View source for Law School Admission Test

{{Short description|US and Canadian standardized test}}
{{Redirect|LSAT}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Infobox examination
| name                = Law School Admission Test
| image_name          = 
| image_size          = 
| image_alt           =  
| caption             = 
| acronym             = LSAT
| type                = [[Standardized test]]
| test_admin          = [[Law School Admission Council]]
| skills_tested       = Reading comprehension, logical reasoning, and (unscored) writing<ref name="lsac.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/about-the-lsat/|title=About the LSAT|website=www.lsac.org|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180302003333/https://lsac.org/jd/lsat/about-the-lsat|archive-date=2 March 2018}}</ref>
| purpose             = Admissions to [[Juris Doctor]] programs of law schools in the US, Canada, and some other countries{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
| year_started        = {{Start date|1948}}
| year_terminated     = <!-- {{End date|df=yes|YYYY}} -->
| duration            = 35 minutes for each of the 4 sections, for a total of 2 hours and 20 minutes (excluding breaks) + 50 minutes for Writing section
| score_range         = 120 to 180, in 1 point increments
| score_validity      = Scores of up to 12 tests taken since 1 June 2008 are valid
| offered             = As of 2023, 9 times a year, with dates listed on the LSAC website.
| attempt_restriction = Starting August 2023, no more than 5 attempts in 5 years, no more than 7 attempts in a lifetime. Exceptions may be granted for special circumstances.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lsac.org/lsat/frequently-asked-questions-about-lsat/|title=Frequently Asked Questions about the LSAT
|website=www.lsac.org|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>
| regions             = Worldwide
| language            = English
| test_takers         = {{Increase}} 105,883 in 2013–2014<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsac.org/lsacresources/data/lsats-administered|title=LSATs Administered|website=lsac.org|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407144505/https://www.lsac.org/lsacresources/data/lsats-administered|archive-date=7 April 2018}}</ref>
| fee                 = LSAT fee: US$238
CAS fee: US$207
| score_users         = Law schools in the US, Canada, Australia and some other countries{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}
| qualification_rate  = 
| free_label          = 
| free                = 
| website             = {{URL|www.lsac.org/jd/lsat}}
| footnotes           =  
}}
{{Legal education in the United States}}

{{Bar chart
| title       = Fall 2012 international applicants to ABA-approved law schools <br /> (includes data only for countries where count >= 50).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsac.org/|title=The Law School Admission Council (LSAC)|last=LSAC|website=www.lsac.org|access-date=30 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414102242/https://lsac.org/|archive-date=14 April 2018}}</ref>
| label_type  = Country
| data_type   = Number of applicants
| float    = right
| label1   = Canada
| data1    = 1306
| label2   = China
| data2    = 458
| label3   = South Korea
| data3    = 408
| label4   = India
| data4    = 151
| label5   = Mexico
| data5    = 147
| label6   = Nigeria
| data6    = 125
| label7   = United Kingdom
| data7    = 96
| label8   = [[Colombia]]
| data8    = 83
| label9   = [[Jamaica]]
| data9    = 81
| label10  = Russia
| data10   = 70
| label11  = Pakistan
| data11   = 70
| label12  = Brazil
| data12   = 64
}}

The '''Law School Admission Test''' ('''LSAT''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɛ|l|s|æ|t}} {{respell|EL|sat}}) is a [[standardized test]] administered by the [[Law School Admission Council]] (LSAC) for prospective [[law school]] candidates. It is designed to assess [[reading comprehension]] and [[logical reasoning]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsat.com/LSAC.asp?url=lsac/about-lsac.asp |title=About the Law School Admission Council |publisher=Lsat.com |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210150812/http://www.lsat.com/LSAC.asp?url=lsac%2Fabout-lsac.asp |archive-date=10 February 2012 }}</ref> The test is an integral part of the law school admission process in the United States, Canada ([[common law]] programs only), the [[University of Melbourne]], Australia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/choose/Australia.asp |title=Apply to study the JD in Australia |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802003252/http://www.lsac.org/jd/choose/australia.asp |archive-date=2 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/jd/future-students/how-to-apply/about-the-lsat |title=About the LSAT |publisher=Law.unimelb.edu.au |date=2012-10-25 |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731091539/http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/jd/future-students/how-to-apply/about-the-lsat |archive-date=31 July 2013 }}</ref>{{update inline|date=June 2022}} and a growing number of other countries.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-15 |title=World Domination, LSAT-Style - PowerScore Test Preparation |url=https://blog.powerscore.com/lsat/bid-302734-world-domination-lsat-style/ |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=LSAT and Law School Admissions Blog |language=en-US}}</ref>

