View source for Lawrence Summers

{{Short description|American economist and government official (born 1954)}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{use American English|date=November 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Larry Summers
| image               = Lawrence Summers 2012.jpg
| caption             = Summers in 2012
| office              = 8th Director of the [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]]
| president           = [[Barack Obama]]
| deputy              = [[Diana Farrell]]<br>[[Jason Furman]]
| term_start          = January 20, 2009
| term_end            = January 20, 2011
| predecessor         = [[Keith Hennessey]]
| successor           = [[Gene Sperling]]
| office1             = 27th [[President of Harvard University]]
| term_start1         = July 1, 2001
| term_end1           = June 30, 2006
| predecessor1        = [[Neil L. Rudenstine|Neil Rudenstine]]
| successor1          = [[Derek Bok]] (acting)
| office2             = 71st [[United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
| president2          = [[Bill Clinton]]
| term_start2         = July 2, 1999
| term_end2           = January 20, 2001
| deputy2             = [[Stuart E. Eizenstat]]
| predecessor2        = [[Robert Rubin]]
| successor2          = [[Paul H. O'Neill]]
| office3             = 7th [[United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury]]
| president3          = Bill Clinton
| term_start3         = August 11, 1995
| term_end3           = July 2, 1999
| predecessor3        = [[Frank N. Newman]]
| successor3          = Stuart E. Eizenstat
| office4             = [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs]]
| president4          = Bill Clinton
| term_start4         = April 5, 1993
| term_end4           = August 11, 1995
| predecessor4        = [[David Mulford]]
| successor4          = Jeffrey R. Shafer
| office5             = [[Chief Economist of the World Bank]]
| president5          = [[Barber Conable]]<br>[[Lewis Thompson Preston]]
| term_start5         = January 14, 1991
| term_end5           = January 14, 1993
| predecessor5        = [[Stanley Fischer]]
| successor5          = [[Michael Bruno (economist)|Michael Bruno]]
| birth_name          = Lawrence Henry Summers
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1954|11|30}}
| birth_place         = [[New Haven, Connecticut]], U.S.
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]
| spouse              = {{ubl |{{marriage|Victoria Perry|1984|2003|end=div}} |{{marriage|[[Elisa New]]|December 11, 2005}}}}
| children            = 3
| education           = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])<br>[[Harvard University]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| awards              = [[John Bates Clark Medal]] (1993)
| signature           = Lawrence H Summers sig.jpg
| module              = {{Infobox economist
|child             = yes
|thesis_title      = An Asset Price Approach to the Analysis of Capital Income Taxation
|thesis_url        = https://www.proquest.com/docview/303216376/
|thesis_year       = 1982
|doctoral_advisor  = [[Martin Feldstein]]
|field             = [[Macroeconomics]]
|school_tradition  = [[New Keynesian economics]]
|workplaces        = [[Harvard University]]<br>[[London School of Economics]]
|doctoral_students = [[Alan Krueger]]<br>[[Kiminori Matsuyama]]<br>[[James R. Hines Jr.]]<br>[[Rhee Chang-yong]]
|repec_prefix      = e
|repec_id          = psu137}}
}}
'''Lawrence Henry''' "'''Larry'''" '''Summers''' (born November 30, 1954) is an American [[economist]]. He served as the 71st [[United States secretary of the treasury|United States Secretary of the Treasury]] from 1999 to 2001, as the 27th [[president of Harvard University]] from 2001 to 2006, and as the 8th director of the [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]] from 2009 to 2010.<ref name="lawrence_h_summers_harvard_kennedy" /><ref name="harvard_facts">[http://www.harvard.edu/about-harvard/harvard-glance/history/historical-facts "Historical Facts"], Harvard University, retrieved March 31, 2017</ref> Currently at [[Harvard Kennedy School]], he is the Charles W. Eliot University Professor. He is on leave from his teaching reponsibilities and from his role as the director of the Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government as of November 19, 2025.<ref name="lawrence_h_summers_harvard_kennedy" /><ref name="harvard_letter">Summers, Lawrence H. and John A. Haigh [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/mrcbg/about/from-the-directors "From the Directors,"] ''About'' section, Mossavar-Rahmani Center for Business and Government, Harvard Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, retrieved March 31, 2017</ref><ref name="teaching">{{cite news |last1=Arsenault |first1=Mark |last2=Isaac |first2=Mike |title=Lawrence Summers to Stop Teaching at Harvard While It Investigates His Epstein Ties |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/19/us/larry-summers-harvard-epstein.html |access-date=November 19, 2025 |publisher=New York Times |date=November 19, 2025}}</ref>

Summers became a professor of economics at Harvard University in 1983. He left Harvard in 1991, working as the [[Chief Economist of the World Bank]] from 1991 to 1993.<ref name="chief_economists_world_bank">[http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/0,,contentMDK:20437078~menuPK:4319683~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469372,00.html#summers "Former Chief Economists"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104225502/http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/0,,contentMDK:20437078~menuPK:4319683~pagePK:64165401~piPK:64165026~theSitePK:469372,00.html#summers |date=November 4, 2017 }}, Data & Research office, The World Bank, retrieved March 31, 2017</ref><ref name="lawrence_h_summers_world_bank_live">[http://live.worldbank.org/experts/lawrence-h-summers "Lawrence H. Summers"], ''World Bank Live,''  The World Bank, retrieved March 31, 2017</ref><ref name="lawrence_h_summers_harvard_kennedy">{{Cite web |title=From the Directors |url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/centers/mrcbg/about/from-the-directors |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202124522/https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7014787/ |archive-date=2025-02-02 |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.hks.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> In 1993, Summers was appointed [[Under Secretary of the Treasury for International Affairs|Under Secretary for International Affairs]] of the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] under President [[Bill Clinton]]'s administration. In 1995, he was promoted to [[United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury|Deputy Secretary of the Treasury]] under his long-time political mentor [[Robert Rubin]]. In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]].<ref name="lawrence_h_summers_world_bank_live" /><ref name="lawrence_h_summers_harvard_kennedy" /><ref name="lawrence_summers_treasury_dept">[https://www.treasury.gov/about/history/pages/lhsummers.aspx "Lawrence Summers (1999–2001),"] U.S. Treasury Department, Last Updated: November 20, 2010, retrieved March 31, 2017</ref> While working for the Clinton administration, Summers played a leading role in the American response to the [[1994 economic crisis in Mexico]], the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], and the [[1998 Russian financial crisis]]. He was also influential in the [[Harvard Institute for International Development]] and American-advised privatization of the economies of the [[post-Soviet states]], and in the deregulation of the U.S. financial system, including the repeal of the [[Glass-Steagall Act]].

Following the end of Clinton's term, Summers served as the 27th [[president of Harvard University]] from 2001 to 2006. Summers resigned as Harvard's president in the wake of a [[no-confidence]] vote by Harvard faculty, which resulted in large part from Summers's conflict with [[Cornel West]], financial [[conflict of interest]] questions regarding his relationship with [[Andrei Shleifer]], and a 2005 speech in which he offered three reasons for the under-representation of women in science and engineering, including the possibility that there exists a [[Variability hypothesis|"different availability of aptitude at the high end"]], in addition to patterns of discrimination and socialization.<ref>{{cite news |title=Full Transcript: President Summers' Remarks at the National Bureau of Economic Research, Jan. 14 2005 |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/2/18/full-transcript-president-summers-remarks-at/ |access-date=January 25, 2022 |publisher=[[The Harvard Crimson]] |date=February 18, 2005}}</ref>

After his departure from Harvard, Summers worked as a managing partner at the hedge fund [[D. E. Shaw & Co.]] Summers rejoined public service during the [[Obama administration]], serving as the Director of the White House [[National Economic Council (United States)|United States National Economic Council]] for President [[Barack Obama]] from January 2009 until November 2010, where he emerged as a key economic decision-maker in the Obama administration's response to the [[Great Recession]].<ref name="lawrence_h_summers_world_bank_live" /><ref name="lawrence_h_summers_harvard_kennedy" /> In November 2023, Summers joined the board of directors of [[artificial intelligence]] organization [[OpenAI]], before resigning in November 2025 after revelations about his ties to child sex offender [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref name="open_ai_bod">{{Cite news |work=Reuters |title=Sam Altman to return as OpenAI CEO after his tumultuous ouster |
first1=Jeffrey |last1=Dastin |first2=Aditya |last2=Soni |date=November 22, 2023 |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/sam-altman-return-openai-ceo-2023-11-22/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Capoot |first=Ashley |date=2025-11-19 |title=Larry Summers resigns from OpenAI board after release of emails with Epstein |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/11/19/larry-summers-epstein-openai.html |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Summers was born in [[New Haven, Connecticut]], on November 30, 1954, into a [[American Jews|Jewish]] family. He was the son of two economists, [[Robert Summers (economist)|Robert Summers]] (who changed the family surname from Samuelson) and [[Anita Summers]] (of [[Romanian Jews|Romanian-Jewish]] ancestry), who were both professors at the [[University of Pennsylvania]]. He is also the nephew of two [[Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel|Nobel laureates in economics]]: [[Paul Samuelson]] (brother of Robert Summers) and [[Kenneth Arrow]] (brother of Anita Arrow Summers). He spent most of his childhood in [[Penn Valley, Pennsylvania|Penn Valley]], [[Pennsylvania]], a suburb of [[Philadelphia]], where he attended [[Harriton High School]].

