View source for Lisbon

{{Short description|Capital and largest city of Portugal}}
{{About|the city in Portugal|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Lisboa|other uses|Lisboa (disambiguation)}}
{{Pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Pp-move}}  
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}} 
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Lisbon
| official_name      = Very Noble and Ever Loyal City of Lisbon<hr/>{{nativename|pt|Mui Nobre e Sempre Leal Cidade de Lisboa}}
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    =[[Municipalities of Portugal|Municipality]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
  | total_width            = 305
  | border                 = infobox
  | perrow                 = 1/3/2/1
  | caption_align          = center
  | image1                 = Lisboa - Portugal (52597836992).jpg
  | alt1                   = View from Miradouro da Senhora do Monte
  | caption1               = View of [[Alfama]]
  | image2                 = Belem Tower (33641421694) (cropped).jpg
  | alt2                   = Belem Tower
  | caption2               = [[Belém Tower]]
  | image3                 = Lisbon_Praça_do_Comércio_BW_2018-10-03_13-33-44_s.jpg
  | alt3                   = Rua Augusta Arch
  | caption3               = [[Rua Augusta Arch]]
  | image4                 = A Big Bird Discovering the Monument (24487392920) (cropped).jpg
  | alt4                   = Monument of the Discoveries
  | caption4               = [[Monument of the Discoveries]]
  | image5                 = Praça Luís de Camões DSC 0191 (52637381613).jpg
  | alt5                   = Chiado
  | caption5               = [[Chiado]]
  | image6                 = Campo Pequeno.jpg
  | alt6                   = Campo Pequeno
  | caption6               = [[Campo Pequeno]]
  | image7                 = Parque das Nações 31 (cropped2).jpg
  | alt7                   = Parque das Nações e Ponte Vasco da Gama
  | caption7               = [[Vasco da Gama Tower]] (left) in the [[Parque das Nações]] with [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] (background)
}}
| image_blank_emblem = Câmara Municipal de Lisboa logo.svg
| blank_emblem_type  = [[Logo]]
| image_flag         = Flag of Lisbon.svg
| image_shield       = Coat_of_Arms_of_Lisbon.svg
| pushpin_map        = Portugal#Europe
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Portugal##Location within Europe
| pushpin_relief     = 1
| image_map          = {{Infobox mapframe|wikidata=yes|stroke-width=1 |shape-fill-opacity=0|geomask=Q597|zoom=11|frame-lat=38.74|frame-long=-9.14|id=Q597}}
| map_caption        = Location of Lisbon
| coordinates        = {{Coord|38|43|31|N|09|09|00|W|type:city_region:PT-11|display=it}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| motto              = ''Mui Nobre e Sempre Leal''<br /><small>"Very Noble and Always Loyal"</small>
| nickname           = 
| etymology          = 
| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name   = {{Flag|Portugal}}
| subdivision_type1  = Metro
| subdivision_name1  = [[Lisbon metropolitan area]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Districts of Portugal|District]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Lisbon District|Lisbon]]
| subdivision_type4  = Historic province
| subdivision_name4  = [[Estremadura Province (historical)|Estremadura]]
| seat_type          = 
| seat               = [[Lisbon Municipal Chamber]]
| parts_type         = [[#Freguesias|Civil parishes]]
| parts_style        = para
| p1                 = ([[#Freguesias|see text]])
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Carlos Moedas]]
| leader_title1      = [[Assembleia Municipal|Municipal chair]]
| leader_name1       = Rosário Farmhouse
| government_type    = [[Local administrative unit]]
| governing_body     = [[Concelho]]/[[Câmara Municipal]]
| established_title  = Settlement
| established_date   = {{Circa|1200 [[Before common era|BCE]]}}
| established_title1 = Roman [[Olissipo]]
| established_date1  = {{Circa|138 BCE}}
| established_title2 = Moorish rule
| established_date2  = 711 [[Common era|CE]]
| established_title3 = [[Siege of Lisbon]]
| established_date3  = 1147 CE
| established_title4 = Capital city
| established_date4  = 1256 CE
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 100.05
| area_metro_km2     = 3015.24
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 2
| elevation_ft       = 
|population_rank = [[List of cities in Portugal|1st]]
| population_as_of   = 2024
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Pop24">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012918&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2&xlang=en|title=Resident population (No.) by Place of residence (NUTS - 2024), Sex and Age group; Annual|publisher=[[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]|date=18 June 2025}}</ref>
| population_total   = 575739
| population_metro   = 3005119
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = Lisboan<br />Lisboeta<br />Olissiponense<br />[[Alfacinha]] <small>(colloquial)</small>
| demographics_type1 = Nominal GDP [[Grande Lisboa|Greater Lisbon]]
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 January 2025|title=Produto interno bruto (B.1*g) a preços correntes (Base 2021 - €) por Localização geográfica (NUTS - 2024); Anual|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0014131&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|website=www.ine.pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|access-date=14 January 2025|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0014103&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|title=Produto interno bruto (B.1*g) por habitante a preços correntes (Base 2021 - €) por Localização geográfica (NUTS - 2024); Anual|website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Total
| demographics1_info1 = €84.363&nbsp;billion (2023)
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = €39,942 (2023)
| timezone1          = [[Western European Time|WET]]
| utc_offset1        = ±00:00{{!}}UTC
| timezone1_DST      = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +1
| postal_code_type   = Postal zone
| postal_code        = 1000-000 to 1999-XXX Lisboa
| area_code_type     = 
| area_code          = (+351) 21 XXX XXXX
| geocode            = 
| iso_code           = 
| blank_name         = 
| blank_info         = 
| blank1_name        = [[Patron saint]]s
| blank1_info        = [[Vincent of Saragossa]] and [[Anthony of Lisbon]]
| blank2_name        = Municipal address
| blank2_info        = Praça do Município, 1<br />1149-014 Lisboa
| blank3_name        = Municipal holidays
| blank3_info        = 13 June ([[Anthony of Lisbon|St. Anthony's Day]])
| website            = {{URL|http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/|cm-lisboa.pt}}
}}