The test has existed in some form since 1948, when it was created to give law schools a standardized way to assess applicants in addition to their [[Grading in education#Grade point average|GPA]].<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.lsac.org/lsacresources/Research/RR/RR-94-01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-11-26 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126090904/http://www.lsac.org/lsacresources/Research/RR/RR-94-01.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010}}</ref> The current form of the exam has been used since 1991. The exam has four total sections that include three scored multiple choice sections, an unscored experimental section, and an unscored writing section. [[Raw score]]s on the exam are transformed into [[scaled score]]s, ranging from a high of 180 to a low of 120, with a median score typically around 150. Law school applicants are required to report all scores from the past five years, though schools generally consider the highest score in their admissions decisions.

Before July 2019, the test was administered by paper-and-pencil. In 2019, the test was exclusively administered electronically using a tablet.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kaptest.com/study/lsat/2019-lsat-test-changes/|title=LSAT Test Changes: The Digital LSAT – Kaplan Test Prep|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=6 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240406080917/https://www.kaptest.com/study/lsat/2019-lsat-test-changes/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the test was administered using the test-taker's personal computer. Beginning in 2023, candidates have had the option to take a digital version either at an approved testing center or on their computer at home.

==Function==
The purpose of the LSAT is to aid in predicting student success in law school.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brunet Marks|first1=Alexia|last2=Moss|first2=Scott A.|date=2016-06-01|title=What Predicts Law Student Success? A Longitudinal Study Correlating Law Student Applicant Data and Law School Outcomes|journal=Journal of Empirical Legal Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=205–265|doi=10.1111/jels.12114|s2cid=29033912|issn=1740-1461|url=https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1651&context=articles|url-access=subscription|archive-date=16 August 2022|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816081306/https://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1651&context=articles|url-status=dead}}</ref> Researchers Balin, Fine, and Guinier performed research on the LSAT's ability to predict law school grades at the University of Pennsylvania. They found that the LSAT could explain about 14% of the variance in first year grades and about 15% of the variance in second year grades.<ref name=Frontline1>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/interviews/guinier.html |title=Frontline: Secrets of the SAT: Lani Guinier Interview |access-date=13 February 2015 |work=Secrets of the SAT |publisher=[[Frontline (US TV series)|Frontline]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213230719/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/sats/interviews/guinier.html |archive-date=13 February 2015}}</ref>

== History ==
The LSAT was the result of a 1945 inquiry of Frank Bowles, a [[Columbia Law School]] admissions director, about a more satisfactory admissions test that could be used for admissions than the one that was in use in 1945.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/docs/default-source/publications-(lsac-resources)/history-lsac-lsat.pdf |title=History |access-date=2014-05-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209065833/http://lsac.org/docs/default-source/publications-(lsac-resources)/history-lsac-lsat.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2014}}</ref> The goal was to find a test that would correlate with first year grades rather than bar passage rates. This led to an invitation of representatives from [[Harvard Law School]] and [[Yale Law School]] who ultimately accepted the invitation and began to draft the first administration of the LSAT exam. [[NYU Law|NYU]], in correspondence by memorandum, was openly unconvinced "about the usefulness of an aptitude test as a method of selecting law school students," but was open to experimenting with the idea, as were other schools that were unconvinced. At a meeting on 10 November 1947, with representatives of law schools extending beyond the original [[Columbia University|Columbia]], [[Harvard]], and [[Yale]] representatives, the design of the LSAT was discussed. At this meeting the issue of a way to test students who came from excessively "technical" backgrounds that were deficient in the study of history and literature was discussed but no method was adopted. The first administration of the LSAT followed and occurred in 1948.

From the test's inception until 1981, scores were reported on a scale of 200 to 800; from 1981 to 1991, a 48-point scale was used. In 1991, the scale was changed again, so that reported scores range from 120 to 180.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.velocitylsat.com/resources/lsat-overview | title = A Brief History | website = velocitylsat.com | publisher = Velocity Test Prep | access-date = 2020-06-25 }}</ref>

===Online test===
Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], The Law School Admission Council created the LSAT-Flex. The LSAT-Flex is an online proctored test that was first administrated during May 2020. While the normal LSAT test consisted of four sections plus an experimental section (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, 2 sections of logical reasoning, and an additional random section), the LSAT-Flex consists of three sections (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, and 1 section of logical reasoning). Though the LSAT-Flex contains one less section than the normal LSAT test, the LSAT-Flex is scored on the normal 120–180 scale.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.lsac.org/update-coronavirus-and-lsat/lsat-flex#:~:text=The%20remotely%20proctored%20LSAT%2DFlex,Flex%20administration%20in%20May%202020. | title = About the LSAT-Flex | website = lsac.org | publisher = Law School Admissions Council | access-date = 2021-01-19}}</ref> After June 2021, the name LSAT-Flex was dropped and the test was again referred to as just the LSAT, though the format continued to be used through the testing cycle that ended in June 2022. Beginning with the August 2022 administration, LSAC reintroduced an experimental section, having the test consist of three sections plus an experimental section (1 section of logic games, 1 section of reading comprehension, 1 section of logical reasoning, and an additional random section). The writing section is also administered online.

