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{{Short description|1832 opera by Gaetano Donizetti}}
{{Infobox opera
| name              = L'elisir d'amore
| type              = ''[[Dramma giocoso|Melodramma giocoso]]''
| composer          = [[Gaetano Donizetti]]
| image             = Giuseppe Frezzolini in Donizetti's L'elisir d'amore.jpg
| image_upright     = 1.2
| caption           = [[Giuseppe Frezzolini]] as Dulcamara in the premiere of the opera
| librettist        = [[Felice Romani]]
| language          = Italian
| based_on          = [[Eugène Scribe]]'s libretto for [[Daniel Auber|Auber]]'s ''[[Le philtre]]''
| premiere_date     = {{Start date|1832|05|12|df=y}}
| premiere_location = {{Nowrap|[[Teatro della Canobbiana]], Milan}}
}}

'''''L'elisir d'amore''''' ({{IPA|it|leliˈzir daˈmoːre|pron}}; '''''The Elixir of Love''''') is a {{lang|it|melodramma giocoso}} (comic melodrama, [[opera buffa]]) in two acts by the Italian composer [[Gaetano Donizetti]]. [[Felice Romani]] wrote the [[Italian language|Italian]] libretto, after [[Eugène Scribe]]'s [[libretto]] for [[Daniel Auber]]'s {{lang|fr|[[Le philtre]]}} (1831). The opera premiered on 12 May 1832 at the [[Teatro della Canobbiana]] in Milan and has remained continually in the international [[List of important operas|opera repertory]].

== Composition history ==
Written in haste in a six-week period,{{sfn|Ashbrook|1998|pp=37–38}} Donizetti insisted on a number of changes from the original libretto by Scribe. The best known of these was the insertion of "Una furtiva lagrima" and the duet between Adina and Nemorino in the first act, "Chiedi all'aura lusinghiera". The melody to the duet "Io son ricco e tu sei bella" in act 2, scene 1 recurs in the final scene of the opera sung by Dulcamara as a solo aria with new scabrous lyrics. The central narrative theme, the triumph of sincerity, is essential to the  [[Romanticism|Romantic outlook]]; musically, in Donizetti's hands, the treatment became more romantic than in the Auber version: ''L'elisir d'amore'' features three big duets between the tenor and soprano. There is also personal history in this opera: Donizetti's military service was bought by a rich woman, so that, unlike his brother [[Giuseppe Donizetti|Giuseppe]] (also a well known composer), he did not have to serve in the Austrian army.

== Performance history ==
The premiere of ''L'elisir d'amore'' took place at the [[Teatro della Canobbiana]], Milan, on 12 May 1832. Between 1838 and 1848, ''L'elisir d'amore'' was the most often performed opera in Italy.{{sfn|Ashbrook|1998|pp=37–38}} [[Enrico Caruso]] played in the role of Nemorino for the first time in February 1901 at [[La Scala]] with the conductor [[Arturo Toscanini]]. The audience reception caused Caruso and the orchestra to repeat "Una furtiva lagrima" three times. Toscanini stated after the performance that: "{{lang|it|Per Dio! Se questo Napoletano continua a cantare così, farà parlare di sè il mondo intero}}" (Heavens! If this Neapolitan continues to sing like this, he will be talked about all over the world).<ref>''Toscanini: Musician of Conscience''. Harvey Sachs. Liveright (2017). Pp. 142-143.</ref>

== Roles ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Role
! [[Voice type]]
! Premiere cast, <br />12 May 1832<br />(Conductor: [[Alessandro Rolla]])
|-
| Nemorino, ''a simple peasant, in love with Adina''
| [[tenor]]
| [[Gianbattista Genero]]
|-
| Adina, ''a wealthy landowner''
| [[soprano]]
| [[Sabine Heinefetter]]
|-
| Belcore, ''a sergeant''
| [[baritone]]
| [[Henri-Bernard Dabadie]]
|-
| Dr. Dulcamara, ''an itinerant medicine man''
| [[Bass (voice type)|bass]]
| [[Giuseppe Frezzolini]]
|-
| Giannetta, ''Adina's friend''
| soprano
| [[Marietta Sacchi]]
|-
| colspan="3" | ''Peasants, soldiers of Belcore's platoon''
|}

== Synopsis ==
[[File:L'elisir d'amore poster.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of the libretto published by [[Ricordi (publisher)|Ricordi]]]]
:Place: A small village in the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]], Spain<ref>But "in a small Italian Village" is noted in the Schirmer English edition of the score</ref>
:Time: The end of the 18th century

