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{{Short description|Arsenic compound and chemical weapon}}
{{chembox
| Watchedfields = changed
| verifiedrevid = 440592218
| Name = Lewisite
| ImageFile1 = Lewisite.svg
| ImageSize1 =
| ImageName1 = Lewisite
| ImageFileL2 = Lewisite-calculated-by-MP2-3D-balls.png
| ImageFileR2 = Lewisite-calculated-by-MP2-3D-SF.png
| PIN = [(''E'')-2-Chloroethen-1-yl]arsonous dichloride
| OtherNames = Chlorovinylarsine dichloride<BR />2-Chloroethenyldichloroarsine<BR />(''E'')-2-Chlorovinylarsonous dichloride<BR />(''E'')-2-Chlorovinyldichloroarsine<BR />Dichloro((''E'')-2-chlorovinyl)arsine
| Reference = <ref>[https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5372798 Lewisite I – Compound Summary], [[PubChem]].</ref>
|Section1={{Chembox Identifiers
| ChemSpiderID_Ref = {{chemspidercite|correct|chemspider}}
| ChemSpiderID = 4522971
| InChI = 1/C2H2AsCl3/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2H/b2-1+
| InChIKey = GIKLTQKNOXNBNY-OWOJBTEDBF
| StdInChI_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChI = 1S/C2H2AsCl3/c4-2-1-3(5)6/h1-2H/b2-1+
| StdInChIKey_Ref = {{stdinchicite|correct|chemspider}}
| StdInChIKey = GIKLTQKNOXNBNY-OWOJBTEDSA-N
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|??}}
| CASNo = 541-25-3
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = 82TOY8U2KD
| PubChem = 5372798
| MeSHName = lewisite
| SMILES = Cl[As](Cl)\C=C\Cl
| UNNumber = 2810
}}
|Section2={{Chembox Properties
| Formula = C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub>AsCl<sub>3</sub>
| MolarMass = 207.32{{nbsp}}g/mol
| Density = 1.89{{nbsp}}g/cm<sup>3</sup>
| MeltingPtC = -18
| BoilingPtC = 190
| Solubility = Reacts
| SolubleOther = Ethers, hydrocarbons, THF
| VaporPressure = 0.58{{nbsp}}mmHg (25{{nbsp}}°C)
}}
|Section3={{Chembox Hazards
| MainHazards = Flammable, highly toxic, corrosive, vesicant
| NFPA-H = 4
| NFPA-F = 1
| NFPA-R = 1
}}
}}
'''Lewisite''' ('''L''') ('''A-243''') is an [[organoarsenic compound]]. It was once manufactured in the United States, Japan, Germany<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/07/27/national/a-drop-in-the-ocean-the-sea-dumping-of-chemical-weapons-in-okinawa/|title=A drop in the ocean: the sea-dumping of chemical weapons in Okinawa|first=Jon|last=Mitchell|date=27 July 2013|via=Japan Times Online}}</ref> and the Soviet Union<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nti.org/gsn/article/russia-completes-destruction-of-first-10-tons-of-lewisite/|title=Russia Completes Destruction of First 10 Tons of Lewisite – Analysis – NTI|website=www.nti.org}}</ref> for use as a [[Chemical warfare|chemical weapon]], acting as a [[vesicant]] (blister agent) and [[lung]] irritant. Although the substance is colorless and odorless in its pure form, impure samples of lewisite are a yellow, brown, violet-black, green, or amber oily liquid with a distinctive odor that has been described as similar to [[Pelargonium|geranium]]s.<ref name="nrc" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = CDC – The Emergency Response Safety and Health Database: Blister Agent: Lewsite (L) – NIOSH|url = https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/ershdb/emergencyresponsecard_29750006.html|website = www.cdc.gov|access-date = 2016-01-14}}</ref><ref name="lewisitechem">{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7092-5_2|title=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of Residue Reviews|first1=Max|last1=Goldman|first2=Jack C.|last2=Dacre|journal=Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology |editor-first=George W.|editor-last=Ware|date=February 14, 1989|volume=110 |publisher=Springer|pages=75–115|via=Springer Link|doi=10.1007/978-1-4684-7092-5_2|pmid=2692088 |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

