View source for Linocut

{{Short description|Printmaking technique}}
[[File:The-Mask 1930 Frank-Weitzel.jpg|thumb|''The Mask'' by [[Frank Weitzel]], 1930]]
'''Linocut''', also known as '''lino print''', '''lino printing''' or '''linoleum art''', is a [[printmaking]] technique, a variant of [[relief printing]] in which a sheet of [[linoleum]] (sometimes mounted on a wooden block) is used for a [[relief printing|relief]] surface. A design is cut into the linoleum surface with a sharp knife, V-shaped [[chisel]] or [[Chisel#Gouge|gouge]], with the raised (uncarved) areas representing a reversal (mirror image) of the parts to show printed. The linoleum sheet is inked with a roller (called a [[brayer]]), and then impressed onto paper or fabric. The actual printing can be done by hand or with a [[printing press]].

Multi-color linocuts can be made by successively printing with a different block for each color as in a [[color woodcut]], as the artists of the [[Grosvenor School]] frequently did. As [[Pablo Picasso]] demonstrated, such prints can also be achieved using a single piece of linoleum in what is called the "reductive" print method. Essentially, after each successive color is imprinted onto the paper, the artist then cleans the lino plate and cuts away what will not be imprinted for the subsequently applied color.<ref>[http://www.cycleback.com/printsexamination/nine.html Judging the Authenticity of Prints by The Masters]  by David Rudd Cycleback. Retrieved: 2011-12-17.</ref>

==Technique==
[[File:Preparing a Linocut Design.jpg|thumb|Using a handheld gouger to cut a design into linoleum for a linocut print]]
[[File:Printing Using a Linocut  Design.jpg|thumb|Linocut printing; using a design cut into linoleum to make a print on paper]]
Since the material being carved has no [[Wood grain|directional grain]] and does not tend to split, it is easier to obtain certain artistic effects with lino than with most woods, although the resultant prints lack the often angular grainy character of woodcuts. Lino is generally much easier to cut than wood, especially when heated, but the pressure of the printing process degrades the plate faster and it is difficult to create larger works due to the material's lack of rigidity.

Due to ease of use, linocut is widely used in schools to introduce children to the art of printmaking, using it to complete many tasks in the art lesson rather than going straight for the pencil and eraser. Similarly, non-professional artists often cut lino rather than wood for printing. Nevertheless, in the contemporary art world the linocut is an established professional print medium, because of its extensive use by the artists of the [[Expressionism|Expressionist art movement]], Grosvenor School, followed by Pablo Picasso and [[Henri Matisse]].

== Emergence of the technique in America ==
[[File:Ethel Spowers. Wet afternoon, 1930. Linocut.jpg|thumb|''Wet Afternoon'', linocut in four color blocks by [[Ethel Spowers]] of the [[Grosvenor School of Modern Art|Grosvenor School group]], 1930.]]
"Linoleum art" was first displayed in New York City in 1911 by the Czech émigré [[Vojtěch Preissig]]. In his publications on linocuts (1926–29) the respected American printmaker, [[Pedro Joseph de Lemos]], simplified the methods for art schools and introduced new techniques for color linocuts, including the printing of the key block first.<ref name="edwardsrw">{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Robert W.| title=Pedro de Lemos, Lasting Impressions: Works on Paper| date=2015|publisher=Davis Publications Inc.| location=Worcester, Mass.|isbn=9781615284054|pages=68–69, 92 notes 370–373}}</ref>  The first large-scale color linocuts made by an American artist were created {{Circa|1943–45}} by [[Walter Inglis Anderson]], and exhibited at the [[Brooklyn Museum]] in 1949.

==Selected artists==
[[File:Sündinud Nõukogude Liidus.tif|thumb|''Born in the Soviet Union''. Linocut by [[Peeter Allik]].]]
[[File:Autor Paweł Brodzisz © tytuł ZAMEK LUBELSKI 2022 47x37cm linoryt.jpg|thumb|''Lublin Castle''. Linocut on paper by [[Paweł Brodzisz]], 37&nbsp;×&nbsp;47 cm.]]

