View source for Leadville, Colorado

{{short description|City in Colorado, United States}}
{{redirect|Leadville|other uses|Leadville (disambiguation)}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
<!-- Basic info  ---------------->
| name                   = Leadville, Colorado
| nicknames               = The Two-Mile-High City, Cloud City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html|title=Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America|website=www.legendsofamerica.com|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930025131/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html|archive-date=September 30, 2017}}</ref>
| settlement_type        = [[List of cities and towns in Colorado#Statutory city|Statutory city]]<ref name=COMun>{{cite web |url=https://dola.colorado.gov/dlg_lgis_ui_pu/|title=Active Colorado Municipalities|publisher=[[Colorado|State of Colorado]], [[Colorado Department of Local Affairs]], Division of Local Government|access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref>
| motto                  =
<!-- images and maps  ----------->
| image_skyline          = DowntownLeadvilleCO.jpg
| imagesize              = 
| image_caption          = Downtown Leadville
| image_map              = Lake County Colorado Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Leadville Highlighted 0844320.svg
| map_caption            = Location of the City of Leadville in {{nowrap|[[Lake County, Colorado]]}}
| pushpin_map            = USA
| pushpin_label          = Leadville
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption    = Location of the City of Leadville in the {{nowrap|[[United States]]}}
<!-- Location ------------------>
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = United States
| subdivision_type1      = [[U.S. state|State]]
| subdivision_name1      = [[Colorado]]
| subdivision_type2      = [[List of counties in Colorado|County]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Lake County, Colorado|Lake]]<ref name=COcounty>{{cite web |url=https://dola.colorado.gov/dlg_lgis_ui_pu/|title=Colorado Counties|publisher=[[Colorado|State of Colorado]], [[Colorado Department of Local Affairs]], Division of Local Government|access-date=January 31, 2021}}</ref>
| subdivision_type3      = [[List of cities and towns in Colorado|City]]
| subdivision_name3      = Leadville<ref name=COMun/>
<!-- Politics ----------------->
| government_footnotes   = 
| government_type        = [[Colorado municipalities#Statutory city|Statutory city]]<ref name=COMun/>
| leader_title           = 
| leader_name            = 
| leader_title1          = 
| leader_name1           = 
| established_title      = Founded
| established_date       = 1877
| established_title2     = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
| established_date2      = February 18, 1878<ref name=MuniIncCO>{{cite web | url = http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html | title = Colorado Municipal Incorporations | publisher = [[Colorado|State of Colorado]], Department of Personnel & Administration, Colorado State Archives | date = December 1, 2004 | access-date = September 2, 2007 | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927200920/http://www.colorado.gov/dpa/doit/archives/muninc.html | archive-date = September 27, 2007 }}</ref>
| established_title3     = <!-- Incorporated (city) -->
| established_date3      = 
<!-- Area    --------------------->
| unit_pref              = Imperial
| area_footnotes         = <ref name="CenPopGazetteer2019">{{cite web|title=2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files|url=https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2019_Gazetteer/2019_gaz_place_08.txt|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=July 1, 2020}}</ref>
| area_total_km2         = 3.04
| area_land_km2          = 3.04
| area_water_km2         = 0.00
| area_total_sq_mi       = 1.17
| area_land_sq_mi        = 1.17
| area_water_sq_mi       = 0.00
<!-- Population   ----------------------->
| population_as_of       = [[2020 United States census|2020]]
| population_footnotes   = <ref name="Census 2020">{{cite web |url=https://data.census.gov/profile/Leadville_city,_Colorado?g=160XX00US0844320 |title=Leadville city; Colorado |author=United States Census Bureau|date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=April 22, 2023 |quote=}}</ref>
| population_note        = 
| population_total       = 2633
| pop_est_as_of          = 
| pop_est_footnotes      = 
| population_est         = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
<!-- General information  --------------->
| timezone               = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain (MST)]]
| utc_offset             = &minus;7
| timezone_DST           = [[Mountain Time Zone|MDT]]
| utc_offset_DST         = &minus;6
| coordinates            = {{coord|39|15|02|N|106|17|28|W|region:US-CO|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_footnotes    = <ref name=gnis/>
| elevation_ft           = 10154
<!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->
| postal_code_type       = [[ZIP Code]]s<ref name=ZIPcode>{{cite web|url=http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |title=ZIP Code Lookup |format=[[JavaScript]]/[[HTML]] |publisher=[[United States Postal Service]] |access-date=November 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104123722/http://zip4.usps.com/zip4/citytown.jsp |archive-date=November 4, 2010 }}</ref>
| postal_code           = 80429 ([[PO Box]]), 80461
| area_code             = [[Area code 719|719]]
| blank_name            = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS code]]
| blank_info            = 08-44320
| blank1_name           = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] feature ID
| blank1_info           = 2411641<ref name=gnis>{{GNIS|2411641}}</ref>
| website               = {{URL|https://www.colorado.gov/leadville}}
| footnotes             = {{center|Highest elevation city in the United States}}
}}

'''Leadville''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɛ|d|v|ɪ|l}} {{respell|LED|vil}})<ref>{{cite web |last1=Baskette |first1=Floyd |title=Pronunciation Guide Colorado |url=https://aincolorado.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Colorado-Pronunciation-Guide.pdf |website=[[Audio Information Network of Colorado]] |access-date=July 18, 2023}}</ref> is a [[List of municipalities in Colorado#Statutory city|statutory city]] that is the [[county seat]] of, the most populous community in, and the only [[List of municipalities in Colorado|incorporated municipality]] in [[Lake County, Colorado|Lake County]], [[Colorado]], United States.<ref name=COMun/><ref name="GR6">{{cite web |url=http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |access-date=June 7, 2011 |title=Find a County |publisher=National Association of Counties |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx |archive-date=May 31, 2011}}</ref> The city population was 2,633 at the [[2020 United States census]].<ref name="Census 2020" /> It is situated at an elevation of {{convert|10119|ft|m}}.<ref name=gnis/> Leadville is the highest [[United States Cities and Towns above 10,000 feet|incorporated city in the United States]] and is surrounded by the two tallest [[Fourteener|peaks]] in the state, [[Mount Elbert]] and [[Mount Massive]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=9 Reasons Why Locals Love Leadville (and So Will You) |url=https://www.colorado.com/articles/9-reasons-why-locals-love-leadville-and-so-will-you |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Colorado.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaijongkit |first=Por |date=2025-02-21 |title=Is Leadville the highest city in the US? |url=https://coloradosun.com/2025/02/21/is-leadville-the-highest-city-in-the-us/ |access-date=2025-02-23 |website=The Colorado Sun |language=en-US}}</ref>

Leadville is a former silver [[mining town]] that lies among the [[headwaters]] of the [[Arkansas River]] within the [[Rocky Mountains]]. The [[Leadville Historic District]], designated a [[National Historic Landmark]] in 1961, contains many historic structures and sites of Leadville's mining era. In the late 19th century, Leadville was the second most populous city in Colorado, after [[Denver]].