Lewisite is named after the US chemist and soldier [[Winford Lee Lewis]] (1878–1943). Lewisite has no applications other than use as a chemical weapon—a chemist from the United States Army's chemical warfare laboratories said that "no one has ever found any use for the compound".<ref name="whatisitgoodfor">{{Cite book|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/book/10.1021/ba-1959-0023|title=Metal-Organic Compounds|chapter=Chemical Corps Experience in the Manufacture of Lewisite |series=Advances in Chemistry |date=January 1, 1959|publisher=American Chemical Society|volume=23|doi=10.1021/ba-1959-0023.ch031 |last1=Jarman |first1=Gordon N. |pages=328–337 |isbn=978-0-8412-0024-1 }}</ref>

== Chemical reactions ==
The compound is prepared by the addition of [[arsenic trichloride]] to [[acetylene]] in the presence of a suitable catalyst:

{{block indent|AsCl<sub>3</sub> + C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> → ClCHCHAsCl<sub>2</sub> (Lewisite)}}

This chemical process can occur a second or third time, giving [[lewisite 2]] and [[lewisite 3]] as byproducts.<ref name=":3">Chemistry of Sulfur Mustard and Lewisite https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236079/</ref>

Lewisite, like other arsenous chlorides, [[hydrolysis|hydrolyses]] in water to form [[hydrochloric acid]] and [[chlorovinylarsenous oxide]] (a less-powerful blister agent):<ref name=":0" />

{{block indent|ClCHCHAsCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O → ClCHCHAs(OH)<sub>2</sub> + 2 HCl}}

This reaction is accelerated in alkaline solutions, and forms acetylene and [[trisodium arsenate]].<ref name=":0" />

Lewisite reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas. It is combustible, but difficult to ignite.<ref name=":0" />

== Applications ==
Apart from deliberately injuring and killing people, lewisite has no commercial, industrial, or scientific applications.<ref name="whatisitgoodfor" /> In a 1959 paper regarding the development of a batch process for lewisite synthesis, Gordon Jarman of the United States Army Chemical Warfare Laboratories said:
{{blockquote|The manufacture can be one of the easiest and most economical in the metal-organic field, and it is regretted that no one has ever found any use for the compound. It is a pity to waste such a neat process.<ref name="whatisitgoodfor" />}}

While the compound itself has no useful application, a 1993 report from the US [[Defense Nuclear Agency]] detailed attempts by Russian chemists to deal with existing stockpiles of lewisite (around 500 cubic meters at the time) by "exploring processes for the conversion of these agents to marketable products", including the extraction of high-purity [[arsenic]] for use in [[semiconductor doping]] (as [[gallium arsenide]]). The report, however, concluded that "the engineering and scale up of the process to a production level may be prohibitively difficult" and that "unless other metallic impurities which are likely to be found in Lewisite are removed, the high purity required for chip application may require additional steps", noting that worldwide demand for arsenic compounds (already declining at the time) was projected to shrink further, and that the proposed economics of the conversion process did not align with then-current prices for gallium arsenide.<ref name="mudamudamuda">{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADB173450.pdf|title=Commercial Products from Demilitarization Operations|first=Salvatore|last=Bosco|date=May 1993|publisher=Defense Nuclear Agency}}</ref>