=== Act 1 ===
Nemorino, a poor peasant, is in love with Adina, a beautiful landowner, who torments him with her indifference. When Nemorino hears Adina reading to her workers the story of [[Tristan and Iseult|Tristan and Isolde]], he is convinced that a magic potion will help him to gain Adina's love. The self-important Sergeant Belcore appears with his regiment and immediately sets about courting Adina in front of everyone. Nemorino becomes anxious (although Adina meanwhile secretly derides Belcore's complacency) and, alone with Adina, reveals his love for her. Adina rebuffs him, saying that she wants a different lover every day and that Nemorino would do well to follow her example. Nemorino declares that his feelings will never change. The traveling quack doctor, Dulcamara (the self-proclaimed Dr. Encyclopedia), arrives, selling his bottled cure-all to the townspeople. Nemorino innocently asks Dulcamara if he has any of Isolde's love potion. Despite failing to recognize the name "Isolde", Dulcamara's commercial talents nevertheless enable him to sell a bottle of the "elixir" – in reality only cheap red wine – to Nemorino, who pays for it with all the cash at his disposal.

[[File: Andrew Foldi as Dr. Dulcamara.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.5|"Dr. Dulcamara" ([[Andrew Foldi]]), an itinerant quack and purveyor of "elixirs" and other tonics, gestures to "Cochise" (Bruce Cooper), his sly trumpet-playing assistant, to call together the townspeople as he sings his act 1 (scene 2) aria "Udite, udite, o rustici" (Hear me, hear me, o peasants) in a performance of the [[Cincinnati Opera]]'s 1968 "Wild West" production of ''L'elisir d'amore'', in which the 1832 opera's setting was moved from a village in the Basque country to 1870s Texas.]]
To make a safe escape, Dulcamara tells Nemorino the potion needs 24 hours to take effect – by which time, the doctor will be long gone. Nemorino drinks the potion in haste to watch the effect the following day. Emboldened by the "elixir" (in fact, drunk), Nemorino feigns indifference when he encounters Adina, as he expects that the elixir will facilitate his conquest of Adina the next day. She becomes increasingly annoyed; perhaps she has feelings for Nemorino after all? Belcore returns and proposes marriage to Adina. Still riled by Nemorino and wishing to give him a lesson, Adina falsely promises to marry Belcore in six days' time. Yet, Nemorino only laughs in response: such confidence is sustained in the belief in the magic potion. However, when Belcore learns that his regiment must leave the next morning, Adina promises to marry him before his departure. This panics Nemorino, who cries out for Dr. Dulcamara to come to his aid. Adina, meanwhile, invites everyone to the wedding.

=== Act 2 ===
Adina and Belcore's wedding party is in full swing. Dr. Dulcamara encourages Adina to sing a duet with him to entertain the guests. The notary arrives to make the marriage official. Adina is annoyed to see that Nemorino has not appeared, for the proposed marriage has been intended only to punish him. While everyone goes to witness the signing of the wedding contract, Dulcamara stays behind, helping himself to food and drink. Having seen the notary, Nemorino appears, depressed, as he believes that he has lost Adina. He sees Dulcamara and frantically begs him for a more powerful, faster-acting elixir. Although Dulcamara is proud to boast of his philanthropy, upon discovering that Nemorino now has no money he changes his tune and marches off, refusing to supply him anything. Belcore emerges, musing about why Adina has suddenly put off the wedding and signing of the contract. He spots Nemorino and asks his rival why he is depressed. When Nemorino says he needs cash, Belcore suggests joining the army, as he will receive funds on the spot. Belcore tries to excite Nemorino with tales of military life, while Nemorino only thinks of getting the potion and thus winning Adina, if only for a day before departure. Belcore produces a contract, which Nemorino signs in return for the money. Nemorino privately vows to rush and buy more potion, while Belcore muses about how sending Nemorino off to war has so easily dispatched his rival.