==History==

===Settlement===
[[File:Leadville, from California Gulch, by Thurlow, J., 1831-1878.jpg|thumb|Leadville, as viewed from California Gulch - early photo, date unknown]]

The Leadville area was first settled in 1859 when [[Placer deposit|placer]] [[gold]] was discovered by A. G. Kelley in [[California Gulch]], and by Abe Lee in April (25/26) 1860,<ref name="Blair 1995">{{Cite book |last=Blair |first=Edward |title=Leadville: Colorado's Magic City |publisher=Fred Pruett Books |year=1995 |isbn=978-0962386893}}</ref> during the [[Pikes Peak Gold Rush]].<ref name="LeadvilleCGS">{{cite web | url=http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/mineral-resources/historic-mining-districts/lake-county/leadville/ | title=Leadville | publisher=Colorado Geological Survey | access-date=July 28, 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905184441/http://coloradogeologicalsurvey.org/mineral-resources/historic-mining-districts/lake-county/leadville/ | archive-date=September 5, 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Leadville's tale" /> Prospectors panned for gold in the stream that ran through California Gulch in what became the town of [[Oro City, Colorado|Oro City]] (''oro'' is the Spanish word for gold).<ref name="Leadville's tale">{{Cite web |date=May 18, 1969 |title=Leadville's Tale is Born with Discovery of Silver |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/109713681/leadvilles-tale-is-born-with-discovery/ |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette-Telegraph |pages=86}}</ref> [[Horace Tabor]], who became known as the "Leadville Silver King", and his wife [[Augusta Tabor|Augusta]] were among the first prospectors to arrive in Oro City. Horace was appointed as the [[postmaster]] of Oro City on November 30, 1868.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> His wife made money as postmistress, banker, cook, and laundress while Tabor was a prospector.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadville, Colorado – Cloud City USA – Legends of America |url=https://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville/ |access-date=September 17, 2022 |website=www.legendsofamerica.com}}</ref>

The early miners had noted that mining for placer gold was hampered by heavy black sand in the [[sluice box]]es, and in 1874 it was discovered that the heavy sand that impeded gold recovery was the [[lead]] mineral [[cerussite]], which has a high [[silver]] content. Prospectors traced the cerussite to its source, present day Leadville, and by 1876 had discovered several silver-lead [[lode]] deposits.<ref name="LeadvilleCGS"/><ref name="Legends of America1">{{cite web | url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html | title=Leadville - Cloud City USA | access-date=July 27, 2014 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702043009/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/co-leadville.html | archive-date=July 2, 2014 }}</ref> As the gold has been tapped out of the gulch and attention was averted to nearby Leadville, a mile or two away, Oro City became a ghost town.<ref name="Leadville's tale" />

===Founding of Leadville===
[[File:Leadville Colorado by Boston & Ziegler c1880.png|thumb|Leadville, circa 1880, with the Eighth Avenue Motel in center of photo, and mining works visible on hill beyond Leadville.]]
[[File:Bird's eye view of Leadville, Colo. 1882 - DPLA - ec26e801e190a9011bc35b19820ce876.jpg|thumb|Painted bird's eye view of Leadville, 1882]]

Leadville was founded in 1877 by mine owners Horace Tabor and [[August Meyer]] at the start of the [[Colorado Silver Boom]]. Tabor's house was also built in 1877, at 116 E. 5th Street.<ref name="Buys 2007">{{Cite book |last=Buys |first=Christian |title=Historic Leadville in Rare Photographs & Drawings |publisher=Western Reflections |year=2007 |isbn=9781890437084}}</ref> The town was built on desolate flat land below the [[tree line]]. The first miners lived in a rough tented camp near the silver deposits in California Gulch.<ref name="Nomination Form">{{cite web | url= {{NRHP url|id=66000248}} | format = pdf |title= National register of historic places inventory Nomination form|publisher = National Park Service| access-date=July 28, 2015}}</ref> Initially, the settlement was called "Slabtown", but when the residents petitioned for a post office, the name "Leadville" was chosen. By 1880, Tabor and Meyer's new town had gas lighting, water mains, {{convert|28|mi}} of streets, five churches, three hospitals, six banks, and a school for 1,100 students. Many business buildings were constructed with bricks hauled in by wagons.<ref name="Denver and Rio Grande">{{cite web | url=http://www.ghostdepot.com/rg/mainline/tennessee%20route/leadville%20history.htm | title=Leadville District History | publisher=Denver and Rio Grande | access-date=August 26, 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022053/http://www.ghostdepot.com/rg/mainline/tennessee%20route/leadville%20history.htm | archive-date=September 24, 2015 }}</ref> <!-- But census states roughly 18.000, see below!-->

In early 1878, Meyer, along with Leadville's pioneer smelter entrepreneur, Edwin Harrison, after whom the famed Harrison Avenue is named,<ref name="Leadville Today">{{cite web | url=https://www.leadvilletoday.com/2020/05/05/turning-the-corner-in-leadville-today/ | title=Turning The Corner in Leadville Today | date=May 5, 2020 | publisher=Leadville Today | access-date=May 5, 2020 }}</ref> and Tabor established a post office in Leadville, with George L. Henderson designated as postmaster on July 16, 1877.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> The post office and the telegraph office both prospered, with Tabor serving as postmaster from February 19 to December 13, 1878. It was said that the Leadville post office was the busiest one between St. Louis and San Francisco.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> In 1878, the town's first hospital, St. Vincent's, was opened.

The town's first newspaper was ''The Reveille'', a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] weekly, in 1878. Three months later, a competing [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] weekly, ''The Eclipse'', emerged. ''The Chronicle'' was the town's first daily and first newspaper in America to employ a full-time female reporter. Like the ''[[Rocky Mountain News]]'', ''The Chronicle'' took the lead in outing criminals and thieves, in an attempt to clean up the town's shady business culture. Despite violent threats, the ''Chronicle'' survived without major incident.

William Nye opened the first [[Western saloon|saloon]] in 1877, and it was followed by many others. The same year the Coliseum Novelty was the first theater to open. It offered sleeping rooms upstairs for a nightly rate and provided a variety of entertainments: dancing girls, dogfights, cockfighting, wrestling and boxing matches, and rooms for gambling. In June 1881, it burned to the ground. Ben Wood, who arrived in Leadville in 1878, opened the first legitimate theater, Wood's Opera House, with a thousand seats. It was a first-class theater, where gentleman removed their hats and did not smoke or drink in the presence of a lady. Less than a year later, Wood opened the Windsor Hotel. His opera house was regarded as the largest and best theater constructed in the [[Western United States|West]], an honor it held until the opening of the [[Tabor Opera House]]. Horace Tabor's Opera House was the most costly structure in Colorado at the time. Building materials were brought by wagons from Denver. The massive three-story opera house, constructed of stone, brick, and iron, opened on November 20, 1879. Tabor, originally from [[Vermont]], became the town's first mayor. After striking it rich, he had an estimated net worth of 10 million dollars and was known for his extravagant lifestyle. In February 1879 the Lake County seat was moved to Leadville, where it has remained ever since.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> In 1879, An impressive courthouse was built on the west side of Harrison Avenue, joined by a new post office that same year.<ref name="Buys 2007"/> Telephone service was introduced by Western Union on May 15, 1879, and gas lighting downtown was installed on November 18 that same year.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> Billings and Eilers Smelter installed a generator and lights for the town on May 13, 1881. On May 19, 1882, a large fire broke out at the corner of Harrison Avenue and East Chestnut.<ref name="Buys 2007"/>
[[Image:Matchless mine.jpg|thumb|Matchless mine and Baby Doe Tabor cabin]]

Horace Tabor divorced his wife of 25 years and married [[Baby Doe Tabor|Baby Doe McCourt]] on September 30, 1882,<ref name="Buys 2007"/> who was half his age. Tabor was by then a [[United States Senate|US senator]], and the divorce and marriage caused a scandal in Colorado and beyond. For several years, the couple lived a lavish lifestyle in a Denver mansion, but Tabor, one of the wealthiest men in Colorado, lost his fortune when the repeal of the [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] caused the [[Panic of 1893]]. He died on April 10, 1899, of appendicitis,<ref name="Blair 1995"/> destitute but remained convinced that the price of silver would rebound. According to legend, he told Baby Doe to "hold on the Matchless mine{{nbsp}}... it will make millions again when silver comes back." She returned to Leadville with her daughters, Silver Dollar and Lily, where she spent the rest of her life believing Tabor's prediction. At one time the "best dressed woman in the West", she lived in a cabin at the Matchless Mine for the last three decades of her life. On March 7, 1935, after a snowstorm, she was found frozen in her cabin, aged about 81 years.<ref name="Blair 1995"/>