At age 16,<ref>Plotz, David.[http://www.slate.com/id/111151/ "Larry Summers: How the Great Brain learned to grin and bear it."], ''Slate'', June 29, 2001.</ref> he entered the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), where he originally intended to study [[physics]] but soon switched to [[economics]], graduating in 1975. He was also an active member of the MIT debating team and qualified for participation in the annual [[National Debate Tournament]] three times. He attended [[Harvard University]] as a graduate student, receiving his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] in 1982.<ref name="thesis-summers-1982">{{cite thesis |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/303216376 |title=An asset price approach to the analysis of capital income taxation |date=1982 |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |type=Ph.D. |last=Summers |first=Lawrence Henry |id={{ProQuest|303218476 }}|url-access=subscription |oclc=9526217}}</ref> In 1983, at age 28, Summers became one of the youngest tenured professors in Harvard's history. He was a visiting academic at the [[London School of Economics]] in 1987.<ref name=lse>{{cite web|title=Obama's LSE alumni|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2009/ObamasLSEalumni.aspx|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916195224/https://www.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2009/ObamasLSEalumni.aspx |archive-date=2011-09-16 }}</ref>

==Career==

===Academic economist===
[[File:Lawrence Summers, 1990.jpg|thumb|Summers in 1990]]
As a researcher, Summers has made important contributions in many areas of economics, primarily [[public finance]], [[labor economics]], [[financial economics]], and [[macroeconomics]]. Summers has also worked in international economics, economic demography, [[economic history]] and [[development economics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Poterba|first=James M.|date=Winter 1995|title=In Honor of Lawrence H. Summers, Winner of the John Bates Clark Medal|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=165–182|doi=10.1257/jep.9.1.165|issn=0895-3309|doi-access=}}</ref> He received the [[John Bates Clark Medal]] in 1993 from the American Economic Association.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/30-most-famous-harvard-students-of-all-time-2010-4#larry-summers-born-november-30-1954-21 |title=The 30 Most Famous Harvard Students Of All Time|work=[[Business Insider]]|access-date=August 7, 2017|language=en}}</ref> In 1987, he was the first social scientist to win the [[Alan T. Waterman Award]] from the [[National Science Foundation]]. Summers is also a member of the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]]. Some of his popular courses today, as Charles W. Eliot University Professor at Harvard University, include American Economic Policy and The Political Economy of Globalization.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/lawrence-h-summers|title=Lawrence H. Summers|website=www.hks.harvard.edu|date=December 6, 2023 }}</ref>

===Public official===
Summers was on the staff of the [[Council of Economic Advisers]] under President Reagan in 1982–1983. He also served as an economic adviser to the [[Michael Dukakis|Dukakis]] Presidential campaign in 1988.

===Chief Economist at the World Bank===
Summers left Harvard in 1991 and served as the Vice President of Development Economics and [[World Bank Chief Economist|Chief Economist]] for the [[World Bank]] until 1993.<ref name="chief_economists_world_bank" /><ref name="lawrence_h_summers_world_bank_live" /><ref name="lawrence_h_summers_harvard_kennedy" />

According to the World Bank's Data & Research office, Summers returned to [[Washington, D.C.]], in 1991 as the World Bank's Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist. As such, Summers played a "key role" in designing strategies to aid developing countries, worked on the bank's loan committee, guided the bank's research and statistics operations, and guided external training programs.<ref name="chief_economists_world_bank" />  The World Bank's official site also reports that Summer's research included an "influential" report that demonstrated a very high return from investments in educating girls in developing nations.<ref name="chief_economists_world_bank" />

According to ''The Economist,'' Summers was "often at the centre of heated debates" about economic policy, as he was considered a "famous contrarian".<ref name="world_bank_contrarian">[https://www.economist.com/news/21702339-paul-romer-banks-new-chief-economist-world-bank-hires-famous-contrarian "New ideas: The World Bank hires a famous contrarian,"] July 18, 2016, [[The Economist]], retrieved March 31, 2017</ref>

===="Dirty industries" controversy====
{{Further|Summers memo}}
In December 1991, while at the World Bank, Summers signed [[Summers memo|a memo]] that was leaked to the press. [[Lant Pritchett]] has claimed authorship of the private memo, which both he and Summers say was intended as sarcasm.<ref name="furor_on_memo_1992_02_07_ny_times">[https://www.nytimes.com/1992/02/07/business/furor-on-memo-at-world-bank.html "Furor on Memo At World Bank,"] February 7, 1992, [[The New York Times]], retrieved March 30, 2017</ref> The memo stated that "the economic logic behind dumping a load of toxic waste in the lowest wage country is impeccable and we should face up to that.<ref name="furor_on_memo_1992_02_07_ny_times"/> ... I've always thought that under-populated countries in Africa are vastly underpolluted."<ref>Office Memorandum from Lawrence M. Summers, Subject: GEP, the World Bank/IMFMIGA, December 12, 1991. This was an internal memo at the World Bank, that was written, according to Lant Pritchett, by him, and co-signed by Larry. According to Pritchett, a young economist who worked for him at the time in an interview with John Cassidy of The New Yorker, it was not intended for the public – reportedly sarcastic, rather than sincere, according to its authors – that highlighted the economic logic of dumping waste in less-developed countries.</ref> According to Pritchett, the memo, as leaked, was doctored to remove context and intended irony.<ref name="harvardmag">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050171.html|title=Toxic Memo|magazine= Harvard Magazine|date=May–June 2001}}, also posted at: {{cite web|title=Toxic memo|url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2001/05/toxic-memo.html|publisher=HarvardMagazine.com|access-date=November 8, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203160404/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050171.html|archive-date=December 3, 2008}}</ref><ref name="furor_on_memo_1992_02_07_ny_times"/>

===Service in the Clinton Administration===
[[File:Lawrence Summers Treasury portrait.jpg|thumb|right|Summers as United States Secretary of the Treasury]]
In 1993, Summers was appointed Undersecretary for International Affairs and later in the [[United States Department of the Treasury]] under the [[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] Administration. In 1995, he was promoted to Deputy Secretary of the Treasury under his long-time political mentor [[Robert Rubin]]. In 1999, he succeeded Rubin as [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]].

Much of Summers's tenure at the Treasury Department was focused on international economic issues. He was deeply involved in the Clinton administration's effort to bail out Mexico and Russia when those nations had currency crises.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1999/05/13/business/a-new-economic-team-the-nominee-the-administration-s-fiscal-closer.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all A New Economic Team: The Nominee; The Administration's Fiscal Closer]. [[The New York Times]]. May 13, 1999.</ref>  Summers set up a project through which the [[Harvard Institute for International Development]] provided advice to the Russian government between 1992 and 1997. Later there was a scandal when it emerged that some of the Harvard project members had invested in Russia and were therefore not impartial advisors.<ref name="Sergi2009">{{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ywA163EEewC&pg=PA79|page=79|title=Misinterpreting Modern Russia|author=Bruno S. Sergi|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2009|isbn=978-0826427724}}</ref>
Summers encouraged then-Russian leader Boris Yeltsin to use the same "three-'ations'" of policy he advocated in the Clinton Administration – "privatization, stabilization, and liberalization".<ref>Naomi Klein, "The Shock Doctrine", p. 231</ref>