== Mechanism of action ==
Lewisite is a [[suicide inhibitor]] of the E3 component of [[pyruvate dehydrogenase]]. As an efficient method to produce ATP, pyruvate dehydrogenase is involved in the conversion of pyruvate to [[acetyl-CoA]]. The latter subsequently enters the [[TCA cycle]]. [[Peripheral nervous system]] pathology usually arises from Lewisite exposure as the nervous system essentially relies on [[glucose]] as its only catabolic fuel.<ref name="BERG">{{cite book |author1=Berg, J. |author2=Tymoczko, J. L. |author3=Stryer, L. |title = Biochemistry|year = 2007|publisher = Freeman|location = New York|isbn = 978-0-7167-8724-2|edition = 6th|pages = 494–495}}</ref>
[[File:TestYperite4030618980 242ab5c81d b.jpg|thumb|Lewisite (top row) and mustard gas test with [[Concentration|concentrations]] from 0.01% to 0.06%]]
It can easily penetrate ordinary clothing and latex rubber gloves. Upon skin contact it causes immediate stinging, burning pain and itching that can last for 24 hours. Within minutes, a rash develops and the agent is absorbed through the skin. Large, fluid-filled [[blister]]s (similar to those caused by [[mustard gas]] exposure) develop after approximately 12 hours and cause pain for 2–3 days.<ref name="nrc" /><ref name=":0" /> These are severe [[chemical burn]]s and begin with small blisters in the red areas of the skin within 2–3 hours and grow worse, encompassing the entire red area, for the ensuing 12–18 hours after initial exposure. Liquid lewisite has faster effects than lewisite vapor.<ref name=":0" /> Sufficient absorption can cause deadly [[hepatotoxicity|liver]] [[necrosis]].

Those exposed to lewisite can develop refractory [[hypotension]] (low blood pressure) known as Lewisite shock, with some features of arsenic toxicity.<ref>Chauhan, S.; Chauhan, S.; D’Cruz, R.; Faruqi, S.; Singh, K. K.; Varma, S.; Singh, M.; Karthik, V. Chemical warfare agents. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 2008, 26, 113–122</ref> Lewisite damages [[Capillary|capillaries]], which then become leaky, reducing blood volume required to maintain blood pressure, a condition called [[hypovolemia]]. When the blood pressure is low, the kidneys may not receive enough oxygen and can be [[kidney damage|damaged]].<ref name=":0" />

Inhalation, the most common route of exposure, causes burning pain and irritation throughout the respiratory tract, [[nosebleed]] (epistaxis), [[laryngitis]], [[Sneeze|sneezing]], [[cough]]ing, [[vomiting]], difficult breathing ([[dyspnea]]), and in severe cases of exposure, can cause fatal [[pulmonary edema]], [[pneumonitis]], or [[respiratory failure]]. Ingestion results in severe pain, nausea, vomiting, and tissue damage.<ref name="nrc">{{ cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=sBIYzcfksXkC&pg=PA16 | author = U.S. National Research Council, Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program | author-link = U.S. National Research Council | title = Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets | page = 16 | publisher = National Academies Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 0-309-06879-7 }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> The results of eye exposure can range from stinging, burning pain, and strong irritation to blistering and [[Keratitis|scarring of the cornea]], along with [[blepharospasm]], [[lacrimation]], and [[Periorbital edema|edema of the eyelids and periorbital area]]. The eyes can swell shut, which can keep the eyes safe from further exposure. The most severe consequences of eye exposure to lewisite are [[Globe rupture|globe perforation]] and [[Visual impairment|blindness]].<ref name=":0" /> Generalised symptoms also include restlessness, weakness, hypothermia, and low blood pressure.

It is possible that Lewisite is [[carcinogenic]]: arsenic is categorized as a respiratory carcinogen by the [[International Agency for Research on Cancer]], though it has not been confirmed that lewisite is a carcinogen.<ref>Doi, M.; Hattori, N.; Yokoyama, A.; Onari, Y.; Kanehara, M.; Masuda, K.; Tonda, T.; Ohtaki, M.; Kohno, N. Effect of Mustard Gas Exposure on Incidence of Lung Cancer: A Longitudinal Study. American Journal of Epidemiology 2011, 173, 659–666.</ref>

Lewisite causes damage to the respiratory tract at levels lower than the odor detection threshold. Early tissue damage causes pain.<ref name=":0" />

Hydrolysis leads to chlorovinylarsonous acid, CVAA.