===Former analytical reasoning section===
Prior to August 2024, the LSAT contained an analytical reasoning section, commonly referred to as [[logic games]]. The section was removed following a 2019 legal settlement between the LSAC and two blind LSAT test takers who claimed that the section violated the [[Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990|Americans with Disabilities Act]] because they were unfairly penalized for not being able to draw the diagrams commonly used to solve the questions in the section. As part of the settlement, the LSAC agreed to review and overhaul the section within four years. In October 2023, it announced that the section would be replaced by a second logical reasoning section in August 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sloan |first=Karen |date=2023-10-18 |title=Law School Admission Test to drop 'logic games' questions from exam |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/law-school-admission-test-drop-logic-games-questions-exam-2023-10-18/ |access-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The LSAC previously administered the LSAT four times per year: June, September/October, December and February. However, in June 2017, it was announced that the LSAC would be increasing the number of tests from four to six,<ref name="lsac.org" /> and would instead be administering it in January, March, June, July, September, and November.

There were 129,925 LSATs administered in the 2011–12 testing year (June 2011 – February 2012), the largest percentage decline in LSATs administered in more than 10 years, and a drop of more than 16% from the previous year, when 155,050 LSATs were administered. The number of LSATs administered fell more than 25% over a two-year period (from the 2009–10 testing year to the 2011–12 testing year).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/20/business/for-lsat-sharp-drop-in-popularity-for-second-year.html|title=For 2nd Year, a Sharp Drop in Law School Entrance Tests|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2013-10-28|first=David|last=Segal|date=19 March 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030640/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/20/business/for-lsat-sharp-drop-in-popularity-for-second-year.html|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> The October 2012 administration reflected a 16.4% drop in volume from its 2011 counterpart. LSAT numbers continued to drop over the next two cycles but to a lesser degree, with 13.4% and 6.2% drops, respectively, for the 2012–13 and 2013–14 cycles. February 2014 showed the first increase in test takers (1.1%) since June 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/lsacresources/data/lsats-administered |title=LSATs Administered |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2014-03-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331044616/http://lsac.org/lsacresources/data/lsats-administered |archive-date=31 March 2014}}</ref>

In December 2018, LSAC announced that the Microsoft [[Surface Go]] tablet will be used exclusively to administer the LSAT beginning in 2019 when the test transitions to a digital only format.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lsac.org/about/news/lsac-announces-technology-collaboration-microsoft|title=LSAC Announces Technology Collaboration with Microsoft |last=Margolis|first=Wendy|date=10 December 2018|work=LSAC|access-date=14 December 2018}}</ref> However, following the COVID-19 pandemic, candidates are able to sit for the test remotely with their own computer. The writing sample section will be separate from the LSAT starting with the 3 June 2019 test administration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lsac.org/about/news/lsac-announces-technology-collaboration-microsoft|title=LSAC Announces Technology Collaboration with Microsoft {{!}} The Law School Admission Council|website=www.lsac.org|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> Candidates will be automatically eligible to complete the writing section as early as 10 days prior to test day and up to one year thereafter. Candidates only need to complete the writing sample section once every 5 years, even if candidates re-test before then.

== Test composition ==
The LSAT consists of four 35-minute multiple-choice sections (one of which is an unscored experimental section) followed by an unscored writing sample section that can be taken separately. Modern tests have 75–76 scored items in total. Several different test forms are used within an administration, each presenting the multiple-choice sections in different orders, which is intended to make it difficult to cheat or to guess which is the experimental section.

