View source for Lelang Commandery

{{short description|One of the Four Commanderies of the Han dynasty in Korea}}
{{Redirect|Lelang|the noblewoman|Princess Lelang|the area of Bangladesh|Lelang Union|the Swedish lake|Lelång Lake}}
{{Distinguish|Joseph Lelang}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|t={{linktext|樂|浪|郡}}
|s={{linktext|乐|浪|郡}}
|p=Lèlàng Jùn
|hanja={{linktext|樂|浪|郡}}
|hangul=낙랑군 ([[South Korea|S]])<br />락랑군 ([[North Korea|N]])
|mr=Nangnang-kun (S)<br />Rangnang-kun (N)
|rr=Nangnang-gun (S)<br />Rangnang-gun (N)
|kanji=楽浪郡
|hiragana=らくろうぐん
|romaji=Rakurō-gun
}}
[[File:Hyondo-rom.png|thumb|260px|Lelang Commandery(Yellow)]]

The '''Lelang Commandery''' was a [[Commandery (China)|commandery]] of the [[Han dynasty]] established after it had conquered [[Wiman Joseon]] in 108 BC and lasted until [[Goguryeo]] conquered it in 313.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Atlas of the Classical World, 500 BC--AD 600|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOzKGAAACAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-1973-2|page=2.25}}</ref> The Lelang Commandery extended the rule of the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] as far south as the [[Han River (Korea)|Han River]] in present-day [[South Korea]].<ref>Carter J. Eckert, el., "Korea, Old and New: History", 1990, pp. 13</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html |title=Early Korea |access-date=2015-06-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150625032709/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html |archive-date=2015-06-25 }}</ref> South Korean scholars have described its administrative areas as being limited to the [[Pyongan]] and [[Hwanghae]] regions, whose southern bounds lie roughly 75 miles north of the Han River.<ref>[[Yi Pyong-do]], 《The studies of the Korean history》 Part 2, Researches of problems of the Han commanderies, PYbook, 1976, 148 p</ref>

== History ==
===Han dynasty===
[[File:Pantings on Lacquar Basket Lo-lang.jpg|thumb|260px|A scene of historic paragons of [[filial piety]], Chinese painted artwork on a [[Lacquerware|lacquered]] basketwork box, excavated from an Eastern-Han tomb in Lelang Commandery.]]
In 108 BC, [[Emperor Wu of Han|Emperor Wu]] of the [[Han dynasty]] conquered the area under [[Ugeo of Gojoseon|King Ugeo]], a grandson of [[Wiman of Gojoseon|King Wiman]]. The Emperor set up Lelang, [[Lintun Commandery|Lintun]], [[Xuantu Commandery|Xuantu]] and [[Zhenfan Commandery|Zhenfan]], known as the [[Four Commanderies of Han]] in the northern [[Korean peninsula]] and [[Liaodong peninsula]]. The ''[[Book of Han]]'' records Lelang belonged to [[Youzhou]], located in northwestern [[Old Chosŏn|Gojoseon]] consisted of 25 [[prefecture]]s, 62,812 houses, and the population was 406,748.<ref>前漢書卷二十八地理志第八 "樂浪郡，武帝元封三年開。莽曰樂鮮。屬幽州。戶六萬二千八百一十二，口四十萬六千七百四十八。有雲鄣。縣二十五：朝鮮，讑邯，浿水，水西至增地入海。" [[:s:zh:漢書/卷028下|Wikisource: the Book of Han, volume 28-2]]</ref>{{sfn|Barnes|2001|p=40}} Its capital, then the prefecture of Joseon (朝鮮縣, 조선현), was located at modern [[Pyongyang|P'yŏngyang]]. ([[Rakrang-guyok|Rakrang]] 樂浪/락랑, a district in central P'yŏngyang today, is named after Lelang.)<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bHkI4cEc1QC&q=chinese+official's+tombs+dotted+around+modern+pyongyang+contained+paintings&pg=PA8|title=BRADT TRAVEL GUIDE NORTH KOREA, THE|author=ROBERT WILLOUGHBY|year=2008|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-219-4|page=7|access-date=2011-01-09}}</ref>

After Emperor Wu's death, Zhenfan and Lintun were abolished and Xuantu was moved to [[Liaodong]]. Some prefectures of the abolished commanderies were incorporated into Lelang. Lelang after the consolidation is sometimes called "Greater Lelang commandery". Since Lelang became too large, the Defender of the Southern Section (南部都尉) was set up to rule the seven prefectures which formerly belonged to Zhenfan. Before that, the Defender of the Eastern Section (東部都尉) was set up to rule former Lintun's seven prefectures.