Summers pressured the Korean government to raise its interest rates and balance its budget in the midst of a recession, policies criticized by [[Paul Krugman]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Blustein|title=The Chastening|url=http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks-cgi-bin/display?book=9781586481810|publisher=Public Affairs, New York|year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208005946/http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks-cgi-bin/display?book=9781586481810 |archive-date=December 8, 2010|url-status=dead}}
</ref> According to the book ''The Chastening'', by Paul Blustein, during this crisis, Summers, along with [[Paul Wolfowitz]], pushed for regime change in Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news|first=Paul|last=Blustein|title=The Chastening |url=http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks-cgi-bin/display?book=9781586481810|page=232|publisher=Public Affairs, New York|year=2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208005946/http://www.publicaffairsbooks.com/publicaffairsbooks-cgi-bin/display?book=9781586481810|archive-date=December 8, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Summers was a leading voice within the Clinton Administration arguing against American leadership in [[greenhouse gas]] reductions and against US participation in the [[Kyoto Protocol]], according to internal documents made public in 2009.<ref name="nsarchive-ebb303">{{cite news |first=Robert|last=Wampler|title=Kyoto Redux? Obama's Challenges at Copenhagen Echo Clinton's at Kyoto|url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB303/index.htm|publisher=National Security Archive at George Washington University|access-date=April 10, 2010|date=December 18, 2009}}
</ref>

As Treasury Secretary, Summers led the Clinton Administration's opposition to tax cuts proposed by the Republican Congress in 1999.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/politics/special/budget/stories/taxes072699.htm Aides Say Clinton Would Veto Tax Compromise]. [[The Washington Post]]. July 26, 1999.</ref>

During the California [[2000–01 California electricity crisis|energy crisis of 2000]], then-Treasury Secretary Summers teamed with [[Alan Greenspan]] and [[Enron]] executive [[Kenneth Lay]] to lecture California Governor [[Gray Davis]] on the causes of the crisis, explaining that the problem was excessive government regulation.<ref name="Krugman">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Krugman |author-link=Paul Krugman|title=California Energy Memories |url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/11/20/california-energy-memories/|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 20, 2008|access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> Under the advice of Kenneth Lay, Summers urged Davis to relax California's environmental standards in order to reassure the markets.<ref name="Gibney">{{cite web |first=Alex|last=Gibney|author-link=Alex Gibney|title=Larry Summers' Enron Problem |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2008-11-12/larry-summers-and-enron/ |website=[[The Daily Beast]]}}</ref>

Summers hailed the [[Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act]] in 1999, which lifted more than six decades of restrictions against banks offering [[commercial banking]], insurance, and investment services (by repealing key provisions in the 1933 [[Glass–Steagall Act]]): "Today Congress voted to update the rules that have governed financial services since the [[Great Depression]] and replace them with a system for the 21st century," Summers said.<ref name="NYTrepeal">{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/05/business/congress-passes-wide-ranging-bill-easing-bank-laws.html|title=Congress Passes Wide Ranging Law Repealing Bank laws|date=November 5, 1999|access-date=March 25, 2009|first=Stephen|last=Labaton}}</ref> "This historic legislation will better enable American companies to compete in the new economy."<ref name="NYTrepeal"/> Many critics, including [[POTUS|President]] [[Barack Obama]], have suggested the [[subprime mortgage crisis]] was caused by the partial repeal of the 1933 Glass–Steagall Act.<ref name="WSJquestions">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123665023774979341 |title=Ten Questions for Those Fixing the Financial Mess|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 10, 2009|access-date=March 26, 2009|first=Damian|last=Paletta}}</ref> As a member of President Clinton's [[Working Group on Financial Markets]], Summers, along with U.S. [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) Chairman [[Arthur Levitt]], Fed Chairman Greenspan, and Secretary Rubin, torpedoed an effort to regulate the financial derivatives that many blame for bringing the financial market down in Fall 2008.<ref name="Frontline">{{cite news|work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]/PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/warning/? |title=The Warning|date=October 23, 2009|access-date=October 26, 2009}}</ref>

====Views on financial regulation====
On May 7, 1998, the [[Commodity Futures Trading Commission]] (CFTC) issued a Concept Release soliciting input from regulators, academics, and practitioners to determine "how best to maintain adequate regulatory safeguards without impairing the ability of the OTC ([[Over-the-counter (finance)|over-the-counter]]) derivatives market to grow and the ability of U.S. entities to remain competitive in the global financial marketplace."<ref>{{cite web |title=CFTC Issues Concept Release Concerning Over-The-Counter Derivatives Market|publisher=[[U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission]]|date=May 7, 1998|access-date=September 16, 2013|url=http://www.cftc.gov/opa/press98/opa4142-98.htm}}</ref> On July 30, 1998, then-Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Summers testified before the U.S. Congress that "the parties to these kinds of contract are largely sophisticated financial institutions that would appear to be eminently capable of protecting themselves from fraud and counterparty insolvencies." At the time Summers stated that "to date there has been no clear evidence of a need for additional regulation of the institutional OTC derivatives market, and we would submit that proponents of such regulation must bear the burden of demonstrating that need."<ref>{{cite news |last=Summers |first=Lawrence |title=Lawrence H. Summers Testimony|date=July 30, 1998 |url=http://ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2616.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025220333/http://www.ustreas.gov/press/releases/rr2616.htm|archive-date=October 25, 2009}}</ref> In 1999 Summers endorsed the Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act which removed the separation between investment and commercial banks, saying "With this bill, the American financial system takes a major step forward towards the 21st Century."<ref><!-- David Orrell's 2010 book Economyths, page 142–143 -->{{cite book |pages=142–143|lccn=2011286013|author-link=David Orrell|last=Orrell|first=David | title-link=Economyths|title=Economyths : ten ways economics gets it wrong|location=[[Mississauga, Ontario]]|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd]]|year=2010|isbn=978-0470677933}}</ref>

When [[George Stephanopoulos]] asked Summers about the [[2008 financial crisis]] in an ABC interview on March 15, 2009, Summers replied that "there are a lot of terrible things that have happened in the last eighteen months, but what's happened at A.I.G. ... the way it was not regulated, the way no one was watching ... is outrageous."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Jeff |title=What Caused the Financial Crisis |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0812204933 |location=Philadelphia |page=312 |oclc=793012561}}</ref>

In February 2009, Summers quoted [[John Maynard Keynes]], saying "When circumstances change, I change my opinion", reflecting both on the failures of [[Wall Street]] deregulation and his new leadership role in the government bailout.<ref>{{cite news |author=Michael Hirsh|title=The Reeducation of Larry Summers|url=http://www.newsweek.com/reeducation-larry-summers-82289|access-date=January 4, 2014|newspaper=[[Newsweek]]|date=February 20, 2009}}</ref> On April 18, 2010, in an interview on ABC's ''[[This Week (American TV program)|This Week]]'' program, Clinton said Summers was wrong in the advice he gave him not to regulate derivatives.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zumbrun |first=Joshua |date=April 19, 2010 |title=Clinton Calls Advice He Got on Derivatives 'Wrong' |language=en |work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]] |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-04-18/clinton-says-rubin-summers-gave-him-wrong-advice-on-derivatives-rules |url-access=subscription |access-date=April 27, 2023}}</ref>

{{anchor|Harvard president}}

===President of Harvard===
In 2001, when [[George W. Bush]] became [[President of the United States|President]], Summers left the Treasury Department and returned to Harvard as its 27th president, serving from July 2001 until June 2006.<ref name=":0" /> He was Harvard's first Jewish president,<ref>''YUNews'' [https://www.yu.edu/news/director-of-the-national-economic-council-dr-lawrence-h-summers-is-keynote-speaker-at-yeshiva-universitys-annual-hanukkah-dinner-and-convocation-on-december-13 Director of the National Economic Council, Dr. Lawrence H. Summers, is Keynote Speaker at Yeshiva University's Annual Hanukkah Dinner and Convocation on December 13], November 18, 2009</ref><ref>''The Harvard Crimson'' [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/3/3/did-summers-faith-affect-his-fall/ Did Summers' Faith Affect His Fall?], March 3, 2006</ref><ref>''The Harvard Crimson'' [https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2001/10/14/a-milestone-of-faith-in-1922/ A Milestone of Faith], October 14, 2001</ref> though his predecessor Neil Rudenstine's father was Jewish.<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511933 Harvard's First Jewish President]. [[The Harvard Crimson]]. March 8, 2006</ref>

A number of Summers's decisions at Harvard have attracted public controversy, either at the time or since his resignation.

