View source for Lake Pupuke

{{Short description|Lake in New Zealand}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox body of water
|name = Lake Pupuke
|image = Lake Pupuke.jpg
|alt = Lake Pupuke
|caption = Lake Pupuke in 2010
|image_bathymetry =
|caption_bathymetry =
|location = [[North Shore, New Zealand|North Shore]], [[Auckland]], [[North Island]], New Zealand
|coords = {{coord|36.780115|S|174.766184|E|region:NZ_type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
|lake_type = [[Volcanic crater lake|Crater lake]]
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| mapframe-point = none
|inflow =
|outflow =
|catchment =
|basin_countries = New Zealand
|length =
|width =
|area =
|depth = 
|max-depth = {{convert|57|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="catchment"/>
|volume =
|residence_time =
|shore =
|elevation =
|islands =
|cities = [[Takapuna]], [[Milford, New Zealand|Milford]]
}}

'''Lake Pupuke''' (traditionally known in [[Māori language|Māori]] as '''Pupukemoana'''<ref name="MangereMountain">{{Cite web |last1=Pegman |first1=David M  | title = The Volcanoes of Auckland |url=http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |work = [[Manukau City Council]] | publisher = Mangere Mountain Education Centre  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324071550/http://mangeremountain.com/content/library/The_Volcanoes_of_Auckland.pdf |date=August 2007 |archive-date=24 March 2012 | access-date = 6 October 2021}}</ref>) is a [[love heart|heart-shaped]] freshwater [[lake]] occupying a volcanic crater (or [[maar]]) between the suburbs of [[Takapuna]] and [[Milford, New Zealand|Milford]] on the [[North Shore City|North Shore]] of [[Auckland]], [[New Zealand]]. The heart shape is a result of its formation by the linking of two circular craters – a larger one forming most of the lake and a smaller one forming the arm in the northeast. Separated from the sea by less than 200&nbsp;m at one point, it has a circumference of about 4.5&nbsp;km and reaches 57&nbsp;m<ref name="catchment"/> in depth. It is popular for recreational activities and the lakefront property around it.

==Geology==
[[File:Fossil forest.jpg|thumb|left|Takapuna Reef's exceptional fossil forest was exhumed by [[coastal erosion]] when the sea level rose to its current height, following the last Ice Age, 7,200 years ago]]

Lake Pupuke is one of the oldest known features of the [[Auckland volcanic field]], erupting an estimated 193,200 years ago.<ref name="Leonard2017">{{Cite journal|last1=Leonard|first1=Graham S.|last2=Calvert|first2=Andrew T.|last3=Hopkins|first3=Jenni L.|last4=Wilson|first4=Colin J. N.|last5=Smid|first5=Elaine R.|last6=Lindsay|first6=Jan M.|last7=Champion|first7=Duane E.|date=2017-09-01|title=High-precision 40Ar/39Ar dating of Quaternary basalts from Auckland Volcanic Field, New Zealand, with implications for eruption rates and paleomagnetic correlations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0377027316303833|journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research|language=en|volume=343|pages=60–74|doi=10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.033|bibcode=2017JVGR..343...60L |issn=0377-0273|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="GreaterWalks2021">{{cite Q|Q118136068|page=45-46}}</ref>

Other similar craters in the Auckland volcanic field were either buried by later eruptions, or breached by erosion as rainwater collected and overflowed the edge of the crater. Lake Pupuke remains a lake because, unlike the other vents, its eruptions produced substantial lava flows; water can thus escape through cracks in the lava reaching under the crater wall, creating a series of freshwater springs along the beaches between Takapuna and Milford. The lava flow at the end of Takapuna Beach enveloped a [[kauri]] forest, producing an internationally significant collection of tree moulds, which has been called "New Zealand’s only example of a fossil forest preserved in a lava flow" and which "ranks among the best examples in the world."<ref>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK0605/S00271.htm Geologist Bruce Hayward in ''Protecting North Shore City’s fossil forest''] (from a [[North Shore City Council]] press release, 31 May 2006. Accessed 2008-01-05)</ref> Some moulds have escaped burial by the boat ramp and car park built on top of the lava, and can be viewed at low tide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Education Kit – Volcanoes | url=http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/site_resources/Volcanoes/VolcanoesBN.pdf |work=[[Auckland War Memorial Museum]], [[Earthquake Commission]] |publisher=Auckland War Memorial Museum |access-date=23 May 2007 | page=12| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126154130/http://www.aucklandmuseum.com/site_resources/Volcanoes/VolcanoesBN.pdf |archivedate=26 January 2007}}</ref>

