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{{short description|Roman legion}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Legio III Augusta
|image=Roman Empire 125.png
|image_size=300px
|caption=Map of the Roman empire in CE 125, under emperor [[Hadrian]], showing the Legio III Augusta, stationed at Lambaesis (Batna, Algeria), in [[Africa Proconsularis]] province, from CE 75 until the 4th century
|country= [[Roman Republic]] and [[Roman Empire]]
|type= [[Roman legion]] ([[Marian reforms|Marian]])
|role= Infantry assault
|size= 5000–6000
|garrison= [[Lambaesis]] (128 – early 4th century)
|ceremonial_chief=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles={{Unbulleted list|[[Liberators' civil war|Wars of the Second Triumvirate]] (43–42 BC)|[[Tacfarinas|The Rebellion of Tacfarinas]] (14 BC–24 AD)}}
|notable_commanders={{Unbulleted list|[[Maximinus Thrax]]}}
|anniversaries=
}}
[[Image:Tertio Augustani shield pattern.svg|thumb|Shield pattern of ''{{lang|la|Tertio Augustani}}'', Legio III ''Augusta'', early 5th century]]
'''Legio III Augusta''' ("Third Augustan Legion") was a [[Roman legion|legion]] of the [[Imperial Roman army]]. Its origin may have been the [[Roman Republic|Republican]] 3rd Legion which served the general [[Pompey]] during his civil war against [[Gaius Julius Caesar]] (49–45 BC). It supported the general Octavian (later emperor [[Augustus]]) in his civil war against [[Mark Antony]] (31–30 BC). It was officially refounded in 30 BC, when Octavian achieved sole mastery of the [[Roman empire]]. In that year, it was deployed in the Roman province of [[Africa (Roman province)|Africa]], where it remained until at least the late 4th century AD.

==History and troop movements==
The Legio III Augusta was placed in Africa to ensure a steady grain supply to Rome. Under Augustus, the African Proconsul had command over it and several other legions. By the end of [[Tiberius|Tiberius's reign]], it was the only legion in Africa. Under [[Caligula]], command of the army was withdrawn from the proconsul and given to a Propraetorial legate who answered directly to the emperor. The Legio III Augusta first set up camp at Haidra before 14.<ref name="Le Bohec_174_175">{{harvp|Le Bohec|1994|pp=174–175}}</ref> The base at Haidra was not large enough to support an entire legion; this suggests that the legion was split up. Desert warfare required a small and highly mobile fighting force and it was not unheard of for the emperor to split a legion into several vexillations and place them at separate fortresses.<ref>{{harvp|Mattingly|1994|p=79}}</ref> For the most part, whole legions were not moved into Africa but rather, small vexillations were formed from the armies of Germany and Pannonia and sent to help when needed.

The Roman military presence in North Africa was not always accepted or welcomed. Most notably in opposition to the Roman institution was [[Tacfarinas]], a former Roman soldier turned [[Musulamii]] guerrilla leader.<ref>{{harvp|Tacitus|1864–1877}}</ref> Tacfarinas is an example of the multiple rebellions against the expansion of the Roman Empire through military establishment and geographical positioning as well as the adequate and tactful response by the Third Augustan Legion.

The Berber tribes attacked the Augustan Legion when they were particularly vulnerable. It is reported that the first attacks were in 14 AD when the Legion had just completed its first road building project.<ref>{{harvp|Raven|1993|p=60}}</ref> The timing suggests that the Third Augustan Legion had not yet established its roots or an approving reputation. This first revolt was swiftly put down. 

