View source for League of Empire Loyalists

{{short description|British far-right pressure group}}
{{Infobox political party
| name             = League of Empire Loyalists
| logo             = Emblem of the League of Empire Loyalists.svg
| logo_size        = 65px
| colorcode        = <!-- HTML color code (e.g. "red", "#FF0000" or Party metadata color template) otherwise "transparent" -->
| abbreviation     = <!-- official abbreviation --> LEL
| leader           = [[A. K. Chesterton]]
| founded          = {{start date and age|1954}}
| dissolved        = {{nowrap|{{end date and age|1967|02|7|df=yes}}}}
| split            = [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]
| merged           = [[National Front (UK)|National Front]]
| membership_year  = 
| membership       = 2,000–3,000 (1960s {{estimation}})
| ideology         = <!-- PLEASE DO NOT ALTER THIS. There are numerous sources attesting to their various political ideologies, so if you disagree with any, please discuss it first on the talk page if you have a reliable source (see WP:RS) for additional views. PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE ANY IDEOLOGIES AS THEY ARE ALL SOURCED -->{{plainlist|
*[[British imperialism]]
*[[National conservatism]]
*[[Social conservatism]]
*[[Anti-capitalism]]
*[[Anti-communism]]
*[[Antisemitism]]
*[[White nationalism]]}}
| position         = [[Far-right]]
| colours          = {{nowrap|{{Color box|#CE2029|border=darkgray}} Red {{Color box|#FFFFFF|border=darkgray}} White {{Color box|#000080|border=darkgray}} Blue}}
}}
{{Far-right politics in the United Kingdom sidebar|Defunct organisations}}
The '''League of Empire Loyalists''' ('''LEL''') was a British [[pressure group]] (also called a "[[ginger group]]" in Britain and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]), established in 1954. Its ostensible purpose was to stop the [[British Empire]]'s dissolution. The League was a small group of current or former members of the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] led by [[A. K. Chesterton]], a former leading figure in the [[British Union of Fascists]], who had served under Sir [[Oswald Mosley]]. The League found support from some Conservative Party members, although most of the Conservative leadership disliked it.<ref>S. Taylor, ''The National Front in English Politics'', London: Macmillan, 1982, p. 12</ref>

==Formation==
Chesterton established the group in 1954 on the far right of the [[Conservative Party (UK)#Party factions|Conservative Party]], effectively as a reaction to the more liberal forms of [[Toryism]] in evidence at the time, as typified by the policies of [[R. A. Butler]].{{sfn|Walker|1977|pp=28–29}} Chesterton feared the growth of the Soviet Union and of the United States. He concluded that [[Bolshevism]] and American-style [[capitalism]] were actually in an alliance as part of a [[Jewish]]-led conspiracy against the [[British Empire]], a mindset that informed the LEL from the beginning.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=29}}

The wide-reaching critiques that this conspiracy theory utilised meant that the LEL won membership from various sectors of right-wing opinion, including former BUF activists like Chesterton himself and [[Barry Domvile]], traditionalist patriots like [[Richard Hilton (British Army officer)|General Richard Hilton]] and young radicals like [[John Tyndall (far-right activist)|John Tyndall]], [[John Bean (politician)|John Bean]], [[Colin Jordan]] and [[Martin Webster]].{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=30}} Indeed, in its early years, the LEL succeeded in attracting some leading members of the establishment to its ranks, including Field-Marshal [[Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside]], Lieutenant-General Sir [[Balfour Oliphant Hutchison]] and the former [[British People's Party (1939)|British People's Party]] election candidate Air Commodore G. S. Oddie.<ref>{{cite book |author=John Bean |title=Many Shades of Black: Inside Britain's Far Right |location=London |publisher=New Millennium |date=1999 |page=99}}</ref>

Although the LEL actively supported an independent candidate who was a member at the [[1957 Lewisham North by-election]], it was not a political party.<ref name="Boothroyd" /> According to Nigel Fielding, the LEL "was composed of right-wing Conservatives, particularly retired military men, and a few pre-war Fascists".<ref>{{cite book |last=Fielding |first=Nigel |title=The National Front |location=London |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1981 |page=20 |isbn=978-0710005595 }}</ref>

