View source for Levi P. Morton

{{Short description|Vice President of the United States from 1889 to 1893}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Levi P. Morton
| image               = Levi P. Morton (U.S. Vice president 1889-1893) (cropped).jpg
| caption             = Morton {{circa|1889}}
| office              = 22nd [[Vice President of the United States]]
| president           = [[Benjamin Harrison]]
| term_start          = March 4, 1889
| term_end            = March 4, 1893
| predecessor         = [[Thomas A. Hendricks]] 
| successor           = [[Adlai Stevenson I]]
| order1              = 31st
| office1             = Governor of New York
| lieutenant1         = [[Charles T. Saxton]]
| term_start1         = January 1, 1895
| term_end1           = December 31, 1896
| predecessor1        = [[Roswell P. Flower]]
| successor1          = [[Frank S. Black]]
| office2             = 25th [[United States Ambassador to France|United States Minister to France]]
| term_start2         = August 5, 1881
| term_end2           = May 14, 1885
| president2          = [[James A. Garfield]]<br>[[Chester A. Arthur]]<br>[[Grover Cleveland]]
| predecessor2        = [[Edward Follansbee Noyes]]
| successor2          = [[Robert Milligan McLane]]
| state3              = [[New York (state)|New York]]
| district3           = {{ushr|NY|11|11th}}
| term_start3         = March 4, 1879
| term_end3           = March 21, 1881
| predecessor3        = [[Benjamin A. Willis]]
| successor3          = [[Roswell P. Flower]]
| birth_name          = Levi Parsons Morton
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1824|5|16}}
| birth_place         = [[Shoreham, Vermont]], U.S.
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1920|5|16|1824|5|16}}
| death_place         = [[Rhinebeck, New York]], U.S.
| resting_place       = Rhinebeck Cemetery, [[Rhinebeck, New York]]
| party               = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Lucy Young Kimball |October 15, 1856|July 11, 1871|end=died}}
* {{marriage|[[Anna Morton|Anna Livingston Reade Street]] |February 12, 1873|August 14, 1918|end=died}}
}}
| children            = 7
| relatives           = [[Daniel O. Morton]] (brother)<br>[[William Morton Grinnell]] (nephew)
| profession          = Investment banker
| signature           = Levi P Morton-2 Signature.svg
| signature_alt       = Cursive signature in ink
}}
'''Levi Parsons Morton''' (May 16, 1824 – May 16, 1920) was the 22nd [[vice president of the United States]] from 1889 to 1893. He also served as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to France|United States ambassador to France]], as a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. representative]] from [[New York (state)|New York]], and as the thirty-first [[governor of New York]].

The son of a [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] minister, Morton was born in [[Vermont]] and educated at public schools in Vermont and [[Massachusetts]]. He trained for a business career by clerking in stores and working in mercantile establishments in Massachusetts and [[New Hampshire]]. After relocating to New York City, Morton became a successful merchant, cotton broker, and investment banker.

Active in politics as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]], Morton was an ally of [[Roscoe Conkling]]. He was twice elected to the [[United States House of Representatives]], and he served one full term, and one partial one (March 4, 1879 – March 21, 1881). In 1880, Republican presidential nominee [[James A. Garfield]] offered Morton the vice presidential nomination in an effort to win over Conkling loyalists who were disappointed that their choice for president, [[Ulysses S. Grant]], had lost the Republican nomination to Garfield. Conkling advised Morton to decline, which he did. Garfield then offered the vice presidential nomination to another Conkling ally, [[Chester A. Arthur]], who accepted.

After Garfield and Arthur were elected, Garfield nominated Morton to be [[United States Ambassador to France|Minister Plenipotentiary to France]], and Morton served in Paris until 1885. In 1888, Morton was nominated for vice president on the Republican ticket with presidential nominee [[Benjamin Harrison]]; they were elected, and Morton served as vice president from 1889 to 1893. In 1894, Morton was the successful Republican nominee for [[governor of New York]], and he served one term,&nbsp;1895 to 1896. In retirement, Morton resided in New York City and [[Rhinebeck, New York]]. He died from [[pneumonia]] on [[Birthday effect|his 96th birthday]] in 1920, and was buried at Rhinebeck Cemetery.