====Cornel West affair====
In an October 2001 meeting, Summers criticized African American Studies department head [[Cornel West]] for allegedly missing three weeks of classes to work on the [[Bill Bradley]] presidential campaign and complained that West was contributing to [[grade inflation]]. Summers also claimed that West's "rap" album was an "embarrassment" to the university. West pushed back strongly against the accusations.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/06/some_seek_a_scholars_return/|title=Some seek a scholar's return|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=June 6, 2006|first1=Marcella|last1=Bombardieri}}</ref> "The hip-hop scared him. It's a stereotypical reaction", he said later. West, who later called Summers both "uninformed" and "an unprincipled power player" in describing this encounter in his book ''Democracy Matters'' (2004), subsequently returned to [[Princeton University]], where he had taught prior to [[Harvard University]].

====Differences between the sexes====
{{See also|Women in science}}

In January 2005, at a Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce sponsored by the [[National Bureau of Economic Research]], Summers sparked controversy with his discussion of why women may have been underrepresented "in tenured positions in science and engineering at top universities and research institutions". The conference was designed to be off-the-record so that participants could speak candidly without fear of public misunderstanding or disclosure later.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dillon |first1=Sam |title=Harvard Chief Defends His Talk on Women |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/18/us/harvard-chief-defends-his-talk-on-women.html |access-date=February 13, 2022 |date=February 18, 2005}}</ref>

Summers had prefaced his talk, saying he was adopting an "entirely [[positivism|positive]], rather than [[normative]] approach" and that his remarks were intended to be an "attempt at provocation".<ref name="harvard2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html |title=Archive of: Remarks at NBER Conference on Diversifying the Science & Engineering Workforce |access-date=January 30, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080130023006/http://www.president.harvard.edu/speeches/2005/nber.html |archive-date=January 30, 2008 }}. January 14, 2005.</ref>

Summers then began by identifying three hypotheses for the higher proportion of men in high-end science and engineering positions:

# The high-powered job hypothesis
# Different availability of [[aptitude]] at the high end
# Different socialization and patterns of discrimination in a search<ref name="harvard2005"/>

The second hypothesis, the generally [[Variability hypothesis|greater variability among men]] (compared to women) in tests of cognitive abilities,<ref>Hedges, L.V., & Nowell, A. (1995). "Sex differences in mental scores, variability, and numbers of high scoring individuals". ''Science'', 269, 41–45.</ref><ref>Lehrke, R. (1997). ''Sex linkage of intelligence: The X-Factor''. New York: Praeger.</ref><ref>Lubinski, D., & Benbow, C.M. (2006). "Study of mathematically precocious youth after 35 years". ''Perspectives on Psychological Science'', 1, 316–345.</ref> leading to proportionally more males than females at both the lower and upper tails of the test score distributions, caused the most controversy. In his discussion of this hypothesis, Summers said that "even small differences in the standard deviation [between genders] will translate into very large differences in the available pool substantially out [from the mean]".<ref name="harvard2005" /> Summers referenced research that implied differences between the standard deviations of males and females in the top 5% of twelfth graders under various tests. He then went on to argue that, if this research were to be accepted, then "whatever the set of attributes ... that are precisely defined to correlate with being an aeronautical engineer at MIT or being a chemist at Berkeley ... are probably different in their standard deviations as well".<ref name="harvard2005"/>

Summers then concluded his discussion of the three hypotheses by saying:

<blockquote>So my best guess, to provoke you, of what's behind all of this is that the largest phenomenon, by far, is the general clash between people's legitimate family desires and employers' current desire for high power and high intensity, that in the special case of science and engineering, there are issues of intrinsic aptitude, and particularly of the variability of aptitude, and that those considerations are reinforced by what are in fact lesser factors involving socialization and continuing discrimination. I would like nothing better than to be proved wrong, because I would like nothing better than for these problems to be addressable simply by everybody understanding what they are, and working very hard to address them.<ref name="harvard2005"/></blockquote>

Summers then went on to discuss approaches to remedying the shortage of women in high-end science and engineering positions.

This lunch-time talk drew accusations of sexism and careless scholarship, and an intense negative response followed, both nationally and at Harvard.<ref name="Globe20050117">[https://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/ Summers' Remarks on Women Draw Fire] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313105752/http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2005/01/17/summers_remarks_on_women_draw_fire/ |date=March 13, 2016 }}. The Boston Globe. January 17, 2005</ref> Summers apologized repeatedly.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Saletan|first=William|author-link=William Saletan|date=January 21, 2005|title=Don't Worry Your Pretty Little Head|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2112570/|magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}</ref> Nevertheless, the controversy is speculated to have contributed to his resigning his position as president of Harvard University the following year, as well as costing Summers the job of [[Treasury Secretary]] in [[Presidency of Barack Obama|Obama's administration]].<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/summersrsquo-lsquosexismrsquo-costs-him-top-treasury-job-1033373.html Summers's 'sexism' costs him top Treasury job]. [[The Independent]]. November 24, 2008</ref>

Summers's protégée [[Sheryl Sandberg]] has defended him, saying that "Larry has been a true advocate for women throughout his career" at the World Bank and Treasury. Referring to the lunch talk, Sandberg said, "What few seem to note is that it is remarkable that he was giving the speech in the first place – that he cared enough about women's careers and their trajectory in the fields of math and science to proactively analyze the issues and talk about what was going wrong".<ref>{{cite news|author=Sheryl Sandberg|title=Larry Summers' True Record on Women|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/sheryl-sandberg/what-larry-summers-has-do_b_142126.html|access-date=January 4, 2014|newspaper=[[HuffPost]]|date=November 7, 2008|author-link=Sheryl Sandberg}}</ref>

In 2016, remarking upon [[political correctness]] in institutions of higher education, Summers said:

<blockquote>There is a great deal of absurd political correctness. Now, I'm somebody who believes very strongly in diversity, who resists racism in all of its many incarnations, who thinks that there is a great deal that's unjust in American society that needs to be combated, but it seems to be that there is a kind of creeping totalitarianism in terms of what kind of ideas are acceptable and are debatable on college campuses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://conversationswithbillkristol.org/video/larry-summers-ii/?start=15&end=1606|title=Larry Summers II on Conversations with Bill Kristol|website=ConversationsWithBillKristol.org|access-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref></blockquote>

====Summers' opposition and support at Harvard====
On March 15, 2005, members of the [[Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences]], which instructs graduate students in [[Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences]] and undergraduates in [[Harvard College]], passed 218–185 a motion of "lack of confidence" in the leadership of Summers, with 18 abstentions. A second motion that offered a milder censure of the president passed 253 to 137, also with 18 abstentions.

The members of the [[Harvard Corporation]], the university's highest governing body, are in charge of the selection of the president and issued statements strongly supporting Summers.

FAS faculty were not unanimous in their comments against Summers. Psychologist [[Steven Pinker]] defended the legitimacy of Summers's January lecture. When asked if Summers's talk was "within the pale of legitimate academic discourse," Pinker responded "Good grief, shouldn't everything be within the pale of legitimate academic discourse, as long as it is presented with some degree of rigor? That's the difference between a university and a [[madrassa]]. There is certainly enough evidence for the hypothesis to be taken seriously."<ref>[https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2005/1/19/psychoanalysis-q-and-a-steven-pinker-in-an/ Psychoanalysis Q-and-A: Steven Pinker]. ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]''. January 19, 2005</ref>

Summers had stronger support among Harvard College students than among the college faculty. One poll by ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' indicated that students opposed his resignation by a three-to-one margin, with 57% of responding students opposing his resignation and 19% supporting it.<ref>[http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=511421 Poll: Students Say Summers Should Stay]. [[The Harvard Crimson]]. February 20, 2006</ref>

In July 2005, a board member of Harvard Corporation, [[Conrad K. Harper]], resigned saying he was angered both by the university president's comments about women and by Summers being given a salary increase. The resignation letter to the president said, "I could not and cannot support a raise in your salary, ... I believe that Harvard's best interests require your resignation."<ref>{{cite news|last=Finder|first=Alan|title=A Harvard Governor, Dissatisfied, Resigns|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/29/education/29harvard.html?_r=0|access-date=December 5, 2013|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 29, 2005}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/education/02htext.html Board Member's Letter of Resignation]. [[The New York Times]]. August 2, 2005</ref>

====Support of economist Andrei Shleifer====
Harvard and [[Andrei Shleifer]], a close friend and protégé of Summers, controversially paid $28.5 million to settle a [[lawsuit]] by the U.S. government over the [[conflict of interest]] Shleifer had while advising [[Russia's privatization program]]. The US government had sued Shleifer under the [[False Claims Act]], as he bought [[Russia]]n stocks while designing the country's [[privatization]]. In 2004, a federal judge ruled that while Harvard had violated the contract, Shleifer and his associate alone were liable for [[treble damages]].