However, just three years later Tacfarinas started his attacks against the Romans. The guerrilla warfare tactics combined with Tacfarinas' novel approach to attack from the rear, created additional difficulties for the Third Augustan Legion in their efforts to defeat Tacfarinas. The manner in which Tacfarinas led his rebellions was of particular concern to the Third Augustan Legion. At first, Tacfarinas did not appear to be a great threat; his initial band of fighters was composed mainly of robbers and rebels. However, Tacfarinas' band of robbers soon gained the expertise and precision of the Roman Army.<ref name="Tacitus 2.52.1">{{harvp|Tacitus|1864–1877|loc=2.52.1}}</ref> Tacfarinas traveled through North Africa collecting Roman soldiers left behind by the Third Augustan Legion; Tacitus describes this process as a "cherry picking " of sorts, using soldiers who had already been trained by the Roman army and using their skills against their creator. Tacfarinas created a new coalition from the collected Roman soldiers and North African citizens looking to rebel against the expansion of the Roman Empire into the Musulamii people, under his sole command.<ref name="Tacitus 2.52.1" />

With the traditional tactics used by the Roman army, the enemy was expected to attack in formation, as the Roman legions did. With the rebellion of Tacfarinas, Roman commanders had to change their mode of attack. The general of the Third Augustan Legion split up the army into small units of men that took orders from a commanding officer. These units of men were constantly battle ready, mobile, and trained to fight in the desert, anticipating attacks from [[Tacfarinas]] and his rebels. With this change in traditional tactics, [[Tacfarinas]] was defeated in a matter of years.<ref>{{harvp|Campbell|2002|p=53}}</ref>

Tacfarinas' army was ultimately defeated and Tacfarinas himself committed suicide, however his revolts and rebellious efforts should not go unnoticed.<ref name="Raven 61">{{harvp|Raven|1993|p=61}}</ref> The Third Augustan Legion had to master the revolutionary techniques of Tacfarinas' band of robbers and ex-soldiers to succeed in conquering Tacfarinas. The guerrilla warfare strategies that Tacfarinas displays are one of the many ways the Third Augustan Legion had to alter its defense techniques in order to settle rebels throughout North Africa. The Musulamii gang under leadership and control of Tacfarinas was just one example of rebellions that the Legion had to settle, however no army of rebels proved as difficult, incessant, or resilient as the guerrilla army under Tacfarinas.<ref>John H. Hartwell, "Legio III Augusta: A Brief History." Abstract, Tripod. https://hauburn.tripod.com/LegIII.html</ref>

The Third Augustan Legion was responsible for multiple building projects and the enforced the presence of the Roman Empire against rebellions in North Africa for over three hundred years. However, they influenced the frontier in ways other than through expansion and urbanization.<ref name="Livius" /> Militarily, they reformed the structure of the frontier through cultural changes and their mere presence throughout Africa.

However, the legion was self-sufficient in protecting the African provinces for the majority of the time. Most threats that required reinforcements arose in Mauretania, as this was where the Moors were the most dangerous.<ref>{{harvp|Parker|1958|p=165}}</ref> The Third Augustan had around 5000–6000 men with about 10,000–15,000 auxiliary men stationed close by. Almost half of these soldiers were stationed in [[Mauretania Tingitana]]; the rest were positioned based on the military needs of that time.<ref>{{harvp|Cherry|1998|p=53}}</ref> The Emperor Vespasian reunited the legion in a single fortress at [[Theveste]], most likely in 75. In 115 or 120, the Legio III Augusta established their camp at Lambaesis where it remained for two centuries apart from the period 238–253.<ref>{{harvp|Le Bohec|1994|p=175}}</ref>

The legion was disbanded in 238 AD "because of its role in putting down an African-based revolt against the emperor [[Maximinus Thrax|Maximinus]] in favor of the provincial governor Gordianus."<ref>{{harvp|Mattingly|1994|p=55}}</ref> [[Capelianus]] was a legate in the legion and the officer who (mis)used his legion to attack Gordian. For this reason, [[Gordian III]] disbanded the legion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farkas|first=István Gergő|title=The forgotten legion. The legio III Augusta in Raetia|url=https://www.academia.edu/4365069|language=en}}</ref>