A small scoria cone existed to the west of Lake Pupuke, which was quarried during European settlement.<ref name="FieldGuide2008">{{cite book |last1=Cameron |first1=Ewen |last2=Hayward |first2= Bruce |author-link2=Bruce Hayward |last3=Murdoch |first3= Graeme |title=A Field Guide to Auckland: Exploring the Region's Natural and Historical Heritage |isbn=978-1-86962-1513 |publisher=Random House New Zealand |year=2008 |edition=rev. |page=145}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:The old pumphouse at Lake Pupuke.jpg|thumb|right|The historic pump house, now home to The PumpHouse Theatre]]
[[File:Pupuke lakeshore.jpg|right|thumb|The lakeshore and jetty near the pump house]]

In 1894, a [[pumping station|pump house]] was built on the shore of the lake to supply fresh water to the local area. This was replaced in 1906 by a second pump house. As a result of increasing demand, the water level of the lake fell and water quality decreased. The use of the lake as a fresh water supply was discontinued in 1944 when new supplies were sourced from reservoirs in the [[Waitākere Ranges]]. The second pump house has become a Category II protected building under the [[Heritage New Zealand|New Zealand Historic Places Trust]] in 1983. The building is now home to [[The PumpHouse Theatre]] with three performance spaces including an outdoor [[amphitheatre]].<ref name="PHH">[http://www.pumphouse.co.nz/other.php?other=history History of The PumpHouse] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20060517074507/http://www.pumphouse.co.nz/other.php?other=history |date=17 May 2006 }} (from the official website)</ref><ref>{{cite news
| author = Dionne Christian
| title = An Auckland setting for an English story
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 23 September 2005
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/takapuna/news/article.cfm?l_id=396&objectid=10346832
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref>

Introduced ''[[Vallisneria]]'' plants dominate much of the lake floor.<ref name="FieldGuide2008"/>

==Māori mythology==
A [[Māori mythology|Māori]] myth surrounding the lake tells of a [[tipua|tupua]] couple, children of the fire gods. After quarreling and cursing [[Mahuika]], the fire-goddess, their home on the mainland was destroyed by Matahoe, god of earthquakes and eruptions, on Mahuika's behalf. Lake Pupuke resulted from the destruction, while [[Rangitoto Island]] rose from the sea as their exile. The mists surrounding Rangitoto at certain times are considered the tears of the tupua couple for their former home.<ref name="ARC">[http://www.arc.govt.nz/arc/environment/hazards/volcanoes-of-auckland/volcanic-field.cfm#rangitoto Rangitoto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713011414/http://www.arc.govt.nz/arc/environment/hazards/volcanoes-of-auckland/volcanic-field.cfm#rangitoto |date=13 July 2006 }} (from the [[Auckland Regional Council]] website)</ref>

==Human use==
Close to the [[Takapuna]] city centre, the lake is popular not only with wild birds (such as [[Cormorant|shag]]s) but with picnickers, paddlers, kayakers,<ref name=twsSEP04>{{cite news
| author = Estelle Sarney
| title = Milford – Lake placid
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 31 March 2007
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/city-style-real-estate/news/article.cfm?c_id=148&objectid=10432152
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref> rowers,<ref name=twsSEP01/> yachtsmen, divers, and windsurfers (lessons have been given on the lake).<ref name=twsSEP07>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Windsurfin' safari gives young their water wings
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 13 January 2006
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/lakes/news/article.cfm?c_id=245&objectid=10363479
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref> Free divers (no tanks) have practiced in the lake.<ref name=twsSEP>{{cite news
| author = Peter Jessup
| title = Free diving: Breath taking
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 17 December 2004
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/diving/news/article.cfm?c_id=33&objectid=9003585
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref> College rowing crews use it.<ref name=twsSEP05>{{cite news
| author = JENNI RUTHERFORD
| title = College Sport: Crews poised to raise splash on Lake Karapiro
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 6 March 2002
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/college-sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=153&objectid=1140290
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref> There have been boating races.<ref name=twsSEP08>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Sails from a bygone era
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 27 January 2001
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz-herald-auckland-anniversary-regatta/news/article.cfm?c_id=743&objectid=169917
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref>  and the Pupuke Boating Club operates there.<ref name=twsSEP08/> Takapuna Boating Club hosts regattas.<ref name=twsSEP10>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Takapuna – an exclusive extract
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 9 September 2006
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/milford/news/article.cfm?l_id=393&objectid=10400369
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref>