===Mining and smelting===
{{Leadville mining}}
[[File:Gold-d06-206a.jpg|thumb|upright|Crystalline [[gold]] specimen from the Little Johnny Mine, Breece Hill, [[Leadville mining district]]]]

Mining in the Leadville area began in 1859 when prospectors discovered gold at the mouth of [[California Gulch]]. By 1872, placer mining in California Gulch yielded more than $2,500,000, roughly {{inflation|US|2500000|1872|r=-6|fmt=eq}}.{{inflation-fn|US}} In 1876, [[black sand]], once considered bothersome to placer gold miners, was discovered to contain lead carbonates, leading to a rush of miners to the area and the founding of the town in 1877. By 1880, Leadville was one of the world's largest and richest silver camps, with a population of more than 15,000. Income from more than thirty mines and ten large [[smelting]] works produced gold, silver, and lead amounting to $15,000,000 annually. The Leadville strike of 1880 was the first major labor conflict in the central Colorado silver boomtown, shutting down most of the area’s mining district from May 26, 1880.<ref name="Blair 1995"/>

According to one historian of the era, "The outpouring of the precious metal from Leadville transformed the struggling Centennial State into a veritable autocrat in the colony of states. As if by magic the rough frontier town of Denver became a metropolis; stately buildings arose on the site of shanties; crystal streams flowed through the arid plains and the desert blossomed and became fruitful. Poverty gave way to the annoyance of wealth and the fame of silver state spread throughout the world."<ref>Conant, p.106</ref>

Swindles were not uncommon in the mining community. When the Little Pittsburg mine was exhausted of its rich ore body, its managers sold their shares while concealing the mine's actual condition from the other stockholders. "Chicken Bill" Lovell dumped a wheelbarrow load of silver-rich ore into a barren pit on his Chrysolite claim in order to sell it to Horace Tabor for a large price. Tabor had the last laugh when his miners dug a few feet farther and discovered a rich ore body. Some time later the manager of the Chrysolite mine fooled an outside mining engineer into overestimating the mine's ore reserves.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.miningswindles.com/html/leadville.html |title=Leadville |website=www.miningswindles.com |access-date=April 28, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622214901/http://www.miningswindles.com/html/leadville.html |archive-date=June 22, 2017 }}</ref>

The city's fortunes declined with the repeal of the [[Sherman Silver Purchase Act]] in 1893, although afterwards there was another small gold boom. Mining companies came to rely increasingly on income from the [[lead]] and [[zinc]]. The district is credited with producing over 2.9 million troy ounces of gold, 240 million troy ounces of [[silver]], 1 million short tons of lead, 785 thousand short tons of zinc (discovered in 1911<ref name="Buys 2007"/>), and 53 thousand short tons of copper.<ref>Ogden Tweto (1968), "Leadville district, Colorado", in ''Ore Deposits in the United States 1933/1967'', New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, p.683.</ref>

A bitter [[Leadville miners' strike|strike by Leadville's hard rock miners]] in 1896–97 led to bloodshed, at least five deaths, and the burning of the Coronado Mine. In a letter to a London business contact, mine owner [[Eben Smith]] wrote, "The strikers got the worst of it in the raid on the Coronado and Emmet [mines], there were 10 or 12 killed; we do not know how many, and a great number wounded; they take care of their wounded the same as the Indians but every now and then a fellow turns up that the rats have been eating or who has gone to decay that we know must have been shot ..."<ref>William Philpott, "The Lessons of Leadville", Colorado Historical Society, 1995, pages 4, 106.</ref>

World War II caused an increase in the demand for [[molybdenum]], used to harden steel. It was mined at the nearby [[Climax mine]], which at one time produced 75 percent of the world's output. By 1980, the Climax Mine was the largest underground mine in the world. Taxes paid by the mine provided Leadville with good schools and libraries and provided employment for many residents. When the market dropped in 1981, Leadville's economy suffered and many people lost their jobs. With little industry other than the tourist trade, most of the former miners left, and the standard of living declined. Climax reopened in 2008 and started production in 2010. It currently is the most efficient mine producing molybdenum in Colorado and is estimated to have a production life of thirty years.<ref name="Colorado Central Magazine1">{{cite web | url=http://cozine.com/2006-june/restarting-climax-the-who-when-and-why/ | title=Restarting Climax: The who, when, and why | date=June 2006 | access-date=July 26, 2014 | author=Voynick, Steve | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808071817/http://cozine.com/2006-june/restarting-climax-the-who-when-and-why/ | archive-date=August 8, 2014 }}</ref>

The many years of mining left behind substantial contamination of the soil and water and the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] designated some former mines [[Superfund]] sites, such as [[California Gulch]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/dsp_ssppSiteData1.cfm?id=0801478 |title=Superfund Site Profile &#124; Superfund Site Information &#124; US EPA |access-date=July 5, 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813233923/https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/dsp_ssppSiteData1.cfm?id=0801478 |archive-date=August 13, 2016 }}</ref>  As of 2019, the EPA reports:  "A vast majority of the cleanup at the site has been completed, so current risk of exposure is low. Pregnant women, nursing mothers and young children are still encouraged to have their blood-lead levels checked."[https://cumulis.epa.gov/supercpad/cursites/dsp_ssppSiteData2.cfm?id=0801478#Risk]

===Notable historical figures===
As the population boomed, by 1878, Leadville had the reputation as one of the most lawless towns in the [[American frontier|West]]. The first city marshal was run out of town a few days after he was appointed, and his replacement was shot dead within a month by one of his deputies. Fearing the town would be lost to the lawless element, Mayor Horace Tabor sent for [[Mart Duggan]], who was living in Denver, as a replacement. Duggan was well known at the time as a fearless gunfighter. Using strong-arm and lawless tactics, during his two stints as marshal, Duggan brought order to Leadville by 1880 when he stepped down. He was shot and killed in 1888 by an unknown assailant, most likely an enemy he had made when he was a Leadville marshal. Historian Robert Dearment writes, "Mart Duggan was a quick-shooting, hard-drinking, brawling tough Irish man, but he was exactly the kind of man a tough, hard-drinking, quick-shooting camp like Leadville needed in its earliest days. His name is all but forgotten today, but the name "[[Matt Dillon (Gunsmoke)|Matt Dillon]]" is recognized around the world. Such are the vagaries of life."<ref name="Deadly Dozen">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuwVBgAAQBAJ&q=mart+duggan+lawman+in+leadville+colorado&pg=PT37 | title=Deadly Dozen | publisher=University of Oklahoma Press | access-date=September 3, 2015 | author=Dearment, Robert K.| date=January 6, 2015 | isbn=9780806185125 }}</ref>

Alice Ivers, better known as [[Poker Alice]], was a card player and dealer of the Old West who learned her trade in Leadville. Born in [[Devonshire, Blackpool|Devonshire]], her family moved to America when she was a small girl. They first settled in [[Virginia]], where she attended an elite girls' boarding school. When she was a teenager, her family moved to Leadville when the silver boom drew hundreds of new residents to the area. At the age of twenty she married a mining engineer who, like many of the men at that time, frequented the numerous gambling halls in Leadville. Alice went along, at first just observing, but eventually she began to sit in on the games as well. After a few years of marriage her husband was killed in a mining accident and she turned to cards to support herself. Alice was attractive, dressed in the latest fashions, and was in great demand as a dealer. Eventually Alice left Leadville to travel the gambling circuit, as was common of the male gamblers of that time. She continued to dress in the latest fashions but took to smoking cigars. Well known throughout the West, gambling halls welcomed her because she was good for business. Alice said that she won more than $250,000 by gambling during her lifetime.<ref name="Legends of America2">{{cite web | url=http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-pokeralice.html | title=Poker Alice - Famous Frontier Gambler | publisher=Legends of America | access-date=October 30, 2015 | author=Weiser, Kathy | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026173231/http://www.legendsofamerica.com/we-pokeralice.html | archive-date=October 26, 2015 }}</ref>