In 252, [[Valerian (emperor)|Valerian]] reformed the legion to deal with the "five people groups", a dangerous coalition of Berber tribes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-iii-augusta/|title=Legio III Augusta|website=Livius|access-date=2016-10-16}}</ref> The legion prevailed in 260 but the threat remained, and fortifications of Lambaesis were expanded over the following years. In 289, the struggle began again and the emperor Maximianus took personal control of the legion. The war lasted until 297 at which point the legion was victorious.<ref name="Livius">Livius: ''Articles on Ancient History''. https://www.livius.org/ta-td/tacfarinas/tacfarinas.html</ref>

In the early 4th century, [[Diocletian]] personally put down a rebellious governor and immediately afterward, transferred the Legio III Augusta from Lambaesis to another, unknown base within the region.<ref name="Livius"/> Diocletian often worked with the legion during the period of military anarchy from 235 to 284. He was particularly prolific with his building projects, many of which were in Africa. Most of the projects were aimed at either replacing earlier works destroyed during the period of military anarchy or repairing public improvements, which had been allowed to fall into decay. The Legion was the main labor resource for these projects.<ref>{{harvp|Van Sickle|1930}}</ref> The legion was still mentioned as late as the early 5th century but the actual date of its final disbandment is unknown.<ref name="Livius"/>

==Urbanization==
The Third Augustan Legion was not only a source of protection for the Roman Empire, but also largely responsible for the urbanization of the North African provinces. The Legion was initially stationed in [[Ammaedara]] (modern-day [[Haïdra]]) where they built their first military camp. From there. the legionaries invested part of their time in the construction of roads, bringing with it the expansion of the empire. 

These new connections led to the development of new towns and cities for civilians, camps for the military and even colonies for the veterans. All three were usually distinct from each other, but as time progressed, civilian towns, military camps and veterants colonies tended to merge.

The Legion did not always build up an entire town. Often, civilians assisted in part of the building projects. The most common construction projects soldiers were requested to work on were aqueducts, fortifications and amphitheaters. Typically they were more involved with "monumental projects" rather than "pure architecture."<ref name="Ramsay MacMullen">{{harvp|MacMullen|1959|p=216}}</ref> The legion was therefore no solely a military force but also a corps of engineers and surveyors, which required an advanced mix of skills.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

===Roads===
The first instance of military roads built by the Legio III Augusta happened in 14 AD: It connected their base in Ammaedara, through [[Thelepte]], all the way to the Oasis of Gafsa. Further expansion occurred under the rule of Tiberius with a road from the Oasis of Gafsa to the Oasis of Gabes. Between these two cities, the Legion stopped for rest and created five stations.<ref name="Manton_80_81">{{harvp|Manton|1988|pp=80–81}}</ref>

The Legion sometimes followed the previously existing paved road or hard-packed dirt tracks between Punic or Berber towns, but they mainly created new roads.<ref name="Manton_85">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=85}}</ref> Their construction followed a distinct system. Since these roads were commonly built for the use of military movement, they needed to be kept as straight (for speed of movement) and as safe as possible (Therefore where possible built on higher ground, avoiding valleys). Due to the higher location, some roads were even built with a system to drain water. Calculations estimate that the total length of roads in North Africa during Roman rule reached about 19,300 kilometres.<ref name="Manton_85"/>

Other important roads for the Legio III Augusta included the one linking [[Tébessa|Tebessa]] to the port of [[Hippo Regius]]. Its construction was imperative for more efficient delivery of supplies to the Legion and town. Another was the road from [[Tébessa]] (Tebessa) to [[Carthage]]; both roads were built during [[Vespasian]]'s reign. 