==Stunts==
The LEL was well known for various stunts at Conservative Party meetings and conferences (acting as a constant irritant to the party). These stunts included hiding underneath the speaker platform overnight to emerge during the conference in order to put across their points. At the 1958 party Conference in [[Blackpool]], George Irvine Finlay (who became Director of Organisation for the [[Unionist Party (Scotland)|Scottish Conservatives]]) was involved in forcibly removing members of the League of Empire Loyalists. The widespread media coverage resulted in his being sued for assault; not only was he acquitted, but costs were awarded against the prosecution.<ref>George Irvine Finlay Obituary, ''[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]]''. Glasgow. 5 January 1999.</ref> That same year the League secured further publicity when members launched an "invasion" of the [[Lambeth Conference]] of the [[Anglican Communion]].<ref name="Boothroyd"/>

In another incident, LEL member Austen Brooks gained access to a lunch for [[U Thant]] by impersonating Cypriot Archbishop [[Makarios III]], both men being heavily bearded, before revealing his charade and shouting LEL slogans.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=30}} Sir [[Anthony Eden]] was also a target and when he shook hands with [[Nikita Khrushchev]] and [[Nikolai Bulganin]] as they arrived at [[London Victoria station|Victoria Station]] in 1956, LEL members were on hand to yell at Eden that he had just shaken hands with murderers.{{sfn|Thurlow|1987|p=250}} In November 1961, Leonard Young, a Royal Air Force Wing Commander and author of the 1956 book ''Deadlier Than the H-Bomb'',<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.colchestercollection.com/authors/Y/leonard-young.html | title=Leonard Young Profile | access-date=2018-12-30 | archive-date=2019-03-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326170415/http://www.colchestercollection.com/authors/Y/leonard-young.html | url-status=live }}</ref> gained further notoriety for the LEL when he threw a bag of sheep guts at the [[President of Kenya]], [[Jomo Kenyatta]].{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=31}} The [[Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament]] was also a target when speakers at its inaugural rally in [[Central Hall, Westminster]], on 17 February 1958 were heckled, in particular [[Michael Foot]].<ref>Chris Wrigley, ''A.J.P. Taylor: Radical Historian of Europe'', I.B.Tauris, 2006, p. 276</ref> After these antics, the Tory leadership made it clear to their members that the LEL was to be discouraged, leading to a severe downturn in membership.<ref>Taylor, ''The National Front in English Politics'', p. 13</ref>

==Policies==
As its name suggests, the initial aim of the LEL was to support the [[British Empire]] and to campaign for its continuing existence.<ref name="Boothroyd">David Boothroyd, ''The Politico's Guide to the History of British Political Parties'', London: Politico's, 2001, p. 143</ref> It was to be its calls for the restoration of the empire and reassertion of the notion of [[Britons]] as the world's natural leaders that ultimately saw the group become estranged from the Conservatives, as the League was increasingly divorced from the [[one nation conservatism]] that came to dominate the party.<ref>Martin Barker, ''The New Racism'', London: Junction Books, 1982, p. 33-34</ref> This was particularly true following the independence of Sudan and the [[Suez Crisis]] in 1956 when the Conservatives formally broke from any notion of being the party of empire.<ref>[[Ray Hill (British activist)|Ray Hill]] & Andrew Bell, ''The Other Face of Terror - Inside Europe’s Neo-Nazi Network'', London: Collins, 1988, p. 81</ref>

As time progressed, the group became primarily concerned with opposing non-white immigration into [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and were instrumental in the founding (with other [[right-wing]] and [[neo-Nazi]] groups) of the [[National Front (UK)|National Front]] in February 1967. Chesterton's personal [[anti-Semitism]] and devotion to conspiracy theories about the Jews and international capitalism also became more prominent in LEL ideology towards the end of the group's life.<ref name="Lunn213">Kenneth Lunn, Richard C. Thurlow, ''British fascism: essays on the radical right in inter-war Britain'', Taylor & Francis, 1980, p. 213</ref> The League was also strongly [[anti-communist]] and had close links with emigre groups such as the [[Ukrainian National Committee]].<ref>Bean, ''Many Shades of Black'', p. 101</ref>