In the spring of 1880, [[Texas Jack Omohundro]] and his wife [[Giuseppina Morlacchi]] arrived in Leadville. Morlacchi, a famous Italian prima ballerina who had introduced the [[Can-can]] dance to the United States, performed several plays at the Grand Central Theatre, including Around the World in 80 Days and [[The Black Crook]]. Texas Jack, who had starred in The Scouts of the Prairie with [[Buffalo Bill Cody]] and [[Ned Buntline]], and later in The Scouts of the Plains with Buffalo Bill and [[Wild Bill Hickok]], played shows at the Chestnut Street Theatre. Texas Jack had served in the [[Confederate States Army|Confederate Army]] at age 16<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Texas Jack {{!}} Texas Jack Association |url=https://www.texasjack.org/texas-jack |access-date=January 27, 2024 |website=TexasJackAssociation |language=en}}</ref> and subsequently joined the Tabor Light Guard, a local militia unit. Jack died of [[pneumonia]] on June 28, 1880.  His funeral was held at the Tabor Opera House, and he was buried in Evergreen Cemetery. On September 8, 1908, Texas Jack's best friend and former costar Buffalo Bill Cody visited Leadville with his [[Wild West shows|Wild West Show]] and dedicated the permanent memorial that marks Texas Jack's grave today.  The Texas Jack Association erected highway historical markers on roads in and out of Leadville.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kerns |first=Matthew |title=Texas Jack: America's First Cowboy Star |publisher=Two Dot |year=2021 |isbn=978-1493055418 |location=Guilford, Connecticut |language=English}}</ref>

In the summer of 1879, American author and illustrator [[Mary Hallock Foote]] arrived in Leadville.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> It is believed her time in Leadville inspired her writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artwork of Mary Hallock Foote |url=https://thenorthstarhouse.org/mhf-artwork/ |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=The North Star House |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Martinek |first=Marcia  |title=Leadville inspired Hallock Foote's writing |url=https://www.leadvilleherald.com/free_content/article_4f7c6532-5037-11eb-8198-f7bcb930882e.html |date=May 23, 2023 |access-date=May 30, 2024 |website=The Herald Democrat |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530204350if_/https://www.leadvilleherald.com/free_content/article_4f7c6532-5037-11eb-8198-f7bcb930882e.html |archive-date=May 30, 2024}}</ref>

In 1882, shortly after the gun fight at the [[O.K. Corral]], [[Doc Holliday]] arrived in Leadville,<ref name="Blair 1995"/> where he dealt [[faro (card game)|faro]]. On August 19, 1884, he shot ex-Leadville policeman Billy Allen, who had threatened him for failing to pay a $5 debt. Despite overwhelming evidence implicating him, a jury found Holliday not guilty of the shooting or attempted murder.<ref name="Colorado Central Magazine2">{{cite web | url=http://cozine.com/2012-may/the-fading-of-a-legend-doc-holliday-in-leadville/ | title=The Fading of a Legend: Doc Holliday in Leadville | publisher=Colorado Central Magazine | date=May 1, 2012 | access-date=September 4, 2015 | author=Price, Charles F. | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103216/http://cozine.com/2012-may/the-fading-of-a-legend-doc-holliday-in-leadville/ | archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

Gunfighter and professional gambler [[Luke Short]] also spent time in Leadville.<ref name="Frontier Gambler">{{cite web | url=http://www.frontiergamblers.com/page44.php | title=Luke Short | publisher=Frontier Gambler | access-date=September 4, 2015 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505083009/http://www.frontiergamblers.com/page44.php | archive-date=May 5, 2011 }}</ref>

[[Margaret "Molly" Brown]], who became known as "The Unsinkable Molly Brown", moved to Leadville in 1885, when she was 18 years old.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> In 1886 she married a mining engineer who was twelve years older, [[James Joseph Brown]] at the Church of Annunciation.<ref name="Buys 2007"/> The Brown family acquired great wealth in 1893 when Brown was instrumental in the discovery of a substantial gold ore seam at the Little Jonny Mine.

The mine was owned by his employers, the Ibex Mining Company. Margaret Brown became famous because of her survival of the [[Sinking of the RMS Titanic|1912 sinking]] of the [[RMS Titanic|RMS ''Titanic'']], after exhorting the crew of {{nowrap|[[Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic#Boat 6 (port)|Lifeboat No. 6]]}} to return to look for survivors. A [[The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical)|1960 Broadway musical]] based on her life was produced, along with a [[The Unsinkable Molly Brown (film)|1964 film]] adaptation of the musical, both titled ''The Unsinkable Molly Brown''. Her home in Denver has been preserved as the [[Molly Brown House|Molly Brown House Museum]].

[[Meyer Guggenheim]] of the [[Guggenheim family]] started out in Leadville in mining and [[smelting]]. The family went on to possess one of the largest fortunes in the world. Family members have become known for their philanthropy in diverse areas such as modern art and aviation, including several [[Guggenheim Museums]].

[[Oscar Wilde]] appeared in April at the Tabor Opera House during his 1882 American [[Aesthetic Movement]] lecture tour.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> The reviews were mixed, and the press satirized Wilde in cartoons as an English [[dandy]] decorated with [[sunflower]]s and [[lilies]], the floral emblems of the Aesthetic Movement. A [[Kansas]] newspaper described the event:

<blockquote>Oscar Wilde's visit to Leadville excited a great deal of interest and curiosity. The Tabor-opera house where he lectured was packed full. It was rumored that an attempt would be made by a number of young men to ridicule him by coming to the lecture in exaggerated costume with enormous sunflowers and lilies and to introduce a number of characters in the costume of the Western "bad men". Probably, however, better counsel prevailed and no disturbance took place.<ref name="Oscar Wilde in America">{{cite web | url=http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lectures-1882/april/0413-leadville.html | title=Oscar Wilde in America | work=A Selected Resource of Oscar Wilde's Visits to America | access-date=3 September 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918214406/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lectures-1882/april/0413-leadville.html | archive-date=18 September 2015 }}</ref></blockquote>

Mayor David H. Dougan invited Wilde to tour the [[Matchless Mine]] and name its new lode "The Oscar". Wilde later recounted a visit to a local saloon, "where I saw the only rational method of art criticism I have ever come across. Over the piano was printed a notice – 'Please do not shoot the pianist. He is doing his best.'"<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lectures-1882/april/0413-leadville.html | title=Oscar Wilde in Leadville | access-date=February 23, 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224062252/http://www.oscarwildeinamerica.org/lectures-1882/april/0413-leadville.html | archive-date=February 24, 2015 }}</ref>

Several other notable figures visited the Tabor Opera House, including boxer [[Jack Dempsey]].<ref name="Buys 2007"/>

===Post-mining era===
[[Image:Leadville & the Hotel Vendome , Colorado , 1950s , Kodachrome by Chalmers Butterfield.jpg|thumb|Leadville in the 1950s]]

The town has made major efforts to improve its economy by encouraging tourism and emphasizing its history and opportunities for outdoor recreation. The [[National Mining Hall of Fame|National Mining Museum and Hall of Fame]] opened in 1987 with a federal charter that was drawn in by Leadville offering a good deal on the former high school building.

