View source for Lavr Kornilov

{{Short description|Imperial Russian Army general (1870–1918)}}
{{expand Russian|date=July 2024|topic=bio}}
{{Infobox military person
| name          = Lavr Kornilov
| image         = Kornilov1916.jpeg
| image_size    = 
| caption       = Kornilov in 1916
| nickname      = 
| birth_date    = {{Birth date|1870|8|30|df=y}}
| birth_place   = [[Oskemen|Ust-Kamenogorsk]], [[Semirechye Oblast]], [[Russian Turkestan]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date    = {{Death date and age|1918|4|13|1870|8|18|df=y}}
| death_place   = near [[Krasnodar|Yekaterinodar]], [[Russian SFSR]]
| placeofburial = 
| allegiance    = {{flag|Russian Empire|1914}} (1892–1917) <br/>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[White Movement]] (1917–1918)
| branch        = {{flagdeco|Russian Empire|1914}} [[Imperial Russian Army]]<br/>{{flagicon|Russia}} [[White Army]]
| serviceyears  = 1892–1918
| rank          = [[General of the Infantry (Imperial Russia)|General of the Infantry]]
| unit          = 
| commands      = {{plainlist|
*[[Black Sea Fleet]] (1916–1917)
*[[White movement#Structure|Russian Army]] (1917–1918)}}
| battles       = {{tree list}}
* [[Russo-Japanese War]]
** [[Battle of Sandepu]]
** [[Battle of Mukden]]
* [[World War I]]
** [[Battle of Galicia]]
** [[Carpathian Campaign]]
** [[Kerensky Offensive]]
* [[Russian Revolution]]
** [[Kornilov Affair]]
* [[Russian Civil War]]
** [[Ice March]]{{KIA}}
{{tree list/end}}
| awards        = {{plainlist|
*[[Order of St. George]] (twice)
*[[Order of Saint Anna]]
*[[Order of Saint Stanislaus]]}}
| relations     = 
| laterwork     = 
}}
{{Conservatism in Russia|Politicians}}
'''Lavr Georgiyevich Kornilov''' ({{langx|ru|Лавр Гео́ргиевич Корни́лов}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈlavr ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪjɪvʲɪtɕ kɐrˈnʲiləf|IPA}}; {{OldStyleDate|30 August|1870|18 August}} – 13 April 1918) was a Russian [[military intelligence]] officer, explorer, and general in the [[Imperial Russian Army]] during [[World War I]]. He served as [[commander-in-chief|Supreme Commander]] of the [[Russian Army (1917)|Russian Army]] and as the military leader of the [[White movement|Whites]] in the [[Russian Civil War]]. He is particularly remembered for the [[Kornilov affair]], an unsuccessful [[coup d’etat]] against the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] led by [[Alexander Kerensky]]. The event became a significant turning point in the [[Russian Revolution]], strengthening the [[Bolsheviks]]' position and influence.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Siobhan|last=Peeling|title= Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich, in: 1914-1918-online |journal=1914-1918-Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/kornilov-lavr-georgievich/|date=8 October 2014|doi=10.15463/ie1418.10115}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917kornilov&Year=1917 |title=Kornilov Affair |website=Soviethistory.org |access-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330015438/http://www.soviethistory.org/index.php?page=subject&SubjectID=1917kornilov&Year=1917 |archive-date=30 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Born in [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]], Kornilov began his military career after graduating from the [[Mikhailovsky Artillery School]] and the [[General Staff Academy (Russian Empire)|General Staff Academy]]. He distinguished himself during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and later served as a [[military attaché]] in [[Qing China]]. During World War I, Kornilov commanded the [[48th Infantry Division (Russian Empire)|48th Infantry Division]] and gained recognition for his daring escape from Austrian captivity in 1915. His successes on the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]] elevated him to prominence, leading to his appointment as Supreme Commander during the revolutionary upheaval of 1917.