=== Logical reasoning ===
As of 2021, the LSAT contains two [[logical reasoning]] ("LR") sections, commonly known as "[[argument]]s", designed to test the taker's ability to dissect and analyze arguments. LR sections each contain 24–26 questions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/prep/logical_reasoning.asp |title=JD - The LSAT - Logical Reasoning Questions |publisher=LSAC |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713092441/http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/prep/logical_reasoning.asp |archive-date=13 July 2013}}</ref> Each question begins with a short argument or set of facts. This is followed by a prompt asking the test taker to find the argument's assumption, to select an alternate conclusion to the argument, to identify errors or [[formal fallacy|logical omissions]] in the argument, to find another argument with parallel reasoning, or to choose a statement that would weaken or strengthen the argument.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Logical Reasoning {{!}} The Law School Admission Council|url=https://www.lsac.org/lsat/taking-lsat/test-format/logical-reasoning|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.lsac.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Kuris|first=Gabriel|date=March 15, 2021|title=LSAT Logical Reasoning Questions: What to Know|work=U.S. News & World Report|url=https://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/law-admissions-lowdown/articles/lsat-logical-reasoning-questions-what-to-know|access-date=December 10, 2021}}</ref>

In October 2023, the LSAC announced that the analytical reasoning (logic games) section would be replaced by a second logical reasoning section in August 2024 pursuant to the implementation of a 2019 settlement agreement with blind LSAT test takers.<ref name=":0" />

=== Reading comprehension ===
The LSAT contains one reading comprehension ("RC") section consisting of four passages of 400–500 words, and 5–8 questions relating to each passage. Complete sections contain 26–28 questions. Though no real rules govern the content of this section, the passages generally relate to law, arts and humanities, physical sciences, or social sciences. The questions usually ask the examinee to determine the author's main idea, find specific information in the passage, draw inferences from the text, and/or describe the structure of the passage.

In June 2007, one of the four passages was replaced with a "comparative reading" question.<ref name="comparative">{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/prep/Reading_Comprehension.asp |title=Reading Comprehension Questions |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130709104132/http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/prep/reading_comprehension.asp |archive-date=9 July 2013}}</ref> Comparative reading presents two shorter passages with differing perspectives on a topic. Parallels exist between the comparative reading question, the [[SAT|SAT's]] [[critical reading]] section, and the science section of the [[ACT (examination)|ACT]].

=== Unscored variable section ===
The current test contains one experimental section which is referred to as the "variable section". It is used to test new questions for future exams. The performance of the examinee on this section is not reported as part of the final score. The examinee is not told which section of the exam is experimental, since doing so could skew the data. Previously, this section has always been one of the first three sections of any given test, but beginning with the administration of the October 2011 LSAT, the experimental section can be after the first three sections. LSAC makes no specific claim as to which section(s) it has appeared as in the past, and what section(s) it may appear as in the future.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

=== Writing sample ===
The writing sample appears as the final section of the exam. The writing sample is presented in the form of a decision prompt, which provides the examinee with a problem and two criteria for making a decision. The examinee must then write an essay arguing for one of the two options over the other. The decision prompt generally does not involve a controversial subject, but rather something mundane about which the examinee likely has no strong bias. While there is no "right" or "wrong" answer to the writing prompt, it is important that the examinee argues for his/her chosen position and also argues against the counter-position.

LSAC does not score the writing sample. Instead, the essay is sent to admission offices along with the LSAT score. Some admissions officers regard the usefulness of the writing sample to be marginal. Additionally, most schools require that applicants submit a "personal statement" of some kind. These factors sometimes result in admission boards disregarding the writing sample. However, only 6.8% of 157 schools surveyed by LSAC in 2006 indicated that they "never" use the writing sample when evaluating an application. In contrast, 9.9% of the schools reported that they "always" use the sample; 25.3% reported that they "frequently" use the sample; 32.7% responded "occasionally"; and 25.3% reported "seldom" using the sample.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/LSAC.asp?url=/lsac/changing-news.asp#Writing_Sample_Survey_Result |title=LSAC Redirect Page |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511051324/http://www.lsac.org/lsac.asp?url=%2Flsac%2Fchanging-news.asp#Writing_Sample_Survey_Result |archive-date=11 May 2013}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
LSAC recommends advance preparation for the LSAT, due to the importance of the LSAT in law school admissions and because scores on the exam typically correspond to preparation time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsacnet.org/research/Self-reported-Methods-of-Test-Preparation-1989.htm |title=Self-reported Methods of Test Preparation Used by LSAT Takers: A Summary of Responses from June and September 1989 Test Takers (RR-90-01) |access-date=2008-06-08 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608135912/http://www.lsacnet.org/research/Self-reported-Methods-of-Test-Preparation-1989.htm |archive-date=8 June 2008}}</ref> The structure of the LSAT and the types of questions asked are generally consistent from year to year, which allows students to practice on question types that show up frequently in examinations.