In 1983, [[Ken Chlouber]] partnered with Merilee Maupin to founded the [[Leadville Trail 100]] Run, a 100-mile [[ultramarathon]] through the rugged mountain terrain  around the town. It succeeded, leading them to found the still-extant Leadville Race Series, which contains a variety of races.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.leadvilleraceseries.com/history/ |website=Leadville Race Series |publisher=Life Time Fitness |access-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530200057if_/https://www.leadvilleraceseries.com/history/ |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |date=June 5, 2023<!-- Date from page source --> |url-status=live}}</ref> The Leadville Race Series has become a popular endurance race series, attracting hundreds of athletes to Leadville each year.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rom |first1=Zoë |title=How the Leadville 100 Saved a Struggling Mining Town |url=https://www.rei.com/blog/run/how-the-leadville-100-saved-a-struggling-mining-town |website=[[REI Co-op]] |access-date=May 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530203548if_/https://www.rei.com/blog/run/how-the-leadville-100-saved-a-struggling-mining-town |archive-date=May 30, 2024 |date=August 18, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> Leadville  is often used as a base for [[altitude training]] and hosts a number of other events for [[Running|runners]] and [[Mountain bike|mountain bicyclists]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=Steve Lipsher {{!}} The Denver |date=August 25, 2016 |title=How the Leadville 100 saved a town and created a community |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2016/08/25/how-the-leadville-100-saved-a-town-and-created-a-community/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=The Denver Post |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Mount Massive and Leadville from 6th Street.jpg|thumb|[[Mount Massive]] and Leadville from 6th Street]]

At an elevation of {{convert|10158|ft}}, Leadville lies close to [[Tree line|timberline]], which in Colorado is from {{convert|11000|to|12000|ft}}.<ref name="Trails.com">{{cite web | url=https://www.trails.com/facts_3919_what-elevation-timberline-colorado.html | title=What Is the Elevation of the Timberline in Colorado? | publisher=Trails.com | access-date=October 25, 2015 | author=Mattson, John | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105103928/https://www.trails.com/facts_3919_what-elevation-timberline-colorado.html | archive-date=November 5, 2015 }}</ref> The surrounding peaks are all well above 12,000 feet, and are thus bare of trees.  Leadville has the highest elevation of any city in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Highest Elevation Town in the United States |url=https://www.howderfamily.com/blog/highest-town-usa/ |website=Twelve Mile Circle |date=August 2012 |access-date=October 23, 2019}}</ref>

Leadville lies in a valley at the headwaters of the [[Arkansas River]] which flows through the southern [[Rocky Mountains]] and eventually empties into the [[Mississippi River]]. It is situated between two mountain ranges, the [[Mosquito Range]] to the east and the [[Sawatch Range]] to the west, both of which include several nearby peaks with elevations above {{convert|14000|ft}}, the so-called [[fourteeners]]. [[Mount Elbert]], {{convert|12|mi}} southwest of Leadville, is the [[List of mountain peaks of the Rocky Mountains#Highest prominent summits|highest summit]] of the Rocky Mountains of North America and the highest point in the Colorado and the entire [[Mississippi River#Watershed|Mississippi River drainage basin]]. An [[Ultra-prominent peak|ultra-prominent]] {{convert|14440|ft|m|0|adj=on}} fourteener, Mount Elbert is the [[List of mountain ranges of Colorado#Mountain ranges|highest summit]] of the Sawatch Range and the second-highest summit in the [[contiguous United States]] after [[Mount Whitney]] in California. [[Mount Massive]], {{convert|10.6|mi|abbr=on}} west-southwest of Leadville, at {{convert|14428|ft|abbr=on}} is the second highest summit in the Rocky Mountains and state of Colorado, and the third highest in the contiguous United States.

According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the city of Leadville has an area of {{convert|2.9|sqkm|order=flip}}, all  land.<ref name="Census 2010">{{cite web| url=http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US0844320| title=Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Census Summary File 1 (G001), Leadville city, Colorado| publisher=U.S. Census Bureau| website=American FactFinder| access-date=September 10, 2019| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213044840/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/G001/1600000US0844320| archive-date=February 13, 2020| url-status=dead}}</ref> The lower part of [[California Gulch]] runs past the southern edge of the city, flowing west {{convert|3|mi|0}} to the [[Arkansas River]].

===Climate===
Leadville has an alpine [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Dfc]]) with cold winters and mild summers, bordering on a cold [[semi-arid climate]] (Bsk). The average January temperatures are a maximum of {{convert|29.5|F|C|1}} and a minimum of {{convert|4.6|F|C|1}}. The average July temperatures are a maximum of {{convert|71.0|F|C|1}} and a minimum of {{convert|39.2|F|C|1}}.  There are an average of 271.7 mornings annually with freezing temperatures, which can occur in any month of the year. The record high temperature was {{convert|86|°F|1}} on July 17, 2023.  The record low temperature was {{convert|−38|°F|1}} on February 1, 1985.

Average annual precipitation is {{convert|13.52|in|mm|1}}. The wettest calendar year was 2014 with {{convert|18.08|in|mm|1}} and the driest 1994 with {{convert|8.27|in|mm|1}}. The most precipitation in one month was {{convert|4.83|in|mm|1}} in January 1996. The most precipitation in 24 hours was {{convert|1.70|in|mm|1}} on February 13, 1986. Average annual snowfall is {{convert|156.9|in|m|2}}. The most snowfall in one year was {{convert|362.0|in|m|2}} in 1995. The most snowfall in one month was {{convert|77.6|in|m|2}} in May 1995.<ref name=NOWData />
<div style="width:82%;">

{{Weather box
|location = Leadville, Colorado ([[Lake County Airport (Colorado)]]), 1991&ndash;2020 normals, extremes 1976&ndash;present
|single line = Yes
|collapsed = Yes
|Jan record high F = 57
|Feb record high F = 54
|Mar record high F = 61
|Apr record high F = 65
|May record high F = 80
|Jun record high F = 82
|Jul record high F = 86
|Aug record high F = 84
|Sep record high F = 80
|Oct record high F = 72
|Nov record high F = 66
|Dec record high F = 56

|Jan avg record high F = 47.6
|Feb avg record high F = 46.9
|Mar avg record high F = 51.8
|Apr avg record high F = 58.0
|May avg record high F = 69.0
|Jun avg record high F = 77.0
|Jul avg record high F = 80.0
|Aug avg record high F = 77.0
|Sep avg record high F = 73.1
|Oct avg record high F = 65.2
|Nov avg record high F = 54.5
|Dec avg record high F = 47.5
|year avg record high F = 80.5

|Jan high F = 29.5
|Feb high F = 30.6
|Mar high F = 36.9
|Apr high F = 43.0
|May high F = 54.3
|Jun high F = 66.2
|Jul high F = 71.0
|Aug high F = 68.1
|Sep high F = 61.5
|Oct high F = 49.9
|Nov high F = 37.1
|Dec high F = 29.4
|year high F =

|Jan mean F = 17.1
|Feb mean F = 18.1
|Mar mean F = 24.6
|Apr mean F = 31.1
|May mean F = 40.9
|Jun mean F = 50.1
|Jul mean F = 55.1
|Aug mean F = 53.1
|Sep mean F = 46.5
|Oct mean F = 36.7
|Nov mean F = 24.8
|Dec mean F = 17.1
|year mean F =

|Jan low F = 4.6
|Feb low F = 5.7
|Mar low F = 12.3
|Apr low F = 19.1
|May low F = 27.4
|Jun low F = 34.0
|Jul low F = 39.2
|Aug low F = 38.1
|Sep low F = 31.6
|Oct low F = 23.6
|Nov low F = 12.4
|Dec low F = 4.8
|year low F =

|Jan avg record low F = -14.5
|Feb avg record low F = -14.1
|Mar avg record low F = -8.8
|Apr avg record low F = 2.8
|May avg record low F = 14.7
|Jun avg record low F = 25.5
|Jul avg record low F = 31.6
|Aug avg record low F = 30.8
|Sep avg record low F = 20.7
|Oct avg record low F = 5.7
|Nov avg record low F = -8.8
|Dec avg record low F = -15.4
|year avg record low F = -20.1

|Jan record low F = -27
|Feb record low F = -38
|Mar record low F = -30
|Apr record low F = -17
|May record low F = 3
|Jun record low F = 19
|Jul record low F = 21
|Aug record low F = 23
|Sep record low F = 8
|Oct record low F = -13
|Nov record low F = -24
|Dec record low F = -31