After the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik seizure of power]] in November 1917, Kornilov emerged as a key figure in the White movement. Following his escape from detention after the Kornilov Affair, he co-founded the [[Volunteer Army]] and led its forces in [[southern Russia]] during the early stages of the Russian Civil War. Kornilov was killed in 1918 during the siege of [[Yekaterinodar]]. His legacy remains deeply contested, viewed by some as a patriot fighting for Russia's unity and by others as a reactionary figure whose actions exacerbated the nation’s descent into chaos.<ref>{{cite book|last=Rabinowitch|first=Alexander|title=The Bolsheviks Come to Power: The Revolution of 1917 in Petrograd|year=2004|pages=166–170 |isbn=0-7453-2268-9 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Figes|first=Orlando|title=A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution, 1891–1924|year=1997|pages=477–480 |isbn=0-670-85916-8 }}</ref>

==Pre-revolutionary career==

[[File:Кадетъ.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Kornilov as a teenager]]

One story relates how Kornilov was originally born as a Don Cossack [[Kalmyks|Kalmyk]] named Lavga Deldinov and adopted in [[Ust-Kamenogorsk]], [[Russian Turkestan]] (now [[Kazakhstan]]) by the family of his mother's brother, the [[Russians|Russian]] [[Cossacks|Cossack]] [[Chorąży|Khorunzhiy]] Georgy Nikolayevich Kornilov, whose wife was of [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] origin.<ref>{{cite book |first=A. L. |last=Bauman |trans-title=Governors of Saint-Petersburg |location=Saint-Petersburg |year=2003 |page=409 |title=Руководители Санкт-Петербурга |language=ru |isbn=5-7654-2114-8 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reporter-ufo.ru/996-kalmyk-ili-ne-kalmyk....html|title=Калмык или не калмык... » Общероссийская независимая газета Южный репортер|website=Reporter-ufo.ru|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106040415/http://reporter-ufo.ru/996-kalmyk-ili-ne-kalmyk....html|url-status=dead}}</ref> But his sister wrote that he had not been adopted, had not been a Don Cossack, and that their mother had [[Polish people|Polish]] and [[Altai people|Altai Oirot]] descent. (Though their language was not a Kalmyk/Mongolian one, but because of their Asian race and their history in the Jungar Oirot (Kalmyk) state, Altai Oirots were called Altai Kalmyks by Russians. They were not Muslims or Kazakhs.) But [[Boris Shaposhnikov]], who served with Pyotr Kornilov, the brother of Lavr, in 1903, mentioned the "Kyrgyz" ancestry of their mother—this name was usually used in reference to Kazakhs in 1903.<ref>{{cite book |last=Shaposhnikov |first=B. M. |trans-title=Memoirs |year=1982 |page=92 |title=Воспоминания |language=ru |oclc=2009453 }}</ref> Kornilov's [[Siberian Cossacks|Siberian Cossack]] father was a friend of [[Grigory Potanin|Potanin]] (1835–1920), a prominent figure in the Siberian autonomy movement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dk1868.ru/statii/kornilov1.htm|title=Цветков В. Ж. Лавр Георгиевич Корнилов. Часть 1|website=Dk1868.ru|access-date=30 April 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215634/http://www.dk1868.ru/statii/kornilov1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kornilov entered military school in [[Omsk]] in 1885 and went on to study at the [[Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy|Mikhailovsky Artillery School]] in [[St. Petersburg]] in 1889. In August 1892 he was assigned as a lieutenant to the [[Turkestan Military District]], where he led several exploration missions in [[Xinjiang|Eastern Turkestan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran|Persia]], learned several Central Asian languages, and wrote detailed reports about his observations.

Kornilov returned to St. Petersburg to attend the [[General Staff Academy (Imperial Russia)|Nikolayev General Staff Academy]] and graduated as a captain in 1897. Again refusing a posting at St. Peterburg, he returned to the Turkestan Military District, where he resumed his duties as a military intelligence officer. Among his missions at this post was an attempt at traveling incognito to [[British Raj|British India]] in 1904, though he was quickly discovered and subsequently kept under close surveillance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=Alex |title=The Russian General Staff and Asia, 1860-1917 |date=2006 |publisher=Routledge |page=154 |isbn=0-415-35561-3 }}</ref>

During the [[Russo-Japanese War]] of 1904–1905 Kornilov became the [[Chief of staff (military)|chief of staff]] of the 1st Infantry Brigade, and was heavily involved in the [[Battle of Sandepu]] (January 1905) and the [[Battle of Mukden]] (February/March 1905). He was awarded the [[Order of St. George]] (4th class) for bravery and promoted to the rank of [[Polkovnik|colonel]].