Immigrants mainly from [[Yan (state)|Yan]] and [[Qi (state)|Qi]] settled in the former [[Old Chosŏn|Gojoseon]] lands and brought with them [[Chinese culture]]. Among them, the Wang clan, whose ancestor is said to have fled there from Qi in the 2nd century BC, became powerful.

While the Han dynasty was taken over by [[Wang Mang]], Wang Tiao (王調) started a rebellion and tried to secede from China. In 30 AD, the rebellion was stopped by Wang Zun (王遵), whom [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guangwu]] appointed as governor. The Han dynasty reasserted its authority over Lelang in the late 1st and 2nd centuries.{{sfn|Barnes|2001|p=40}} However, the shortage of human resources caused by the turmoil resulted in the abolishment of the seven eastern prefectures. The administration was left to the [[Eastern Ye|Dongye]] natives, whose chiefs were conferred as marquises.

At the end of the [[Eastern Han dynasty]], [[Gongsun Du]], appointed as the Governor of [[Liaodong]] in 184, extended his semi-independent domain to the Lelang and Xuantu commanderies. His son [[Gongsun Kang]] separated the southern half from the Lelang commandery and established the [[Daifang commandery]] sometime between 204 and 220.{{sfn|Barnes|2001|p=40}} As a result, the Lelang commandery reverted to its original size.

===Cao Wei===
In 236, under the order of [[Cao Rui|Emperor Ming]] of [[Cao Wei]], [[Sima Yi]] [[Sima Yi's Liaodong campaign|crushed the Gongsun family]] and annexed Liaodong, Lelang and Daifang to Wei. Sima Yi did not encourage frontier settlers to continue their livelihoods in the Chinese northeast and instead ordered households who wished to return to coastal and central China to do so, evacuating the region of Chinese settlers. The [[Book of Jin|''Jin Shu'']] records the number of households in the Korean commanderies of Lelang and Daifeng as 8,600 households, less than a sixth of the figures given in the [[Book of the Later Han|''Hou Han Shu'']] for Lelang (which included Daifeng). Liaodong would be out of Chinese hands for centuries due to the lack of Chinese presence there as a result of the policies the Wei court adopted for the commanderies after the fall of the Gongsun family.<ref>Gardiner, K.H.J. "The Kung-sun Warlords of Liao-tung (189–238)". Papers on Far Eastern History 5 (Canberra, March 1972), p. 173</ref>

===Jin dynasty===
Lelang was then inherited by the Jin dynasty. Due to bitter civil wars, Jin was unable to control its holdings within the northern section of the Korean peninsula at the beginning of the 4th century and was no longer able to dispatch officials to the frontier commanderies, which were maintained by the dwindling local population of remaining Han Chinese residents. The ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'' states that Zhang Tong (張統) of Liaodong, Wang Zun (王遵) of Lelang and over one thousand households decided to break away from Jin and submit to the [[Xianbei]] warlord of [[Former Yan]] [[Murong Hui]]. Murong Hui relocated the remnants of the commandery to the west within Liaodong. [[Goguryeo]] under [[Micheon of Goguryeo|King Micheon]] annexed the former territory of Lelang in 313, ending Chinese rule over any part of the Korean peninsula. After Lelang's fall, some commandery residents may have fled south to the indigenous Han polities there, bringing with them their culture that spread to the southern part of the Korean peninsula. With the collapse of the commanderies after four centuries of Chinese rule, Goguryeo and the native polities in the south that became [[Baekje]] and [[Silla]] began to grow and develop rapidly, heavily influenced by the culture of the [[Four Commanderies of Han]].<ref>Kwon, O-Jung. "The History of Lelang Commandery". ''The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History'' (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2013), p.96-98</ref>{{sfn|Barnes|2001|p=46}}

Goguryeo absorbed much of what was left of Lelang through its infrastructure, economy, local inhabitants, and advanced culture. Unable to govern the region directly and form a new political center immediately, Goguryeo began to consolidate authority by replacing previous government administrators with its own appointed officials, mostly refugees and exiles from China, the most famous being Dong Shou (冬壽) who was entombed at [[Anak Tomb No. 3]], overtly retaining the previous administrative system of Lelang. In 334 Goguryeo established the fortress and city of Pyongyang-song within the center of the former commandery. Towards the end of the 4th century, in order to focus on the growing threat of [[Baekje]] and having checked the power of [[Former Yan]] in Liaodong, Goguryeo began to actively strengthen and govern the city. In 427 Goguryeo moved its capital to [[Pyongyang]] from its former capital of [[Ji'an, Jilin|Ji'an]] as the new political center of the kingdom in order to administer its territories more effectively.<ref>Yeo, Hokyu. "The Fall of the Lelang and Daifang Commanderies". ''The Han Commanderies in Early Korean History'' (Cambridge: Harvard University, 2013), p. 191-216</ref>