'''Lisbon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|z|b|ən|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Lisbon.wav}} {{respell|LIZ|bən}}; {{langx|pt|Lisboa}} {{IPA|pt-PT|liʒˈβoɐ||pt-pt Lisboa FF.ogg}})<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/07/portuguese.html |title=Portuguese |access-date=17 June 2012 |last=Wells |first=John C. |date=21 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408214322/http://www.phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2010/07/portuguese.html |archive-date=8 April 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> is the capital and most populous municipality of [[Portugal]], with an estimated population of 575,739, as of 2024, within its administrative limits<ref name="INEpt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal|website=www.ine.pt}}</ref><ref name=dgt>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |title=Áreas das freguesias, concelhos, distritos e país |access-date=5 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105172426/http://www.dgterritorio.pt/cartografia_e_geodesia/cartografia/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal_caop_/caop__download_/carta_administrativa_oficial_de_portugal___versao_2017__em_vigor_/ |archive-date=5 November 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and 3,028,000 within the [[Lisbon Metropolitan Area|metropolis]], as of 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisbon, Portugal Population (2025) - Population Stat |url=https://populationstat.com/portugal/lisbon |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=populationstat.com}}</ref> Lisbon is mainland [[Europe]]'s westernmost capital city (second overall after [[Reykjavík]]), and the only one along the Atlantic coast,<ref name="Judd2015">{{cite book |last1=Judd |first1=Dennis R. |title=The Infrastructure of Play: Building the Tourist City |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45629-2 |page=314 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=omemBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> the others (Reykjavík and [[Dublin]]) being on islands. The city lies in the western portion of the [[Iberian Peninsula]], on the northern shore of the River [[Tagus]]. The western portion of its metro area, the [[Portuguese Riviera]], hosts the westernmost point of [[Continental Europe]], culminating at [[Cabo da Roca]].