After the two men have left, Giannetta gossips with the women of the village. Swearing them all to secrecy, she reveals that Nemorino's uncle has just died and left his nephew a large fortune. However, neither Nemorino nor Adina is yet aware of this. Nemorino enters, having spent his military signing bonus on – and consumed – a large amount of the fake elixir from Dr. Dulcamara. Hoping to share his fortune, the women approach Nemorino with overly friendly greetings. So out of character is this that Nemorino takes it as proof of the elixir's efficacy. Adina sees Nemorino with the women, is rattled by his newfound popularity, and asks Dr. Dulcamara for an explanation. Unaware that Adina is the object of Nemorino's affection, Dulcamara explains that Nemorino spent his last penny on the elixir and joined the army for money to get more, so desperate was he to win the love of some unnamed cruel beauty. Adina immediately recognises Nemorino's sincerity, regrets her behaviour and realises that she has loved Nemorino all along. Although Dulcamara seizes the opportunity to try to sell her some of his potion to win back Nemorino, Adina declares that she has full confidence in her own powers of attraction.
{{Listen|type=music
| filename=Enrico Caruso, L'elisir d'amore, Una furtiva lagrima.ogg
| title="Una furtiva lagrima"
| description=Sung by [[Enrico Caruso]] in 1911 for the [[Victor Talking Machine Company]].
}}
Nemorino appears alone, pensive, reflecting on a tear he saw in Adina's eye when he was ignoring her earlier. Solely based on that, he convinces himself that Adina loves him. She enters and asks why he has chosen to join the army and leave the village. When Nemorino explains that he was seeking a better life, Adina responds that he is loved and that she has purchased back his military contract from Sergeant Belcore. She offers the cancelled contract to Nemorino and reassures him that, if he stays, he will be happy.  As he takes the contract, Adina turns to leave. Nemorino believes she is abandoning him and flies into a desperate fit, vowing that if he is not loved he might as well go off and die a soldier. Deeply moved by his fidelity, Adina finally declares that she will love Nemorino forever. Nemorino is ecstatic. Adina begs him to forgive her, which he does with a kiss. Belcore returns to see Nemorino and Adina in an embrace. When Adina explains that she loves Nemorino, the Sergeant takes the news in his stride, noting that there are plenty of other women in the world. Adina and Nemorino learn about the inheritance from his uncle.  Dulcamara returns and boasts of the success of his elixir: Nemorino is now not only loved but also rich.  Dulcamara exults in the boost this will bring to the sales of his product.  As Dulcamara prepares to leave, everyone queues up to buy the elixir and to hail Dulcamara as a great physician.

== Noted excerpts ==
[[File:Disegno per copertina di libretto, disegno di Peter Hoffer per L'elisir d'amore (s.d.) - Archivio Storico Ricordi ICON012369.jpg|thumb|Disegno per copertina di libretto, drawing for L'elisir d'amore (undated).]]
The opera contains the popular tenor [[aria]] "[[Una furtiva lagrima]]", a ''[[Romance (music)|romanza]]'' that has a considerable performance history in the concert hall.

'''Act 1'''
* "Quanto è bella, quanto è cara" (How beautiful she is) – Nemorino, scene 1
* "Della crudele Isotta" (Of the cruel Isolda) – Adina, scene 1
* "Esulti pur la Barbara" – Adina and Nemorino
* "Come Paride vezzoso" (Just as the charming [[Paris (mythology)|Paris]]) – Belcore, scene 1
* "Udite, udite, o rustici" (Listen, listen, o peasants) – Doctor Dulcamara, scene 2
'''Act 2'''
* Barcarolle for two voices "Io son ricco e tu sei bella" (I am rich, and you are beautiful) – Dulcamara, Adina, scene 1
* "Venti scudi!" – 	Nemorino and Belcore, scene 1 
* "[[Una furtiva lagrima]]" (A furtive tear) – Nemorino, scene 2
* "Prendi, per me sei libero" (Take it, I have freed you) – Adina, scene 2

== Arrangements and adaptations ==
In 1840, [[Richard Wagner]] arranged the work for solo piano.<ref>Grove's ''Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', 5th ed., 1954</ref> [[W. S. Gilbert]] wrote a [[Victorian burlesque|burlesque]] adaptation of the opera, ''[[Dulcamara, or the Little Duck and the Great Quack]]'', in 1866.<ref>"St. James's Theatre", ''[[The Era (newspaper)|The Era]]'', 30 December 1866, p. 15</ref>

