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{{Short description|French satirical and investigative weekly newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}} 
{{Infobox newspaper
| name               = Le Canard enchaîné
| logo               = Logo Canard enchaîné.svg
| image              = [[File:Canard enchaîné front page.png|260px|border]]
| caption            =
| type               = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| format             = newspaper
| founded            = {{start date and age|df=yes|1915}}
| owners             = Michel Gaillard
| political_position = Independent
| headquarters       = Paris, France
| editor             = S.A. Les Éditions Maréchal
| circulation        = 340,000 weekly (2018)
| website            = [http://www.lecanardenchaine.fr/ lecanardenchaine.fr]
| ISSN               = 0008-5405 
}}

{{lang|fr|'''Le Canard enchaîné'''}} ({{IPA|fr|lə kanaʁ ɑ̃ʃɛne}}; English: "The Chained Duck" or "The Chained Paper" as {{lang|fr|canard}} is French slang means "newspaper") is a satirical weekly newspaper in France. Its headquarters are in Paris.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Elisabeth Cheauré|editor2=Regine Nohejl|title=Humour and Laughter in History: Transcultural Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oUXqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80|access-date=29 May 2015|date=October 2014|publisher=transcript|isbn=978-3-8394-2858-0|page=80}}</ref>

Founded in 1915 during [[World War I]], it features [[investigative journalism]] and leaks from sources inside the French government, the French political world and the French business world, as well as many jokes and cartoons. ''Le Canard enchaîné'' does not accept any advertisements and is privately owned, mostly by its own employees.

==Presentation==

===Early history===
[[Image:LeCanard2.JPG|225px|thumb|A reader consulting a copy of the newspaper ''Le Canard enchaîné''.]]
The name is a reference to [[Republican, Radical and Radical-Socialist Party|Radical]] [[Georges Clemenceau]]'s newspaper ''L'homme libre'' (‘The Free Man’), which was forced to close by [[Censorship in France|government censorship]] and reacted upon its reopening by changing its name to ''L'homme enchaîné'' ("The Chained Man"); ''Le Canard enchaîné'' means ‘The chained duck’ but ''canard'' (duck) is also French slang for ‘newspaper’; it was also a reference to French journals published by soldiers during [[World War I]].

The weekly was founded in 1915<ref>{{cite web|title=European News Resources|url=http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=74313&sid=704214|work=NYU Libraries|access-date=24 January 2015|archive-date=28 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128112921/http://guides.nyu.edu/content.php?pid=74313&sid=704214|url-status=dead}}</ref> by {{Ill|Maurice Maréchal (journalist)|fr|Maurice Maréchal (journaliste)}} and his wife, {{Ill|Jeanne Maréchal|fr}}, along with [[Henri-Paul Deyvaux-Gassier|H. P. Gassier]].<ref>Laurent Martin ''Le Canard enchaîné'' Flammarion, 2001 {{ISBN|2-08-068041-2}}</ref> It changed its title briefly after [[World War I]] to ''Le Canard Déchaîné'' (‘The duck unbound’ or ‘out of control’) to celebrate the end of military censorship of the press. It resumed the title ''Le Canard enchaîné'' in 1920.

The title also conveys a [[Double entendre|double meaning]], ‘canard’ being a possible salacious rumour or whisper and ‘enchaîné’ simply meaning linked, hence ‘the inside whisper’. It continued to publish and grow in popularity and influence until it was forced to suspend publication during the [[German occupation of France during World War II|German occupation of France]] in 1940.  After [[Liberation of France|the liberation of France]] it resumed publication. It changed to its eight-page format in the 1960s.

Many of the ''Canard'''s early contributors were members of the [[French Communist Party|Communist]] and [[French Section of the Workers' International|Socialist]] parties, but it shed its alignment with those groups in the 1920s.  Its current owners are not tied to any political or economic group. It now avoids any political alignment, and has gained a reputation for publishing incriminating stories and criticizing any political party with no preference. It is also fairly [[Anti-clericism|anti-clerical]] and lampoons the [[French nobility|nobility]]. The ''Canard'' does not accept any [[advertising|advertisements]].