== Historical revisionism ==
{{see also|Nakrang Kingdom}}
In the [[North Korea]]n academic community and some parts of the [[South Korea]]n academic community, the [[Han dynasty]]'s rule in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula has been denied. Proponents of this revisionist theory claim that the Lelang Commandery actually existed outside of the Korean Peninsula, and place them somewhere on the [[Liaodong Peninsula]] instead.<ref>
*{{Cite book|date=2015-12-24 |title=매국사학의 몸통들아, 공개토론장으로 나와라! |publisher=[[ngonews]] |url=http://www.ngo-news.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=82015 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919142317/http://www.ngo-news.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=82015 |archive-date=2016-09-19 }}
*{{Cite book|date=2016-08-21 |title=요서 vs 평양… 한무제가 세운 낙랑군 위치 놓고 열띤 토론 |publisher=[[Segye Ilbo]] |url=http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/08/21/20160821001406.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413160938/http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/08/21/20160821001406.html |archive-date=2017-04-13 }}
*{{Cite book|date=2016-08-22 |title="갈석산 동쪽 요서도 고조선 땅" vs "고고학 증거와 불일치" |publisher=[[The Dong-a Ilbo]] |url=http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=020&aid=0002997608 |access-date=2017-04-14 }}</ref>

The characterization of Japanese historical and archaeological findings in Korea as imperialist forgeries owes in part to those scholars' discovery of the Lelang Commandery&mdash;by which the Han dynasty administered territory near Pyongyang&mdash;and insistence that this Chinese commandery had a major impact on the development of Korean culture.<ref name="Pai127">{{citation|title=Constructing "Korean" Origins: A Critical Review of Archaeology, Historiography, and Racial Myth in Korean State Formation Theories|first=Hyung Il|last=Pai|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|pages=127–129|year=2000}}</ref> Until the North Korean challenge, it was universally accepted that Lelang was a commandery established by [[Emperor Wu of Han]] after he [[Gojoseon–Han War|defeated Gojoseon]] in 108 BCE.<ref name="Ch'oe 1980 23–25">{{citation|title=An Outline History of Korean Historiography|first=Yŏng-ho|last=Ch'oe|journal=Korean Studies|volume=4|year=1980|pages=23–25|doi=10.1353/ks.1980.0003|s2cid=162859304}}</ref> To deal with the Han dynasty tombs, North Korean scholars have reinterpreted them as the remains of Gojoseon or Goguryeo.<ref name="Pai127"/> For those artifacts that bear undeniable similarities to those found in Han China, they propose that they were introduced through trade and international contact, or were forgeries, and "should not by any means be construed as a basis to deny the Korean characteristics of the artifacts".<ref>{{citation|title=An Outline History of Korean Historiography|first=Yŏng-ho|last=Ch'oe|journal=Korean Studies|volume=4|year=1980|page=509|doi=10.1353/ks.1980.0003|s2cid=162859304}}</ref> The North Koreans also say that there were two Lelangs, and that the Han actually administered a Lelang on the [[Liao River]] on the [[Liaodong peninsula]], while Pyongyang was an "independent Korean state" of Lelang, which existed between the 2nd century BCE until the 3rd century CE.<ref name="Ch'oe 1980 23–25"/><ref>{{citation|title=Centering the Periphery: Manchurian Exile(s) and the North Korean State|first=Charles K.|last=Armstrong|journal=Korean Studies|volume=19|year=1995|pages=11–12|doi=10.1353/ks.1995.0017|s2cid=154659765|url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/download/fedora_content/download/ac:168680/CONTENT/19.armstrong.pdf}}</ref> The traditional view of Lelang, according to them, was expanded by Chinese chauvinists and Japanese imperialists.<ref name="Ch'oe 1980 23–25"/>