==Early life==
Morton was born in [[Shoreham, Vermont]], on May 16, 1824, one of six children born to the Reverend Daniel Oliver Morton, a [[Congregationalism in the United States|Congregational]] minister, and Lucretia Parsons.<ref name="Emery1893">{{cite book |last1=Emery |first1=Samuel Hopkins |title=History of Taunton, Massachusetts: From Its Settlement to the Present Time |date=1893 |publisher=D. Mason & Company |pages=62–65 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4602987&view=2up&seq=984&size=150 |via=[[HathiTrust]] |access-date=May 14, 2019}}</ref> Morton was of entirely English ancestry, all of his immigrant ancestors came to North America from England during the [[Puritan migration to New England (1620–1640)|Puritan migration to New England]].<ref>Memoranda relating to the ancestry and family of Hon. Levi Parsons Morton, vice-president of the United States (1889–1893)</ref> His paternal ancestors included Captain [[Nathaniel Morton]] of [[Plymouth Colony]].<ref>The Mayflower Descendant: Volume 27 1925 – Page 136; George W. Bowman</ref> Morton was named for his mother's brother Reverend Levi Parsons (1792–1822), a clergyman who was also the first U.S. missionary to work in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref name=Red_Book>{{cite book |last=Murlin |first=Edgar L. |date=1897 |title=The New York Red Book |url=https://archive.org/details/newyorkredbook00unkngoog |location=Albany, N.Y. |publisher=James B. Lyon |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newyorkredbook00unkngoog/page/n39 85]-90}}</ref>  His older brother, [[Daniel O. Morton|Daniel Oliver Morton]], served as the [[List of mayors of Toledo, Ohio|Mayor of Toledo, Ohio]], from 1849 to 1850.<ref>{{cite web |title=Partial Genealogy of the Mortons of New York, Plymouth, and Ohio |url=http://www.politicalfamilytree.com/samples%20content/members/PDF%20Content/Morton-NY-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.politicalfamilytree.com/samples%20content/members/PDF%20Content/Morton-NY-1.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live}}</ref>  His younger sister, Mary Morton, was married to William F. Grinnell, and was the mother of [[William Morton Grinnell]], who served as the [[Third Assistant Secretary of State]] while Morton was vice president.<ref name="Harvard1912">{{cite book |last1=of 1880 |first1=Harvard College (1780-) Class |title=Harvard College Class of 1880 Secretary's Report |date=1912 |publisher=Plimpton Press |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WLcnAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA55 |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>

Morton's family moved to [[Springfield, Vermont]], in 1832, when his father became the minister of the Congregational church there.<ref name="Hubbard">{{cite book |last1= Hubbard |first1=C. Horace |last2=Dartt |first2=Justus |date=1895 |title=History of the Town of Springfield, Vermont |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YulHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA75 |location=Boston |publisher=Geo H. Walker & Co. |page=75 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Rev. Morton headed the congregation during the construction of the brick colonial revival-style church on Main Street that is still in use.<ref name="Hubbard"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/ec265cfa-b84e-420c-ae3c-a646c6a48175 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory: Springfield Downtown Historic District |last=National Park Service |date=July 14, 1983 |website=NPS.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=May 14, 2020 |page=14}}</ref> Levi Morton was considered by his Springfield peers to be a "leader in all affairs in which schoolboys usually engage."<ref name="Hubbard"/>{{rp|40, 75, 236}} The Morton family later moved to [[Winchendon, Massachusetts]], where Reverend Morton continued to serve as a church pastor.<ref name="Red_Book"/> In 1838, Levi Morton graduated from the academy in Shoreham, Vermont.<ref name="Brown">{{cite book |last1=Brown |first1=Roscoe C. E. |last2=Smith |first2=Ray B. |date=1922 |title=Political and Governmental History of the State of New York |volume=III |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlCb3BCZqvkC&pg=PA408 |location=Syracuse Press |publisher=Syracuse, N.Y. |page=408 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>{{rp|408}}

==Career==
===Businessman===
Morton decided on a business career, and in 1838 he began work as a [[general store]] clerk in [[Enfield, Massachusetts]].<ref name="Red_Book"/> He taught school in [[Boscawen, New Hampshire]], and engaged in mercantile pursuits in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], then moved to [[Boston]] to work in the Beebe & Co. importing business.<ref name="Red_Book"/> He eventually settled in New York City, where he entered the [[dry goods]] business in partnership with [[George Blake Grinnell]] and became a successful cotton broker.<ref name="Red_Book"/> He then established himself as one of the country's top investment bankers in a firm he founded, Morton, Bliss & Co., which was later reorganized as the Morton Trust Company.<ref name="Red_Book"/>

During the [[American Civil War]], Morton supported the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Unable to obtain cotton from the southern states because of the Union blockade, Morton suspended his cotton business for the duration of the conflict.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> After the war, Morton and his British partner, [[Sir John Rose, 1st Baronet|Sir John Rose]], recovered their financial positions and improved their political fortunes by using their contacts to assist the United States and England to settle the [[Alabama Claims|''Alabama'' Claims]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> When England agreed to pay a $15 million settlement (about $307 million in 2020), Morton's bank was chosen to facilitate payments to claimants in the United States.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

In addition to operating Morton, Bliss & Co., Morton was active in several other businesses. These included the board of directors of the New York Viaduct Railway Company,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=July 15, 1871 |title=The New-York Viaduct Railway Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mp5GAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA84-IA4 |magazine=[[Appletons' Journal]] |location=New York |publisher=D. Appleton & Company |page=iv |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Guaranty Trust Company,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 1910 |title=The Trust Company Merger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fg5HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA50 |magazine=Trust Companies |location=New York |pages=49–50 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Washington Life Insurance Company,<ref>{{cite book |date=1889 |title=The Washington Life Insurance Company: Historical, Actuarial and Medical Statistics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dGsaAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 |location=New York |publisher=Washington Life Insurance Company |page=7 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Home Insurance Company,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 1905 |title=Strong Statement of the Home Insurance Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQEwYSB5xeoC&pg=PA14 |magazine=The Insurance Age |location=New York |publisher=Matthew Griffin |page=14 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and [[Equitable Holdings|Equitable Life Assurance Society]].<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1909 |title=Equitable Life Assurance Society |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ1EAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA216 |magazine=The Insurance Year Book |location=New York |publisher=The Spectator Company |page=216 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In addition, he was an investor in numerous ventures, including the [[Mexico North Western Railway|Rio Grande, Sierra Madre & Pacific Railway]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Powell |first=Fred Wilbur |date=1921 |title=The Railroads of Mexico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nj8aAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA157 |location=Boston |publisher=The Stratford Co. |page=157 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Virginia Iron, Coal & Coke Company,<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 30, 1902 |title=Virginia Iron, Coal and Coke Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XggAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA8-PA17 |magazine=The Age of Steel |location=St. Louis |publisher=Journal of Commerce Co. |page=17 |via=[[Google Books]] }}</ref> and Intercontinental Rubber Company.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=August 1910 |title=Intercontinental Rubber Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dncpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA179 |magazine=The Ticker and Investment Digest |location=New York |publisher=Ticker Publishing Company |page=179 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Morton also maintained a farm on his estate, where he raised prizewinning horses and cattle.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=November 5, 1892 |title=Vice-President Morton's Farm |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cQznAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA431 |magazine=[[The Illustrated American]] |location=New York |publisher=The Illustrated American Publishing Company |page=431 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