Finally, a road built under [[Trajan]] ran south across the mountains of the Gulf of Syrte. The strategic importance of the road is indicated by the number of forts built along it.<ref name="Manton_85"/>

Some Emperors really encouraged building of roads. One in particular was Hadrian. He was deeply involved with the work of the Legio III Augusta and sought to make sure they were involved in building projects. the advantages of building roads was not restricted to military matters but provided economic incentives positive for the empire: For example, the long roads built in [[Leptis Magna]] helped open up the interior lands. Farmers seized this opportunity to plant more olive groves and therefore more oil was able to be exported to Rome.<ref name="Manton_63">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=63}}</ref>

Once towns began to take in close proximity to military camps, marks of separation were needed. Typically, arches were used to mark on roads (or above them) the distinction between the civilian area and the entrance into the Roman military camp. The ''{{lang|la|Via Septimiana}}''—a road built under the reign of [[Septimius Severus]] in the town of [[Lambaesis]]  - illustrates this with the presence of a Triple Arch, marking the boundary where the Third Augustan Legion was within its military zone.<ref name="A.L. Frothingham_166">{{harvp|Frothingham|1915|p=166}}</ref>

===Aqueducts===
The members of the Third Augustan Legion did not solely consist of military men. The Emperors made an effort to recruit some men that were experts in surveying and the mathematics of construction. There is good evidence of this from emperors [[Augustus]], [[Hadrian]] and [[Trajan]], who all held engineers responsible for both construction and the military.<ref name="MacMullen_214">{{harvp|MacMullen|1959|p=214}}</ref> There were not always many of these talented men in Northern Africa so it was important to train other men for the job. Thus over time the army became a place to learn the technical skills of engineering and surveying. These men would become involved in the construction of the big duties like canals or aqueducts.<ref name="MacMullen_215">{{harvp|MacMullen|1959|p=215}}</ref>

The construction of aqueducts was not an easy job. It was very difficult to make sure all the pipes were level and that the pressure was correct at both ends.<ref name="Manton_87">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=87}}</ref> The surveyor was responsible for calculating all these measurements beforehand and then leaving the directions with the procurator. They would most likely be handed off to an officer known as the ''{{lang|la|mensor}}'', whose position was comparable to that of a contractor, and he was in charge of overseeing the production. His main purpose was to assist in the layout of Roman camps and towns, and he directed the use of measuring instruments. One of the most commonly used devices was a ''{{lang|la|groma}}'' which helped with the measurement of right angles.<ref name="Bromehead_187">{{harvp|Bromehead|1942|p=187}}</ref>

However, the ''{{lang|la|mensor}}'' and the legionaries were not always experts so the accuracy of the ''{{lang|la|groma}}'' only helped to a certain extent. When this happened, surveyors had to be recalled for recalculations. There is a well-preserved inscription depicting this situation in Africa. The surveyor, Nonius Datus, wrote about his encounters with the Third Augustan Legion and how he had carefully surveyed, taken the measures of all the mountains and mapped out the axis for which the tunnel would need to be excavated. This he gave to the procurator. He even gave the information to the contractor to be sure everything was done correctly. As Datus' skills were so widely needed, he had to leave the Legion for four years expecting the construction would go along smoothly without him. The construction did not go according to plan. The legionaries were unable to dig the tunnels at the right measurement causing them to be completely off the intended line. It was up to Datus to fix the situation.<ref name="MacMullen_215"/><ref name="Bromehead 187">Bromehead, 187.</ref>

The surveyors knew how to properly construct these aqueducts. If they stayed to monitor the actual construction, the operation ran successfully. This can be witnessed by the vast number of aqueducts that stood hundreds of years, some of them even thousands. For example, the water springs from Jebel Zaghouan still bring water all the way to Tunis. Historian E. Lennox Manton says, "A large new pipeline takes it through those same conduits in the hills which were originally excavated by the legion."<ref name="Manton_88">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=88}}</ref> Although the pipping system was changed, the original layout is still used.