In the 1920s it used to provide free advertising for ''[[Le Crapouillot]]'', another satirical magazine created by [[Jean Galtier-Boissière]], a friend of Maurice Maréchal. Similarly ''[[Le Crapouillot]]'' carried free advertisements for the ''Canard''. Relations between the two magazines soured during the [[Spanish Civil War]] since Maréchal supported the [[Second Spanish Republic|Spanish Republican government]] of [[Madrid]] whilst Galtier-Boissière remained strictly [[pacifism|pacifist]]. The ''Canard'' and its format served as an inspiration for the satirical weekly magazine ''[[El Be Negre]]'', published in [[Barcelona]] between 1931 and 1936.<ref>[http://www.ciberniz.com/benegre.htm El be negre (1931–1936) – La Ciberniz] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211051525/http://www.ciberniz.com/benegre.htm |date=11 February 2013 }}</ref>

===Typical format===
[[Image:Petillon drawing.png|thumb|The pages of the ''Canard'' are peppered with satirical cartoons. Here, [[René Pétillon]] mocks wealthy businesspeople who place both their production and their capital offshore. <br/> Reading: '''An amnesty in return for capital inflows?''' <br/> ''Return my capitals? And why not bring back my production sites as well, while you're at it?!'' ]]
The ''Canard'' has a fixed eight-page layout. Pages 1, 2–4 and 8 are mostly news and editorials. Page 2 carries anecdotes from the political and business world. Pages 5–7 are dedicated to social issues (such as the environment), profiles, general humour and satire, and literary, theatre, opera and film criticism. One section, called ''l'Album de la Comtesse'', is dedicated to [[spoonerism]]s.

The ''Canard'' is notable because of its focus on scandals in French [[Politics of France|governmental]] and business circles, although it does also cover other countries. Although they became more aggressive during [[François Mitterrand]]'s presidency, major French newspapers are traditionally reluctant to challenge government corruption or pursue embarrassing scandals (the rationale being that revealing political or business scandals only profits extremists on the far-left or far-right); hence, the ''Canard'' fills that gap. The ''Canard'' publishes insider knowledge on politicians and leaks from administration officials, including information from [[whistle-blower]]s. Generally, the ''Canard'' is well informed about happenings within the world of French politics. Its revelations have sometimes brought about the resignation of cabinet ministers.

Some of the information published by the ''Canard'' clearly comes from very well-placed sources, who are likely to include ministerial aides. [[Charles de Gaulle]] was a frequent target, and was known to ask, "What does the bird have to say?" (''Que dit le volatile?'') every Wednesday – the day ''Canard'' would roll off the presses.  There are often verbatim and off-the-record quotes from major politicians, including the president and prime minister, usually aimed at another politician.

The paper's international coverage has been pretty spotty, though it has improved. It relies mostly on leaks from French government services and reports from the other media.

It also publishes [[satire|satirical]] [[cartoon]]s and jokes. The factual and jocular columns are cleanly delineated.

===Regular features===
Every issue includes short political news (''Mare au Canards''); weekly profile (''Prises de Bec''); news from the media world; sections of press clippings (typos and malapropisms found in the French press) ''Rue des petites perles'' and ''À travers la presse déchaînée''; the section which highlights the two most absurd or incomprehensible sentences of the week by politicians, respectively hanging them up on the ''mur du çon'' or awarding them the ''noix d'honneur''; as well as its ''Sur l'Album de la Comtesse'' section of comic, cryptic [[spoonerism]]s. Some features are recurring but not present in every issue, such as bogus humorous interviews (''interviews (presque) imaginaires'') which have been copied by many others.

Across the years, it also included recurring features focusing on one or more personalities of the day. Notably during the 1960s, {{Ill|Roger Fressoz|fr}} and the cartoonist {{Ill|Roland Moisan|fr}} created a series, ''La Cour'', which was a parody of [[Louis de Rouvroy, duc de Saint-Simon]]'s ''Memoirs on the Reign of [[Louis XIV]]''. [[Charles de Gaulle]] was turned into the king, and the deputies and the senators into [[courtiers]]. Thus, in ''La Cour'', [[François Mitterrand]] became the ever-scheming count of [[Château-Chinon (Ville)|Château-Chinon]]. In ''La Cour'', the king would address his subjects by means of the ''étranges lucarnes'' (strange windows), a phrase de Gaulle had employed about television. After the death of de Gaulle, ''La Cour'' became ''La Régence'' with [[Georges Pompidou]] being the [[regent]]. This followed the Memoirs of Saint-Simon, which also extend into the Regency of [[Philippe II, Duke of Orléans]] that followed the death of Louis XIV. After the death of Georges Pompidou, ''La Régence'' was stopped.

Later long-running features include comical imaginary diaries such as the ''Journal de Xavière T.'' (following allegations of fake work done by [[Xavière Tiberi]], wife of the then [[Jean Tiberi|mayor of Paris]]); the ''Journal de Carla B.'' (describing [[Carla Bruni]]'s [[bourgeois bohemian|bohemian-bourgeois]] reactions towards events involving her husband, then President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]); the ''Journal de Penelope F.'' (in the run-up to the [[2017 French presidential election|2017 presidential election]] and following allegations of fake work by [[Penelope Fillon]], wife of the [[Les Républicains]] candidate [[François Fillon]]).

