, which were altered during Stalin's rule.

Overall, during the Soviet rule (1917–1991), 28 out of 54 historic buildings in the Kremlin were destroyed (among them 17 out of 31 churches and cathedrals), most of them centuries-old.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.labirint.ru/books/127423/ |title=Константин Михайлов: Уничтоженный Кремль |access-date=8 February 2023 |archive-date=21 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821121206/https://www.labirint.ru/books/127423/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====State Kremlin Palace====
[[File:Tverskoy District, Moscow, Russia - panoramio (800).jpg|thumb|[[State Kremlin Palace]] (alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses), built 1959–1961]]
The [[State Kremlin Palace]] (alias Kremlin Palace of Congresses), was commissioned by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] as a modern arena for Communist Party meetings and was built within the Kremlin walls 1959–1961. Externally the palace is faced with white marble and the windows are tinted and reflective. The construction replaced several heritage buildings, including the old neo-classical building of the State Armoury, and some of the rear parts of the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]]. The Palace was constructed and integrated into the larger complex of the [[Great Kremlin Palace]] with walkways linking it to the [[Church of the Twelve Apostles|Patriarchal Chambers]] and the [[Terem Palace]].

==Buildings==
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 | footer            = Two of the Kremlin's numerous historical buildings: [[Spasskaya Tower]] with one of the [[Kremlin stars]] on top, and the [[Ivan the Great Bell Tower]]
}}
[[File:MoscowKremlin AssumptionCathedral S21.jpg|thumb|[[Dormition Cathedral, Moscow|Dormition Cathedral]], 2014]]
[[File:Moscow (8352322062).jpg|thumb|[[Troitskaya Tower]] ({{convert|80|m|abbr=on|disp=or}}), 2012]]

The existing [[Kremlin wall]]s and [[Kremlin towers|towers]] were built by Italian masters from 1485 to 1495. The irregular triangle of the Kremlin wall encloses an area of {{convert|275000|m2}}. Its overall length is {{convert|2235|m|yd|abbr=off}}, but the height ranges from {{convert|5|to|19|m}}, depending on the terrain. The wall's thickness is between {{convert|3.5|and|6.5|m}}.

Originally there were eighteen [[Kremlin towers]], but their number increased to twenty in the 17th century. All but three of the towers are square in plan. The highest tower is the [[Troitskaya Tower|Troitskaya]], which was built to its present height of {{convert|80|m}} in 1495. Most towers were originally crowned with wooden tents. The extant brick tents with strips of colored tiles date to the 1680s.

[[File:MoscowKremlinMap.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Kremlin buildings]][[Cathedral Square in Moscow|Cathedral Square]] is the heart of the Kremlin. It is surrounded by six buildings, including three [[cathedral]]s. The [[Cathedral of the Dormition]] was completed in 1479 to be the main church of Moscow and where all the [[Tsar]]s were crowned. The massive [[limestone]] façade, capped with its five golden [[cupola]]s, was the design of [[Aristotele Fioravanti]]. Several important metropolitans and patriarchs are buried there, including Peter and [[Macarius, Metropolitan of Moscow|Makarii]]. The gilded, three-domed [[Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow|Cathedral of the Annunciation]] was completed next in 1489, only to be reconstructed to a nine-domed design a century later. On the south-east of the square is the much larger [[Cathedral of the Archangel Michael]] (1508), where almost all the Muscovite monarchs from [[Ivan I of Moscow|Ivan Kalita]] to [[Ivan V of Russia]] are interred. Also [[Boris Godunov]] was originally buried there but was moved to the [[Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra|Trinity Monastery]].

There are two domestic churches of the Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow, the [[Church of the Twelve Apostles]] (1653–1656) and the one-domed [[Church of the Deposition of the Robe|Church of the Deposition of the Virgin's Robe]], built by [[Pskov]] artisans from 1484 to 1488 and featuring icons and frescoes from 1627 and 1644.

The other notable structure is the [[Ivan the Great Bell Tower]] on the north-east corner of the square, which is said to mark the exact center of Moscow and resemble a burning candle. Completed in 1600, it is {{convert|81|m|ft|abbr=off}} high. Until the Russian Revolution, it was the tallest structure in the city, as construction of buildings taller than that was forbidden. Its 21 bells would sound the alarm if any enemy was approaching. The upper part of the structure was destroyed by the French during the Napoleonic Invasion in 1812 and has been rebuilt. The [[Tsar bell]], the largest bell in the world, stands on a pedestal next to the tower.

The oldest secular structure still standing is [[Ivan III of Russia|Ivan III]]'s [[Palace of Facets]] (1491), which holds the imperial thrones. The next oldest is the first home of the royal family, the [[Terem Palace]]. The original Terem Palace was also commissioned by Ivan III, but most of the existing palace was built in the 17th century. The Terem Palace and the Palace of Facets are linked by the [[Grand Kremlin Palace]]. This was commissioned by [[Nicholas I of Russia|Nicholas I]] in 1838. The largest structure in the Kremlin, it cost 11 million [[Russian ruble|rubles]] to build and more than one billion dollars to renovate in the 1990s. It contains reception halls, a ceremonial red staircase, private apartments of the tsars, and the lower story of the Resurrection of Lazarus church (1393), which is the oldest extant structure in the Kremlin and the whole of Moscow.