===The Third Augustan Legion's camp bases===
Augustus officially stationed his Third Legion in 30 BC at Ammaedara which was located in the [[Aures Mountains]]. There they protected the North African provinces for 105 years. Not much remains today, at the exception of ruins of theaters and churches that are quite recognizable. A large military cemetery has been found, most of the tombs being from legionaries. During their time stationed at Ammaedara, the Legion discovered the town of Sbeitla. Many soldiers were recruited from this town. Then in 75 AD the Legion's camp was moved to [[Theveste]] (present day [[Tébessa|Tebessa]]). However, many of the veterans stayed behind and were able to settle in town, several becoming farmers.<ref name="Manton_80_84">{{harvp|Manton|1988|pp=80–84}}</ref>

The move to Theveste in 75 AD was not very far—just a bit west of Ammaedara. They relocated for purely strategic reasons. It was believed that if they moved they would be closer to the enemy—the local tribes who had been uprising often. The Legion was dedicated to its protection so they wanted to make sure they were in the best place possible to do so. They settled the area and built their own town. This town was physically constructed according to the principle of [[Hippodamus]], the grid layout. The few remains in modern time include just a few pieces of architecture: the arch to [[Caracalla]], a temple to [[Minerva]] and ruins of an amphitheater.<ref name="Manton_84_85">{{harvp|Manton|1988|pp=84–85}}</ref> On the arch "medallions of Septimius Severus and [[Julia Domna]] still survive on its faces" and the temple is "…one of the three or four best-preserved temples of the Roman world," says John Ferguson, archaeologist, who explored the area.<ref name="Ferguson_177_178">{{harvp|Ferguson|1966|pp=177–178}}</ref> It is uncertain whether or not the Legion participated in the construction of these buildings, but it is clear that they were once in the town of their home base.{{cn|date=November 2021}}

The Legion was moved a third and final time to station at Lambaesis in 128 AD. Once again this move was for strategic reasons as it was located in the [[Aures Mountains]]. This placement was the optimal location for control over the tribes. Originally they built their camp to be about 220 square yards<ref name="Ferguson_176">{{harvp|Ferguson|1966|p=176}}</ref> following the same grid plan as they did at Theveste. As historian E. Lennox Manton describes the construction, he says it was built "to a rectangular plan with military precision."<ref name="Manton_89">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=89}}</ref> By the middle of the 2nd century, the town grew perhaps to four times its original size.<ref name="Ferguson_176"/>

Throughout their stay at Lambaesis, columns, pillars with rounded niches and statues were all built around the town. They even paved a courtyard that was surrounded by porticos with rooms on three sides. Some of these rooms were just for the military guards and the Commander-in-chief. The fourth side consisted of a basilica.<ref name="Manton_89"/> Probably one of the most "impressive" and "the most dominant memorials of Roman military might"<ref name="Ferguson_176"/> was the praetorium built in Lambaesis. This praetorium served as the house of the commander — most likely the procurator. They also had baths and an amphitheater outside the camp. After some time civilians began to settle close by, but their area was marked off by an arch.<ref name="Ferguson_176"/>

===Veteran towns===
One veteran town from the Third Augustan Legion (and actually other legions in the Empire) was [[Thuburbo Majus]]. Here colonies were arranged granting veterans with, at the most, ¾ an acre of land. Although they were considered retired, these veterans were still involved in the protection of the provinces. Therefore, their colonies were spread out according to the Legion's strategic plan, and members actually guarded the areas. They sometimes built towers or ditches to be even more secure. Regardless of the militaristic constructions in the town, there were still public buildings such as a forum, mosaic floors, baths, churches and temples.<ref name="Manton_91">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=91}}</ref>

Another town founded by [[Nerva]] especially for veterans was [[Djémila|Cuicul (now Djémila)]], "the beautiful" in the 1st century. The Legion also helped protect this town just as in [[Thuburbo Majus]]. The town is located on a hill and the lower part was the original foundation. It was later extended up the hill as more and more commercial activity occurred.<ref name="Manton_94_95">{{harvp|Manton|1988|pp=94–95}}</ref> Originally, at the end of the 1st century, there was a forum built. This later became known as the North Forum because another was built in the 3rd century. The second forum included a temple to Septimius Severus. The staircase in the temple was wonderful, "…the most impressive flight of steps ever to be built to such an edifice in North Africa."<ref name="Manton_96">{{harvp|Manton|1988|p=96}}</ref> There was a paved road that connected the two forums and upon walking, temples, buildings, homes and even the old market area could be seen.<ref name="Ferguson _172">{{harvp|Ferguson|1966|p=172}}</ref> The wealthier veterans were able to construct baths and mosaics around the town. This made the area even more beauteous.