=== Treatment ===
[[Dimercaprol]], also known as "British anti-lewisite", is the antidote for lewisite. It can be injected to prevent systemic toxicity, but will not prevent injury to the skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. Chemically, dimercaprol binds to the arsenic in lewisite. It is [[Contraindication|contraindicated]] in those with [[Peanut allergy|peanut allergies]] as it is usually formulated in peanut oil.<ref name=":0" />

Other treatment for lewisite exposure is primarily supportive. First aid of lewisite exposure consists of [[decontamination]] and [[Therapeutic irrigation|irrigation]] of any areas that have been exposed. Other measures can be used as necessary, such as [[airway management]], [[Mechanical ventilation|assisted ventilation]], and [[Monitoring (medicine)|monitoring of vital signs]]. In an advanced care setting, supportive care can include fluid and electrolyte replacement. Because the tube may injure or perforate the esophagus, [[gastric lavage]] is contraindicated.<ref name=":0" />

=== Long-term effects ===
From one acute exposure, someone who has inhaled lewisite can develop [[chronic respiratory disease]]; eye exposure to lewisite can cause permanent visual impairment or blindness.<ref name=":0" />

Chronic exposure to lewisite can cause [[arsenic poisoning]] (due to its arsenic content) and development of a lewisite [[allergy]]. It can also cause long-term illnesses or permanent damage to organs, depending on where the exposure has occurred, including [[conjunctivitis]], aversion to light ([[photophobia]]), visual impairment, double vision ([[diplopia]]), tearing ([[Tears|lacrimation]]), dry mucous membranes, [[garlic breath]], burning pain in the nose and mouth, [[toxic encephalopathy]], [[peripheral neuropathy]], [[Epileptic seizure|seizures]], [[nausea]], vomiting, [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] (COPD), [[bronchitis]], [[dermatitis]], [[Ulcer (dermatology)|skin ulcers]], [[Basal-cell carcinoma|basal cell carcinoma]], and [[Squamous-cell carcinoma|squamous cell carcinoma]].<ref name=":0" />

== Chemical composition ==
Lewisite can be a mixture of molecules with a different number of vinylchloride groups on the arsenic chloride: lewisite itself (2-chlorovinylarsonous dichloride), along with ''bis''(2-chlorovinyl)arsinous chloride ([[lewisite 2]]) and ''tris''(2-chlorovinyl)arsine ([[lewisite 3]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1= McNutt |first1= Patrick M. |last2= Tracey L. |first2= Hamilton |chapter= Ocular toxicity of chemical warfare agents |title= Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents |publisher= Academic Press |year= 2015 |pages= 535–555 }}</ref> In addition, there are sometimes isomeric impurities: lewisite itself is mostly [[Cis–trans isomerism|''trans'']]-2-chlorovinylarsonous dichloride, but the ''cis'' stereoisomer and the [[constitutional isomer]] (1-chlorovinylarsonous dichloride) may also be present.<ref name="Urban1999">{{cite journal |title= Conformational analysis of the isomers of lewisite |first1= Joseph J. |last1= Urban |first2= Robert L. |last2= von Tersch |journal= J. Phys. Org. Chem. |volume= 12 |pages= 95–102 |year= 1999 |issue= 2 |doi= 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1395(199902)12:2<95::AID-POC91>3.0.CO;2-V |doi-access= free }}</ref>

Experimental and computational studies both find that the ''trans''-2-chloro isomer is the most stable, and that the carbon–arsenic bond has a [[Conformational isomerism|conformation]] in which the [[lone pair]] on the arsenic is approximately aligned with the vinyl group.<ref name="Urban1999" />