Lisbon is one of the [[List of oldest continuously inhabited cities|oldest cities in the world]]<ref name="RudlinThompsonJarvis2016">{{cite book |last1=Rudlin |first1=David |last2=Thompson |first2=Rob |last3=Jarvis |first3=Sarah |title=Urbanism |year=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-21390-1 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rislDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114173934/https://books.google.com/books?id=rislDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA45 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the second-oldest European capital city (after [[Athens]]), predating other modern European capitals by centuries.<ref name="CIAFactbook2021">{{cite book |last1=Central Intelligence Agency |title=The CIA World Factbook 2021-2022 |year=2021 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-5107-6382-1 |page=3319 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NyUFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3319 |access-date=14 January 2023 |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114173934/https://books.google.com/books?id=NyUFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT3319 |url-status=live }}</ref> Settled by pre-Celtic tribes and later founded and civilized by the Phoenicians, [[Julius Caesar]] made it a [[municipium]] called ''Felicitas Julia'',<ref name="Livermore1973">{{cite book |author=H. V. Livermore |title=Portugal: A Short History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PF0fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Felicitas%20Julia%22 |year=1973 |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-85224-207-0 |page=4 |access-date=5 September 2019 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052700/https://books.google.com/books?id=PF0fAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Felicitas%20Julia%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> adding the term to the name ''[[Olisipo|Olissipo]]''. After the [[Fall of the Western Roman Empire|fall of the Roman Empire]], it was ruled by a series of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic tribes]] from the 5th century, most notably the [[Visigoths]]. Later it was captured by the [[Moors]] in the 8th century. In 1147, [[Afonso Henriques]] [[Siege of Lisbon|conquered the city]] and in 1255, it became [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]]'s capital, replacing [[Coimbra]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferreira |first=Marta Leite |title=Lisboa não é a capital de Portugal e outros 9 factos que não aprendeu nas aulas de História |trans-title=Lisbon is not the capital of Portugal — and 9 other facts you didn’t learn in history class |url=https://observador.pt/2016/10/06/lisboa-nao-e-a-capital-de-portugal-e-outros-9-factos-que-nao-aprendeu-nas-aulas-de-historia/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref> It has since been the political, economic, and cultural centre of the country.

As the political centre of the country, Lisbon hosts the [[Government of Portugal|government]], [[Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)|Assembly of the Republic]], [[Supreme Court of Justice (Portugal)|Supreme Court of Justice]], [[Portuguese Armed Forces|Armed Forces]] and residence of the [[President of Portugal|head of state]]. It is also the centre of Portuguese diplomacy, with ambassadors from 86 countries residing in the city, as well as representations from [[Taiwan]] and [[Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Corpo Diplomático em Portugal |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/politica-externa/protocolo-do-estado-e-corpo-diplomatico-acreditado-em-portugal |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Portal Diplomático |language=pt-pt}}</ref> About 3.01 million people live in the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], which extends beyond the city's administrative area, making it the third largest metropolitan area in the [[Iberian Peninsula]] (after [[Madrid]] and [[Barcelona]]) as well as figuring amongst the [[List of urban areas in the European Union|10 most populous urban areas]] in the [[European Union]].<ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal">{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref><ref name="World_Urban_Areas">[http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf Demographia: World Urban Areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517065701/http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|date=17 May 2017}} - demographia.com, 06.2021</ref> It represents approximately 28% of the country's population.

Lisbon is recognised as an [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network|alpha− level global city]] because of its importance in finance, commerce, fashion, media, entertainment, arts, international trade, education, and tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2010 |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |publisher=[[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]] |access-date=23 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GaWC - The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.lboro.ac.uk |archive-date=12 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220612112616/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/microsites/geography/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lisbon is amongst the two Portuguese cities (the other being [[Porto]]) to be recognised as a global city, and it is also home to three companies in the [[Forbes Global 2000|Global 2000]] ([[EDP Group]], [[Galp Energia]] and [[Jerónimo Martins]]).<ref name="GAWC">{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |title=The World According to GaWC 2010 |publisher=Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network, [[Loughborough University]] |access-date=3 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010004859/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2010t.html |archive-date=10 October 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html |title=Inventory of World Cities |publisher=Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Study Group and Network |access-date=1 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014191556/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/citylist.html |archive-date=14 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |editor-last=Murphy |editor-first=Andrea |editor2-last=Tucker |editor2-first=Hank |title=The Global 2000 2023 |url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608153349/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/ |archive-date=8 June 2023 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Lisbon is one of the major economic centres in [[Europe]], with a growing financial sector, with [[Euronext Lisbon|PSI-20]] being part of [[Euronext]], the largest center for debt and funds listings in the world. The [[Lisbon region]] has a [[Economy of the European Union#Richest & Poorest NUTS Regions (GDP PPP 2007)|higher GDP PPP per capita]] than any other [[NUTS II|region]] in Portugal. Its GDP PPP amounts to US$179 billion and thus $61,713 per capita.