In 1909, Morton received an offer from [[J. P. Morgan]] to merge the Morton company with the [[J.P. Morgan & Co.#Morgan Guaranty Trust|Morgan Guaranty Trust Company]].<ref name="SenateHistorian">{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/about/officers-staff/vice-president/morton-levi.htm |title=Levi Parsons Morton, 22nd Vice President (1889–1893) |last=Historian of the United States Senate |website=Senate.gov |publisher=U.S. Senate |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=May 15, 2020}}</ref> He accepted, after which he retired from most business pursuits.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

===Republican activist===
Active in politics as a Republican, in 1876, Morton was named finance chairman for the [[Republican National Committee]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Also in 1876, Morton was an unsuccessful candidate for election to the [[45th United States Congress|45th Congress]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> In recognition of his service to the party, President [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] appointed Morton as an honorary commissioner to the [[Paris Exhibition of 1878]].<ref name="LPMbioguide">{{cite book |editor1-last=Dodge |editor1-first=Andrew R. |editor2-last=Koed |editor2-first=Betty K. |date=2005 |title=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774-2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v9MBIctdjjkC&pg=PA1626 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |page=1626 |isbn=978-0-16-073176-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

===Civic leader===
Morton was involved in many civic and charitable causes. In 1883, he was one of the founders of the [[Metropolitan Opera]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Hood |first=Clifton |date=2017 |title=In Pursuit of Privilege |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9obDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA237 |location=New York |publisher=Columbia University Press |page=237 |isbn=978-0-231-54295-1}}</ref> In 1886, he was appointed to the [[Hobart and William Smith Colleges|Hobart College]] board of trustees.<ref name="Regents">{{cite book |last=Pierson |first=Henry R., Chancellor |author-link=Henry R. Pierson |date=1889 |title=Report of the Regents of the University of the State of New York |volume=102 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5kwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA462 |location=Albany, N.Y. |publisher=Troy Press Company |page=462 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> He served for several years, including a term as chairman of the board.<ref name="Regents"/> He also served on the board of trustees of the [[American Museum of Natural History]].<ref>{{cite book |last=AMNH Board of Trustees |date=1890 |title=Annual Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hcRqgF9fUAEC&pg=PA3 |location=New York |publisher=Press of Wm. C. Martin |page=3 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

===Member of Congress===
[[File:Levi Morton - Brady-Handy portrait - standard crop.jpg|thumb|Brady-Handy photo, {{Circa|1876}}]]
Identified with the [[Stalwart (politics)|Stalwart]] faction of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] led by [[Roscoe Conkling]], in 1878 Morton was elected to represent [[Manhattan]] in the [[46th United States Congress|46th Congress]].<ref name="Red_Book"/>  He was reelected to the [[47th United States Congress|47th Congress]] in 1880, and served from March 4, 1879, until his resignation on March 21, 1881.<ref name="Red_Book"/> During Morton's House tenure, he served as a member of the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Foreign Relations Committee]].<ref name=Miller_Center>{{cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/bharrison/essays/morton-1889-vicepresident |last=Miller Center: U.S. Presidents |title= Levi P. Morton |date=2019 |website=US Presidents: Benjamin Harrison |publisher=University of Virginia |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref> On the currency issue, which dominated discussions of [[Economic history of the United States|U.S. economic policy]] for several decades, Morton consistently advocated for the [[gold standard]].<ref name=Miller_Center/>

The [[1880 Republican National Convention]] was dominated by "[[Half-Breeds (politics)|Half-Breed]]" supporters of [[James G. Blaine]] and Stalwart supporters of [[Ulysses S. Grant]] for the presidential nomination.<ref name=Doenecke>{{cite web |url=https://millercenter.org/president/garfield/campaigns-and-elections |title=Campaigns and Elections |last=Doenecke |first=Justus |date=2019 |website=U.S. Presidents: James A. Garfield |publisher=University of Virginia |location=Charlottesville, Virginia |access-date=May 18, 2020}}</ref>  [[James A. Garfield]], who was not affiliated with either faction, but was a friend of Blaine, won the nomination<ref name="Doenecke"/> and attempted to win over Stalwarts by asking Morton to be his vice presidential running mate.<ref name=Miller_Center/>  Conkling, who had managed Grant's campaign, advised Morton to decline, which Morton did.<ref name="Miller_Center"/> Garfield's supporters then turned to [[Chester A. Arthur]], a fellow Stalwart and close Conkling friend.<ref name="Doenecke"/> Conkling also advised Arthur to decline, but Arthur accepted; Garfield and he were narrowly elected over their Democratic opponents.<ref name="Doenecke"/>

