View source for L'Anse Indian Reservation

{{more citations needed|date=December 2015}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name          = L'Anse Indian Reservation
|other_name             = Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
|native_name            = Gakiiwe’onaning 
|nickname               = 
|settlement_type        = [[Indian reservation]]
|motto                  = 
|image_skyline          = 
|imagesize              = 
|image_caption          = 
|image_flag             = 
|flag_size              = 150
|image_seal             = 
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|pushpin_map            =
|pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none -->
|pushpin_label          = 
|pushpin_map_caption    =
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|image_map              = L'Anse Indian Reservation location.png
|mapsize                = 
|map_caption            = Locations within [[Baraga County, Michigan|Baraga County]] (left) and [[Marquette County, Michigan|Marquette County]] (right)
|image_map1             = 1880R L'Anse Reservation Locator Map.svg
|map_caption1           = Location within the State of Michigan
|image_dot_map          = 
|dot_mapsize            = 
|dot_map_caption        = 
|dot_x =  | dot_y = 
|subdivision_type       = Country
|subdivision_name       = United States
|subdivision_type1      = State
|subdivision_name1      = [[Michigan]]
|subdivision_type2      = [[Counties of Michigan|Counties]]
|subdivision_name2      = [[Baraga County, Michigan|Baraga]] and [[Marquette County, Michigan|Marquette]]
|subdivision_type3      = 
|subdivision_name3      = 
|subdivision_type4      = 
|subdivision_name4      = 
|government_footnotes   = 
|government_type        = 
|leader_title           = Governing&nbsp;Body
|leader_name            = Tribal Council of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community
|leader_title1          = President
|leader_name1           = Doreen G. Blaker<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kbic-nsn.gov/tribal-governance/tribal-council/ |title=Tribal Council &#124; Keweenaw Bay Indian Community |access-date=2025-01-03}}</ref>
|leader_title2          = Vice President
|leader_name2           = Rodney Loonsfoot 
|leader_title3          = 
|leader_name3           = 
|leader_title4          = 
|leader_name4           = 
|established_title      =  Established
|established_date       = 1854
|established_title2     =  Re-establishment
|established_date2      = 1934 (tribal government)
|established_title3     =  <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
|established_date3      = 
|area_magnitude         = 
|unit_pref              = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired-->
|area_footnotes         = <ref name="gaz2020" />
|area_total_km2         = 
|area_land_km2          = 
|area_water_km2         = 
|area_total_sq_mi       = 110.06
|area_land_sq_mi        = 91.98
|area_water_sq_mi       = 18.08
|area_water_percent     = 16.4
|area_urban_km2         = 
|area_urban_sq_mi       = 
|area_metro_km2         = 
|area_metro_sq_mi       = 
|area_note              = (includes off-reservation trust land)
|population_as_of         = [[2020 United States Census|2020]]
|population_total         = 3396
|population_density_sq_mi = 36.9
|population_density_km2   = 14.3
|population_footnotes     = <ref name="2020-census-1880" />
|population_note        = (includes off-reservation trust land)
|population_metro               = 
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|population_density_blank1_km2 =   |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = 
|timezone                 = [[North American Eastern Time Zone|Eastern (EST)]]
|utc_offset               = -5
|timezone_DST             = EDT
|utc_offset_DST           = -4
|coordinates            = {{coord|46|46|36|N|88|29|46|W|display=inline}}
|elevation_footnotes    = 
|elevation_m            = 
|elevation_ft           = 
|postal_code_type       = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... -->
|postal_code            = 
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|blank_name             = 
|blank_info             = 
|blank1_name            = 
|blank1_info            = 
|website                = http://www.kbic-nsn.gov/
|footnotes              = 
}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Keweenaw Bay Indian Community 
|image_caption=
|population=Enrolled members: 3,159 (1999)
|popplace={{USA}} ([[Michigan]]) 
|rels=[[Christianity]] 
|langs=[[English language|English]], [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]]  
|related= [[Odawa]], [[Potawatomie]]
}}
[[Image:MichiganIndianReservations.svg|thumb|350px|Map showing Indian Reservations in Michigan.]]
The '''L'Anse Indian Reservation''' is the land base of the federally recognized '''Keweenaw Bay Indian Community''' ({{langx|oj|'''Gakiiwe’onaning'''}}) of the historic [[Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians]]. (The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community was defined in 1934 by the [[Indian Reorganization Act]] as the successor apparent of the L’Anse and Ontonagon bands).<ref name="ITCM"/> The reservation is located primarily in two non-contiguous sections on either side of the [[Keweenaw Bay]] in [[Baraga County, Michigan|Baraga County]] in the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] of the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]]. The Keweenaw Bay Community also manages the separate [[Ontonagon Indian Reservation]].<ref name="kbic-nrd" />