The city occupies the 40th place of highest gross earnings in the world.<ref>[http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest-cities-world.html "Ranking: The richest cities in the world"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323155132/http://www.citymayors.com/economics/richest-cities-world.html |date=23 March 2019 }} – City Mayors.com</ref> Most of the headquarters of [[multinational corporation]]s in Portugal are located in the Lisbon area.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927045857/http://www.agencialusa.com.br/index.php?iden=7832 "Lisboa é 9ª cidade que mais recebe congressos internacionais"] [Lisbon is the ninth city that receives the most international congresses]  – Agência LUSA</ref>

==Etymology==
Lisbon's name may derive from [[Proto-Celtic]] or [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] ''[[Olisippo]]'', ''Lissoppo'', or a similar name which other visiting ancient peoples such as the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans adapted accordingly, such as the pre-Roman appellation for the Tagus River, ''Lisso'' or ''Lucio''. Classical authors writing in Latin and Greek, including [[Strabo]], [[Gaius Julius Solinus|Solinus]], and [[Martianus Capella]],<ref name="BostockRiley2015">{{cite book |author=Pliny the Elder |editor1=John Bostock |editor2=H.T. Riley |title=Pliny the Elder: The Natural History Book IV |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D35 |date=21 May 2015 |isbn=978-1-4725-2101-9 |chapter=35, note 22 |publisher=Bloomsbury |quote=Now Lisbon. Both Strabo, Solinus, and Martianus Capella make mention of a story that Ulysses came to Spain and founded this city. |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428213942/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D35 |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="StahlBurge1992">{{cite book |author1=William Harris Stahl |author2=E. L. Burge |author3=Richard Johnson |title=Martianus Capella and the Seven Liberal Arts: The Marriage of Philology and Mercury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-Z9eI6dXwC&pg=PA233 |volume=II |date=June 1992 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-09636-2 |page=233 |access-date=4 September 2019 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052743/https://books.google.com/books?id=nZ-Z9eI6dXwC&pg=PA233 |url-status=live }}</ref> referred to popular legends that the city of Lisbon was founded by the mythical hero Ulysses ([[Odysseus]]).<ref name="DelmasPenn2012">{{cite book |author1=Adrien Delmas |author2=Nigel Penn |title=Written Culture in a Colonial Context: Africa and the Americas 1500–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bd0yAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |date=20 January 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-22524-4 |page=348 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505085623/https://books.google.com/books?id=bd0yAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348 |archive-date=5 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Barletta2010">{{cite book |author=Vincent Barletta |title=Death in Babylon: Alexander the Great and Iberian Empire in the Muslim Orient |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=49rmZ7_kessC&pg=PA39 |date=15 May 2010 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03739-4 |page=39 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128231608/https://books.google.com/books?id=49rmZ7_kessC&pg=PA39 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> Lisbon's name was written ''Ulyssippo'' in Latin by the geographer [[Pomponius Mela]], a native of [[Hispania]]. It was later referred to as "Olisippo" by [[Pliny the Elder]] and by the Greeks as ''Olissipo'' (Ὀλισσιπών) or ''Olissipona'' (Ὀλισσιπόνα).<ref name="Almeida1992">{{cite book |author=Justino Mendes de Almeida |title=De Olisipo a Lisboa: estudos olisiponenses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C5cvAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ipo%22 |year=1992 |publisher=Edições Cosmos |isbn=978-972-9170-75-1 |page=19 |quote=...que o nome ''Lisboa'' derivaria de um acusativo grego da 3° declinação, ''Olisipona''.", p. 19, (...the name Lisbon derives from the third declension of the Greek accusative singular, ''Olisipona''.) |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610115553/https://books.google.com/books?id=C5cvAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ipo%22 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, illustrated by numerous engravings on wood |first=William |last=Smith |location=London, England |publisher=Walton and Maberly |year=1854}}</ref>