===Minister to France===
During the 1880 campaign, Morton and other Stalwarts believed that Garfield had committed to appoint Morton as [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> After Garfield won, they were incensed when he claimed he had never made such a promise.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> As a consolation, Garfield offered Morton appointment as [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Morton initially accepted, but then declined after Conkling advised him to turn it down.<ref name="Red_Book"/><ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

After Morton declined to join the cabinet, Garfield appointed him as [[List of ambassadors of the United States to France|Minister to France]].<ref name="Red_Book"/><ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Morton accepted, and served from 1881 to 1885, continuing in office after Garfield was assassinated and Arthur became president.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

Morton was very popular in France.<ref name="Red_Book"/> He helped commercial relations between the two countries run smoothly during his term, and in Paris on October 24, 1881, he placed the first rivet in the construction of the [[Statue of Liberty]].<ref name="Red_Book"/> After completion of the statue, he accepted it on behalf of the United States in a ceremony on July 4, 1884, when he signed an agreement with the Union Franco Americaine, the organization formed in France to finance the creation of the statue.<ref>{{cite book |last=U.S. House of Representatives |date=1885 |title=Executive Documents of the House of Representatives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a4IZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA159 |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |pages=159–160 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

=== U.S. Senate candidate===
[[File:Levi Parsons Morson (U.S. Vice President, 1889-1893).jpg|thumb|left|Carte-de-visite photo, {{circa}} 1882]]
After returning to the United States, Morton was a candidate for [[1885 United States Senate election in New York|U.S. Senator in 1885]].<ref name="Red_Book"/>  He lost the Republican nomination to [[William M. Evarts]], who went on to win election by the full New York State Legislature.<ref name="Red_Book"/>  He was again a candidate [[1887 United States Senate election in New York|in 1887]].<ref name="Red_Book"/>  Republicans controlled the legislature, meaning their nominee would win the election.<ref name="Red_Book"/> Incumbent [[Warner Miller]] was recognized as a member of the [[Half-Breeds (politics)|Half-Breed]] faction, and had succeeded state Republican boss [[Thomas C. Platt]] in the Senate.<ref name="Red_Book"/> Platt had succeeded Conkling as leader of the Stalwarts, and was determined to see Miller defeated, so he backed Morton against Miller.<ref name="Platt">{{cite book |last=Platt |first=Thomas C. |date=1910 |title=The Autobiography of Thomas Collier Platt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGWTAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA187 |location=New York |publisher=B. W. Dodge & Company |pages=187–192 |isbn=9781404783171 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> A third candidate, [[Frank Hiscock]], was not affiliated with either faction and had little initial support.<ref name="Platt"/> After 17 ballots failed to produce a nominee, Morton withdrew and asked his supporters to back Hiscock to ensure that Miller would not be reelected.<ref name="Red_Book"/>  Hiscock was chosen on the 18th ballot, and won the election by defeating Democrat [[Smith Mead Weed]].<ref name="Brown"/>{{rp|326–327}}

==Vice presidency (1889–1893)==
[[File:Levi P. Morton House.JPG|thumb|right|From 1889 until 1895, Morton lived at this residence in Washington, D.C.]]
At the [[1888 Republican National Convention]], Republicans nominated [[Benjamin Harrison]] for president.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> For vice president, the delegates considered Morton, [[William Walter Phelps]], [[William O'Connell Bradley]] and several other candidates.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> [[James G. Blaine]]'s support had helped Harrison attain the presidential nomination.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> In an echo of the Stalwart-Half Breed rivalry, Blaine backed Phelps for vice president, but the New York delegation, led by [[Thomas C. Platt]] refused to consider him.<ref name="Contest">{{cite book |date=1888 |title=Contest of 1888 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=myK0B_C1rpsC&pg=PA50 |location=Detroit |publisher=F. B. Dickerson & Co. |pages=49–50 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Though he had been an opponent of the Stalwarts, Former senator [[Warner Miller]], a member of the New York delegation, nominated Morton.<ref name="Contest"/> It quickly became apparent that Morton had enough delegate support to win, and he attained the nomination on the first ballot with 591 votes to 119 for Phelps, 103 for Bradley, and 11 for [[Blanche K. Bruce]].<ref name="Contest"/>

In the [[1888 United States presidential election|general election]], Harrison and Morton lost the popular vote to the Democratic candidates, incumbent president [[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Allen G. Thurman]], but won the electoral college vote.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sabato |first1=Larry |last2=Ernst |first2=Howard R. |date=2007 |title=Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d-379E2mFmYC&pg=PA330 |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |page=330 |isbn=978-0-8160-5875-4 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> Harrison and Morton took office on March 4, 1889, and served until March 4, 1893.<ref name="Red_Book"/>