In June 2005, Harvard and Shleifer announced that they had reached a tentative settlement with the US government. In August, Harvard, Shleifer, and the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] reached an agreement under which the university paid $26.5 million to settle the five-year-old lawsuit. Shleifer was also responsible for paying $2 million worth of damages.

Because Harvard paid almost all of the damages and allowed Shleifer to retain his faculty position, the settlement provoked allegations of favoritism by Summers. His continued support for Shleifer strengthened Summers's unpopularity with other professors, as reported in ''The Harvard Crimson'':

{{Blockquote|I've been a member of this Faculty for over 45 years, and I am no longer easily shocked," is how Frederick H. Abernathy, the McKay professor of mechanical engineering, began his biting comments about the Shleifer case at Tuesday's fiery Faculty meeting. But, Abernathy continued, "I was deeply shocked and disappointed by the actions of this University" in the Shleifer affair.<ref name="crimson">{{cite news|title='Tawdry Shleifer Affair' Stokes Faculty Anger Toward Summers|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article/2006/2/10/tawdry-shleifer-affair-stokes-faculty-anger/|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|date=10 Feb 2006|author=Nicholas Ciarelli|author2=Anton Troianovski}}</ref>}}

==== In Russia ====
{{See also|Loans for shares scheme}}
An 18,000-word article "How Harvard Lost Russia" in ''[[Institutional Investor (magazine)|Institutional Investor]]'' by David McClintick detailed Shleifer's alleged efforts to use his [[Insider trading|inside knowledge]] of and sway over the Russian economy in order to make lucrative personal investments, all while leading a Harvard group, advising the Russian government, that was under contract with the U.S. The article suggests that Summers shielded his fellow economist from disciplinary action by the university, and it noted that Summers had forewarned Shleifer and his wife Nancy Zimmerman about the conflict-of-interest regulations back in 1996.<ref name="crimson" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=McClintick |first=David |date=January 13, 2006 |title=How Harvard Lost Russia |work=Institutional Investor |url=https://www.institutionalinvestor.com/article/b150npp3q49x7w/how-harvard-lost-russia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705041205/http://www.institutionalinvestor.com/Article/1020662/How-Harvard-lost-Russia.html#/.V0mIqpF97nE |archive-date=July 5, 2014}}</ref> Summers's friendship with Shleifer was well known by the corporation when it selected him to succeed Rudenstine and Summers recused himself from all proceedings with Shleifer, whose case was actually handled by an independent committee led by former Harvard president [[Derek Bok]].

====Connection to Jeffrey Epstein and fallout====

An article in ''The Harvard Crimson'' in 2003, during Summers's tenure as president, detailed a reportedly "special connection" between Summers and [[Jeffrey Epstein]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last= Scharnick|first=Jaquelyn M.|date=May 1, 2003|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2003/5/1/mogul-donor-gives-harvard-more-than/?page=single|title=Mogul Donor Gives Harvard More Than Money|work=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|language=en|access-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref> Epstein pledged to donate at least $25 million to Harvard during Summers's tenure to endow Harvard's Program for Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein was given an office at Harvard for his personal use.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303|title=The Talented Mr. Epstein|last=Ward|first=Vicky|date=March 2003|magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|access-date=July 12, 2019|quote=Epstein has pledged at least $25 million to Harvard to create the Epstein Program for Mathematical Biology and Evolutionary Dynamics, and Epstein will have an office at the university...He says he was reluctant to have his name attached to the program, but Summers persuaded him. }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ped.fas.harvard.edu/home|title=Program for Evolutionary Dynamics|website=ped.fas.harvard.edu|language=en|access-date=July 12, 2019}}</ref> Epstein otherwise had no formal connection to Harvard.<ref name=":1" /> Summers's ties to Epstein reportedly began "a number of years...before Summers became Harvard's president and even before he was the Secretary of the Treasury."<ref name=":1" /> Flight records introduced as evidence in the 2021 trial of Epstein associate [[Ghislaine Maxwell]] show that Summers flew on Jeffrey Epstein's private plane on at least four occasions, including once in 1998 when Summers was [[United States Deputy Secretary of the Treasury]] and at least three times while Harvard president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://s3.documentcloud.org/documents/21165424/epstein-flight-logs-released-in-usa-vs-maxwell.pdf|title=Epstein Flight Logs Released in USA vs. Maxwell|language=en|access-date=December 27, 2021}}</ref> A charity funded by Epstein also donated to the production of a [[PBS]] show hosted by Summers's wife and Harvard professor [[Elisa New]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/jeffrey-epstein-has-a-secret-charity-heres-who-it-gave-money-to?ref=scroll|title=Revealed: We Found Billionaire Pedophile Jeffrey Epstein's Secret Charity|last=Briquelet|first=Kate|date=July 10, 2019|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=July 12, 2019|quote=In 2016, Gratitude America Ltd. shelled out $110,000 to Verse Video Education. The Cambridge, Massachusetts-based nonprofit produces the PBS show Poetry in America, whose creator and host is Harvard professor Elisa New. Verse's 2016 tax return named New as the group's president but doesn't include specific donors for its $1.38 million in total contributions. New is married to Summers, Harvard University's former president, who hobnobbed with Epstein in elite international relations groups and, like Bill Clinton, flew on Epstein's private jet.}}</ref> In 2014, Summers emailed Epstein requesting "small scale philanthropy advice" for his wife's nonprofit, Verse Video Education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-03 |title=Ex-Harvard President Asked Epstein for Donation to Wife’s Poetry Project after Sex Offender’s Conviction |url=https://www.nationalreview.com/news/harvard-president-asked-epstein-for-donation-to-wifes-poetry-project-after-sex-offenders-conviction/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=National Review |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Salmon |first=Felix |date=2019-09-16 |title=How Jeffrey Epstein supported Harvard after his conviction |url=https://www.axios.com/2019/09/16/jeffrey-epstein-harvard-donations |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=Axios |language=en}}</ref> 

[[Jeffrey Epstein client list#Emails|Documents]] released by Congress on November 12, 2025, revealed frequent email communication between the two in 2017, 2018, and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=Epstein Bantered Regularly With Larry Summers |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/12/us/politics/epstein-larry-summers.html |access-date=2025-11-12 |language=en}}</ref> From November 2018 to July 5, 2019, a day before Epstein's arrest, Summers sought advice from him on how to pursue a sexual relationship with a woman he described as a mentee.<ref name="a758">{{cite web |last1=Patel |first1=Dhruv T. |last2=Srivastava |first2=Cam N. |date=2025-11-17 |title=As Summers Sought Clandestine Relationship With Woman He Called a Mentee, Epstein Was His 'Wing Man' |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/11/17/summers-epstein-wing-man-woman-described-as-mentee/ |access-date=2025-11-17 |website=[[The Harvard Crimson]]}}</ref><ref name="y355">{{cite web | last=Chidi | first=George | title=Jeffrey Epstein and Larry Summers's exchanges depict relationship as confidants, emails reveal | website=the Guardian | date=2025-11-14 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/nov/14/jeffrey-epstein-larry-summers-emails | access-date=2025-11-17}}</ref> In a 2017 email he implied to Epstein that women on average had lower IQ than men.<ref name="a758"/><ref name="y355"/> Summers issued a statement that his association with Epstein was "a major error of judgement".<ref name="a758" /> On November 14, 2025, President Trump directed the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] to investigate Epstein's relationship with, among others, Summers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/trump-epstein-bondi-clinton-larry-summers-reid-hoffman-jpmorgan-chase-rcna243971|title=Trump directs DOJ to investigate Jeffrey Epstein's relationship with political and other figures|publisher=NBC News|date=November 14, 2025|accessdate=November 18, 2025}}</ref> However, some, including U.S. House of Representatives member [[Thomas Massie]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]-Kentucky), noted that this and the other new Department of Justice investigations against Epstein may have been intended to distract the U.S. Department of Justice and prevent release of the [[Epstein Files]] at an earlier date.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-updates/epstein-files-vote-2025/|title=Epstein files live updates as House passes bill to force release of documents in 427-1 vote - Massie says he's concerned new Epstein investigations could get in way of files' release|first=Caitlin|last=Yilek|publisher=CBS News|date=November 18, 2025|accessdate=November 18, 2025}}</ref> On November 17, 2025, Summers agreed to step back from his public commitments such as his role in the advisory group of The Yale Budget Lab, his role in the advisory group of [[The Hamilton Project]] (an economics policy arm of the [[Brookings Institution]]), his [[fellow|fellowship]] with the [[Center for American Progress]], and his role as chair of the [[Center for Global Development]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/11/17/us/harvard-larry-summers-epstein.html|title=Larry Summers, ‘Ashamed’ Over Epstein Ties, Steps Back From Public Commitments|first=Vimal|last=Pital|publisher=[[The New York Times|New York Times]]|date=November 17, 2025|accessdate=November 18, 2025}}</ref> On November 18, 2025, Summers would also end his role as a paid contributor to [[Bloomberg News]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2025-11-18/summers-to-step-back-from-public-roles-after-epstein-backlash|title=Larry Summers to Step Back From Public Roles After Epstein Backlash|publisher=Bloomberg News|date=November 18, 2025|accessdate=November 18, 2025}}</ref>