Another claim repeated in historical literature is that the name of Lisbon could originate from a supposed ancient Phoenician term ''Alis-Ubbo'', meaning "safe harbour" or "pleasant haven".<ref name="History1780">{{cite book |author=Various, compiled |title=An Universal History, From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QCwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA345 |year=1780 |page=345 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128231659/https://books.google.com/books?id=QCwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA345 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FerreiraCabello1998">{{cite book |last1=Ferreira |first1=Emília |last2=Cabello |first2=Jorge |title=Lisbon |year=1998 |publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi |isbn=978-88-8029-394-1 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2rQH2oKbywUC&pg=PA3 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311132743/https://books.google.com/books?id=2rQH2oKbywUC&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Jack2019">{{cite book |last1=Jack |first1=Malcolm |title=Lisbon, City of the Sea: A History |year=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-83860-172-0 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=If2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |language=en |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=11 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311132521/https://books.google.com/books?id=If2ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT138 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although modern archaeological excavations show there may have been Phoenician presence at this location since 1000{{nbsp}}BC,<ref name="Whitfield2005">{{cite book |author=Peter Whitfield |title=Cities of the World: A History in Maps |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WS4jgVqnck8C&pg=PA99 |year=2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24725-3 |page=99 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128210437/https://books.google.com/books?id=WS4jgVqnck8C&pg=PA99 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> this folk etymology completely lacks any evidence and "is never attested in ancient classical literature".<ref name="Burstein2019">{{cite journal |last1=Burstein |first1=Eitan |editor1-last=Elbl |editor1-first=Martin Malcolm |title=The Meaning of the Toponym 'Lisbon' Explained through Biblical Etymology |journal=Portuguese Studies Review |date=Winter 2019 |volume=27 |issue=2 |page=3 |url=https://philpapers.org/archive/CARQMD.pdf |issn=1057-1515 |quote=We surmise that the Phoenician toponym, the origin of Olisipo, should be neither Alits Ub(b)o, a form proposed by some scholars (e.g. Samuel Bochart, 1599−1667) notwithstanding the fact that it is never attested in ancient classical literature, nor the commonly accepted Alis Ubbo (see for instance the title of a documentary film produced in 2018, in a cynical sense), but a different form altogether. We shall use Hebrew to substantiate our argument. |access-date=11 March 2022 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403140247/https://philpapers.org/archive/CARQMD.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Lisbon's name is commonly abbreviated as "LX" or "Lx", originating in an antiquated spelling of Lisbon as ''Lixbõa''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/lx--lisboa/14867 |title=Lx., abreviatura de Lisboa - Ciberdúvidas da Língua Portuguesa |website=ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404130124/https://ciberduvidas.iscte-iul.pt/consultorio/perguntas/lx--lisboa/14867 |archive-date=4 April 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> While the old spelling has since been completely dropped from usage and goes against modern language standards, the abbreviation is still commonly used.

==History==
{{Main|History of Lisbon}}
{{For timeline}}

===Origins===
[[File:Escavações no Claustro da Sé de Lisboa.jpg|thumb|left|Phoenician archaeological dig in a cloister of the [[Lisbon Cathedral]]]]

During the [[Neolithic]] period, the region was inhabited by Pre-Celtic tribes, who built religious and funerary monuments, [[megalith]]s, [[dolmen]]s and [[menhir]]s, which still survive in areas on the periphery of Lisbon.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rodrigo Banha da Silva |date=September 2013 |title=A ocupação da idade do bronze final da Praça da Figueira (Lisboa): novos e velhos dados sobre os antecedentes da cidade de Lisboa |trans-title=Late Bronze Age occupation of Praça da Figueira (Lisbon): new and old data on the origins of the city of Lisbon |url=http://www.cm-vfxira.pt/files/3/documentos/2013091715584601248.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Cira Arqueologia |series=Cira Arqueologia II |language=pt |publisher=Museu da Rede Portuguesa de Museus |issue=2, Tejo, palco de interação entre Indígenas e Fenícios |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140621220603/http://www.cm-vfxira.pt/files/3/documentos/2013091715584601248.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2014 |access-date=21 June 2014}}</ref> The [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] [[Celt]]s invaded in the 1st millennium BC, mixing with the [[Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula|Pre-Indo-European]] population, thus giving rise to Celtic-speaking local tribes such as the Cempsi or [[Sefes]].