Harrison's wife [[Caroline Harrison|Caroline]] was frequently ill during his administration, and she died in 1892.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> As [[Second Lady of the United States]], Morton's wife [[Anna Morton|Anna]] frequently served as Harrison's hostess and performed the duties of the [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

As vice president, Morton presided over the U.S. Senate.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> He was not close to Harrison personally, and Harrison did not often consult with him on political matters.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> A major Harrison initiative was the [[Lodge Bill]], which would permit the use of federal force to ensure the voting rights of male [[African Americans]] in the former [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Southern Democrats conducted a [[filibuster]], believing the bill would restore [[Reconstruction era]]-like Republican rule.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Republicans from the western states who supported [[free silver]] believed the most pressing issue was the need for an inflated currency to stimulate the economy.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> As a result, the free silver Republicans joined Democrats in opposing consideration of the Lodge Bill.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

The Lodge Bill reached the Senate floor when a tie enabled Morton to cast the deciding vote in favor of consideration.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Southern Democrats filibustered again, and Morton refused to aid Republican senators in ending it.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Republicans in the Senate then attempted to persuade Morton to allow a Republican senator to preside, but Morton insisted on remaining in the chair.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> On January 26, 1891, a resolution to replace consideration of the Lodge Bill with a bill on a different subject passed by a vote of 35 to 34, and the Lodge Bill died.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>
[[File:Harrison and Morton political ribbon - DPLA - cdb72301f13527ceab9322ea9a17db27 (page 1).jpg|alt=political ribbon|thumb|Harrison and Morton political ribbon 1888]]
Harrison blamed Morton for the Lodge Bill's failure.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> At the [[1892 Republican National Convention]], Harrison was nominated for reelection but delegates replaced Morton with [[Whitelaw Reid]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/levi_morton.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/levi_morton.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Vice Presidents of the United States, 1789-1993 |access-date=October 25, 2008 |publisher=United States Senate Historical Office|year=1997 }}</ref> Harrison and Reid went on to lose the [[1892 United States presidential election|1892 election]] to Democratic nominees [[Grover Cleveland]] and [[Adlai E. Stevenson I|Adlai E. Stevenson]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Warren |first=Kenneth F. |date=2008 |title=Encyclopedia of U.S. Campaigns, Elections, and Electoral Behavior |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zP4wDcT3PeQC&pg=PA602 |location=Los Angeles |publisher=SAGE |page=602 |isbn=978-1-4129-5489-1 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

==Post-vice presidency (1893–1920)==

===Governor of New York (1895–1896)===
[[File:LMorton.png|thumb|right|Gubernatorial portrait of Levi P. Morton]]
In 1894, Morton was elected governor of New York, defeating Democratic nominee [[David B. Hill]] and several minor party candidates.<ref name="Red_Book"/>  He served one two-year term, January 1, 1895, to December 31, 1896.<ref name="LPMbioguide"/> One initiative in which Morton was involved as governor was the consolidation of several New York City-area municipalities as the [[City of Greater New York]], which took effect on January 1, 1898.<ref name="Miller_Center"/>

Another Morton priority was [[Civil service reform in the United States|civil service reform]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> Morton pursued a moderate course on the issue, but remained firm in his support, which placed him in opposition to political party bosses who favored the [[spoils system]].<ref name="SenateHistorian"/> As a result, in 1896 the Republican Party nominated [[Frank S. Black]], who was perceived as closer to the party bosses than Morton.<ref name="SenateHistorian"/>

Morton was a leading contender for the Republican presidential nomination [[1896 Republican National Convention|in 1896]], but the delegates chose [[William McKinley]].<ref name=Miller_Center/> Morton was then considered for the vice presidential nomination, but McKinley's campaign manager, [[Mark Hanna]], was opposed, and the nomination went to [[Garret Hobart]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rothbard |first=Murray N. |date=2017 |title=The Progressive Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w7M4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT213 |location=Auburn, Ala. |publisher=Mises Institute |page=213 |isbn=978-1-61016-677-5 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> After he completed his term as governor, Morton returned to his business career and management of his investments.<ref name="LPMbioguide"/>

===Later life===
[[File:L.P. Morton - Pach Bros., N.Y. LCCN2014682703 (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Morton in 1907]]
In 1890, Morton became one of the first members of the District of Columbia Society of the [[Sons of the American Revolution]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Cornish |first=Louis H. |date=1902 |title=A National Register of the Society, Sons of the American Revolution |volume=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BwyqRbA-2ykC&pg=PA269 |location=New York |publisher=Andrew H. Kellogg |page=269 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> He was also a member of the [[General Society of Colonial Wars]].<ref name="1921Memory"/>

In retirement, he served as president of the [[Metropolitan Club (New York City)|Metropolitan Club]].<ref name="Club">{{cite book |date=1940 |title=Club Members of New York |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sKEjAQAAMAAJ&q=%22l+p+morton%22 |location=New York |publisher=Club Members of New York, Inc. |page=136 |quote=Seven presidents have presided over the club: J. Pierpont Morgan, L. P. Morton, F. K. Sturgis...}}</ref> He was preceded in that office by [[J. Pierpont Morgan]] and succeeded by [[Frank Knight Sturgis]]<ref name="Club"/> He was also a member of the [[Union League Club of New York]], and served as president of the [[New York Zoological Society]] from 1897 to 1909.<ref name="1921Memory">{{cite news |title=Praise the Memory of Levi P. Morton |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1921/01/10/archives/praise-the-memory-of-levi-p-morton-family-and-delegates-from-many.html |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=January 10, 1921 |page=10 |via=Times Machine}}</ref>