Following the end of the war, Kornilov served as [[military attache]] in [[Qing Dynasty|China]] from 1907 to 1911. He studied the [[Chinese language]], travelled extensively (researching data on the history, traditions and customs of the Chinese, which he intended to use as material for a book about life in contemporary China), and regularly sent detailed reports to the General Staff and Foreign Ministry. Kornilov paid much attention to the prospects of cooperation between Russia and China in the Far East and met with the future president of China, [[Chiang Kai-shek]]. In 1910 Kornilov was recalled from Beijing but remained in St. Petersburg for only five months before departing for western Mongolia and [[Kashgar]] to examine the military situation along [[China–Russia border|China's border with Russia]]. On 2 February 1911 he became Commander of the 8th Infantry Regiment of [[Estonia]] and was later appointed commander of the 9th Siberian Rifle Division, stationed in [[Vladivostok]].

In 1914, at the start of [[World War I]], Kornilov was appointed commander of the 48th Infantry Division, which saw combat in [[Battle of Galicia|Galicia]] and the [[Carpathian Campaign|Carpathians]]. In 1915, he was promoted to the rank of [[major general]]. During heavy fighting, he was captured by the Austrians in April 1915, when his division became isolated from the rest of the Russian forces. After his capture, [[Field Marshal]] [[Franz Graf Conrad von Hötzendorf|Conrad von Hötzendorf]], the commander of the [[Austro-Hungarian Army]], made a point of meeting him in person. As a major general, he was a high-value prisoner of war, but in July 1916 Kornilov managed to escape back to Russia and return to duty.

After the abdication of [[Tsar Nicholas II]], he was given command of the [[Petrograd]] Military District in March 1917.<ref>Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 pages, first issue vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karvina, Czech Republic) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019, {{ISBN|978-80-87173-47-3}}, pages 15–22, 36–39, 41–42, 111–112, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–199.</ref> On 8 March, Kornilov placed the Empress [[Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)|Alexandra]] and her children under house arrest at the [[Alexander Palace]] (Nicholas was still held at [[Stavka]]), replacing the [[Cossacks|Tsar's Escort]] and Combined Regiments of the [[Imperial Guard (Russia)|Imperial Guard]] with 300 revolutionary troops.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rappaport |title=Four Sisters |year=2014 |page=295 |location=London |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-230-76817-8 }}</ref> On 21 April, when the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]] declined to give him the authority he sought to deal with protestors in Petrograd, he resigned as commander of the Petrograd district<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beevor |first=Antony | author-link = Antony Beevor |title=Russia: Revolution and Civil War 1917-1921 |publisher=Weidenfeld and Nicolson |year=2022 |pages=55 |isbn=978-1-4746-1014-8 }}</ref> and was transferred at his request to command the Russian Eighth Army. During the [[Kerensky Offensive]], his army inflicted a spectacular defeat on the Austrians, taking 10,000 prisoners—Russia's only notable military success in the year 1917—though after five days, was forced to retreat. On 24 July, he was appointed commander of the southern front. A week later, he replaced [[Aleksei Brusilov]] as Supreme [[Commander-in-Chief]] of the Provisional Government's armed forces.

==Kornilov Affair==
{{Main|Kornilov Affair}}

[[File:Kornilov y Savinkov 1917.jpg|thumb|left|Kornilov and Deputy War Minister [[Boris Savinkov]] in Moscow on {{OldStyleDate|25 August|1917|12 August}}]]
In the mass discontent following the [[July Days]], the Russian populace grew highly skeptical about the Provisional Government's abilities to alleviate the economic distress and social resentment among the lower classes. [[Pavel Milyukov]], the Kadet leader, describes the situation in Russia in late July as, <blockquote>"Chaos in the army, chaos in foreign policy, chaos in industry and chaos in the nationalist questions".<ref name="autogenerated1" /></blockquote>Kornilov, appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army in July 1917, considered the Petrograd Soviet responsible for the breakdown in the military in recent times and believed that the Provisional Government lacked the power and confidence to dissolve the Petrograd Soviet. Following several ambiguous correspondences between Kornilov and [[Alexander Kerensky]], Kornilov commanded an assault on the Petrograd Soviet.<ref name="autogenerated1" />