Although the first fortifications on Lisbon's [[Castelo de São Jorge|Castelo]] hill are known to be no older than the 2nd century BC, recent archaeological finds have shown that [[Iron Age]] people occupied the site from the 8th to 6th centuries BC.<ref name="Bellard2003">{{cite book |author=Carlos Gómez Bellard |title=Ecohistoria del paisaje agrario: La agricultura fenicio-púnica en el Mediterráneo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |year=2003 |publisher=Universitat de València |isbn=978-84-370-5508-4 |page=213 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128213419/https://books.google.com/books?id=7ev-DW7WEaAC&pg=PA213 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Arruda2002">{{cite book |author=Ana Margarida Arruda |author-link=Ana Margarida Arruda |title=Los fenicios en Portugal: fenicios y mundo indígena en el centro y sur de Portugal (siglos VIII-VI a.C.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=Carrera Edició |isbn=978-84-88236-11-1 |pages=113–115 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128191049/https://books.google.com/books?id=KYJnQgAACAAJ |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Laidlar1997">{{cite book |author=John Laidlar |title=Lisbon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K80UAQAAIAAJ |year=1997 |publisher=Clio Press |isbn=978-1-85109-268-0 |page=63}}</ref> This indigenous settlement maintained commercial relations with the Phoenicians, which would account for the recent findings of Phoenician pottery and other material objects. Archaeological excavations made near the [[São Jorge Castle|Castle of São Jorge]] (''Castelo de São Jorge'') and [[Lisbon Cathedral]] indicate there may have been a Phoenician presence at this location since 1000 BC,<ref name="Whitfield2005" /> and it can be stated with confidence that a Phoenician trading post stood on a site<ref name="Pilkington2013">{{cite thesis |author1=Nathan Laughlin Pilkington |title=An Archaeological History of Carthaginian Imperialism |url=http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |website=Academic Commons, Columbia.edu |publisher=Columbia University |access-date=19 August 2014 |page=170 |year=2013 |doi=10.7916/D80G3SCF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903211757/http://academiccommons.columbia.edu/item/ac:159452 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WrightSwift1971">{{cite book |author1=David Wright |author2=Patrick Swift |title=Lisbon: a portrait and a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |date=1 January 1971 |publisher=Barrie and Jenkins |isbn=978-0-214-65309-4 |page=150 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207052702/https://books.google.com/books?id=QIMnAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> now the centre of the present city, on the southern slope of the Castle hill.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wachsmann |first1=Shelley |last2=Dunn |first2=Richard K. |last3=Hale |first3=John R. |last4=Hohlfelder |first4=Robert L. |last5=Conyers |first5=Lawrence B. |last6=Ernenwein |first6=Eileen G. |last7=Sheets |first7=Payson |last8=Blot |first8=Maria Luisa Pienheiro |last9=Castro |first9=Filipe|last10=Davis|first10=Dan |title=The Palaeo-Environmental Contexts of Three Possible Phoenician Anchorages in Portugal |journal=International Journal of Nautical Archaeology |date=September 2009 |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=221–253 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-9270.2009.00224.x |url=http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |publisher=Blackwell Publishing Ltd. |bibcode=2009IJNAr..38..221W |s2cid=130964094 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013091642/http://anthropologyworldnews.tamu.edu/faculty/castro/publications/Wachsmann%20et%20al.%202009%20-%20Portugal.pdf |archive-date=13 October 2016}}</ref> The sheltered harbour in the [[Tagus River]] [[estuary]] was an ideal spot for an [[Iberian Peninsula|Iberian]] settlement and would have provided a secure harbour for unloading and provisioning trading ships.<ref name="PereiraMata2012">{{cite book |author1=Pedro Telhado Pereira |author2=Maria Eugénia Mata |title=Urban Dominance and Labour Market Differentiation of a European Capital City: Lisbon 1890–1990 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBz_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5382-9 |pages=123–124 |access-date=12 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128210637/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBz_CAAAQBAJ&pg=PA123 |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The Tagus settlement was an important centre of commercial trade with the inland tribes, providing an outlet for the valuable metals, salt and salted-fish they collected, and for the sale of the [[Lusitano|Lusitanian horses]] renowned in antiquity.