The northern corner of the Kremlin is occupied by [[Arsenal (Kremlin)|the Arsenal]], which was built for [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] in 1701. The southwestern section of the Kremlin holds the [[Kremlin Armoury|Armoury building]]. Built in 1851 to a [[Neo-Renaissance|Renaissance Revival]] design, it is currently a museum housing Russian state [[Regalia of the Russian tsars|Regalia]] and [[Diamond Fund]].

The haloalkaliphilic methylotrophic bacterium ''[[Methylophaga muralis]]'' (first called ''Methylophaga murata'') was first isolated from deteriorating marble in the Kremlin.<ref>{{cite journal|pmid=16211855 |title=Methylophaga murata sp. nov.: a haloalkaliphilic aerobic methylotroph from deteriorating marble|date=2005|volume=74|journal=Mikrobiologiia|author1=Doronina NV|author2=Li TsD|author3= Ivanova EG|author4=Trotsenko IuA.|issue=4|pages=511–9}}</ref>

===Helipad===
[[Image:Helipad in Moscow Kremlin 2014.JPG|thumb|right|Helipad at the Kremlin, 2014]]
To stop disruptions to traffic caused by motorcades, Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] authorized the construction of a helipad within the Kremlin grounds. The helipad was completed in May 2013. The Russian President will now typically commute back and forth to the Kremlin using a [[Mil Mi-8]] helicopter. Careful consideration was taken in choosing the location of the helipad; its location is said to be of no threat to the architecture of the Kremlin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22683463|title=Vladimir Putin gets Kremlin helipad to ease congestion|medium=Embedded video|last=Rosenberg|first=Steve|date=27 May 2013|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=18 May 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313164029/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-22683463|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Stations of the Moscow Metro ==
The nearest [[Moscow Metro]] stations to the Kremlin are: [[Okhotny Ryad (Moscow Metro)|Okhotny Ryad]] and [[Biblioteka Imeni Lenina]] ([[Sokolnicheskaya Line]]), [[Teatralnaya (Moscow Metro)|Teatralnaya]] ([[Zamoskvoretskaya Line]]), [[Ploshchad Revolyutsii (Moscow Metro)|Ploshchad Revolyutsii]] ([[Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]]), [[Arbatskaya (Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line)|Arbatskaya]] ([[Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya Line]]), [[Alexandrovsky Sad (Moscow Metro)|Alexandrovsky Sad]] ([[Filyovskaya Line]]), and [[Borovitskaya (Moscow Metro)|Borovitskaya]] ([[Serpukhovsko-Timiryazevskaya Line]]).

==See also==
* [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], sometimes mistaken for the Kremlin, also located on [[Red Square]].

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last= Ivanov|first= Vladimir N.|title= Московский Кремль|trans-title= Moscow's Kremlin|language= ru|location= Moscow|year= 1971}}
* {{cite book| last =Merridale| first =Catherine| author-link =Catherine Merridale| title =Red Fortress: History and Illusion in the Kremlin| publisher =Henry Holt| date =2013| location =New York| pages =[https://archive.org/details/redfortresshisto0000merr/page/505 505]| isbn =9780805086805| url =https://archive.org/details/redfortresshisto0000merr/page/505}}
* {{cite book|last= Nenakormova|first= Irina S.|title= Государственные музеи Московского Кремля|trans-title= Art treasures from the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin|language= ru|location= Moscow|publisher= Iskusstvo|year= 1987}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikivoyage|Moscow/Central|the Moscow Kremlin|a listing}}
* [https://tour-planet.com/articles/42 tour-planet.com – Sights of the Moscow Kremlin]
* [https://kremlin-architectural-ensemble.kreml.ru/en-Us/map-of-kremlin/view/ Kremlin.ru – Map of the Kremlin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170722083414/http://en.travel2moscow.com/ Travel2moscow.com – Official Moscow Guide] (archived)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100926161854/http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/history_00.shtml History of the Kremlin] (archived)
* [http://www.kreml.ru Moscow Kremlin State Historical and Cultural Museum Sanctuary]
* [http://www.openkremlin.ru/ Open Kremlin]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-europe-21041399 Rare access inside the Kremlin], video news report from ''[[BBC News Online]]'', 17 January 2013
* {{cite web|title=Kremlin|url=http://www.wordsoftheworld.co.uk/videos/kremlin.html|work=Words of the World|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] ([[University of Nottingham]])|author= Cynthia Marsh}}

{{Moscow Kremlin}}
{{Imperial palaces in Russia}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Russia}}
{{Portal bar|Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moscow Kremlin| ]]
[[Category:Official residences in Russia|Kremlin]]
[[Category:Palaces in Moscow|Kremlin]]
[[Category:Castles in Russia|Kremlin]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Russia|Kremlin]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Moscow|Kremlin]]
[[Category:Royal residences in Russia|Kremlin]]
[[Category:Presidential residences|Kremlin]]
[[Category:1495 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:15th-century establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Kremlins]]
[[Category:Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow]]