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation inch = 0.99
|Feb precipitation inch = 0.91
|Mar precipitation inch = 1.02
|Apr precipitation inch = 1.36
|May precipitation inch = 1.06
|Jun precipitation inch = 0.82
|Jul precipitation inch = 1.72
|Aug precipitation inch = 1.87
|Sep precipitation inch = 1.13
|Oct precipitation inch = 0.90
|Nov precipitation inch = 0.86
|Dec precipitation inch = 0.88
|year precipitation inch =

|Jan snow inch = 18.8
|Feb snow inch = 20.1
|Mar snow inch = 21.1
|Apr snow inch = 26.6
|May snow inch = 11.8
|Jun snow inch = 0.8
|Jul snow inch = 0.2
|Aug snow inch = 0.0
|Sep snow inch = 1.0
|Oct snow inch = 13.8
|Nov snow inch = 25.1
|Dec snow inch = 17.6
|year snow inch =

|unit precipitation days = 0.01 in
|Jan precipitation days = 10.5
|Feb precipitation days = 10.8
|Mar precipitation days = 10.9
|Apr precipitation days = 11.9
|May precipitation days = 9.2
|Jun precipitation days = 6.4
|Jul precipitation days = 12.1
|Aug precipitation days = 13.8
|Sep precipitation days = 8.6
|Oct precipitation days = 7.8
|Nov precipitation days = 9.1
|Dec precipitation days = 9.7

|unit snow days = 0.1 in
|Jan snow days = 10.0
|Feb snow days = 8.5
|Mar snow days = 9.0
|Apr snow days = 9.5
|May snow days = 3.8
|Jun snow days = 0.3
|Jul snow days = 0.1
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.5
|Oct snow days = 3.0
|Nov snow days = 7.4
|Dec snow days = 7.2

|source 1 = NOAA<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&stations=USW00093009&format=pdf&dataTypes=MLY-TMAX-NORMAL,MLY-TMIN-NORMAL,MLY-TAVG-NORMAL,MLY-PRCP-NORMAL,MLY-SNOW-NORMAL
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|title = U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Leadville Lake CO AP, CO
|access-date = October 27, 2022
}}
</ref>
|source 2 = National Weather Service<ref name = NOWData>
{{cite web
|url = https://www.weather.gov/wrh/Climate?wfo=pub
|publisher = National Weather Service
|title = NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Pueblo
|access-date = October 27, 2022
}}
</ref>
}}

</div>

==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|align=left
|1880= 14820
|1890= 10384
|1900= 12455
|1910= 7508
|1920= 4959
|1930= 3771
|1940= 4774
|1950= 4081
|1960= 4008
|1970= 4314
|1980= 3879
|1990= 2629
|2000= 2821
|2010= 2602
|2020= 2633
|footnote=[[United States census|U.S. Decennial Census]]
}}

As of the [[census]]<ref name="GR2">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|access-date=January 31, 2008|title=U.S. Census website}}</ref> of 2000, there were 2,821 people, 1,253 households, and 675 families residing in the city. The population density was {{convert|2,659.5|PD/sqmi|PD/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. There were 1,514 housing units at an average density of {{convert|1,427.3|/sqmi|/km2|sp=us|adj=off}}. The racial makeup of the city was 83.52% [[White (U.S. Census)|White]], 0.14% [[African American (U.S. census)|African American]], 1.28% [[Native American (U.S. Census)|Native American]], 0.32% [[Asian (U.S. Census)|Asian]], 0.11% [[Pacific Islander (U.S. Census)|Pacific Islander]], 12.34% from [[Race (United States Census)|other races]], and 2.30% from two or more races. [[Hispanic (U.S. Census)|Hispanic]] or [[Latino (U.S. Census)|Latino]] of any race were 25.45% of the population.

There were 1,253 households, out of which 24.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.7% were [[Marriage|married couples]] living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 46.1% were non-families. 35.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.91.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 22.1% under the age of 18, 12.1% from 18 to 24, 34.4% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 107.8 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $36,714, and the median income for a family was $44,444. Males had a median income of $28,125 versus $23,512 for females. The [[per capita income]] for the city was $20,607. About 9.1% of families and 13.3% of the population were below the [[poverty line]], including 18.5% of those under age 18 and 7.5% of those age 65 or over.

[[File:Newly Restored Golden Burro Facade.jpg|thumb|Restored Golden Burro Cafe and Brass Ass Saloon, December 2022 (Leadville, Colorado)]]

==Arts and culture==
[[File:Yachting at Leadville, Col, by Kilburn Brothers.jpg|thumb|"Yachting at Leadville, Col." Stereoscopic view, around 1880]]
[[Image:Colorado-Leadville-Victorian.jpg|thumb|right|Old Queen Anne Victorian style house, Leadville ([[Marion Post Wolcott]], photographer)]]
[[File:Ice Palace, Leadville, Colorado, 1896.jpg|thumb|[[James Joseph Brown#Ice Palace|Ice Palace]], Leadville, Colorado, 1896]]
[[File:INTERIOR OF TABOR OPERA HOUSE, LEADVILLE HISTORIC DISTRICT.jpg|thumb|Tabor Opera House]]

===Historic sites and districts===
The [[Leadville Historic District]] was designated a [[National Historic Landmark District]] in 1961. The district encompasses 67 mines east of the city up to the {{convert|12000|ft|adj=on}} elevation, and a defined portion of the village area, with specific exclusions for various buildings. The principal historic buildings are the Tabor Grand Hotel, St George's Church, [[Temple Israel (Leadville, Colorado)|Temple Israel]], African Methodist Episcopal Church (est. 1881), the Annunciation Church, Tabor Opera House, City Hall, [[Healy House Museum|Healy House]], [[Dexter Cabin]], Engelbach House, Tabor House, and the Golden Burro Cafe and Lounge,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Weekly List 2023 03 17 - National Register of Historic Places (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/weekly-list-2023-03-17.htm |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=www.nps.gov |language=en}}</ref> as well as mining structures and small homes.

The [[National Mining Hall of Fame]] on West 9th Street is dedicated to commemorating the work of miners and people that work with natural resources. It is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].<ref name=weekly>{{Cite web  | title = Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 12/27/11 through 12/30/11  | work = National Register of Historic Places  | publisher = [[National Park Service]]  | url = https://www.nps.gov/subjects/nationalregister/upload/weekly-list-2012-national-register-of-historic-places.pdf  | access-date = July 6, 2012 | url-status=live  | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120713054740/http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/listings/20120706.htm  | archive-date = July 13, 2012 }}</ref>  Major exhibits include an elaborate [[model railroad]],<ref>[http://www.mininghalloffame.org/railroad.htm National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193541/http://www.mininghalloffame.org/railroad.htm |date=January 2, 2014 }}</ref> a walk-through replica of an underground hardrock mine,<ref>[http://www.mininghalloffame.org/mine.htm National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103080342/http://www.mininghalloffame.org/mine.htm |date=January 3, 2014 }}</ref> the Gold Rush Room with specimens of native gold,<ref>[http://www.mininghalloffame.org/gold.htm National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103080337/http://www.mininghalloffame.org/gold.htm |date=January 3, 2014 }}</ref> a large collection of mineral specimens,<ref>[http://www.mininghalloffame.org/minerals.htm National Mining Hall of Fame and Museum - Leadville, Colorado, minerals, gems, history<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103001239/http://www.mininghalloffame.org/minerals.htm |date=January 3, 2014 }}</ref> and a mining art gallery. The site also includes the [[Matchless Mine]] and cabin, former home of [[Baby Doe Tabor]].<ref name="weekly"/>

Some historic sites are linked by the [[Mineral Belt National Recreation Trail]], an {{convert|11.6|mi|adj=on}} all-season biking/walking trail that loops around Leadville and through its historic mining district. In part it follows old mining-camp railbeds. Interpretative kiosks recount the history and a photograph of what was on that particular site more than a century ago. The trail is well-marked with interpretive signs and altitude and mileage markers.