== History ==
[[File:"Lewisite, smells like geraniums" (OHA 365) National Museum of Health and Medicine (5405373716).jpg|thumb|Lewisite identification poster from [[World War II]]]]
Lewisite was synthesized in 1904 by [[Julius Nieuwland|Julius Arthur Nieuwland]] during studies for his PhD.<ref>{{cite thesis |first=Julius Arthur |last=Nieuwland |year=1904 |url=https://archive.org/details/somereactionsofa00nieurich |title=Some Reactions of Acetylene |degree=Ph.D. |publisher=University of Notre Dame |location=Notre Dame, Indiana}}</ref><ref name="Vilensky4" /><ref name="Vilenskykent">{{cite journal | last1 = Vilensky | first1 = J. A. | last2 = Redman | first2 = K. | title = British Anti-Lewisite (Dimercaprol): An Amazing History | journal = Annals of Emergency Medicine | year = 2003 | volume = 41 | issue = 3 | pages = 378–383 | pmid = 12605205 | doi = 10.1067/mem.2003.72 }}</ref> In his thesis, he described a reaction between acetylene and arsenic trichloride, which led to the formation of lewisite.<ref>{{cite book|last=Vilensky |first=J. |title=Father Nieuwland and the 'Dew of Death'}}</ref>{{fcn|reason=date? publisher? journal (if applicable)?|date=February 2025}} Exposure to the resulting compound made Nieuwland so ill he was hospitalized for several days.<ref name="Vilensky4">{{cite book | title = Dew of Death – The Story of Lewisite, America's World War I Weapon of Mass Destruction | last = Vilensky | first = J. A. | year = 2005 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0253346126 | page = 4 }}</ref>

Lewisite is named after the US chemist and soldier [[Winford Lee Lewis]] (1878–1943).<ref name="Deadly">{{cite news|url=https://gahistoricnewspapers.galileo.usg.edu/lccn/sn85034007/1919-05-29/ed-1/seq-7/|title=Deadliest Poison Discovered By An American|newspaper=Early County News|via=Georgia Historic Newspapers|page=7|date=May 29, 1919|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> In 1918, John Griffin, Julius Arthur Nieuwland's thesis advisor, drew Lewis's attention to Nieuwland's thesis at [[Maloney Hall]], then a chemical laboratory at [[The Catholic University of America]], [[Washington D.C.]]<ref name="Vilensky21">{{cite book | title = Dew of Death – The Story of Lewisite, America's World War I Weapon of Mass Destruction | last = Vilensky | first = J. A. | year = 2005 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0253346126 | pages = 21–23 }}</ref> Lewis then attempted to purify the compound by distillation but found that the mixture exploded on heating until it was washed with hydrochloric acid.<ref name="Vilensky21" />

Lewisite was developed into a secret weapon at a facility located in [[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]] (The Cleveland Plant) at East 131st Street and Taft Avenue,<ref name="Deadly" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-171083917.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218182614/http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-171083917.html|url-status=dead|title=Upton native's role was the best defense; WWI masks thwarted|archivedate=December 18, 2007}}</ref> and given the name "G-34", which had previously been the code for mustard gas, in order to confuse its development with mustard gas.<ref>{{cite book |first=Joel A. |last=Vilensky |title=Dew of Death: The Story of Lewisite, America's World War I Weapon of Mass Destruction |location=Bloomington, Indiana |publisher=Indiana University Press |year=2005 |page=36}}</ref> On November 1, 1918, production began at a plant in [[Willoughby, Ohio]].<ref name="Vilensky50">{{cite book | title = Dew of Death – The Story of Lewisite, America's World War I Weapon of Mass Destruction | last = Vilensky | first = J. A. | year = 2005 | publisher = Indiana University Press | isbn = 0253346126 | page = 50 }}</ref>
It was not used in [[World War I]], but Britain experimented with it in the 1920s as the "Dew of Death".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Tabangcura |first1=D. Jr. |last2=Daubert |first2=G. P. | url = http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/bal/development.html | title = British anti-Lewisite Development | work = Molecule of the Month | publisher = University of Bristol School of Chemistry }}</ref>

After World War I, the US became interested in lewisite because it was not flammable. Up until [[World War II]], it had the military symbol of "M1", after which it was changed to "L". Field trials with lewisite during World War II demonstrated that casualty concentrations were not achievable under high humidity, due to the rate of hydrolysis and the characteristic odor of the chemical, and the formation of tears forced troops to don masks and avoid contaminated areas.{{Citation needed|date=November 2011}} The United States produced about 20,000 tons of lewisite, keeping it on hand primarily as an [[antifreeze]] for mustard gas, or to penetrate protective clothing in special situations.