Thamugadi, or modern [[Timgad]], was a town founded for the sole purpose of resettling veterans. Original inhabitants were given a small plot of land inside the city to build on and a small plot of land outside the city to farm. The city grew rapidly, fueled by the security provided by the nearby army camp and the economic prosperity of the mid-2nd century. Over the following generations, crops were sold to [[Rome]] and the economic status of the cities inhabitants shifted; some became wealthy while others remained in comparative poverty. The wealthy were not only able to build better homes for themselves, but also contributed to the town of [[Timgad]] by donating money for public monuments. The presence of a library within the town signifies a high standard of learning and indicates a high level of prosperity within this veteran settlement. Life after the military was apparently not as harsh as life in the military.<ref name="Pfeiffer">{{harvp|Pfeiffer|1931}}</ref> The town's paved streets can still be walked on today, and it is possible to see the numerous public buildings as well. A library, a large theater (seating between 4000–5000 people) and most notably an amazing forum are all still standing. Trajan's arch is also visible. This was built to replace the Lambaesis Gate—a monument built on the street that led to Lambeasis. The town itself was most likely a very clean place. There are many baths throughout, probably close to 12–14.<ref name="Ferguson_174_175">{{harvp|Ferguson|1966|pp=174–175}}</ref>

==Lifestyle and culture==

===Composition of the legion===
Originally, the Legion was composed mainly of Italian soldiers, but by the 3rd century AD the legion was almost entirely of [[Punic]] and [[Ancient Libya|Libyan]] origin. [[Italy]] and [[Gaul]] were hard-pressed to cope with the demand for troops during the 2nd century.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} As a result, the African Legions had to get manpower from eastern and local sources.<ref>{{harvp|Parker|1958|pp=83–84}}</ref>

===Daily life===
The Legio III Augusta built the thirty-nine kilometers of the Lambaesis aqueduct in eight months, and the Legion or its temporary successor kept the roads in repair throughout the period of military anarchy. The Legion built and fortified Lambaesis and a military colony at [[Thamugadi]], which was settled largely by veterans of the legion.<ref>{{harvp|Cherry|1998|p=55}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|MacKendrick|1980|p=43}}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Parker|1958|pp=224–228}}</ref>

===Marriage of soldiers===
As was the case throughout the empire, soldiers of the Third Augustan Legion were forbidden to marry. A mobile army might have been in state of forced celibacy but this was not possible or practical for soldiers in fixed frontier posts. Inscriptions from Lambaesis often mention women companions of soldiers, which indicate that although they did not marry during active duty, they did form relationships with local women.<ref>{{harvp|Garnsey|1970}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Roman legions]]

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Legio III Augusta}}
1. John Hartwell, unlike many other creators of Legion websites, provides an accessible outline of the important facts and figures. Hartwell categorizes the three hundred years into sections that read easily and provide reliable information found from primary sources. https://hauburn.tripod.com/LegIII.html

2. This website provides a chronologically accurate timeline of the Legion. However, the author of this website does not appear to use any primary sources in their bibliography. https://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/iii_augusta.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108153302/http://www.livius.org/le-lh/legio/iii_augusta.html |date=2014-11-08 }}

3. The author provides a basic interpretation and timeline for the events and doings of the Legion, but does not provide a bibliography. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/intro/legion.htm