== Recordings ==
''L'elisir d'amore'' remains one of the most performed of all Donizetti's operas: it appears as number 13 on the [[Operabase]] list of the most-performed operas worldwide in the five seasons between 2008 and 2013.<ref>{{cite web |title=Opera Statistics |url=http://operabase.com/top.cgi?lang=en#opera |publisher=Operabase |access-date=14 September 2013}}</ref> There are a large number of recordings.
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! width="140" | Cast<br />(Adina, Nemorino, Belcore, Dulcamara)
! Conductor,<br />opera house and orchestra
! Label<ref>[http://opera.stanford.edu/Donizetti/Elisir/disco.html L'elisir d'amore discography from Stanford website].</ref><ref>[http://www.operadis-opera-discography.org.uk/CLDOELIS.HTM Recordings of ''Elixir'' on operadis-opera-discography.org.uk].</ref>
|-
| 1953 || [[Margherita Carosio]],<br />[[Nicola Monti]],<br />[[Melchiorre Luise]],<br />[[Tito Gobbi]] || [[Gabriele Santini]],<br />Orchestra and Chorus of the [[Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]] || CD: [[Testament Records (UK)|Testament]]<br />Cat: SBT 2150
|-
| 1955 || [[Hilde Gueden]],<br />[[Giuseppe Di Stefano]],<br />[[Renato Capecchi]]<br />[[Fernando Corena]] || [[Francesco Molinari-Pradelli]],<br />[[Maggio Musicale Fiorentino]] Orchestra and Chorus || CD: [[Decca Records|Decca]]<br />Cat: 443542
|-
| 1966 || [[Roberta Peters]],<br />[[Carlo Bergonzi (tenor)|Carlo Bergonzi]],<br />Frank Guarrera,<br />[[Fernando Corena]] || [[Thomas Schippers]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus<br />(Met Opera broadcast of 5 March 1966) || CD: Sony Classical Cat: 90991-2
|-
| 1967 || [[Mirella Freni]],<br />[[Nicolai Gedda]],<br />[[Mario Sereni]],<br />[[Renato Capecchi]] || [[Francesco Molinari-Pradelli]],<br />[[Rome Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus || CD: [[EMI]]<br />Cat: CMS 7 69897 2
|-
| 1967 || [[Renata Scotto]],<br />[[Carlo Bergonzi (tenor)|Carlo Bergonzi]],<br />[[Giuseppe Taddei]],<br />Carlo Cava || [[Gianandrea Gavazzeni]],<br />
[[Maggio Musicale Fiorentino]]Orchestra and Chorus
|| CD: Myto Records<br />Cat: 984194
|-
| 1970 || [[Joan Sutherland]],<br />[[Luciano Pavarotti]],<br />[[Dominic Cossa]]<br />[[Spiro Malas]] || [[Richard Bonynge]],<br />[[English Chamber Orchestra]]<br />[[Ambrosian Singers|Ambrosian Opera Chorus]] || CD: [[Decca Records|Decca]]<br />Cat: 424912-2
|-
| 1977 || [[Ileana Cotrubaș]],<br />[[Plácido Domingo]],<br />[[Ingvar Wixell]],<br />[[Geraint Evans]] || [[John Pritchard (conductor)|John Pritchard]],<br />[[Royal Opera House]]<br />Covent Garden Orchestra and Chorus || CD: [[Sony Masterworks]]<br />Cat: 2796-96458-2
|-
| 1981 || [[Judith Blegen]],<br />[[Luciano Pavarotti]],<br />Brent Ellis,<br />[[Sesto Bruscantini]] || [[Nicola Rescigno]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus || DVD: [[Decca Records|Decca]]<br />Cat: 074 3226
|-
| 1982 || [[Lucia Popp]],<br />[[Peter Dvorský]],<br />[[Bernd Weikl]],<br />[[Yevgeny Nesterenko]] || [[Heinz Wallberg]],<br />Bavarian Radio Chorus,<br />[[Munich Radio Orchestra]] || CD: [[RCA Corporation|RCA]]<br />Cat:
|-
| 1986 || [[Barbara Bonney]],<br />[[Gösta Winbergh]],<br />[[Bernd Weikl]],<br />[[Rolando Panerai]] || [[Gabriele Ferro (conductor)|Gabriele Ferro]],<br />[[Maggio Musicale Fiorentino]] Orchestra and Chorus || CD: [[Deutsche Grammophon]]<br />Cat: B000458002
|-
| 1990 || [[Kathleen Battle]],<br />[[Luciano Pavarotti]],<br />[[Leo Nucci]],<br />[[Enzo Dara]] || [[James Levine]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus || CD: [[Deutsche Grammophon]]<br />Cat: 429744
|-
| 1996 || Alessandra Ruffini,<br /> Vincenzo La Scola, <br />Roberto Frontiali,<br />[[Simone Alaimo]] || Piergiorgio Morandi,<br />[[Hungarian State Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus || CD:[[Naxos Records|Naxos]]<br />Cat: 8660045-46
|-
| 1997 || [[Angela Gheorghiu]],<br /> [[Roberto Alagna]], <br />Roberto Scaltriti,<br />[[Simone Alaimo]] || [[Evelino Pidò]],<br />Lyon Opera Orchestra and Chorus || CD:[[Decca Records|Decca]]<br />Cat: 455691
|-