These hypotheses are considered authoritative in the North Korean academic community, which is supported by some historians in South Korea, but this theory is not recognized at all in the academic circles of the [[United States]], [[China]] and [[Japan]].<ref group="note">
*{{cite book|last=United States Congress|title=North Korea: A Country Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA6|year=2016|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1590334430|page=6}}
:"Han Chinese built four commanderies, or local military units, to rule the peninsula as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lolang (Nangnang in Korean), near present-day P'yongyang. It is illustrative of the relentlessly different historiography practiced in North Korea and South Korea, as well as both countries' dubious projection backward of Korean nationalism, that North Korean historians denied that the Lolang district was centered in Korea and placed it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing."
*{{cite book|last=Connor|first=Edgar V.|title=Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background|year=2003|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|isbn=978-1590334430|page=112}}
:"They place it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing, in order to de- emphasize China's influence on ancient Korean history."
*{{cite book|last=Kim|first=Jinwung|title=A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA18|year=2012 |publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0253000248|page=18}}
:"Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn, the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria."
*{{cite book|last=Hyung|first=Hyung Il|title=Constructing "Korean" Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA129|year=2000 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674002449|page=129}}
:"When material evidence from the Han commandery site excavated during the colonial period began to be reinterpreted by Korean nationalist historians as the first full-fledged "foreign" occupation in Korean history, Lelang's location in the heart of the Korean peninsula became particularly irksome because the finds seemed to verify Japanese colonial theories concerning the dependency of Korean civilization on China."
*{{cite book|last=Hyung|first=Hyung Il|title=Constructing "Korean" Origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA128|year=2000 |publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674002449|page=128}}
:"At present, the site of Lelang and surrounding ancient Han Chinese remains are situated in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Although North Korean scholars have continued to excavate Han dynasty tombs in the postwar period, they have interpreted them as manifestations of the Kochoson or the Koguryo kingdom."
*{{cite book|last=Lee|first=Peter H.|title=Sourcebook of Korean Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA227|year=1993|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0231079129|page=227}}
:"But when Emperor Wu conquered Choson, all the small barbarian tribes in the northeastern region were incorporated into the established Han commanderies because of the overwhelming military might of Han China."
</ref> The majority of Korean scholars from the [[Goryeo]] and [[Joseon]] dynasties considered the location of Lelang county somewhere around today's Pyongyang area based on the Korean history record [[Samguk sagi|''Samguk sagi'']] which referred to the Chinese records on the Han commandries. However, [[Pak Chiwŏn (philosopher)|Pak Chiwŏn]], a [[Silhak]] scholar who visited [[Qing dynasty]] in 1780, claimed that the location of commanderies were in [[Liaodong]] area in his [[The Jehol Diary|''The Jehol Diary'']].<ref>{{cite web |script-title=zh: 熱河日記 卷一 渡江錄 |trans-title=The Jehol Diary Chapter 1. Dogangnok - 高氏境土之在遼東者。唐雖得之。不能有而復歸之高氏。則平壤本在遼東。或爲寄名與浿水。時有前郤耳。漢樂浪郡治在遼東者。非今平壤 |url= https://zh.m.wikisource.org/zh/%E7%86%B1%E6%B2%B3%E6%97%A5%E8%A8%98/%E5%8D%B701 |website=Wiki E-text }}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The source is in Classical Chinese, which requires specialized knowledge to understand even for a native Chinese. No secondary source is provided either.|date=August 2021}} Ri Ji Rin (Lee Ji Rin), a North Korean historian who obtained his Ph.D. in history from [[Peking University]] in China, suggests in ''Research on Ancient Korea'' that based on the initial records of Chinese texts and archaeological findings in [[Liaodong]] area, the Han commanderies were located in [[Liaodong Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite web |title=CHINA'S IMPACT ON KOREAN PENINSULA UNIFICATION AND QUESTIONS FOR THE SENATE |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CPRT-112SPRT77566/html/CPRT-112SPRT77566.htm |website=U S Government Information}}</ref> South Korean historian Yoon, Nae-Hyun also suggests that the Han commanderies were not in Korean peninsula, claiming that there is no archaeological evidence.<ref>True Understanding of Old Choson." Korea Journal 27:12 (December 1987): 23-40</ref>

== Maps ==
<gallery>
File:Hangunhyeon.PNG|Four Commanderies of Han with [[Jin (Korean state)|Jin]] in 106 BCE
File:Ancient Korea Taihougun.png|Four Commanderies of Han in 3 CE
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Daifang commandery]]
*[[Canghai Commandery]]
*[[Nakrang Kingdom]]
*[[Protectorate General to Pacify the East]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{citation|last=Barnes|first=Gina L.|year=2001|title=State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives|publisher=Routledge}}

{{Four Commanderies of Han}}
{{Han dynasty provinces}}

[[Category:100s BC establishments]]
[[Category:Cao Wei]]
[[Category:Commanderies of the Jin dynasty (266–420)]]
[[Category:Former Yan]]
[[Category:Four Commanderies of Han]]