As of 2020, the L'Anse reservation had a land area of {{convert|91.98|sqmi|acres km2}}, including [[off-reservation trust land]].<ref name="gaz2020" /> The population living on the reservation was 3,396 in the [[2020 United States census|2020 census]].<ref name="2020-census-1880" /> Most of the village of [[Baraga, Michigan|Baraga]] and part of the village of [[L'Anse, Michigan|L'Anse]] are on reservation land. In 1999, tribal enrollment was 3,159 according to the [[Bureau of Indian Affairs]] ''1999 Labor Force Report.''

==History==
This area was historically the territory of the L'Anse Band of the [[Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians]], a large, decentralized group of loosely associated bands around southern Lake Superior.

The European-American community of L'Anse developed around a French [[fur trading]] post set up in colonial times at the site of an Ojibwa village on the bay. It continued to develop after the British took control of New France following the [[Seven Years' War]]. After the [[War of 1812]] between Britain and the United States, negotiations settled the border with Canada, and this area became part of the United States.

As European-American settlers moved into Michigan in the early 19th century, the United States increased pressure on the Lake Superior Band of Ojibwa to cede their lands to allow unrestricted development. The [[Treaty of La Pointe|Treaty of 1842]], by which the Chippewa ceded lands to the federal government, was one of the largest land cession agreements ever made between the U.S. federal government and Indian tribes. It includes provisions and stipulations that the Chippewa retain their rights to fish, hunt and gather on these ceded lands.

The L’Anse Reservation is both the oldest and largest reservation in Michigan. It was established under the [[Treaty of La Pointe|Chippewa Treaty of 1854]]. The [[United States Supreme Court]] has interpreted this treaty as creating permanent homelands for the Chippewa (Ojibwa [[Anishnaabe]]g) band signatories to the treaty. The US ultimately acquired land and set up other reservations in Michigan for Chippewa based on this treaty, for instance for the [[Bay Mills Indian Community]].

{{convert|760| acres||spell=In}} of forestland was transferred from [[The Nature Conservancy]] to the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community in 2024. The land, located within the ’s 1842 reservation boundary, was purchased from a landowner in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raymond |first=Ben |date=2024-06-12 |title=760 acres acquired by Keweenaw Bay Indian Community |url=https://www.upmatters.com/news/760-acres-acquired-by-keweenaw-bay-indian-community/ |access-date=2024-06-19 |website=WJMN - UPMatters.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
The reservation includes land on either side of the [[Keweenaw Bay]] in [[Baraga County, Michigan]]. The entire reservation encompasses nearly one third of the area of Baraga County. The largest section lies in northern [[L'Anse Township, Michigan|L'Anse Township]] and western [[Arvon Township, Michigan|Arvon Township]] on the east side of Keweenaw Bay, while the smaller section lies in northern [[Baraga Township, Michigan|Baraga Township]] on the west side of Keweenaw Bay. There is also a much smaller (43.07 [[acre]]) part of the reservation in northern [[Chocolay Township, Michigan|Chocolay Township]] in northeastern [[Marquette County, Michigan|Marquette County]].

According to the [[United States Census Bureau]], the L'Anse reservation and off-reservation trust land have a combined total area of {{convert|110.06|sqmi|km2}}, of which {{convert|91.98|sqmi|acres km2}} is land and {{convert|18.08|sqmi|km2}} is water. Of the total area, {{convert|0.14|sqmi|acres km2}} was [[off-reservation trust land]].<ref name="gaz2020">{{cite web|title=2020 Gazetteer Files |url=https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.2020.html |website=census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>

Due to historic allotment under the [[Dawes Act]] of 1886, only about 36% of the land inside the reservation is owned by the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community. The remaining 64% is owned by individuals (both Tribal members and non-members), businesses, and other local governments.<ref name="kbic-nrd">{{cite web |title=About Us - Natural Resource Department |url=http://nrd.kbic-nsn.gov/about-us |website=nrd.kbic-nsn.gov |publisher=Keweenaw Bay Indian Community |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>

==Reservation demographics==
As of the [[2020 United States census|census of 2020]],<ref name="2020-census-1880">{{cite web|title=2020 Decennial Census: L'Anse Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, MI |url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=2500000US1880&y=2020&d=DEC%20Redistricting%20Data%20%28PL%2094-171%29 |website=data.census.gov |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref> the population of the L'Anse Reservation (including off-reservation trust land) was 3,396. The [[population density]] was {{convert|36.9|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|1}}. There were 1,844 housing units at an average density of {{convert|20.0|/sqmi|/km2|1}}. The racial makeup of the reservation and off-reservation trust land was 58.6% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 29.3% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.1% [[Black (U.S. Census)|Black]] or [[African American (U.S. Census)|African American]], 0.6% from [[Race and ethnicity in the United States census|other races]], and 11.3% from two or more races. Ethnically, the population was 1.1% [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race.