According to a persistent legend, the location was named for the Greek mythical king of Ithaca, [[Odysseus|Ulysses]], who founded the city when he sailed westward to the ends of the known world.<ref name="Jack2019"/>

===Roman era===
{{Main|Olisipo}}
[[File:CercaMouraTorreAlfama (cropped).JPG|thumb|left|Part of the ''Cerca Velha'' (Old Wall), originally built by the Romans<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.publico.pt/2001/10/11/jornal/cerca-moura-de-lisboa-afinal-e-romana-162871 |title=Cerca Moura de Lisboa afinal é romana |date=11 October 2001 |publisher=publico.pt |work=Francisco Nieves |access-date=15 April 2018 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805134705/https://www.publico.pt/2001/10/11/jornal/cerca-moura-de-lisboa-afinal-e-romana-162871 |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Following the defeat of [[Hannibal]] in 202 BC during the [[Punic wars]], the Romans determined to deprive [[Carthage]] of its most valuable possession: [[Hispania]] (the Iberian Peninsula). The defeat of Carthaginian forces by [[Scipio Africanus]] in Eastern Hispania allowed the pacification of the west, led by Consul [[Decimus Junius Brutus Callaicus]]. Decimus obtained the alliance of [[Olisipo|Olissipo]] (which sent men to fight alongside the Roman Legions against the northwestern Celtic tribes) by integrating it into the empire, as the ''Municipium Cives Romanorum Felicitas Julia''. Local authorities were granted self-rule over a territory that extended {{cvt|50|km|mi|abbr=off}}; exempt from taxes, its citizens were given the privileges of Roman citizenship,<ref name="Livermore1973" /> and it was then integrated with the Roman province of [[Lusitania]] (whose capital was [[Emerita Augusta]]).

[[Lusitanians|Lusitanian]] raids and rebellions during Roman occupation required the construction of a wall around the settlement. During [[Augustus]]' reign, the Romans also built a great theatre; the Cassian Baths (underneath ''Rua da Prata''); temples to [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]], [[Diana (mythology)|Diana]], [[Cybele]], [[Tethys (mythology)|Tethys]] and Idea [[Phrygia]]e (an uncommon cult from [[Asia Minor]]), in addition to temples to the Emperor; a large [[necropolis]] under ''[[Praça da Figueira]]''; a large forum and other buildings such as [[insula (building)|insulae]] (multi-storied apartment buildings) in the area between Castle Hill and the historic city core. Many of these ruins were first unearthed during the mid-18th century (when the recent discovery of [[Pompeii]] made Roman archaeology fashionable among Europe's upper classes).

The city prospered as [[piracy]] was eliminated and technological advances were introduced, consequently ''Felicitas Julia'' became a center of trade with the Roman provinces of [[Roman Britain|Britannia]] (particularly [[Cornwall]]) and the [[Rhine]]. Economically strong, Olissipo was known for its [[garum]] (a fish sauce highly prized by the elites of the empire and exported in [[amphora]]e to Rome), wine, salt, and horse-breeding, while Roman culture permeated the hinterland. The city was connected by a broad road to Western Hispania's two other large cities, [[Bracara Augusta]] in the province of [[Tarraconensis]] (Portuguese [[Braga]]), and [[Emerita Augusta]], the capital of [[Lusitania]]. The city was ruled by an [[oligarchy|oligarchical]] council dominated by two families, the Julii and the Cassiae, although regional authority was administered by the Roman Governor of Emerita or directly by Emperor [[Tiberius]]. Among the majority of [[Latin]] speakers lived a large minority of Greek traders and slaves.

Olissipo, like most great cities in the Western Empire, was a center for the dissemination of Christianity. Its first attested [[Patriarch of Lisbon|Bishop]] was Potamius (c. 356), and there were several [[martyr]]s during the period of persecution of the Christians: [[Holy Martyrs of Lisbon|Verissimus, Maxima, and Julia]] are the most significant examples. By the time of the [[Fall of Rome]], Olissipo had become a notable Christian center.