* [[Josef Albers]], German 
* [[Peeter Allik]], Estonian 
* [[Valenti Angelo]], American printmaker and illustrator
* [[Walter Inglis Anderson]] American
* [[Sybil Andrews]] English-Canadian
* [[Hans Anton Aschenborn]], German
* [[Torsten Billman]], Swedish 
* [[Emma Bormann]], Austrian 
* [[Gail Brodholt]], English 
* [[Horace Brodzky]], Australian/British artist
* [[Angel Botello]], Spanish-Puerto Rican artist
* [[Margaret Taylor-Burroughs|Margaret Burroughs]], American artist
* [[Elizabeth Catlett]], American artist
* [[Carlos Cortez]], American poet and artist
* [[David Call]], American Deaf artist
* [[Stanley Donwood]], British artist
* [[Yvonne Drewry]], English artist
* [[Janet Doub Erickson]], American printmaker and artist
* [[M. C. Escher]], Dutch artist
* [[Bill Fick]], American printmaker and illustrator
* [[Folly Cove Designers]] American design collective
* [[Angela Harding]], English artist
* [[Jacques Hnizdovsky]], Ukrainian/American 
* [[William Kermode]], Australian
* [[Georgy Kovenchuk|Gaga Kovenchuk]], Russian
* [[Henri Matisse]], French painter
* [[Pablo Picasso]], Spanish painter
* [[Cyril Edward Power]], English artist
* [[Everett Ruess]], American
* [[Karl Schmidt-Rottluff]], German printmaker and painter
* [[John Shaw (painter)|John Shaw]], American/Canadian painter and printmaker
* [[Irena Sibley]], Australian 
* [[James Blanding Sloan]], American 
* [[Ethel Spowers]], Australian printmaker
* [[Ken Sprague (cartoonist)|Ken Sprague]], English artist 
* [[Frank Weitzel]], New Zealand
* [[Hannah Tompkins (artist)|Hannah Tompkins]], American 
* [[Tom Hazelmyer]], American 
* [[Gwen Frostic]], American 
* [[Vanessa Lubach]], British
* [[Paweł Brodzisz]], Polish artist
* [[Elizabeth Catlett]], Mexican American artist

==See also==
* [[Block printing]]
* [[Gyotaku]]
* [[Rubber stamp]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Rice, William S., ''Block Prints: How to Make Them'', Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1941.
* Draffin, Nicholas, ''Australian Woodcuts and Linocuts of the 1920s and 1930s'', South Melbourne: Sun Books, 1976.
*[http://artatm.com/2011/12/30-awesome-and-fabulous-examples-of-lino-printing/ 30 Awesome and Fabulous Examples of Lino Printing] articles by Artatm Creative Art Mazazine
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120830191208/http://www.joachimgraf.com/categories/14-Lehrgang-Linolschnitt-Und-was-es-sonst-noch-gibt photo series: Linocut] articles by German printmaker Joachim Graf
*Wheaton-Smith, Simon. [http://www.linocutsandprints.com Lino Cuts And Prints]: How to screw them up, and how to fix them once you have. Free 200 page book.
*Orozco, Miguel (2024). ''[https://www.academia.edu/124636869/Picasso_Linocuts_Catalogue_Raisonn%C3%A9 Picasso Linocuts. Catalogue Raisonné]'', San Francisco, California. Academia.edu

==External links==
{{Commons category|Linocut}}
{{Wiktionary}}

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0oWrgfd9iE Large scale hand printed linocut video]
* [https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/l/linocut Explanation of art term 'Linocut' on Tate Gallery website]
* [https://hickmandesign.co.uk/resources/printmaking-guides/lino-printing-process/ The Lino Printing Process]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Printmaking]]
[[Category:Relief printing]]
[[Category:Linocut|*]]

[[fi:Taidegrafiikka#Linoleikkaus]]