The ''Canard'' also reports on topics affecting the general population: scandals in industries (workforce, safety issues), miscarriages of justice, misconduct in public administrations and services...

===Argot===
As with the British [[satirical]] magazine ''[[Private Eye]]'', it has its own language, [[jargon]] and style. In particular, it has nicknames for politicians and personalities.
Some examples include:

{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Charles de Gaulle]]: ''Mongénéral'', ''Badingaulle'' (after 13 May 1958, an allusion to [[Napoléon III]])
* [[François Mitterrand]]: ''Tonton'' [Uncle] (the codename used by the French Secret Service in charge of his protection)
* [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]]: ''Valy'', ''L'Ex'' (after 1981)
* [[Raymond Barre]]: ''[[Babar the Elephant|Babarre]]''
* [[Michel Debré]]: ''L'amer Michel'' [Bitter Michael] (from the popular rhyme ''La Mère Michel'' [Mother Michael])
* [[Michel Rocard]]: ''[[Hamster Jovial]]'' (an allusion to a comic by [[Marcel Gotlib]] in reference to his past as a [[scouting|scout]])
* [[Robert Hersant]]: ''Le Papivore'' (a reference to the many papers that he bought)
* [[Christian Estrosi]]: ''Le Motodidacte'' (a reference to his past in motorbike racing)
* [[Jean-Pierre Raffarin]]: ''Le Phénix du Haut-Poitou'' (from his [[Poitou|region of origin]])
* [[Jacques Chirac]]: ''Chichi'', ''Le Chi''
* [[Bernadette Chirac]]: ''Bernie''
* [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]: ''Sarkoléon'' (A [[portmanteau]] of Sarkozy with [[Napoleon I of France|Napoléon]]), ''[[Le petit Nicolas]]'' (title of a popular series of children's books and also a reference to Sarkozy's short stature)
* [[François Hollande]]: ''Monsieur Royal'' (a reference to his one-time life-partner [[Ségolène Royal]]), the pedalo captain
* [[Jean-Pierre Chevènement]]: ''Le Che''
{{div col end}}

==Staff==
{{As of|2004}}, the publisher of the ''Canard'' was Michel Gaillard, and the head editors were Claude Angeli and Erik Emptaz. The ''Canard''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s cartoonists include:

{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[André Escaro]]
* [[Jacques-Armand Cardon]]
* [[Lefred Thouron]]
* [[Delambre (cartoonist)|Delambre]]
* [[Jean-Marie Kerleroux|Kerleroux]]
* [[Carlos Brito (cartoonist)|Carlos Brito]]
* [[Jacek Woźniak|Wozniak]]
* [[Ferdinand Guiraud|Guiraud]]
* [[Alain Ghertman|Ghertman]]
* [[Pancho (cartoonist)|Pancho]]
* [[Patrick Chappatte]]
{{div col end}}

Past cartoonists included:

* [[Cabu]], whose ''[[Beauf]]'' character was featured in a weekly strip.
* [[Jean Effel]]
* [[Roland Moisan|Moisan]]
* [[Jacques Lap]]
* [[René Pétillon]]

It also publishes a quarterly magazine, ''Les Dossiers du Canard'', dedicated to one subject, usually one affecting French society, or world events as seen from a French perspective.

==Scandals related to  ''Le Canard enchaîné''==

===Plumbers affair===
On 3 December 1973, policemen of the [[Directorate of Territorial Surveillance]] (DST), disguised as [[plumber]]s, were caught trying to install a spy microphone in the directorial office of ''Le Canard''. The resulting scandal forced Interior Minister [[Raymond Marcellin]] to leave the government, though it is said that Marcellin was a [[scapegoat]] for other members of the government, especially the Defense Minister, who was intent on knowing the identities of informers for the newspaper.

===Robert Boulin affair===
A series of articles accusing long-serving [[Gaullist]] minister and possible Prime Ministerial candidate [[Robert Boulin]] of involvement in dubious real estate deals was followed by Boulin's mysterious death (October 1979), presumed to be suicide. Following his death, major officials publicly accused ''Le Canard enchaîné'' of the moral responsibility for Boulin's death, and there were broad hints the government might use the reaction to the Boulin death to seek stricter libel laws, as was done in the 1930s after the suicide of [[Roger Salengro]].