Morton became ill during the winter of 1919 to 1920; a cold developed into bronchitis, and he eventually contracted pneumonia, which proved fatal.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 17, 1920 |title=Levi P. Morton is Dead on his 96th Birthday |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/64385651/ |work=The Sun and the New York Herald |location=New York |page=1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> He died in [[Rhinebeck, New York]], on May 16, 1920, [[Birthday effect|his 96th birthday]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Morton A Resident Of Washington. Only Part of His Estate Will Be Taxable in This State. |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/05/18/118316212.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1920/05/18/118316212.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 18, 1920 |access-date=May 16, 2015 }}</ref> After a memorial service at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]], he was interred at Rhinebeck Cemetery.<ref>{{cite news |date=May 18, 1920 |title=Many Notables to Attend Funeral of Levi P. Morton |url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/114938646/|work=Poughkeepsie Eagle-News |location=Poughkeepsie, N.Y. |page=1 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> At age 96, Morton was the [[List of vice presidents of the United States by age|longest living]] [[vice president of the United States]] until [[John Nance Garner]], who died at age 98, surpassed him in 1964.<ref>{{cite news |last=B. L. |date=September 22, 2002 |title=Vice presidential haunts |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2002-09-22-0209210020-story.html |work=[[Chicago Tribune]] |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref>

==Personal life==
On October 15, 1856, Morton married Lucy Young Kimball, the daughter of Elijah Huntingdon Kimball and Sarah Wetmore Hinsdale, in [[Flatlands, Brooklyn]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Woods |first=John Lucius |date=1988 |title=Ancestry of John L. Woods |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1gFgAAAAMAAJ&q=%22levi+parsons+morton%22+lucy+kimball+october+1856 |location=Lincolnshire, Ill. |publisher=J. L. Woods |page=362 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> They had one child, daughter Carrie, who died in infancy in 1857.<ref name="Kimball1902">{{cite book |title=The Kimball Family News |date=1902 |publisher=G. F. Kimball |page=365 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCpWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA365 |access-date=March 5, 2019 }}</ref>

After his first wife's death in 1871, Morton married [[Anna Morton|Anna Livingston Reade Street]] in 1873.<ref>{{cite news |date=August 15, 1918 |title=Mrs. Levi P. Morton Dies At Home in Rhinecliff, N.Y. |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/51615623/mrs-morton-dies/ |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=3 |via=[[Newspapers.com]]}}</ref> They were the parents of five daughters and a son who died in infancy.

* Edith Livingston Morton (1874–1964),<ref name="EMEObit1964">{{cite news |title=Former V.P.'s Daughter Died -- Edith Morton Eustis, Active in Capital |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29160623/former_vps_daughter_dies_edith/ |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]] |date=November 13, 1964 |page=41}}</ref> who married [[William Corcoran Eustis]] (1862–1921) in 1900.<ref name="WCEObit1921">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9B01EFD9113CE533A25756C2A9679D946095D6CF |title=Wm. Corcoran Eustis Dies. Former Diplomat was Captain on Gen. Pershing's staff | date=November 25, 1921 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 5, 2019}}</ref>
* Lena Kearney Morton (1875–1904).<ref name="LMObit1904">{{cite news |title=Miss Lena Morton Died on Eve of Announcement of Her Engagement |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29160561/miss_lena_morton_died_on_eve_of/ |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[Detroit Free Press]] |date=June 11, 1904 |page=1}}</ref>
* Helen Stuyvesant Morton (1876–1952),<ref name="HSMObit1952">{{cite news |title=Mrs. Helen S. Morton |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29160675/mrs_helen_s_morton/ |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[New York Daily News|Daily News]] |date=September 9, 1952 |page=83}}</ref> who married the [[Duke of Talleyrand|Duke of Valençay]], a son of [[Boson de Talleyrand-Périgord#Personal life|Boson de Talleyrand-Périgord]].<ref name="MmedeTalleyrand1905">{{cite news |title=Mme. de Talleyrand Dead |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1905/10/13/archives/mme-de-talleyrand-dead-duchess-was-born-in-1839-her-son-married.html |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 13, 1905}}</ref><ref name="1901Engagement">{{cite news |title=Miss Helen Morton to Wed Count de Perigord |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1901/08/29/archives/miss-helen-morton-to-wed-count-de-perigord-engagement-rumored-last.html |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 29, 1901}}</ref>  They divorced in 1904, after three years of marriage.<ref name="1904suit">{{cite news |title=Duchess of Valencay Sues for a Divorce |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/06/07/archives/duchess-of-valencay-sues-for-a-divorce-levi-p-mortons-daughter.html |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=June 7, 1904}}</ref><ref name="1904divorce">{{cite news |title=Gets Divorce From Valencay |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1904/07/01/archives/gets-divorce-from-valencay-levi-p-mortons-daughter-obtains-decree.html |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 1, 1904}}</ref>
* Lewis Parsons Morton (1877–1878).<ref name="Strouse2014">{{cite book |last1=Strouse |first1=Jean |title=Morgan: American Financier |date=2014 |publisher=[[Random House Publishing Group]] |isbn=9780812987041 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aPiLDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |access-date=March 5, 2019 }}</ref>
* Alice Morton (1879–1917),<ref name="AMRObit1917">{{cite news|title=Mrs. Winthrop Rutherfurd.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1917/06/21/archives/mrs-winthrop-rutherfurd.html|access-date=July 18, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 21, 1917}}</ref> who married [[Winthrop Rutherfurd]],<ref name="WCRObit1944">{{cite news|title=W. Rutherfurd, 82, Leader in Society |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1944/03/21/archives/w-rutherfijrd-82-leader-in-society-sportsman-member-of-noted-family.html|access-date=July 18, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 21, 1944}}</ref> a son of [[Lewis Morris Rutherfurd]],<ref name="WCRObit1944"/> in 1902.<ref name="1902Engagement">{{cite news|title=Engagement of Miss Alice Morton|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1902/01/13/archives/engagement-of-miss-alice-morton-to-marry-winthrop-rutherfurd-one-of.html|access-date=July 18, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=January 13, 1902}}</ref>
* Mary Morton (1881–1932),<ref name="MMBurial1932">{{cite news |title=Mary Morton Burial Planned at Rhinebeck |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/29160722/mary_morton_burial_planned_at_rhinebeck/ |access-date=March 5, 2019 |work=[[Poughkeepsie Eagle News]] |date= May 11, 1932 |page=2}}</ref> who adopted two children, Lewis Peter Morton and Mirian Morton.<ref name="MMObit1932">{{cite news|title=Miss Mary Morton|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1932/04/23/archives/rev-w-f-irw1n-dies-presbyterian-leader-served-for-many-years-on.html|access-date= May 29, 2018|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 23, 1932}}</ref>