==Government==
The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community re-established its tribal government under the [[Indian Reorganization Act of 1934]], with its constitution for elected government adopted in 1936. It elects members to a tribal council and executive.

The Act, which encouraged tribes to reorganize their self-governments, also required that the Ontonagon and L'Anse bands of the [[Lake Superior Band of Chippewa Indians]] be brought together as the federally recognized [[Keweenaw Bay Indian Community]], defining it as the successor apparent of these two historic bands.<ref name="ITCM">[http://www.itcmi.org/blog/2012/10/11/lac-vieux-desert-band-of-chippewa-indian-community/ "Lac Vieux Desert Band of Chippewa Indian Community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151224103852/http://www.itcmi.org/blog/2012/10/11/lac-vieux-desert-band-of-chippewa-indian-community/ |date=2015-12-24 }}, Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, 2012</ref> Each had reservations in Michigan established through 19th-century treaties with the federal government.

The Keweenaw Bay Community was among the four founding tribes of the [[Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan, Inc.]] established in 1966 during a period of rising Indian activism in the United States and Canada. Others were the [[Bay Mills Indian Community]], [[Hannahville Indian Community]], and [[Saginaw Chippewa Indian Tribe]]; all were federally recognized at the time. They worked to pool resources, preserve communal land, improve the welfare of their peoples, and improve relations with state and federal governments. Working as a group, the tribes qualified for [[Community Action Program]] grants that helped fund improvements in living conditions for their peoples. The council now represents 11 of the 12 federally recognized tribes in Michigan.

The Keweenaw Bay Indian Community establishes its own membership rules for the tribe.

==Economy==
The Keweenaw Indian Community operates a fish hatchery at Pequamining Bay on Lake Superior. It works to improve and preserve water quality in the lake to support fish and other natural populations.

The tribe also operates two casinos, the Ojibwa I on reservation land in Baraga County, and the Ojibwa II in a residential neighborhood in Chocolay Township, [[Marquette County, Michigan|Marquette County]]. A 2000 land claims settlement with the state required the tribe to relocate the latter casino. The tribe proposed moving it to the defunct [[Marquette County Airport]]. As of December 2012 the location remained unsettled.<ref>{{cite news|title=Snyder delays decision on casino at old airport|newspaper=The Mining Journal|author=John Pepin|date=December 21, 2012|url=http://www.miningjournal.net/page/content.detail/id/582793/Snyder-delays-decision-on-casino-at-old-airport.html?nav=5001|accessdate=2012-12-21|location=Marquette}}</ref>

==Communities==
* [[Baraga, Michigan|Baraga]] (most)
* [[L'Anse, Michigan|L'Anse]] (part)
* [[Zeba, Michigan|Zeba]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://www.census.gov L'Anse Reservation and Off-Reservation Trust Land, Michigan] United States Census Bureau

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040906090723/http://www.itcmi.org/thehistorytribal4.html Background from the Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan]
*[http://www.kbic-nsn.gov/ Keweenaw Bay Indian Community Online]
*[http://www.edwards1.com/rose/native/kbconst.htm Constitution and By-Laws of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community]
*[http://www.mainlymichigan.com/nativedata/ Native Americans in Michigan Databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222101207/http://www.mainlymichigan.com/nativedata/ |date=December 22, 2015 }}, Mainly Michigan website, includes "Durant Roll of 1908" and "Mt. Pleasant Indian School Register (1893 to 1932)"

{{coord|46|46|52|N|88|24|08|W|scale:250000|display=title}}

{{Lake Superior Chippewa}}
{{Native American Tribes in Michigan}}
{{Anishinaabe}}
{{Native American rights}}
{{Baraga County, Michigan}}
{{Marquette County, Michigan}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:American Indian reservations in Michigan]]
[[Category:Anishinaabe communities in the United States]]
[[Category:Anishinaabe reservations and tribal-areas in the United States]]
[[Category:Baraga County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Federally recognized tribes in the United States]]
[[Category:Great Lakes tribes]]
[[Category:Michigan populated places on Lake Superior]]
[[Category:Geography of Baraga County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Geography of Marquette County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in the United States]]
[[Category:Marquette County, Michigan]]
[[Category:Ojibwe in Michigan]]