Lewisite was replaced by the mustard gas variant HT (a 60:40 mixture of sulfur mustard and [[O-Mustard]]), and was declared obsolete in the 1950s. Lewisite poisoning can be treated effectively with dimercaprol. Most stockpiles of lewisite were neutralised with [[bleach]] and dumped into the [[Gulf of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00639/en/w_chemical_blister.html |website=Code Red: Weapons of Mass Destruction |title=Blister Agents |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207213041/http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00639/en/w_chemical_blister.html |archive-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> The last remaining U.S. stockpiles were located at the [[Deseret Chemical Depot]] located outside [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]], and were destroyed in January 2012.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Moulton |first1=Kristen |title=Commander: World is safer with chemical stockpile gone |url=http://www.sltrib.com:80/sltrib/news/53326399-78/chemical-depot-army-weapons.html.csp |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune |date=2012-01-18}}</ref>

Production of quantities greater than 100 grams per year per facility were banned by [[List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC)|Schedule 1]] of the 1993 [[Chemical Weapons Convention]]. When the convention entered force in 1997, the parties declared world-wide stockpiles of 6,747 tonnes. By the end of 2015, 98% of the declared stockpiles had been destroyed.<ref>{{cite report | author = Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons | date = 30 November 2016 | title = Report of the OPCW on the Implementation of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction in 2015 | chapter-url = https://www.opcw.org/documents-reports/annual-reports/ | chapter = Annex 3 | page = 42 | access-date = 8 March 2017}}</ref>

In 2001, lewisite was found in a World War I weapons dump in Washington, D.C.<ref>{{ cite journal | url = http://www.environet.eu/pub/pubwis/rura/20070112111114.pdf | last = Tucker |first=J. B. | title = Chemical weapons: Buried in the backyard | journal = Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | year = 2001 | volume = 57 | issue = 5 | pages = 51–56 | doi = 10.2968/057005014 }}</ref>

In July 2023 a spokesman of the [[Armed Forces of Ukraine]] claimed that during the [[battle of Bakhmut]] a Russian artillery attack against Ukrainian forces had included lewisite, causing symptoms of nausea, vomiting and in some cases loss of consciousness.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.kyivpost.com/post/19108 |title= Russia Using Chemical Weapon During Bakhmut Artillery Bombardments, Ukrainian Official Claims |website= [[Kyiv Post]] |first1= Steve |last1= Brown |first2= Stefan |last2= Korshak |date= 2023-07-05 |access-date= 2023-07-05}}</ref> However, no information from any sample analysis was published.

== Controversy over Japanese deposits of lewisite in China ==
In mid-2006, China and Japan were negotiating disposal of lewisite stockpile in northeastern China, left by the Japanese military during World War II. People had died over the preceding twenty years from accidental exposure to these stockpiles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://globalgreen.org/docs/publication-183-1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305051542/http://globalgreen.org/docs/publication-183-1.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Abandoned Chemical Weapons in China: The Unresolved Japanese Legacy |archive-date=March 5, 2012|publisher=[[Global Green USA]] |date=May 2011 |first=Mike |last=Brombach}}</ref>

== See also ==  
* [[Ethyldichloroarsine]]
* [[Blue Cross (chemical warfare)]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Chemical warfare}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Arsenical vesicants]]
[[Category:Organoarsenic chlorides]]
[[Category:Organochlorides]]
[[Category:Alkene derivatives]]
[[Category:Arsenic(III) compounds]]
[[Category:Chemical weapons in World War I]]