In 1902, Alice Morton founded [[Holiday Farm]], a [[convalescent]] home for children. Children who attended were picked up at Grand Central Station and brought to the farm in Rhinebeck. Train fare, board and clothing were provided free. In 1917, [[Vincent Astor]] served as president, with [[Locusts on Hudson|Helen Dinsmore Huntington]] as secretary.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=d3dHAQAAMAAJ&dq=Holiday+Farm%2C+Rhinebeck+NY&pg=PA143 ''The New York Charities Directory'', Charity Organization Society in the City of New York.,&nbsp;1917, p. 143]{{PD-notice}}</ref> Holiday Farm later developed into the [[Astor Home for Children]].

==Honors==
In 1881, Morton received the [[honorary degree]] of [[Legum Doctor|LL.D.]] from [[Dartmouth College]].<ref name="Red_Book"/>  In 1882, [[Middlebury College]] presented him with an honorary LL.D.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=1890 |title=The Vice-President |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GA9ELqn66_EC&q=%22levi+p.+morton%22+%22LL.D.%22+%22dartmouth%22+%22middlebury%22 |magazine=The Hamilton Literary Monthly |volume=24 |location=Clinton, N.Y. |publisher=Hamilton College |page=111}}</ref> As an honorary alumnus, Morton frequently attended Dartmouth alumni gatherings in New York.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Junior and Senior Classes |date=November 1889 |title=Alumni Notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJxIAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA117 |magazine=The Dartmouth Literary Monthly |volume=4 |location=Hanover, N.H. |publisher=Dartmouth College |page=117 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

==Legacy==
The Mortons lived at [[William Kelly (New York state senator)#Ellerslie|Ellerslie]], an estate near [[Rhinecliff, New York]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cdm16694.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/rhs/id/242 |title=Residence of Hon. Levi P. Morton, Rhinebeck, N.Y. |last=Southeastern New York Library Resources Council |date=2011 |website=New York Heritage Digital Collections |publisher=Rhinebeck Historical Society |location=Rhinebeck, N.Y. |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> The manor home no longer exists, but several outbuildings survive as a local historic site.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livingplaces.com/NY/Dutchess_County/Rhinebeck_Town/Rhinebeck_Historic_MRA.html |title=Rhinebeck Historic MRA |website=Rhinebeck Town Historic Multiple Resource Area |publisher=Rhinebeck Historical Society |location=Rhinebeck, N.Y. |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> Anna L. and Levi Morton erected the [[Morton Memorial Library (Rhinecliff, New York)|Morton Memorial Library]] in Rhinecliff in memory of their daughter Lena.<ref name="Lena">{{cite web |url=http://morton.rhinecliff.lib.ny.us/about-us/ |title=Morton Memorial Library and Community House: About Us |website=Morton Memorial Library and Community House |publisher=Morton Memorial Library |location=Rhinecliff, N.Y. |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref>  It was dedicated in 1908 and is listed on the National and State Registers of Historic Places.<ref name="Lena"/>

The Village of [[Morton Grove, Illinois]], a [[Chicago]] suburb founded along the path of the [[Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul and Pacific Railroad]], was named for Morton.<ref name="CommunityGuide">{{cite web |url=https://cdn.tollbrothers.com/communities/6186/area_guide/area_guide.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://cdn.tollbrothers.com/communities/6186/area_guide/area_guide.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Community Guide: The Crossings at Morton Grove |date=2006 |website=Toll Brothers.com |publisher=Toll Brothers, Inc. |location=Chicago|access-date=May 14, 2020 |page=1}}</ref> He received the honor after he provided the financing necessary for the railway to expand its operations into Michigan and Wisconsin beginning in the 1870s.<ref name="CommunityGuide"/>