Created by Executive Order in 1889 to increase the supply of fish for inland waters, the Leadville National Fish Hatchery was established.<ref name="Blair 1995"/>

[[Camp Hale]] is located {{convert|15|mi}} north of Leadville in the [[Eagle River (Colorado)|Eagle River]] valley north of [[Tennessee Pass (Colorado)|Tennessee Pass]]. It was a U.S. Army [[ski warfare]] training facility constructed in 1942 for what became the [[10th Mountain Division]].<ref name=elev>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitleadvilleco.com/camp_hale |title=History of Camp Hale and the 10th Mountain Division|website=www.visitleadvilleco.com |access-date=April 28, 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402073659/http://www.visitleadvilleco.com/camp_hale |archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> Some of the nation's finest skiers were employed as instructors. Soldiers were trained in mountain climbing, Alpine and Nordic skiing, and cold-weather survival, as well as various weapons and ordnance. When it was in full operation, approximately 15,000 soldiers were housed there. As the only source of recreation for the trainees, Leadville was persuaded to change its moral character, perceived "to be on a rather low plane" at the time. In 2019, Camp Hale was designated as a [[National Historic Site (United States)|National Historic Site]] offering a self-guiding tour with interpretive signs at ten stops and a larger interpretive site at the main entrance. President Biden used his authority under the Antiquities Act in 2022 to establish the 53,804-acre Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument,<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2022 |title=Camp Hale-Continental Divide National Monument |url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/r02/whiteriver |access-date=April 23, 2023 |website=US Forest Service |language=en}}</ref> preserving the area’s important historic, prehistoric, natural, and recreational values.

{{convert|10|mi|0}} north of Leadville the old downhill training slope, Cooper Hill, located atop Tennessee Pass on the [[Continental Divide]], now operates as the [[Ski Cooper]] resort.<ref name="NYT">Pennington, Bill. [http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/travel/escapes/10ski.html "The Legacy of Soldiers on Skis"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520034128/http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/10/travel/escapes/10ski.html |date=May 20, 2011 }}. ''The New York Times'', March 10, 2006. Retrieved January 30, 2010.</ref><ref name="USDA Forest Service">{{cite web | url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/r02/whiteriver/recreation | title=Camp Hale National Historic Site | publisher=US government | access-date=November 7, 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121171840/http://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/whiteriver/recreation/recarea/?recid=41331&actid=42 | archive-date=November 21, 2015 }}</ref> Much of the area is above the [[tree line]], providing a panoramic view of the peaks of the [[Sawatch Range]] to visitors. A memorial to troops of the 10th Mountain Division is located at the summit.

The Evergreen Cemetery was the first cemetery in Leadville, established on November 1, 1879.<ref name="Blair 1995"/>

The town's first library was built in 1904.<ref name="Blair 1995"/>

A federal building was built in 1905 on Harrison Avenue and 8th Street. It served as the town post office until 1973.<ref name="Buys 2007"/>

===Events===
Boom Days, held on the first full weekend of August, is a tribute to the city's mining past. The event has been honored by [[United States Congress|Congress]] as a Local Legacy Event.<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.leadvilleboomdays.org| title=Leadville Boom Days| access-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref> The festivities held over three days include mining competitions and [[pack burro racing|burro racing]], motorcycle games, a rod and gun show, live music, a craft fair and parade. The annual [[skijoring]] event and Crystal Carnival take place in March.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leadville.com/calendar.asp|title=Events Archive - Leadville, Colorado|website=Leadville, Colorado|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622010741/http://leadville.com/calendar.asp|archive-date=June 22, 2017}}</ref> This is a horse-drawn skiing for the family since the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leadvillechronicle.com/home.php?content=article&article=2305|title=News Summit County Colorado|website=www.leadvillechronicle.com|access-date=April 28, 2018}}</ref> The town has frequent, sometimes small parades held in the downtown area, such as the quirky St Patrick's Day Practice Parade.

The [[Leadville Trail 100]], an [[ultramarathon]], takes place each August since 1983 on an out-and-back course on trails around Turquoise Lake, over [[Hagerman Pass]], the Colorado Trail, through Twin Lakes, across the Arkansas River, up and over Hope Pass, to the ghost town of [[Winfield, Colorado|Winfield]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadville Trail 100 Run |url=https://www.leadvilleraceseries.com/run/leadvilletrail100run/ |access-date=July 31, 2023 |website=Leadville Race Series |language=en-US}}</ref>

The "Route of the Silver Kings" is a driving tour of the {{convert|20|sqmi|adj=on}} historic mining district. The tour passes mines, power plants, ghost towns and mining camps.<ref>[http://www.visitleadvilleco.com/history_tours Route of the Silver Kings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118090204/http://www.visitleadvilleco.com/history_tours |date=January 18, 2012 }} (scroll down)</ref>

[[File:View of Mount Massive looking west from Harrison Street in downtown Leadville, Colorado.jpg|thumb|View of [[Mount Massive]] looking west from Harrison Avenue in downtown Leadville]]

==Parks and recreation==

Situated within the [[San Isabel National Forest]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPwhQoY6IeDdGCqCPOBqwDLG-AAjgb6fh75uan6BdnZaY6OiooA1tkqlQ!!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfMjAwMDAwMDBBODBPSEhWTjBNMDAwMDAwMDA!/?ss=110212&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&cid=FSE_003853&navid=091000000000000&pnavid=null&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&ttype=main&pname=Pike%2520%2520and%2520San%2520Isabel%2520National%2520Forest%2520and%2520Cimarron%2520and%2520Comanche%2520National%2520Grasslands-%2520Home/recreation/wilderness/ldv_coll_wild.shtml/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208145723/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8zPwhQoY6IeDdGCqCPOBqwDLG-AAjgb6fh75uan6BdnZaY6OiooA1tkqlQ!!/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfMjAwMDAwMDBBODBPSEhWTjBNMDAwMDAwMDA!/?ss=110212&navtype=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&cid=FSE_003853&navid=091000000000000&pnavid=null&position=BROWSEBYSUBJECT&ttype=main&pname=Pike%2520%2520and%2520San%2520Isabel%2520National%2520Forest%2520and%2520Cimarron%2520and%2520Comanche%2520National%2520Grasslands-%2520Home/recreation/wilderness/ldv_coll_wild.shtml/|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 8, 2012|title=Pike and San Isabel National Forests |website=usda.gov |access-date=September 10, 2019 }}</ref> and surrounded by three wilderness areas, Leadville is popular with hikers and campers. The [[Mount Massive Wilderness]] and [[Buffalo Peaks Wilderness]] are within {{convert|10|mi|0}} of the city,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.coloradowilderness.com/wildpages/buffalo.html |title=Buffalo Peaks Wilderness Area |website=www.coloradowilderness.com |access-date=April 28, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180428214042/http://www.coloradowilderness.com/wildpages/buffalo.html |archive-date=April 28, 2018 }}</ref> and the [[Collegiate Peaks Wilderness]] is within {{convert|20|mi}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&WID=131|title=Wilderness.net - Collegiate Peaks Wilderness - General Information|website=Wilderness.net|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128064529/http://www.wilderness.net/index.cfm?fuse=NWPS&sec=wildView&WID=131|archive-date=January 28, 2017}}</ref>

[[Mosquito Pass]] is located east of Leadville. It can be traversed only on foot, an off-road motorcycle, or with a proper [[four-wheel drive]] vehicle. It is typically passable only during the summer months.

The Mineral Belt Trail is an {{convert|11.6|mi|adj=on}}, two-way non-motorized paved trail around the city that was opened in 2000.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> Five access points offer opportunities to walk shorter sections: Ice Palace Park, Lake County Middle School, Dutch Henry Hill, California Gulch, and the East 5th Street Bridge. Mineral Belt is completely ADA-accessible for wheelchairs and strollers, cyclists, runners and in-line skaters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mineralbelttrail.com/ |title=Mineral Belt Trail |website=mineralbelttrail.com}}</ref>

==Education==
===K-12 Education===
Leadville's K-12 education is served by the Lake County School District.

