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{{Short description|Location in Rome}}
[[Image:San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Late Baroque façade of the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], completed after a competition for the design by [[Alessandro Galilei]] in 1735]]
[[Image:St John Lateran Basilica and Palace.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View showing Archbasilica and Palace]]
[[image:San Giovanni in Laterano - Seitenansicht.jpg|thumb|250px|Basilica and Palace - side view]]
'''Lateran''' and '''Laterano''' are names for an area of Rome, and the shared names of several buildings in Rome. The properties were once owned by the [[Plautius Lateranus|Lateranus family]] of the Roman Empire. The Laterani lost their properties to [[Constantine I of the Roman Empire|Emperor Constantine]] who allegedly gave them to the Bishop of Rome though this traditional report has been most likely based on the document [[Donation of Constantine]] which has been proven to be a forgery.<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09014b.htm Barnes, Arthur. "Saint John Lateran." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 16 Jul. 2014]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/christ/lateran.htm |title= CHURCHES OF ROME: CHRISTIANITY'S FIRST CATHEDRAL |website=www.ewtn.com}}</ref>

The most famous Lateran buildings are the [[Lateran Palace]], once called the Palace of the Popes, and the [[Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran]], the [[cathedral]] of Rome, which while in Rome, and not in the Vatican, are properties of the [[Holy See]], and have extraterritorial privileges as a result of the 1929 [[Lateran Treaty]] with Italy. As the official ecclesiastical seat of the [[pope]], Saint John Lateran contains the papal ''[[cathedra]]''. The Lateran is [[Christendom]]'s earliest [[basilica]].

Attached to the basilica is the [[Lateran Baptistery]], one of the oldest in [[Christendom]]. Other constituent parts of the Lateran complex are the building of the [[Scala Sancta]] with the Sancta Sanctorum and the [[Triclinium]] of [[Pope Leo III]].

Another basilica in the neighborhood is [[San Clemente al Laterano]].

The [[Pontifical Lateran University]], or simply Lateranum, is one of the [[pontifical universities]] of Rome. An ecclesiastical college in the [[Philippines]] was named after the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, the [[Colegio de San Juan de Letran]], founded in 1620.

==History==
The Lateran buildings played an important role in [[Catholic Church]] history. It (specifically the Lateran Palace) being the place where the [[First Council of the Lateran|First Council of the Lateran 1123]], [[Second Council of the Lateran|Second Council of the Lateran 1139]], [[Third Council of the Lateran|Third Council of the Lateran 1179]], [[Fourth Council of the Lateran|Fourth Council of the Lateran 1213]], [[Fifth Council of the Lateran|Fifth Council of the Lateran 1512–1517]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lateran Councils |url=https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/lateran-councils |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=Catholic Answers}}</ref> 

# The [[First Council of the Lateran]] (1123) followed and confirmed the [[concordat of Worms]].
# The [[Second Council of the Lateran]] (1139) declared clerical marriages invalid, regulated clerical dress, and punished attacks on clerics by [[excommunication]].
# The [[Third Council of the Lateran]] (1179) limited papal electors to the cardinals alone, condemned [[simony]], and forbade the promotion of anyone to the [[episcopate]] before the age of thirty.
# The [[Fourth Council of the Lateran]] (1215) dealt with [[transubstantiation]], [[papal primacy]], and conduct of clergy. It said [[Jew]]s and [[Muslim]]s should wear a special dress to distinguish them from [[Christians]].
# The [[Fifth Council of the Lateran]] (1512–1517) attempted reform of the church, including to make peace with Christian lands. 
It also held non-ecumenical synods which are: 

# The [[Lateran Council of 649]], organized by [[Maximus the Confessor]], and called by [[Pope Theodore I]] to condemn the heresy of [[Monothelitism]] in the Church of the West. <ref>{{Citation |last=Cubitt |first=Catherine |title=The Lateran Council of 649 as an Ecumenical Council |date=2011 |work=Chalcedon in Context: Church Councils 400-700 |pages=133–147 |editor-last=Whitby |editor-first=Mary |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/chalcedon-in-context/lateran-council-of-649-as-an-ecumenical-council/672CD9F885C64F9E26B9B569BECFD447 |access-date=2024-06-17 |series=Translated Texts for Historians, Contexts |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-84631-177-2 |editor2-last=Price |editor2-first=Richard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2012 |title=Canons of the Lateran Council of 649 |url=https://classicalchristianity.com/2012/03/25/canons-of-the-lateran-council-of-649/ |website=Classical Christianity}}</ref>
# The [[Lateran Council (769)]], called by [[Pope Stephen III]] to approve icon veneration in the East and thus condemn the heresy of [[Byzantine Iconoclasm|Iconoclasm]], deposed [[Antipope Constantine II]], and increased cardinals rights in the Western Church.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-01-27 |title=Pope Stephen III - PopeHistory.com |url=https://popehistory.com/popes/pope-stephen-iii/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=popehistory.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
# The [[Lateran Council (964)]], was called to depose [[Pope Benedict V]].<ref>Gregorovius, Ferdinand, ''The History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Vol. III'' (1895)</ref>

The Lateran is also where the [[Lateran Treaty]] was signed in 1929 establishing [[Vatican City]] as an independent state. It was signed by [[Benito Mussolini]] and Papal diplomat [[Pietro Gasparri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lateran Treaty {{!}} Catholic Church, Papal States, Mussolini {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Lateran-Treaty |access-date=2024-06-17 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13505a.htm Scala Sancta (Holy Stairs) - Article from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']
*[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09014a.htm Christian Museum of Lateran - Article from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'']
*[[Colegio de San Juan de Letran#History]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Rome]]
[[Category:Holy See]]