On November 19, Summers resigned from the [[OpenAI]] board following the release of the Epstein emails.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-19 |title=Larry Summers resigns from OpenAI board after Epstein emails made public |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce868dmz2mdo |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Summers had also been on the advisory board of [[SandboxAQ]]<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240819175619/https://www.sandboxaq.com/post/sandboxaq-welcomes-former-u-s-secretary-of-the-treasury-dr-lawrence-h-summers-to-its-board-of-advisors|archive-date=2024-08-19|url=https://www.sandboxaq.com/post/sandboxaq-welcomes-former-u-s-secretary-of-the-treasury-dr-lawrence-h-summers-to-its-board-of-advisors|date=August 15, 2024|url-status=dead|title=SandboxAQ Welcomes Former U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Dr. Lawrence H. Summers to its Board of Advisors}}</ref> since August 2024; {{as of|2025|11|19|lc=y}}, he was no longer listed as an advisor.

====Winklevoss twins and Facebook====
In February 2004, the [[Winklevoss twins]] requested a meeting with Summers in order to ask him to intervene on their behalf in an ongoing dispute they had with [[Facebook]] founder [[Mark Zuckerberg]]. The Winklevosses believed that Zuckerberg had stolen their idea for a social networking website and launched Facebook on his own, after they had asked him to be a part of their project, then called HarvardConnection. Summers believed that the matter was outside the university's jurisdiction and advised the twins to take their complaint to the courts.<ref name="harvardgradsfaceoff">{{cite news |first=Shirin |last=Sharif |title=Harvard grads face off against thefacebook.com |date=August 5, 2004 |publisher=The Stanford Daily |url=http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard-grads-face-off-against-thefacebookcom/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618102603/http://www.stanforddaily.com/2004/08/05/harvard-grads-face-off-against-thefacebookcom/ |archive-date=June 18, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Resignation as Harvard President====
On February 21, 2006, Summers announced his intention to step down at the end of the school year effective June 30, 2006. Harvard agreed to provide Summers on his resignation with a one-year paid [[sabbatical]] leave, subsidized a $1 million outstanding loan from the university for his personal residence, and provided other payments.<ref>President and Fellows of Harvard College, [[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] Form 990, 2006 & 2007.</ref> Former University President [[Derek Bok]] acted as Interim President while the university conducted a search for a replacement which ended with the naming of [[Drew Gilpin Faust]] on February 11, 2007.

===Post-Harvard presidency career===
[[File:Barack Obama talks during the Daily Economic Briefing, January 2009.jpg|right|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]], on left, discusses with a group in the White House, including Larry Summers on far right (back to camera).]]
After a one-year sabbatical, Summers subsequently accepted Harvard University's invitation to serve as the [[Charles W. Eliot]] University Professor, one of 20 [[Harvard University Professor|select University-wide professorships]], with offices in the Kennedy School of Government and the Harvard Business School.<ref>{{cite news |last=Schuker|first=Daniel J. T.|title=Summers Named Eliot Univ. Prof|date=July 7, 2006|newspaper=[[The Harvard Crimson]]|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=513918}}</ref> In 2006 he was also a member of the Panel of Eminent Persons which reviewed the work of the [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]]. He is a member in the [[Group of Thirty]]. He also currently serves on the [[Berggruen Institute]]'s 21st Century Council and was part of a 2015 Berggruen-organized meeting with Chinese president [[Xi Jinping]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st-century-council/members|title=Berggruen Institute|access-date=April 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613084722/http://governance.berggruen.org/councils/21st-century-council/members|archive-date=June 13, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a5994/nicolas-berggreun-interview/ "Why Nicolas Berggruen is Creating an Institute for Geniuses"], ''[[Town and Country (magazine)|Town and Country]],'' May 11, 2016. "Another wing of the Berggruen Institute has technologists like Elon Musk and Twitter co-founder Jack Dorsey, as well as former treasury secretary Larry Summers."</ref>

===Business interests===
On October 19, 2006, Summers was hired as a part-time managing director of the New York-based hedge fund [[D. E. Shaw & Co.]] for which he received $5 million in salary and other compensation over a 16-month period.<ref name="Bloomberg-2011-06-29">{{cite news |last=Levy|first=Ari|title=Summers Joins Andreessen Horowitz as a Part-Time Adviser to Entrepreneurs|date=June 30, 2011|publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-06-29/lawrence-summers-joins-andreessen-horowitz-as-an-adviser-to-venture-firm.html}}</ref> At the same time Summers earned $2.7 million in speaking fees from major financial institutions,<ref name="Bloomberg"/> including [[Goldman Sachs]], [[JPMorgan Chase]], [[Citigroup]], [[Merrill Lynch]] and [[Lehman Brothers]].<ref name="Salon">{{cite news |url=http://www.salon.com/2009/04/04/summers/|title=Larry Summers, Tim Geithner and Wall Street's ownership of government|last1=Greenwald|first1=Glenn|date=April 4, 2009|work=[[Salon (website)|Salon]]|access-date=August 10, 2013}}</ref> Upon being nominated Treasury Secretary by President Clinton in 1999, Summers listed assets of about $900,000 and debts, including a mortgage, of $500,000.<ref name="Bloomberg"/> By the time he returned in 2009 to serve in the Obama administration, he reported a net worth between $17 million and $39 million.<ref name="Bloomberg"/> He is a former member of the Steering Committee of the [[Bilderberg Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html |title=Former Steering Committee Members |work=bilderbergmeetings.org |publisher=[[Bilderberg Group]] |access-date=February 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202095633/http://www.bilderbergmeetings.org/former-steering-committee-members.html |archive-date=February 2, 2014 }}</ref> In 2013, Summers became an early angel investor in India's first car rental company, [[Zoomcar]], which was started by his former [[Harvard]] Teaching Fellow.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2013/08/08/indian-drivers-attract-fed-hopeful-larry-summers/|title=Indian Drivers Attract Larry Summers|first=W.S.J.|last=Staff|date=August 8, 2013|website=WSJ.com|access-date=November 8, 2017}}</ref>

===National Economic Council===
Upon the inauguration of [[Barack Obama]] as president in January 2009, Summers was appointed to the post of director of the [[National Economic Council (United States)|National Economic Council]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/09/21/AR2010092104828.html|title=Lawrence Summers to leave economic council, return to Harvard|last=Montgomery|first=Lori|date=September 22, 2010|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=August 7, 2017|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In this position Summers emerged as a key economic decision-maker in the Obama administration, where he attracted both praise and criticism. There had been friction between Summers and former Federal Reserve Chairman [[Paul Volcker]], as Volcker accused Summers of delaying the effort to organize a panel of outside economic advisers, and Summers had cut Volcker out of White House meetings and had not shown interest in collaborating on policy solutions to the economic crisis.<ref>{{cite news | last=Schmidt | first=Robert |author2=Julianna Goldman|title=Volcker Chafes at Obama Panel Delay, Strains With Summers Rise|work=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=February 5, 2009|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=washingtonstory&sid=aaLzJZKNcc6Y}}</ref> On the other hand, Obama himself was reportedly thrilled with the work Summers did in his first few weeks on the job. And [[Peter Orszag]], another top economic advisor, called Summers "one of the world's most brilliant economists."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/08/us/politics/08team.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Obama's Economic Circle Keeps Tensions High|first=Jackie|last=Calmes|date=June 8, 2009|access-date=April 4, 2010}}</ref> According to [[Henry Kissinger]] Larry Summers should "be given a White House post in which he was charged with shooting down or fixing bad ideas".<ref>{{cite news
 |last=Leonhardt|first=David|author-link=David Leonhardt|title=The Return of Larry Summers|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 25, 2008|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/26/business/economy/26leonhardt.html}}</ref>