[[Jacques Chaban-Delmas]], then President of the National Assembly, who had been politically identified with Boulin for many years, told a special memorial session of the assembly that it should "draw the lessons of this tragedy, of this assassination". After meeting with President [[Valéry Giscard d'Estaing]], Prime Minister [[Raymond Barre]] called for "meditation upon the consequences of certain ignominies", and spoke of "a baseness". President Giscard d'Estaing also added to the criticism: Boulin, he said, "was unable to resist the campaign of harassment he was subjected to. Public opinion should severely condemn any other similar campaigns."

==Notable investigations==
* [[Marthe Hanau]] affair (1928)
* [[Albert Oustric]] affair (1930)
* [[Stavisky Affair]] (1934)
* Cardinal [[Jean Daniélou]]'s death in the house of a prostitute (1974)
* [[Diamonds Affair|Bokassa's diamonds]] (1980s)
* The ''Canard'' fought to bring to light evidence of alleged corruption during President [[Jacques Chirac]]'s tenure as mayor of Paris. (''see: [[Corruption scandals in the Paris region#Central role of Jacques Chirac|Chirac's role in Parisian corruption scandals]]'')
* [[Contaminated haemophilia blood products|Contaminated blood scandal]] (1990s, in French)
* [[Yann Piat]] (a former far-right [[National Front (France)|National Front]] MP, assassinated on 25 February 1994)
* Affair [[Elf Aquitaine|Elf]]–[[Roland Dumas|Dumas]] (1998)
* The ''Canard'' made efforts to uncover the [[Nazism|Nazi]] past of former Paris chief of police [[Maurice Papon]] (1981).
* The revelations by the ''Canard'' about Finance Minister [[Hervé Gaymard]]'s lavish state-funded apartment led to his resignation in 2005.
* [[Fillon affair|Fillon affair (Penelopegate)]]: revelations which accuse Penelope Fillon, wife of politician [[François Fillon]], of alleged fictitious employment, as her husband's parliamentary assistant for a total salary of 900,000 euros over eight years on the one hand, and as a "literary adviser" of ''[[Revue des deux Mondes]]'' on the other, in January 2017.<ref>{{cite web| title= Francois Fillon appears in court over 'fake jobs' scandal| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51613537| date= 24 February 2020| website= [[BBC News Online]]| access-date= 24 February 2020}}</ref>

==Ownership==
The ''Canard'' is published by ''Les Éditions Maréchal-Le Canard enchaîné'' (Maurice and Jeanne Maréchal founded the ''Canard''), which is privately owned; the main associates are Michel Gaillard (CEO and director of publication), André Escaro, Nicolas Brimo, Erik Emptaz and employees of the newspaper.

Because it does not accept advertisements (being free of sponsors), being entirely privately owned (being the same,) and because its publishing costs are met by its sales, ''Le Canard Enchaîné'' is considered{{by whom|date=April 2017}} one of (if not the) most objective French publications—hence its continued existence.

==Business==
Despite declining newspaper circulations in France and elsewhere ''Canard'' is rich and growing. It owns cash reserves and property worth 110 million euros. It runs cheaply and profitably, restricting itself to eight pages of two-colour newsprint each week.

Circulation has risen by a third since 2007, its scandal-fuelled growth having seen a rise to 700,000 copies printed and sold each week. Its net profit in 2009 was 5&nbsp;million euros.

==In popular culture ==
* In the film ''[[L'Armée des Ombres]]'', directed by [[Jean-Pierre Melville]], the character [[Luc Jardie]] (played by Paul Meurisse), while in London during the German occupation of France during World War II, imagines that his fellow countrymen will be truly liberated when they can see American films and once more read ''Le Canard enchaîné'', alluding to the censorship of the [[Vichy Regime]].
* In the TV film ''Notable donc coupable''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0903905/|title=Notable donc coupable|date=2 October 2007|accessdate=31 January 2023|via=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> (2007) (translation: Well-to-do hence guilty), the fictional weekly ''Le Canardeur'' is modelled on ''Le Canard enchaîné''.

== See also ==
{{Portal|France|Journalism}}
*[[Political scandals in France]]
*[[Albert Algoud]]
*''[[Le Tintamarre]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* Suzanne Daley, ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/26/world/europe/26angeli.html A Print Devotee Scoops the Competition in France]'', ''New York Times'', 25 March 2011
* [http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,749665,00.html French weekly ''Le Canard Enchaine'' ruffles feathers in Paris]

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://lecanardenchaine.fr/ Official site] {{in lang|fr}}
* [http://lecanardenchaine.free.fr/index.html A site about ''Le Canard enchaîné''] {{in lang|fr}}

{{Newspapers in France}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Canard enchaine, Le}}
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1915]]
[[Category:French companies established in 1915]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in France]]
[[Category:Satirical newspapers]]
[[Category:Satirical magazines published in France]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Paris]]
[[Category:French Third Republic]]