LSAC suggests, at a minimum, that students review official practice tests, called PrepTests, before test day to familiarize themselves with the types of questions that appear on the exams.<ref name="LSAC: Preparing for the LSAT">{{cite web |url=http://lsac.org/LSAT/preparing-for-lsat.asp |title=Preparing for the LSAT |publisher=LSAC |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910214210/http://www.lsac.org/lsat/preparing-for-lsat.asp |archive-date=10 September 2013}}</ref> LSAC offers four free tests that can be downloaded from their website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.lsac.org/lsat/prepare/official-lsat-practice-tests |title=Official LSAT Practice Tests |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2025-01-13 }}</ref> For best results, LSAC suggests taking practice tests under actual time constraints and representative conditions in order to identify problem areas to focus on in further review.<ref name="LSAC: Preparing for the LSAT"/>

For preparation purposes, only tests after June 1991 are considered modern, since the LSAT was significantly modified after this date. Each released exam is commonly referred to as a PrepTest. There are over 90 PrepTests in circulation, the oldest being the June 1991 LSAT numbered as PrepTest 1 and the newest being a July 2020 LSAT numbered as PrepTest 94+.<ref name="LSAC: The Official LSAT PrepTests">{{cite web|url=https://os.lsac.org/Release/Shop/PublicationDetail.aspx |title=The Official LSAT PrepTests |publisher=LSAC |access-date=2013-12-21}}</ref> Certain PrepTests are no longer published by LSAC (among them 1–6, 8, 17, 39, and 40), despite the fact that they were in print at one time. However, these tests have been made available through some of the [[test preparation]] companies, which have licensed them from LSAC to provide only to students in their courses. For a few years, some prep companies sold digital copies of LSAT PrepTests as PDFs, but LSAC revised its licensing policy in 2016, effectively banning the sale of LSAT PDFs to the general public.<ref name="LSAT Content Licensing">{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/aboutlsac/contact-lsac/content-licensing |title=LSAT Content Licensing |publisher=LSAC |access-date=2017-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214003548/http://www.lsac.org/aboutlsac/contact-lsac/content-licensing |archive-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

Some students taking the LSAT use a [[test preparation]] company. Students who do not use these courses often rely on material from LSAT preparation books, previously administered exams, and internet resources such as blogs, forums, and mobile apps.<ref name="Test Preparation Market in the US 2016-2020">{{cite web |url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/rt6mjx/test_preparation |title=Test Preparation Market in the US 2016–2020 |publisher=Research and Markets |access-date=2017-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214005524/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/research/rt6mjx/test_preparation |archive-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>

== Scoring ==
The LSAT is a [[standardized test]] in that LSAC adjusts raw scores to fit an expected norm to overcome the likelihood that some administrations may be more difficult than others. [[Normalization (statistics)|Normalized]] scores are distributed on a scale with a low of 120 to a high of 180.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/LSACResources/Publications/PDFs/history-lsac-lsat.pdf |title=A History of the Law School Admission Council and the LSAT |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825054450/http://www.lsac.org/lsacresources/publications/pdfs/history-lsac-lsat.pdf |archive-date=25 August 2013}}</ref>

The LSAT system of scoring is predetermined and does not reflect test takers' percentile. The relationship between raw questions answered correctly (the "raw score") and scaled score is determined before the test is administered, through a process called [[equating]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/lsat-score.asp |title=About your LSAT Score |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725013243/http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/lsat-score.asp |archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> This means that the conversion standard is set beforehand, and the distribution of [[percentile]]s can vary during the scoring of any particular LSAT.

Adjusted scores lie in a [[Bell curve grading|bell curve]], tapering off at the extremes and concentrating near the [[median]]. For example, there might be a 3–5 question difference between a score of 175 and a score of 180, but the difference between a 155 from a 160 could be 9 or more questions—this is because the LSAT uses an [[Ordinal number (linguistics)|ordinal]] grading system. Although the exact percentile of a given score will vary slightly between examinations, there tends to be little variance. The 50th percentile is typically a score of about 151; the 90th percentile is around 165 and the 99th is about 173. A 178 or better usually places the examinee in the 99.9th percentile.

Examinees have the option of canceling their scores within six calendar days after the exam, before they get their scores. LSAC still reports to law schools that the student registered for and took the exam, but releases no score. Test takers typically receive their scores online between three and four weeks after the exam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/test-dates-deadlines.asp/ |title=LSAT Score Release Dates |publisher=Lsac.org |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724235453/http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/test-dates-deadlines.asp |archive-date=24 July 2013}}</ref> There is a formal appeals process for examinee complaints,<ref>[http://www.lsat.com/pdfs/InformationBookweb.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713235339/http://www.lsat.com/pdfs/InformationBookweb.pdf|date=13 July 2011}}</ref> which has been used for proctor misconduct, peer misconduct, and occasionally for challenging a question. In very rare instances, specific questions have been omitted from final scoring.