==Decline and splits==
By 1961, the LEL found itself in financial trouble, and Chesterton was funding the group himself. The group had also lost many of its members, falling from a 1958 high of 3000 to only 300 members. Some had left with Hilton to join his [[Patriotic Party (UK)|Patriotic Party]] whilst another group of leavers had been the supporters of Colin Jordan. Jordan had left in 1957 after his call to bar Jews, and non-whites from the LEL had been rejected, whilst John Bean had left under acrimonious circumstances the following year. Both men advocated the formation of mass parties, an idea that Chesterton rejected, and over time they won support to their respective groups, the [[White Defence League]] and the [[National Labour Party (UK, 1957)|National Labour Party]] by advocating these and other more radical ideas.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=31}}

By the mid-1960s, the LEL was a shadow of its former self as, according to leading member [[Rodney Legg]], it had come to be seen as archaic and anachronistic whilst it was struggling even more with a lack of funds. By 1964, Chesterton was already being heard to say in private that the future of the LEL might be better served by joining up with the younger, more radical members who had departed earlier in the decade.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=47}} In an attempt to reinvigorate the flagging group Chesterton was persuaded to put up three "Independent Loyalist" candidates in the [[1964 United Kingdom general election|1964 General Election]], but between them, they managed to secure only 1064 votes{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=48}} According to Michael Billig, the League only contested these seats as a publicity stunt rather than due to having any pretensions to becoming a political party.<ref>Michael Billig, ''A Social Psychological View of the National Front'', Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1978, p. 113</ref>
The League's journal [[Candour (magazine)|''Candour'']] went on to support the National Front while A. K. Chesterton was its leader. Following that, it became independent and is still published to this day.

==Creation of the National Front==
Despite the poor performances of the three candidates, donations had poured in from all over the country to help them fight the campaign. This made a deep impression on Chesterton, who had largely been obliged to fund the LEL out of his own pocket.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=48}} Chesterton had been preoccupied with a legal case over the estate of his financial benefactor, the [[Chile]]-based millionaire Robert K. Jeffrey, who had seemingly left two contradictory wills, but Chesterton's fervour for politics had been rekindled by his discovery of the relative ease of funding a political party and by the emergence of [[Edward Martell (politician)|Edward Martell]], a [[right-wing libertarian]] who had garnered a reputation as an excellent fund-raiser and whose methods, if not politics, had impressed Chesterton greatly.{{sfn|Walker|1977|pp=48–49}} By the spring of 1966, Chesterton had begun sounding out the likes of Bean, Tyndall and even Jordan about the possibility of building a united front on the far right.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=48}}

Chesterton's mood was dampened somewhat by the [[1966 United Kingdom general election|1966 general election]] in which the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] won a convincing victory and anti-immigration candidates lost support, as well as by [[Rhodesia]]'s exit from the Commonwealth following its [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]]. However, it also convinced him that space had opened to the right of the Conservative Party and that the chances were better for a united far-right group.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=50}} The LEL, however, was under threat from the growth of the [[Racial Preservation Society]] and of the [[Monday Club]], making the need for a new party that much more urgent.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=61}} Around this time, he flirted with Dr David Brown of the Racial Preservation Society and his plans to establish a [[National Democratic Party (UK, 1966)|National Democratic Party]], but he backed away when Brown insisted that the LEL would effectively be turned over to RPS control in this arrangement.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=64}}

Discussions with the [[British National Party (1960)|British National Party]] (BNP) began in earnest in September 1966, and by the time of the LEL conference the following month, plans were already at such an advanced stage that the major topic was whether the new party would be called the British Front or the National Independence Party. The conference also saw the establishment of a working party to thrash out details of the new group, consisting of Austen Brooks, [[Rosine de Bounevialle]], Avril Walters and Nettie Bonner from the LEL and Philip Maxwell, Bernard Simmons and Gerald Kemp from the BNP.{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=65}} On 7 February 1967 the LEL was wound up and replaced by the newly merged group, by now known as the [[British National Front|National Front]].{{sfn|Walker|1977|p=67}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
; Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
: {{Cite book|last=Thurlow|first=Richard C.|title=Fascism in Britain: A History, 1918–1985|date=1987|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-13618-7|author-link=Richard Thurlow}}
: {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Martin|title=The National Front|publisher=Fontana|year=1977|isbn=978-0-00-634824-5|location=London|author-link=Martin Walker (reporter)}}
{{refend}}

{{UK far right}}
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[[Category:Anti-communist organisations in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Antisemitism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:National Front (UK)]]
[[Category:Defunct political organisations based in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1954 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1967 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1954]]
[[Category:Defunct far-right political parties in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:White nationalist groups]]
[[Category:White nationalism in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1967]]