In January 2009, as the [[Obama Administration]] tried to pass an economic stimulus spending bill, Representative [[Peter DeFazio]] ([[U.S. Democratic Party|D]]-[[Oregon|OR.]]) criticized Summers, saying that he thought that President [[Barack Obama]] is "ill-advised by Larry Summers. Larry Summers hates infrastructure."<ref>{{cite news |last=DeFazio|first=Peter|author2=Video Interview|title=DeFazio Slams Summers|date=January 2008|url=http://firedoglake.com/2009/01/23/defazio-smacks-larry-summers-for-being-anti-infrastructure/}}</ref> DeFazio, along with liberal economists including [[Paul Krugman]] and [[Joseph Stiglitz]], had argued that more of the stimulus should be spent on infrastructure,<ref>{{cite news
 |last=Krugman|first=Paul|title=Stimulus Arithmetic (wonkish but important)|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 6, 2009|url=https://krugman.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/01/06/stimulus-arithmetic-wonkish-but-important/}}</ref> while Summers had supported tax cuts.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/comment/sean-ogrady-shoot-out-at-jackson-hole--the-worlds-central-bankers-take-aim-at-deflation-2063222.html "Sean Grady: Shootout at Jackson Hole: The World's Central Bankers Take Aim at Deflation."] ''The Independent''. August 14, 2010.</ref> In late 2008, Summers and economic advisors for then-President-elect Obama presented a memo with options for an economic stimulus package ranging from $550 billion to $900 billion.<ref>{{cite magazine
 |last=Lizza|first=Ryan|title=The Obama memos|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|date=January 30, 2012|url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/01/30/120130fa_fact_lizza}}</ref> According to ''[[The New Republic]]'', economic advisor [[Christina Romer]] initially recommended a $1.8-trillion package, which proposal Summers quickly rejected, believing any stimulus approaching $1 trillion would not pass through Congress. Romer revised her recommendation to $1.2 trillion, which Summers agreed to include in the memo, but Summers struck the figure at the last minute.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Scheiber|first=Noam|title=The Memo that Larry Summers Didn't Want Obama to See|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|date=February 22, 2012|url=http://www.tnr.com/article/politics/100961/memo-Larry-Summers-Obama}}</ref>

According to ''[[the Wall Street Journal]]'', Summers called Senator [[Chris Dodd]] (D-[[Connecticut|CT]]) asking him to remove caps on executive pay at firms that have received stimulus money, including Citigroup.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soloman|first=Deborah|author2=Mark Maremont|title=Bankers Face Strict Pay Cap|page=1|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=February 14–15, 2009}}</ref>

On April 3, 2009, Summers came under renewed criticism after it was disclosed that he was paid millions of dollars the previous year by companies which he now had influence over as a [[public servant]]. He earned $5 million from the [[hedge fund]] D.E. Shaw and collected $2.7 million in speaking fees from [[Wall Street]] companies that received government [[bailout]] money.<ref>{{cite news |first=Jeff|last=Zeleny|title=Financial Industry Paid Millions to Obama Aide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/04/us/politics/04disclose.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=April 3, 2009|access-date=April 4, 2009}}</ref>

===Post-NEC career===
[[File:Volodymyr Groysman and Lawrence Summers in Ukraine - 2018 (MUS6894).jpg|thumb|Summers with [[Volodymyr Groysman]] in [[Ukraine]]]]
Since leaving the NEC in December 2010, Summers has worked as an advisor to hedge fund [[D. E. Shaw & Co]], Citigroup and the [[NASDAQ OMX Group]] while resuming his role as a tenured Harvard professor.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-02/summers-after-government-saw-wealth-surge-to-17-million.html|title=Summers After Government Saw Wealth Surge to $17 Million|last1=Benson|first1=Clea|date=August 2, 2013|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|access-date=August 10, 2013}}</ref> In June 2011 Summers joined the board of directors of [[Square (payment service)|Square]], a company developing an electronic payment service,<ref>TechCrunch (2011). [https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/22/square-adds-former-u-s-secretary-of-the-treasury-larry-summers-to-board/ Square Adds Former U.S. Secretary Of The Treasury Larry Summers To Board]. Retrieved June 24, 2011.</ref> and became a special adviser at venture capital firm [[Andreessen Horowitz]].<ref>Dealbook (2011). [https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/06/29/larry-summers-joins-andreessen-horowitz/?hp Larry Summers Joins Andreessen Horowitz]. Retrieved June 30, 2011.</ref> He joined the board of person-to-person lending company [[Lending Club]] in December 2012.<ref>TechCrunch (2012). [https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/13/with-an-ipo-on-its-radar-lending-club-adds-former-treasury-secretary-larry-summers-to-its-heavyweight-board/ With An IPO On Its Radar, Lending Club Adds Former Treasury Secretary Larry Summers To Its Heavyweight Board]. Retrieved December 12, 2012.</ref> In July 2015 Summers joined the Board of Directors of [[Premise Data]], a San Francisco-based data and analytics technology company that sources data from a global network of on-the-ground contributors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@premisedata/welcoming-larry-summers-to-premise-s-board-of-directors-65411a2b9842|title=Welcoming Larry Summers to Premise's Board of Directors|last=Data|first=Premise|date=July 16, 2015|website=Medium|access-date=February 22, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/04/04/larry-summers-data-collection-is-the-ultimate-public-good/|title=Larry Summers: Data collection is the ultimate public good|last=Summers|first=Lawrence H.|date=April 4, 2016|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=February 22, 2018|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

In April 2016, he was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the [[United Kingdom]] to remain a member of the [[European Union]] ahead of the [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|June 2016 Referendum]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583|work=[[BBC News]]|date=April 20, 2016}}</ref>

Summers referred to the United Kingdom's Brexit vote on June 23, 2016, in favor of leaving the European Union as the "worst self-inflicted policy wound that a country has done since the Second World War". However, Summers cautioned that the result was a "wake up call for elites everywhere" and called for "responsible nationalism" in response to simmering public sentiment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.marketplace.org/2016/06/24/world/lawrence-summers-brexit-wakeup-call-elites|title=Lawrence Summers on Brexit: A wakeup call for elites|date=June 24, 2016|access-date=July 15, 2016}}</ref>

In June 2016, Summers also wrote, "I believe the risks to the US and global economies of Mr Trump's election as president are far greater [than passage of Brexit]. If he is elected, I would expect a protracted recession to begin within 18 months. The damage would be felt far beyond the United States."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://larrysummers.com/2016/06/06/the-economic-consequences-of-a-trump-win-would-be-severe/|title=The economic consequences of a Trump win would be severe &#124; Larry Summers|work=Larry Summers |date=June 6, 2016 |author1=Kfriendly }}</ref>

=== 2020 presidential election ===
A coalition of progressive groups called on [[Joe Biden]]'s [[Joe Biden 2020 presidential campaign|2020 presidential campaign]] no longer to use Summers as an advisor, after reports surfaced that Summers was advising the campaign on economic policy.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moreno|first=J. Edward|date=May 6, 2020|title=Progressive groups renew push to oust Larry Summers from Biden campaign citing environmental concerns|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/496352-progressive-group-renews-push-to-oust-larry-summers-from-biden-campaign|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> Progressive groups like the [[Sunrise Movement]] and [[Justice Democrats]] petitioned the campaign to disavow Summers, saying, "Summers's legacy is advocating for policies that contributed to the skyrocketing inequality and climate crisis we're living with today."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Golshan|first=Tara|date=April 24, 2020|title=Joe Biden Under Pressure From Progressives To Cut Out Larry Summers|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/biden-larry-summers-progressives_n_5ea3315bc5b6d376358f3670?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAALmvgHjs6ndwwMw8S1-kyuEgFCSUaHGkBXxw5BD1CP76GJFXrVMHJPwfF9TKd2ca-r9t-cs-7q7Z6YmJg7fYEAViNYTSf6GxdcjkIurSeKgB_4rFDSwysaoN-UmnbDWp0Dr2C3nQxvZgICzjCDDXmH1k08jvRO0gpVkpI1Sz6Nwb|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=[[HuffPost]]}}</ref> Following the outcry, Summers stated he would not be joining a future Biden administration, in the event that Biden defeated [[Donald Trump]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matthews|first=Steve|date=August 6, 2020|title=Larry Summers Rules Out Taking a Job in a Biden Administration|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-06/summers-adviser-to-biden-says-his-time-in-government-is-over?sref=6OyUvLUJ|access-date=September 16, 2020|website=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]}}</ref>