Because the Petrograd Soviet was able to quickly gather a powerful army of workers and soldiers in defence of the Revolution, Kornilov's coup was an abysmal failure, and he was placed under arrest. The Kornilov Affair resulted in significantly increased distrust among Russians towards the Provisional Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-56_u-427_t-1086_c-4199/the-petrograd-soviet-and-the-kornilov-affair/qld/sose-history/the-russian-revolution/revolution|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410014420/http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s-56_u-427_t-1086_c-4199/the-petrograd-soviet-and-the-kornilov-affair/qld/sose-history/the-russian-revolution/revolution|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2013|title=The Petrograd Soviet and the Kornilov affair, Revolution, The Russian Revolution, SOSE: History Year 9, NSW &#124; Online Education Home Schooling Skwirk Australia|website=Skwirk.com.au|date=26 March 1999|access-date=30 April 2014}}</ref>

==Russian Civil War==
[[File:Kornilostsy standard bearer.jpg|thumb|left|130px|Kornilov Shock Detachment flag bearer, 1917]]
[[File:Знак Корниловского полка.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Insignia of the Kornilov Shock Regiment]]
After the coup collapsed as his troops disintegrated, Kornilov and his fellow conspirators were placed under arrest in the [[Bykhaw|Bykhov]] jail. On 19 November, a few weeks after the proclamation of Soviet power in Petrograd, they escaped from their confinement (eased by the fact that the jail was guarded by Kornilov's supporters) and made their way to the [[Don River, Russia|Don]] region, which was controlled by the [[Don Cossacks]]. Here they linked up with General [[Mikhail Alekseev]]. Kornilov became the military commander of the anti-Bolshevik [[Volunteer Army]] with Alekseev as the political chief.<ref>[[Evan Mawdsley]] (2008) ''The Russian Civil War'': 27</ref>

The Kornilov Shock Detachment of the [[8th Army (Russian Empire)|8th Army]] was the most famous and longest-lived volunteer unit in the Russian Imperial Army. It was also the last regiment of the Russian Imperial Army and the first of the Volunteer Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstwar.info/articles/index.shtml?5|title=Ударные части в русской армии. Article from the magazine "The New Watchman" 1994 No. 2. P. 130-140|work=The First World War|access-date=8 July 2018|archive-date=13 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813164153/http://www.firstwar.info/articles/index.shtml?5|url-status=live}}</ref> In late 1917, the [[Kornilov Shock Regiment]], one of the crack units of the Volunteer Army, was named after him, as well as many other autonomous White Army formations, such as the [[Kuban Cossack]] Kornilov Horse Regiment. Kornilov's forces became recognizable for their [[Totenkopf]] insignia, which appeared on the regiment's flags, pennants, and soldiers' sleeve patches.

Even before the Red Army was formed, Kornilov promised, "the greater the terror, the greater our victories."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Цветков В. Ж. Лавр Георгиевич Корнилов. Часть 1. |url=http://www.dk1868.ru/statii/kornilov1.htm |access-date=26 June 2022 |website=www.dk1868.ru |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923215634/http://www.dk1868.ru/statii/kornilov1.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> He vowed that the goals of his forces must be fulfilled even if it was needed "to set fire to half the country and shed the blood of three-quarters of all Russians."<ref>{{cite book |last=Mayer |first=Arno J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gveBKGhmskAC&q=Greater+terror+greater+our+victories+Kornilov&pg=PA254|title=The Furies|page=254|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2000|isbn=0-691-09015-7}}</ref> In the Don region village of Lezhanka alone, bands of Kornilov's officers killed more than 500 people.<ref>{{cite book |last=Serge |first=Victor |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XuFoAAAAMAAJ&q=Victor+Serge+Year+One+Revolution+Troitsk|title=Serge, Year One of the Russian Revolution|date=1 January 1972|place=Soviet Union|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|page=299|isbn=0-713-90135-7}}</ref> On the other hand, Kornilov's adjutant recalled that the general "loved only the [Russia] itself" and served it for all his life, having no time to think about political systems. The Bolsheviks for him were dangerous traitors, who ruined Russia's unity and had to be stopped.<ref name=":0" />