The Auckland Dragon Boat Association runs an annual regionals race event on the lake, with 200m, 500m and 2&nbsp;km races.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sporty.co.nz/aucklanddragonboats |title=Auckland Dragon Boat Association | publisher=Auckland Dragon Boat Association | accessdate=7 March 2017}}</ref> The lake is the venue for Dragon Boat, Canoe sprints, Canoe marathon, and Waka Ama sprint racing within the Canoe Competition at the World Masters Games 2017 held in Auckland.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldmastersgames2017.co.nz/the-sports/find-your-sport/canoe/dragon-boating/ | title=Dragon Boating | publisher=WMG2017 | accessdate=7 March 2017 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
   
Lake Pupuke is suitable for swimming but is murky and contains thick vegetation, and there have been drownings.<ref name=twsSEP01>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Drowned man's body found in lake, mother in hospital
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 2 January 2008
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/drownings/news/article.cfm?c_id=1500867&objectid=10485014
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref> The lake has been tested for bacteria and generally meets safe swimming conditions.<ref name=twsSEP02>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Popular swim spots spoiled by bacteria
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date =  2 July 2009
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/water/news/article.cfm?c_id=362&objectid=10581993
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
| first=Eloise
| last=Gibson
}}</ref>

In 2007, recreational fishing has become more prominent since [[rainbow trout]]<ref name=twsSEP03>{{cite news
| author =
| title = Lake's new attraction – gold at the end of the rainbow
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 7 May 2007
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/recreational-fishing/news/article.cfm?c_id=75&objectid=10438208
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
| first=Wayne
| last=Thompson
}}</ref> were released into the lake from a [[fish hatchery]]. However, since there are no actual streams entering or leaving the lake, trout will not be able to reproduce naturally, and new trout will have to be released periodically.<ref name=twsSEP03/> Other fish in the lake include tench, perch, rudd, and carp.<ref name=twsSEP03/>

The crater wall has been quarried in several places, most intensely on the western side between Shea Terrace and Rangitira Avenue, where Smales Quarry continues to operate. A long thin lagoon called Quarry Lake has been formed there by flooding a former quarry area.<ref name="catchment">[http://www.northshorecity.govt.nz/Services/Environment/StreamsHarbourLake/Documents/lake-pupuke/lake-pupuke-report.pdf Lake Pupuke Inspection Report No. KC7] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524133238/https://www.northshorecity.govt.nz/Services/Environment/StreamsHarbourLake/Documents/lake-pupuke/lake-pupuke-report.pdf |date=24 May 2010 }} (from the Lake Pupuke assessment, [[North Shore City Council]], 20 June 2006. Accessed 2008-01-12.)</ref>

Lakeside real estate is expensive. Empty lakefront land is rare; one (almost 1,200-square meter) undeveloped parcel cost $2.7 million in 2008.<ref name=twsSEP09>{{cite news
| author = Michelle Coursey
| title = The most expensive handful of dirt in NZ?
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 2 March 2008
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10495563
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref> Lake Pupuke is identified as a "high risk" area in the event of a tsunami, and a high-tech phone alert system was developed for [[North Shore City|North Shore]] residents in case of an emergency.<ref name=twsSEP12>{{cite news
| author = Martha McKenzie-Minifie
| title =  Tsunami phone alert system on way
| work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]
| date = 24 May 2007
| url = http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10441468
| accessdate = 13 September 2009
}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|32em}}

==External links==
{{subject bar|auto=y|d=y}}
*{{NZHPT|694|Former Pumphouse}}
*[http://www.pumphouse.co.nz The PumpHouse] (from the official theatre and art gallery website)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100524133313/https://www.northshorecity.govt.nz/Services/Environment/StreamsHarbourLake/Documents/lake-pupuke/lake-pupuke-contours.pdf Contour map of lake catchment] (from the [[North Shore City Council]] website)
*[http://www.aucklandcity.govt.nz/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=SEE_ALSO&QF0=Subjects&QI0==%22Lake+Pupuke%22&XC=/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aucklandcity.govt.nz%2Fdbtw-wpd%2Fheritageimages%2Findex.htm&TN=heritageimages&SN=AUTO14786&SE=1915&RN=0&MR=20&TR=0&TX=1000&ES=0&CS=1&XP=&RF=HIOReport&EF=&DF=HIORecord&RL=0&EL=0&DL=0&NP=2&ID=&MF=WPEngMsg.ini&MQ=&TI=0&DT=&ST=0&IR=628&NR=1&NB=0&SV=0&SS=1&BG=&FG=&QS=index&OEX=ISO-8859-1&OEH=ISO-8859-1 Photographs of Lake Pupuke] held in [[Auckland Libraries|Auckland Libraries']] heritage collections.

{{Takapuna}}
{{Auckland volcanic field}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pupuke, Lake}}
[[Category:Auckland volcanic field]]
[[Category:Volcanic crater lakes]]
[[Category:Maars of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Lakes of the Auckland Region]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of the Auckland Region]]
[[Category:Takapuna]]