==References==
{{reflist|21em}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|32em}}
*{{cite journal |last=Bromehead |first=C.&nbsp;E.&nbsp;N. |year=1942 |title=The early history of water supply (continued) |journal=[[The Geographical Journal]] |volume=99 |issue=4 |pages=183–193 |doi=10.2307/1788863 |jstor=1788863 |bibcode=1942GeogJ..99..183B }}
*{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Brian |year=2002 |title=War and Society in Imperial Rome |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge }}
*{{cite book |last=Cherry |first=David |year=1998 |title=Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press }}
*{{cite journal |last=Ferguson |first=John |year=1966 |title=Roman Algeria |journal=[[Greece & Rome]] |series=2nd series |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=169–187 |jstor=642600 |doi=10.1017/s0017383500015503|s2cid=165265980 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Frothingham |first=A.&nbsp;L. |year=1915 |title=The Roman territorial arch |journal=[[American Journal of Archaeology]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=155–174  |doi=10.2307/497176 |jstor=497176 |s2cid=191392502 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Garnsey |first=Peter |year=1970 |title=Septimius Severus and the marriage of soldiers |journal=[[California Studies in Classical Antiquity]] |volume=3 |pages=45–53 |doi=10.2307/25010598 |jstor=25010598 }}
*{{cite journal |last=Ginsburg |first=Michael |year=1940 |title=Roman military clubs and their social functions |journal=[[Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association]] |volume=71 |pages=149–156 |doi=10.2307/283119 |jstor=283119 }}
*{{cite book |last=Le Bohec |first=Yann |author-link=Yann Le Bohec|year=1989 |title=La IIIe Légion Auguste|location=Paris|publisher=CNRS}}
*{{cite book |last=Le Bohec |first=Yann |author-link=Yann Le Bohec|year=1994 |title=The Imperial Roman Army |location=New York, NY |publisher=Hippocrene }}
*{{cite book |last=MacKendrick |first=Paul Lachlan |year=1980 |title=North African Stones Speak |location=Chapel Hill, NC |publisher=University of North Carolina }}
*{{cite journal |last=MacMullen |first=Ramsay |author-link=Ramsay MacMullen|year=1959 |title=Roman Imperial building in the provinces |journal=[[Harvard Studies in Classical Philology]] |volume=64 |pages=207–235 |doi=10.2307/310942 |jstor=310942 }}
*{{cite book |last=Manton |first=E. Lennox |year=1988 |title=Roman North Africa |location=London |publisher=Seaby }}
*{{cite book |last=Mattingly |first=David J. |year=1994 |title=Tripolitania |location=Ann Arbor, MI |publisher=University of Michigan }}
*{{cite book |last=Parker |first=H.&nbsp;M.&nbsp;D. |year=1958 |title=Roman legions |location=Cambridge |publisher=Heffer, Barnes and Noble }}
*{{cite journal |last=Pfeiffer |first=Homer F. |year=1931 |title=The Roman library at Timgad |journal=[[Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome]] |volume=9 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.2307/4238558 |jstor=4238558 }}
*{{cite book |last=Raven |first=Susan |year=1993 |title=Rome in Africa |location=New York, NY |publisher=Routledge }}
*{{cite journal |last=Van Sickle |first=C.&nbsp;E. |year=1930 |title=The public works of Africa in the reign of Diocletian |journal=[[Classical Philology (journal)|Classical Philology]] |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=173–179 |jstor=262712 |doi=10.1086/361227|s2cid=224795672 }}
*{{cite book |author=Tacitus |year=1864–1877 |title=The Works of Tacitus |others=Translated by Alfred John Church & William Jackson Brodribb }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.persee.fr/doc/etaf_0768-2352_1989_mon_1_1 La Troisième Légion Auguste]

{{Roman Legion|}}

[[Category:Roman legions|03 Augusta]]
[[Category:40s BC establishments]]
[[Category:43 BC]]
[[Category:Comitatenses|03 Augusta]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC]]