| 2005 || [[Anna Netrebko]],<br />[[Rolando Villazón]],<br />[[Leo Nucci]],<br />{{Nowrap|[[Ildebrando D'Arcangelo]]}} || {{ill|Alfred Eschwé|de}},<br />[[Vienna State Opera]] Orchestra and Chorus || DVD: Virgin Classics/[[EMI]]<br />Cat: 00946 363352 9
|-
| 2007 || Silvia Dalla Benetta,<br />Raùl Hernández,<br />Alex Esposito,<br />Damiano Salerno || [[Alessandro De Marchi (conductor)|Alessandro De Marchi]],<br />[[Teatro Donizetti]], Bergamo Orchestra and Chorus || DVD: [[Dynamic (record label)|Dynamic]]<br /> Cat. 33577
|-
| 2009 || [[Ekaterina Siurina]],<br />[[Peter Auty]],<br />Alfredo Daza,<br />Luciano di Pasquale || [[Maurizio Benini]],<br />[[Glyndebourne Chorus]], [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]] || DVD: Opus Arte<br /> Cat. OABD7057D<br>
Annabel Arden (stage director)
|-
| 2018 || [[Pretty Yende]],<br />[[Matthew Polenzani]],<br />Davide Luciano,<br />[[Ildebrando&nbsp;D'Arcangelo]] || [[Domingo Hindoyan]],<br />[[Metropolitan Opera]] (performance of 10 February) || [[High-definition video|HD]] [[streaming video]]: [[Met Opera on Demand]]<ref>[https://www.metopera.org/season/on-demand/opera/?upc=811357019344 ''L'Elisir d'Amore'', 10 February 2018], Met Opera on Demand.</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* Allitt, John Stewart (1991), ''Donizetti: in the light of Romanticism and the teaching of Johann Simon Mayr'', Shaftesbury: Element Books, Ltd (UK); Rockport, MA: Element, Inc.
* [[William Ashbrook|Ashbrook, William]] (1982), ''Donizetti and His Operas'', Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|052123526X}}
* {{cite book |last=Ashbrook |first=William |year=1998 |chapter=''L'elisir d'amore'' |editor=Stanley Sadie |editor-link=Stanley Sadie |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera |title-link=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera |volume=2 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-333-73432-7 }} {{ISBN|1561592285}}
* Ashbrook, William; Sarah Hibberd (2001), in [[Amanda Holden (writer)|Holden, Amanda]] (Ed.), ''The New Penguin Opera Guide'', New York: Penguin Putnam. {{ISBN|0140293124}}
* Black, John (1982), ''Donizetti's Operas in Naples, 1822–1848''. London: The Donizetti Society.
* Loewenberg, Alfred (1970). ''Annals of Opera, 1597–1940'', 2nd edition. Rowman and Littlefield
* [[Charles Osborne (music writer)|Osborne, Charles]] (1994), ''The Bel Canto Operas of Rossini, Donizetti, and Bellini'', Portland, Oregon: Amadeus Press. {{ISBN|0931340713}}
* [[Stanley Sadie|Sadie, Stanley]], (Ed.); John Tyrell (Exec. Ed.) (2004), ''[[The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians]]''. 2nd edition. London: Macmillan. {{ISBN|978-0195170672}} (hardcover). {{ISBN|0195170679}} {{OCLC|419285866}} (eBook).
* Schirmer, G. (1990/91), ''L'elisir d'amore'' in ''Collection of Opera Librettos''
* Weinstock, Herbert (1963), ''Donizetti and the World of Opera in Italy, Paris, and Vienna in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century'', New York: Octagon, 1963 and 1979. {{ISBN|978-0374983376}} {{OCLC|5219645}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.donizettisociety.com/index.html Donizetti Society (London) website]
* {{IMSLP|work=L'elisir d'amore (Donizetti, Gaetano)|cname=''L'elisir d'amore''}}
* [http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/caw8891/large/index.html Vocal score with English translation]
* [http://opera.stanford.edu/Donizetti/Elisir/libretto.html Stanford.edu | Libretto] (Italian)
* [https://sfopera.com/contentassets/9e8e007a199e41c99313a90dcff86859/elixirmayfeature.pdf Essay by Thomas May for San Francisco Opera]
* {{in lang|en|fr}} & ([[Occitan language|Occitan]]) [http://mtcn.free.fr/mtcn-traditional-music-midi-crossover.php#elixir Cross-over between ''L'Elisir d'amore'' and the traditional music from County of Nice, France]
* {{YouTube|5OR4Fv4fnzQ|Animation}}, by [[Rolando Villazón]]
* [https://opera-inside.com/elisir-damore-by-gaetano-donizetti-the-opera-guide/Free Online opera guide on Donizetti’s ELISIR D’AMORE], An opera portrait with synopsis, commentary, music analysis, anecdotes

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