===Candidacy for chairmanship of the Federal Reserve and governorship of the Bank of Israel===
In 2013, Summers emerged as one of two leading candidates, along with [[Janet Yellen]], to succeed [[Ben Bernanke]] as [[chair of the Federal Reserve]]. The possibility of his nomination created a great deal of controversy with some senators of both parties declaring opposition. On September 15, Summers withdrew his name from consideration for the position, writing: "I have reluctantly concluded that any possible confirmation process for me would be acrimonious and would not serve the interest of the Federal Reserve, the Administration or, ultimately, the interests of the nation's ongoing economic recovery."<ref>{{cite web |title=Larry Summers withdraws name for Fed chair job <!-- |author-link1=Annalyn Kurtz -->|first1=Annalyn|last1=Kurtz <!-- |author-link2=Hibah Yousuf --> |first2=Hibah |last2=Yousuf|work=[[CNNMoney]]|date=September 15, 2013|access-date=September 15, 2013|url=https://money.cnn.com/2013/09/15/news/economy/fed-chair-larry-summers-withdraws/?hpt=hp_t2|quote=After months of contentious public debate, Larry Summers has withdrawn his name from consideration to become the next chairman of the Federal Reserve. President Obama said he spoke with Summers earlier Sunday and accepted his decision.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Summers Pulls Name From Consideration for Fed Chief|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author-link1=Annie Lowrey|first1=Annie|last1=Lowrey|author-link2=Binyamin Appelbaum|first2=Binyamin|last2=Appelbaum|date=September 15, 2013|access-date=September 16, 2013|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/16/business/economy/summers-pulls-name-from-consideration-for-fed-chief.html?hp&_r=0|quote=Facing growing opposition in Congress, Lawrence H. Summers, the former Treasury secretary and a top contender for Federal Reserve chairman, told President Obama that he didn't want to be considered for the job.}}</ref>

During 2013, Summers had been reported as preferred candidate by the [[Cabinet of Israel]] and Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] to succeed [[Stanley Fischer]] as governor of the [[Bank of Israel]]. Netanyahu personally asked him to take the post, an offer he turned down.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Simpson |first=Connor |date=October 19, 2013 |title=Larry Summers Snubbed Netanyahu's Offer to Run Israel's Banks |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/10/natanyahu-wants-larry-summers-running-israels-banks/309791/ |work=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=October 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.--> |title=Larry Summers rejects offer to become BoI governor
|url=https://en.globes.co.il/en/article-1000886969 |work=Globes |date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=October 21, 2013}}</ref>

===Criticism of the Biden Administration, 2021===
Summers emerged as an early opponent of President [[Joe Biden]]'s economic policy, calling the $1.9 trillion [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]] "the least responsible macroeconomic policy we've had in the last 40 years" and arguing that it risked economic recession and market destabilization.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams|first=Jordan|date=March 20, 2021|title=Larry Summers blasts $1.9 T stimulus as 'least responsible' economic policy in 40 years|url=https://thehill.com/policy/finance/544188-larry-summers-blasts-least-responsible-economic-policy-in-40-years|access-date=April 25, 2021|website=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en}}</ref>

===Israel===

In October 2023, following the [[October 7 attacks]] and Israel's subsequent response, several [[Harvard University|Harvard]] undergraduate student groups signed a letter [[Criticism of Israel|condemning Israel]], holding it "entirely responsible for all unfolding violence".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/us-politics/harvard-letter-war-israel-hamas-b2427497.html|title=Letter from Harvard group holding Israel 'responsible' for war with Hamas sparks backlash|publisher=Independent|access-date=October 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/10/11/business/harvard-israel-hamas-ceos-students/index.html|title=Harvard student groups issued an anti-Israel statement. CEOs want them blacklisted|publisher=CNN|access-date=October 17, 2023}}</ref> The letter led to a backlash from several prominent Harvard alumni, including Summers, who said that he was "sickened" by it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 10, 2023 |title=Growing backlash over Harvard students' pro-Palestine letter |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-67067565|access-date=December 7, 2023 |website= BBC News|language=en-US}}</ref> Summers, though agreeing with [[Bill Ackman]] on the need to examine the political views of employees, called Ackman's request to release the names of all the students involved in signing the letter "the stuff of [[Joe McCarthy]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Teo |first=Kai Xiang |title=Former Harvard president Larry Summers thinks Bill Ackman asking for lists of student names is the 'stuff of Joe McCarthy' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/harvard-larry-summers-bill-ackman-israel-hamas-student-names-list-2023-10 |access-date=October 17, 2023 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

Summers has criticized the Harvard administration for its failure to curb what he sees as rising antisemitism at the university since the Hamas attack. In March 2025, he expressed concern that the Harvard Corporation, the university's highest governing body, was inadequately addressing antisemitism on campus; specifically, Summers criticized current Harvard President [[Alan Garber]] for failing to issue a final report with recommendations despite Garber having convened a task force on combating antisemitism over a year earlier, in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Summers Accuses Harvard Corporation, Garber of Inaction Against Antisemitism |url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2025/3/5/summers-harvard-corporation-antisemitism/ |website=www.thecrimson.com |publisher=The Harvard Crimson |access-date=10 March 2025 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |date=5 March 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Summers was diagnosed with [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] around 1983, underwent treatment and has remained cancer-free.<ref>{{cite news |title=Special Report: In the White House, economics is a contact sport |date=June 23, 2010 |access-date=November 18, 2025 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/world/special-report-in-the-white-house-economics-is-a-contact-sport-idUSTRE65L3Z1/ |quote=Not long after getting tenure at Harvard, he had a personal setback when he was diagnosed at 29 with Hodgkin's disease, a form of cancer. After nearly a year of treatments he was cancer free and the disease has not returned.}}</ref> Summers has three children (older twin daughters Ruth and Pamela and son Harry) with his first wife, Victoria Joanne (Perry).<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[New York Times]] |title=Victoria J. Perry, A Lawyer, Is Wed To an Economist |date=September 30, 1984 |access-date=September 16, 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/09/30/style/victoria-j-perry-a-lawyer-is-wed-to-an-economist.html |quote=Victoria Joanne Perry, the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Perry of Ormond Beach, Fla., and Cape Rosier, Me., was married yesterday to Lawrence Henry Summers, a son of Mr. and Mrs. Robert Summers of Merion Station, Pa. The ceremony was performed at the Harvard Club in Boston ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Victoria Perry to Wed L.H. Summers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/10/style/victoria-perry-to-wed-l-h-summers.html|access-date=January 4, 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 10, 1984}}</ref>
In December 2005, Summers married English professor [[Elisa New]], who has three daughters (Yael, Orli and Maya) from a previous marriage. He lives in [[Brookline, Massachusetts]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2006/09/summers-in-summary-html |title=Summers in Summary: A presidency, and the University, in perspective |last= Rosenberg |first=John S.|date=Sep–Oct 2006 |website=[[Harvard Magazine]] }}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The 2010 film ''[[The Social Network]]'', which deals with the founding of the social networking site [[Facebook]], shows Summers (played by [[Douglas Urbanski]]), in his then-capacity as President of Harvard, meeting with [[Cameron Winklevoss|Cameron]] and [[Tyler Winklevoss]] to discuss their accusations against [[Mark Zuckerberg]].

In the 2010 documentary ''[[Inside Job (2010 film)|Inside Job]]'', Summers is presented as one of the key figures behind the [[2008 financial crisis]]. Charles Ferguson points out the economist's role in what he characterizes as the deregulation of many domains of the financial sector.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ferguson|first=Charles|title=Larry Summers and the Subversion of Economics|url=http://chronicle.com/article/Larry-Summersthe/124790/|access-date=January 4, 2014|newspaper=[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]|date=October 3, 2010}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Economic policy of the Barack Obama administration]]
* [[List of Harvard University politicians]]
* [[List of Jewish United States Cabinet members]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category|Lawrence Summers}}
* [https://www.hks.harvard.edu/faculty/lawrence-h-summers Faculty page] at the [[John F. Kennedy School of Government]] at [[Harvard University]]
* [http://bigthink.com/lawrencesummers Lawrence Summers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104215245/http://bigthink.com/lawrencesummers |date=January 4, 2010 }} at [[Big Think]]
* {{Econlib|Summers.html}}
* {{C-SPAN|23744}}
* {{Charlie Rose view|420}}
* {{New York Times topic|people/s/lawrence_h_summers}}

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