[[University of North Texas]] economist [[Michael Nieswiadomy]] has conducted several studies (in 1998, 2006, 2010, 2014, 2017, and 2024) derived from LSAC data. In the 2024 study, Nieswiadomy took the LSAC's categorization of test-takers in terms of their undergraduate college and university academic major study areas, and grouped a total of 154 major study areas into 30 categories, finding the averages of each major:<ref>{{cite journal|ssrn=1430654 |title=LSAT Scores of Economics Majors: The 2008–2009 Class Update by Michael Nieswiadomy |publisher=Papers.ssrn.com |date= 2009-06-25|last1=Nieswiadomy |first1=Michael }}</ref>
The most recent study is “LSAT® Scores of Economics Majors: The 2022-23 Class Update and 7-Year History”. <i>The Journal of Economic Education</i>, 2024, 55(4): 1-6

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
#[[Mathematics]]/[[Physics]] 164.3
#[[Economics]] 161.7
#[[Engineering]] 160.6
#[[Computer science]] 160.4
#[[Government]]/service 160.0
#[[International relations]] 159.8
#[[Chemistry]] 159.6
#[[Philosophy]] [[Religion]] and [[Theology]] 159.4
#[[History]] 159.0
#[[Foreign language]]s 158.5
#[[Arts]] 158.2
#[[Biology]]/[[natural sciences]] 158.1
#[[English studies|English]] 158.0
#[[Social Science]]s 157.9
#[[Interdisciplinary studies]] 157.3
#[[Finance]] 157.2
#[[Anthropology]]/[[geography]] 157.1
#[[Accounting]] 156.3
#[[Liberal arts]] 155.9
#[[Political science]]/[[Pre-law]] 155.6
#[[Psychology]] 155.1
#[[Communication studies|Communications]]/[[Journalism]] 154.8
#[[Sociology]]/[[social work]] 153.9
#[[Business management]] 153.9
#[[Marketing]] 153.9
#[[Health care provider|Health professions]] 153.8
#[[Business administration]] 153.6
#[[Education]] 153.1
#[[Criminology]] 152.6
#[[Criminal justice]]/[[Law enforcement]] 148.8
{{div col end}}

== Use of scores in law school admissions ==
The LSAT is considered an important part of the law school admissions process, along with [[Grading in education#Grade point average|GPA]]. Many law schools are selective in their decisions to admit students, and the LSAT is one method of differentiating candidates.

Additionally the LSAC says the LSAT (like the [[SAT]] and [[ACT (test)|ACT]] at the undergraduate level) serves as a standardized measure of one's ability to succeed during law school. [[Undergraduate]] grade points can vary significantly due to choices in course load as well as [[grade inflation]], which may be pervasive at an applicant's undergraduate institution, but almost nonexistent at that of another. Some law schools, such as [[Georgetown University]] and the [[University of Michigan]] have added programs designed to waive the LSAT for selected students who have maintained a 3.8 undergraduate GPA at their schools.<ref>{{cite news |last=Slater |first=Dan |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/09/25/skip-the-lsat-head-straight-to-law-school/ |title=Skip the LSAT, Head Straight to Law School! |publisher=Blogs.wsj.com |date=2008-09-25 |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513123428/http://blogs.wsj.com/law/2008/09/25/skip-the-lsat-head-straight-to-law-school/ |archive-date=13 May 2013}}</ref>

LSAC says its own research supports the use of the LSAT as a major factor in admissions, saying the median validity for LSAT alone is .41 (2001) and .40 (2002) in regard to the first year of law school.<ref>{{cite web | title=World's Best Genuine Examsoft Decryptor and Examplify Extractor ‣ Only 100% Working Examsoft Decryptor and Examplify Decryptor ‣ 2025 | date=3 October 2023 | url=https://examunlock.com/examsoft-decryptor/ }}</ref> The correlation varies from school to school, and LSAC says that test scores are more strongly correlated to first year law school performance than is undergraduate GPA.<ref>[http://www.lsacnet.org/Research/Predictive-Validity-of-the-LSAT-National-Summary-of-the-2001%E2%80%932002-Correlation-Studies.pdf]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060308050843/http://www.lsacnet.org/Research/Predictive-Validity-of-the-LSAT-National-Summary-of-the-2001%E2%80%932002-Correlation-Studies.pdf|date=8 March 2006}}</ref> LSAC says that a more strongly correlated single-factor measure does not currently exist, that GPA is difficult to use because it is influenced by the school and the courses taken by the student, and that the LSAT can serve as a yardstick of student ability because it is statistically normed. However, the [[American Bar Association]] has waived the requirement for law schools to use the LSAT as an admission requirement in select cases. This may be due to the fact that an emphasis on LSAT scores is considered by some to be detrimental to the promotion of diversity among applicants.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jaschik |first=Scott |url=http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/01/14/aba_may_end_requirement_that_law_schools_use_lsat |title=ABA May Drop LSAT Requirement |publisher=Insidehighered.com |date=2011-01-14 |access-date=2013-07-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203908/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2011/01/14/aba_may_end_requirement_that_law_schools_use_lsat |archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Others argue that it is an attempt by law schools to counteract declining enrollment.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/10/lsat-optional-hurt-students_n_6840666.html |title=Should Law Schools Drop the LSAT Requirement? |work=huffingtonpost.com |date=2015-03-10 |access-date=2017-02-06 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170207031449/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/03/10/lsat-optional-hurt-students_n_6840666.html |archive-date=7 February 2017}}</ref>