On 24 February 1918, as [[Rostov-on-Don|Rostov]] and the Don Cossack capital of [[Novocherkassk]] fell to the Bolsheviks, Kornilov led the Volunteer Army on the '[[Ice March]]' into the empty steppe towards the [[Kuban]]. Although badly outnumbered, he escaped destruction from the pursuing Bolshevik forces and laid siege to [[Ekaterinodar]], the capital of the [[Kuban Soviet Republic]], on 10 April. However, in the early morning of 13 April, a Soviet shell landed on his farmhouse headquarters and killed him. He was quietly buried in nearby Gnadau (modern day {{ill|Dolinovskoe|ru|Долиновское}}).<ref>{{Cite web|title=КОРНИЛОВ • Большая российская энциклопедия - электронная версия|url=https://bigenc.ru/military_science/text/2098571|access-date=17 November 2021|website=bigenc.ru|archive-date=22 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220322063507/https://bigenc.ru/military_science/text/2098571|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Kornilov's grave. Denikin and others. 1919.png|thumb|Kornilov's grave, prior to its desecration by the Bolsheviks.]]
A few days later, when the Bolsheviks gained control of the village, they [[exhume|unearthed]] Kornilov's coffin, dragged his corpse to the main square and [[posthumous execution|burnt his remains]] on the local rubbish dump.<ref>{{cite book |first=Evan |last=Mawdsley |year=2008 |title=The Russian Civil War |page=29 |location=New York |publisher=Pegasus Books |isbn=978-1-60598-014-0 }}</ref>

== Memorials ==
On 13 April 2013, a monument to Kornilov was erected in Krasnodar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ридус|title=Памятник Корнилову открыт на Кубани|url=https://www.ridus.ru/news/78369|access-date=17 November 2021|website=Ридус|language=ru|archive-date=17 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211117051835/https://www.ridus.ru/news/78369|url-status=live}}</ref> Commemoration ceremonies took place with local cossacks, along with Cossacks from [[Don Cossacks|Don]], [[Stavropol]] and [[Taman, Russia|Taman]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=В Краснодаре около 5 тысяч человек почтили память генерала Корнилова|url=https://kubnews.ru/obshchestvo/2019/04/13/v-krasnodare-okolo-5-tysyach-chelovek-pochtili-pamyat-generala-kornilova/|access-date=17 November 2021|website=kubnews.ru|date=13 April 2019|language=ru|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207195714/https://kubnews.ru/obshchestvo/2019/04/13/v-krasnodare-okolo-5-tysyach-chelovek-pochtili-pamyat-generala-kornilova/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
*[[Order of St. Stanislaus]], third degree (1901), 2nd degree (1904 and 1906 with swords)
*[[Order of St. Anna|Order of St. Anne]], 3rd degree (1903) and 2nd degree (6 December 1909)
*[[Order of St. George]], 4th degree (9 August 1905) and 3rd degree (28 April 1915)
*[[Gold Sword for Bravery]] (9 May 1907)
* Badge of the 1st Kuban (Ice) campaign (3 October 1918), issued posthumously, No.1 out of 3,689<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gasparyan|first=AS|title=Russians outside Russia: General Kornilov|url=http://old.radiomayak.ru/schedules/11840/28501.html}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal |last=Asher |first=Harvey |title=The Kornilov Affair: A Reinterpretation |journal=Russian Review |year=1970 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=286–300 |jstor=127537 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Grebenkin |first=I. N. |title=General L.G. Kornilov: A Rough Sketch for a Character Portrait |journal=Russian Studies in History |volume=56 |issue=3 |year=2017 |pages=188–211 |doi=10.1080/10611983.2017.1392214 }}
*{{cite book |last=Katkov |first=George |title=Russia 1917, the Kornilov Affair: Kerensky and the Break-up of the Russian Army |publisher=Longman |year=1980 |isbn=0-582-49101-0 }}
*{{cite book |editor-last=Moncure |editor-first=James A. |title=Research Guide to European Historical Biography: 1450–Present |year=1992 |volume=3 |pages=1082-90 |isbn=0-933833-28-8 }}
*{{cite journal |last=White |first=James D. |title=The Kornilov affair—a study in counter‐revolution |journal=Europe-Asia Studies |year=1968 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=187–205 |doi=10.1080/09668136808410644 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Yang |first=Ho-Hwan |title=Different Ways of Interpreting the Kornilov Affair: A Review of George Katkov's ''The Kornilov Affair: Kerensky and the Break-up of the Russian Army'', London and New York: Longman, 1980 |journal=The SNU Journal of Education Research |year=1993 |pages=17–28 |hdl=10371/72662 }}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lavr Georgevich Kornilov}}
* {{cite EB1922 |last=Danilov |first=Yuri |authorlink=Yuri Danilov |last2=Vinogradoff |first2=Paul |authorlink2=Paul Vinogradoff |wstitle=Kornilov, Lavr Georgievich |short=x}}

{{Supreme Commanders of the Russian Army during WWI}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kornilov, Lavr Georgevich}}
[[Category:1870 births]]
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