Morton spent summers in [[Newport, Rhode Island]], at a Bellevue Avenue mansion called "Fairlawn".<ref name="Fairlawn">{{cite web |url=https://newporthistory.org/history-bytes-vice-president-morton/ |title=History Bytes: Vice President Morton |website=Newport History.org |date=August 9, 2016 |publisher=Newport Historical Society |location=Newport, R.I. |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> The home is now owned by [[Salve Regina University]] and houses the Pell Center of International Relations and Public Policy.<ref name="Fairlawn"/> Morton also left another Newport property to the city for use as a park.<ref name="Fairlawn"/> Located at the corner of Coggeshall and Morton avenues (the latter formerly Brenton Road), the site was named Morton Park in Morton's honor.<ref name="Fairlawn"/>

In 1885, Morton purchased a home and land in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]], which he donated  to [[Dartmouth College]].<ref name="Chase">{{cite book |last1=Chase |first1=Frederick |last2=Lord |first2=John King |date=1913 |title=A History of Dartmouth College, 1815-1909 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8KEAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA450 |location=Concord, N.H. |publisher=Rumford Press |page=450 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> The college used the home until 1900, when it was torn down to make way for the school's [[Campus of Dartmouth College#Academic and administrative buildings|Webster Hall]].<ref name="Chase"/> Morton also endowed the [[Daniel O. Morton]] Scholarship at Dartmouth.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dartmouth College |date=1907 |title=Catalogue of Dartmouth College |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3Y4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA189 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |publisher=University Press |page=189 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> In addition, he endowed scholarships at [[Middlebury College]], one in honor of Daniel Morton and another in honor of Levi Parsons.<ref>{{cite book |date=August 1947 |title=Midlebury College Bulletin |url=https://www.universallibrary.org/details/middleburyCourseCatalogs_a10-3_1947/page/n95/ |location=Middlebury, Vt. |publisher=Middlebury College |page=93 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

Morton also owned a summer retreat on [[Camp Eagle Island|Eagle Island]] on [[Upper Saranac Lake]] in the [[Adirondack Park]].<ref name="NPS">{{cite web |url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=3e16a356-82fe-4861-a46f-38ad3ba00a09 |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination, Eagle Island Camp |last=National Park Service |date=August 18, 2004 |website=NPS.gov |publisher=U.S. Department of the Interior |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=May 14, 2020 |pages=4–5}}</ref> The home's design, created by architect [[William L. Coulter]], was done in the [[Great Camps]] style.<ref name="NPS"/> The Morton family later sold the property to banker [[Henry Graves (banker)|Henry Graves]].<ref name="NPS"/> In 1938, Graves donated the site to the [[Girl Scouts of the USA|Girl Scouts]], who operated a summer camp there for seventy years.<ref name="NPS"/>

A likeness of Morton is included in the [[United States Senate Vice Presidential Bust Collection]] at the U.S. Capitol.<ref name="AOC">{{cite web |url=https://www.aoc.gov/art/busts/busts-vice-presidents-united-states |title=Busts of Vice Presidents of the United States |last=Architect of the Capitol |publisher=AOC.gov |location=Washington, D.C. |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> The Morton bust was sculpted by [[Francis Edwin Elwell]] and was placed on display in 1891.<ref name="AOC"/>

A portrait of Morton is included in the New York State Hall of Governors.<ref name="EmpireStatePlaza">{{cite web |url=https://empirestateplaza.ny.gov/levi-p-morton |title=Levi P. Morgan: 31st Governor, 1895–1896 |website=Visit the Empire State Plaza & New York State Capitol |publisher=New York State Office of General Services |location=Albany, N.Y. |access-date=May 14, 2020}}</ref> The painting was created by [[Albany, New York]], artist George Hughes (1863–1932) in 1896 and was presented to the state in 1900.<ref name="EmpireStatePlaza"/>

==See also==
*[[Place des États-Unis]], Paris, France

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Levi P. Morton}}
{{EB1911 poster|Morton, Levi Parsons|Levi P. Morton}}
{{CongBio|M001018}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070210234223/http://www.steve-world.com/ShorehamHS/Morton.htm Levi P. Morton birthplace]

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{{US Vice Presidents}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Morton, Levi P.}}
[[Category:Levi P. Morton| ]]
[[Category:1824 births]]
[[Category:1920 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century vice presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:1888 United States vice-presidential candidates]]
[[Category:19th-century American diplomats]]
[[Category:American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Congregationalism]]
[[Category:Republican Party governors of New York (state)]]
[[Category:People associated with the American Museum of Natural History]]
[[Category:People from Shoreham, Vermont]]
[[Category:Republican Party (United States) vice presidential nominees]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to France]]
[[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Republican Party vice presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:Benjamin Harrison administration cabinet members]]
[[Category:Wildlife Conservation Society people]]
[[Category:Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)]]
[[Category:Morton family (United States)|Levi P.]]
[[Category:Members of the Sons of the American Revolution]]
[[Category:Stalwarts (Republican Party)]]
[[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in New York (state)]]
[[Category:19th-century United States representatives]]