===Higher Education===
Leadville is home to a campus of [[Colorado Mountain College]]. At an elevation of 10,200 feet, CMC Leadville is the highest elevation college campus in the United States. The Leadville campus is also home to Colorado Mountain College's cross-country team.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://coloradomtn.edu/campuses/leadville/ | title=Leadville }}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
===Transportation===
[[Image:LeadvilleAirport.jpg|thumb|right|Aerial view of Lake County Airport and Leadville, December 2006]]
[[File:LEADVILLE HISTORIC RAILROAD STATION, LEADVILLE, COLORADO.jpg|thumb|Leadville Historic Colorado and Southern Railroad Station - photo taken in 2007]]
[[File:LEADVILLE, COLORADO, AND SOUTHERN RAILROAD EXCURSION.jpg|thumb|Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad excursion line]]

Leadville is served by [[Lake County Airport (Colorado)|Lake County Airport]], North America's highest public use airport at an altitude of 9,934 feet. However, there is no scheduled airline service available from this airport. The closest airports to provide scheduled services are [[Eagle County Regional Airport]] and [[Aspen/Pitkin County Airport]], both {{convert|62|mi}} away.

====Highways====
*[[Image:US 24.svg|25px]] [[U.S. Highway 24 (Colorado)|US 24]] is an east–west highway running from [[Interstate 75 in Michigan|Interstate 75]] near [[Clarkston, Michigan]], to [[Interstate 70 in Colorado|Interstate 70]] near [[Minturn, Colorado]]. Its western terminus is located just {{convert|32|mi}} north of Leadville. It is the main route to the [[Eagle-Vail]] valley to the northwest and [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]], {{convert|128|mi}} to the southeast.
*[[Image:Colorado 91.svg|25px]] [[Colorado State Highway 91|State Highway 91]] is a {{convert|22.5|mi|km|adj=on}} highway that connects Leadville with Interstate 70 near [[Copper Mountain, Colorado|Copper Mountain]]. It is the quickest route to get from Leadville to [[Denver]], {{convert|100|mi|0}} away.
*The [[Top of the Rockies Byway]], designated a [[National Scenic Byway]] in 1998, is a highway that travels {{convert|75|mi}} starting in [[Aspen, Colorado|Aspen]] and traveling through Leadville to either [[Minturn, Colorado|Minturn]] or [[Copper Mountain, Colorado|Copper Mountain]].<ref name="Colorado Department of Transportation">{{cite web | url=https://www.codot.gov/travel/scenic-byways/south-central/top-rockies | title=Top of the Rockies | publisher=Colorado Department of Transportation | access-date=October 30, 2015 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818095212/https://www.codot.gov/travel/scenic-byways/south-central/top-rockies | archive-date=August 18, 2015 }}</ref>

====Railways====
{{see also|Denver, South Park and Pacific Railroad}}
* On July 22, 1880,<ref name="Blair 1995"/> the [[Denver & Rio Grande Railway]] arrived on a {{convert|3|ft}} [[narrow-gauge railway]] branch from Malta, {{convert|4|mi|0}} to the west. [[General Grant]] and his wife were on hand to celebrate the arrival.<ref name="Blair 1995"/> Third rail was added in 1888, and from 1940 it was only standard gauge.<ref name="DRGW">{{cite web|url=http://www.drgw.net/info/LeadvilleBranch|title=DRGW.Net - Leadville Branch|website=www.drgw.net|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920030358/http://www.drgw.net/info/LeadvilleBranch|archive-date=September 20, 2017}}</ref> The last {{convert|1.8|mi}} were abandoned by [[Union Pacific]] in 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drgw.net/info/uploads/Main/stb-ab-33-117-x.pdf|title=STB Docket No. AB-33 (Sub-No. 117X), Union Pacific Railroad Company — Abandonment Exemption--in Lake County, CO, 4 Jun 1998|website=drgw.net|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809204231/http://www.drgw.net/info/uploads/Main/stb-ab-33-117-x.pdf|archive-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref> This severed the connection between the Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad and the rest of the railroad system. The remaining three miles from Malta have not seen any traffic in many years.<ref name="DRGW"/>
** In the past, D&RG operated branch lines from Leadville to [[Oro City, Colorado|Oro City]] (1883–1941), Ibex/Chrysolite (1898–1944), Graham Park (1898–1941) and Fryer Hill (1881–1944). Another branch run over [[Fremont Pass (Colorado)|Fremont Pass]] as far as Robinson, Wheeler, and [[Dillon, Colorado|Dillon]] (1881/2-1923).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.drgw.net/info/TennesseePass|title=DRGW.Net - Tennessee Pass Route|website=www.drgw.net|access-date=April 28, 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107021921/http://www.drgw.net/info/TennesseePass|archive-date=November 7, 2017}}</ref>
* In 1887, the Colorado Midland Railway arrived in Leadville.<ref name="Blair 1995"/>
* The former [[Colorado & Southern Railway]] line from Leadville to [[Climax, Colorado|Climax]] is now operated as a tourist line by the [[Leadville, Colorado & Southern Railroad]].
* In 2010, rail and coach commuter service was proposed between [[Minturn, Colorado|Minturn]] and [[Dotsero, Colorado|Dotsero]], in 2012 from Leadville to [[Vail, Colorado|Vail]] and Dotsero with intermediate stations at Minturn, [[Avon, Colorado|Avon]], [[Eagle, Colorado|Eagle]] and [[Gypsum, Colorado|Gypsum]].<ref>[http://www.vaildaily.com/news/5390612-113/businessgeneral-regional Eagle Valley Enterprise, February 1, 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808040931/http://www.vaildaily.com/news/5390612-113/businessgeneral-regional |date=August 8, 2016 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Colorado}}
*[[Twin Lakes, Lake County, Colorado|Twin Lakes, Colorado]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*"Leadville: The Struggle to Revive an American Town" by Gillian Klucas p.&nbsp;21
*Conant Graff, Marshall. ''A History of Leadville, Colorado''. 1920.
*Scanlon, Gretchen. ''A History of Leadville Theatre: Opera Houses, Variety Acts and Burlesque Shows''. 2012.
*Kent, Lewis A. ''Leadville: The City. Mines and Bullion Product. Personal Histories of Prominent Citizens, Facts and Figures Never Before Given to the Public''. 1880.
*"Holliday Bound Over to Appear at the Criminal Court in the Sum of Eight Thousand Dollars." ''Leadville Daily Herald''. August 26, 1884. (p.&nbsp;4)

==Further reading==
* Plazak, Dan. ''A Hole in the Ground with a Liar at the Top'' {{ISBN|978-0-87480-840-7}}. Includes a chapter on mining in early Leadville.

==External links==
{{sister project links|auto=yes}}
{{EB1911 poster|Leadville}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161229101557/https://www.colorado.gov/leadville City of Leadville official website]
* [http://www.westernmininghistory.com/towns/colorado/leadville/ Leadville photos and information at Western Mining History]
* [https://westernmininghistory.com/8209/leadville-ice-palace/ The Leadville Ice Palace, 1896], illustrated article at Western Mining History. Accessed 6/29/2025 
* [https://westernmininghistory.com/library/38195/page1/ The Mines and Minerals of Leadville], Mineralogical Record, volume 16, May–June 1985.

{{Lake County, Colorado}}
{{Colorado county seats}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Colorado]]
[[Category:County seats in Colorado]]
[[Category:Mining communities in Colorado]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1877]]
[[Category:Cities in Lake County, Colorado]]
[[Category:Colorado populated places on the Arkansas River]]
[[Category:1877 establishments in Colorado]]