Most admission boards use an admission index, which is a formula that applies different weight to the LSAT and undergraduate GPA and adds the results. This composite statistic can have a weaker correlation to first year performance than either GPA or LSAT score alone, depending on the weighting used. The amount of weight assigned to LSAT score versus undergraduate GPA varies from school to school, as almost all law programs employ a different admission index formula.

=== Multiple scores ===
Starting in September 2019, students may take the LSAT up to three times in a single LSAC year (1 June – 31 May), up to five times within the current and five past testing years (the period in which LSAC reports scores to law schools), and up to seven times over a lifetime. These restrictions will not apply retroactively; tests taken prior to September 2019 do not count toward a student's totals. Also, LSAC will implement an appeals process to grant exceptions to these restrictions under extenuating circumstances. Furthermore, starting in September 2019, no student who has obtained a perfect LSAT score of 180 within the current and five past testing years will be allowed to take the LSAT. This rule, unlike the other new rules, ''will'' be retroactive: a score of 180 obtained prior to September 2019 (but within the past five years) will preclude another attempt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Limits on Repeating the Test {{!}} The Law School Admission Council|url=https://www.lsac.org/about/lsac-policies/limits-on-repeating-lsat|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.lsac.org}}</ref>

Between 2017 and July 2019, students could take the LSAT as many times as it was offered. Prior to 2017, only three attempts were allowed in a two-year period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/about-the-lsat#limitations|title=Limitations on Test Taking|publisher=[[Law School Admission Council]]|access-date=2013-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221053015/http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/about-the-lsat#limitations|archive-date=21 December 2013}}</ref>

Every score within five years is reported to law schools during the application process, as well a separate average of all scores on record.<ref>[http://www.lsac.org/AboutLSAC/faqs-and-support-lsat.asp#score-report]  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704000059/http://www.lsac.org/AboutLSAC/faqs-and-support-lsat.asp#score-report|date=4 July 2009}}</ref> When faced with multiple scores from repeat test takers, users of standardized assessments typically employ three indices—most recent, highest, and average scores—in order to summarize an individual’s related performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lsac.org/docs/default-source/research-(lsac-resources)/tr-10-02.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |title=The Validity of Law School Admission Test Scores for Repeat Test Takers: 2005 Through 2008 Entering Law School Classes |last1=Sweeney |first1=Andrea Thorton |last2=Marcus |first2=Laura A. |date=2 October 2010 |website=The Law School Admission Council |publisher=lsac.org |page=1 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510081942/http://www.lsac.org/docs/default-source/research-%28lsac-resources%29/tr-10-02.pdf?sfvrsn=2 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |last3=Reese |first3=Lynda M. |access-date=2016-03-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

How the law schools report the LSAT scores of their [[Matriculation|matriculants]] to the [[American Bar Association]] (ABA) has changed over the years. In June 2006, the ABA revised a rule that mandated law schools to report their matriculants' average score if more than one test was taken. The current ABA rule now requires law schools to report only the highest LSAT score for matriculants who took the test more than once. In response, many law schools began considering only the highest LSAT score during the admissions process, as the highest score is an important factor in law school rankings such as those published by ''[[U.S. News & World Report]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-law-schools/2009/04/22/law-school-rankings-methodology.html |title=Methodology: Best Law Schools Rankings - ''U.S. News & World Report'' |publisher=Usnews.com |date=2013-03-11 |access-date=2013-10-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406022106/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-law-schools/2009/04/22/law-school-rankings-methodology.html |archive-date=6 April 2010}}</ref> Many students rely heavily upon the rankings when deciding where to attend law school.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/paying/articles/2011/01/07/law-students-rank-their-future |title=Law Students Rank Their Future - ''U.S. News & World Report'' |publisher=Usnews.com |date=2011-01-07 |access-date=2017-02-14 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215124234/http://www.usnews.com/education/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/paying/articles/2011/01/07/law-students-rank-their-future |archive-date=15 February 2017}}</ref>

== Use of scores in admissions to intellectual clubs ==
High LSAT scores are accepted as qualifying evidence for [[High-IQ society|intellectual clubs]] such as [[American Mensa]], [[Intertel]], the [[Triple Nine Society]] and the International Society for Philosophical Enquiry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qualifying test scores|url=https://www.us.mensa.org/join/testscores/qualifying-test-scores/|access-date=2021-05-18|website=American Mensa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intertel - Join us|url=https://www.intertel-iq.org/join-us|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.intertel-iq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Test Scores|url=http://www.triplenine.org/HowtoJoin/TestScores.aspx|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.triplenine.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tests & Test Scores - International Society for Philosophical Enquiry|url=https://www.thethousand.com/tests_test_scores.php|access-date=2021-05-18|website=www.thethousand.com}}</ref> The minimum scores they require depend on the selectivity of each society and time period when the test was administered. After 1982, Mensa has required students to score in the 95+ percentile rank on the LSAT for membership, while Intertel has required an LSAT score of 172 for admission since 1994, and Triple Nine has required an LSAT score of 173 for acceptance since 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of High IQ Societies [Find & Compare Organizations]|url=https://www.test-guide.com/list-high-iq-societies.html|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.test-guide.com|date=27 October 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Qualifying Test Scores for Mensa Membership|url=https://www.us.mensa.org/join/testscores/qualifying-test-scores/|access-date=2021-12-10|website=American Mensa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Intertel - Join us|url=https://www.intertel-iq.org/join-us|access-date=2021-12-10|website=www.intertel-iq.org}}</ref>

== Fingerprinting controversy ==
Starting October 1973, those taking the LSAT were required to have fingerprints taken, after some examinees were found to have hired impostors to take the test on their behalf.<ref name="'70s 61">{{cite book|title= How We Got Here: The '70s|last= Frum|first= David|author-link= David Frum|year= 2000|publisher= Basic Books|location= New York, New York|isbn= 978-0-465-04195-4|pages= [https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/61 61–62]|url= https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/61|url-access= registration}}</ref>

A controversy surrounding the LSAT was the requirement that examinees submit to [[fingerprinting]] on the day of testing. Although LSAC does not store digital representations of fingerprints, there is a concern that fingerprints might be accessible by the [[United States Department of Homeland Security|U.S. Department of Homeland Security]].<ref>[http://www.themanitoban.com/2006-2007/0110/108.More.than.a.dirty.finger.php] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704185539/http://www.themanitoban.com/2006-2007/0110/108.More.than.a.dirty.finger.php|date=4 July 2007}}</ref> At the behest of the [[Privacy Commissioner of Canada]], the LSAC implemented a change as of September 2007 which exempts Canadian test takers from the requirement to provide a fingerprint and instead requires that Canadian test-takers provide a photograph.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=136&Itemid=24 |title=Canadian Lawyer Home |publisher=Canadianlawyermag.com |date=2013-10-21 |access-date=2013-10-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205092127/http://www.canadianlawyermag.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=136&Itemid=24 |archive-date=5 February 2008}}</ref> Starting with the June 2011 admission of the LSAT, LSAC expanded this policy to include test-takers in the United States and Caribbean; LSAC therefore no longer requires fingerprints from any test takers, and instead requires that they submit a photograph.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lsac.org/jd/lsat/photo-requirements |title=LSAT Admission Ticket Photo Requirement |publisher=LSAC.org |date=2011-03-31 |access-date=2014-04-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326034844/http://lsac.org/jd/lsat/photo-requirements |archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>

== LSAT─India ==
LSAC started administering the LSAT for Indian law schools in 2009. [https://www.lsatindia.in/] The test is administered twice a year by a Pearson on behalf of LSAC. There are around 1300 law schools in India, however LSAT─India scores are accepted by only about 10-15 private law schools in the country. These scores are not accepted anywhere else in South Asia, and as a result participation in the LSAT─India has been low.

== See also ==
{{portal|Education}}
* [[Association of American Law Schools]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.lsac.org/ Law School Admission Council]

{{Law of the United States}}

[[Category:Legal profession exams]]
[[Category:Standardized tests for legal education]]
[[Category:Standardized tests in the United States]]
[[Category:Law schools in the United States]]
[[Category:1948 introductions]]
[[Category:Standardized tests in Canada]]
[[Category:Law schools in Canada]]