{{wide image|CastleSaintGeorge.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|[[São Jorge Castle]] and the surrounding neighborhoods of [[Castelo (Lisbon)|Castelo]], Mouraria, and [[Alfama]]}}

===Middle Ages===
Following the disintegration of the Western Roman Empire, there were [[barbarian]] invasions; between 409 and 429 the city was occupied successively by [[Sarmatian]]s, [[Alans]] and [[Vandals]]. The Germanic [[Suebi]], who established a kingdom in [[Gallaecia]] (modern [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and northern Portugal), with its capital in ''[[Bracara Augusta]]'', also controlled the region of Lisbon until 585. In 585, the Suebi Kingdom was integrated into the Germanic [[Visigoths|Visigothic]] Kingdom of Toledo, which comprised all of the Iberian Peninsula: Lisbon was then called ''Ulishbona''.

[[File:Siege of Lisbon - Muslim surrender.jpg|thumb|King [[Afonso Henriques]] reconquered the city from the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravid Empire]] at the 1147 [[siege of Lisbon]].]]

On 6 August 711, Lisbon was taken by the [[Moors|Muslim]] forces of the [[Umayyad Caliphate]]. These conquerors built many mosques and houses, rebuilt the city wall (known as the ''Cerca Moura'') and established administrative control, while permitting the diverse population  of [[Muwallad]]s, [[Arabs]], [[Berbers]], [[Mozarabs]], ''[[Saqaliba]]'', and [[Jews]] to maintain their socio-cultural lifestyles. [[Andalusi Romance|Mozarabic]] was the native language spoken by most of the Christian population although Arabic was widely known as spoken by all religious communities. Islam was the official religion practised by the Arabs, Berbers, Saqaliba and Muwallad.

The ancient Muslim influence is still visible in the [[Alfama]] district, an old quarter of Lisbon that survived the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]: many place-names are derived from Arabic and the Alfama (the oldest existing district of Lisbon) was derived from the Arabic "''al-hamma''{{-"}}.

For a brief time, Lisbon was an independent Muslim kingdom known as the [[Taifa of Lisbon]] (1022–1034), before being conquered by the larger [[Taifa of Badajoz]].

In 1108 Lisbon was raided and occupied by [[Norway|Norwegian]] crusaders led by [[Sigurd I of Norway|Sigurd I]] on their way to the [[Holy Land]] as part of the [[Norwegian Crusade]] and occupied by crusader forces for three years.<ref>Pires, Helio. "Sigurđr's Attack on Lisbon: Where Exactly?" In ''Viking and Medieval Scandinavia'' 8 (2012) – Turnhout, Belgium: Brepols Publishers, c=2012, pp. 199–205.</ref> It was taken by the Moorish [[Almoravids]] in 1111.
[[File:Siege of Lisbon 1384.JPG|thumb|right|The [[Siege of Lisbon (1384)|1384 siege of Lisbon]] in [[Froissart's Chronicles]]]]

In 1147, as part of [[Portugal in the Reconquista|Portuguese theatre of the Reconquista]], [[Afonso I of Portugal]] laid [[Siege of Lisbon|siege]] and conquered Lisbon with the aid of crusader knights. The city, with around 154,000 residents at the time, was returned to Christian rule. The conquest of Portugal and re-establishment of [[Christianity]] is one of the most significant events in Lisbon's history, described in the chronicle ''[[Expugnatione Lyxbonensi]]'', which describes, among other incidents, how the local bishop was killed by the crusaders and the city's residents prayed to the [[Virgin Mary]] as it happened. Some of the Muslim residents converted to Roman Catholicism and most of those who did not convert fled to other parts of the Islamic world, primarily [[Muslim Spain]] and [[North Africa]]. All mosques were either destroyed or altered and converted into churches. As a result of the end of Muslim rule in the mid-12th century, spoken Arabic quickly lost its place in Lisbon, and disappeared altogether.

With its central location, Lisbon became the capital city of the new Portuguese territory in 1255.
The first Portuguese university was founded in Lisbon in 1290 by King [[Dinis I of Portugal|Denis I]]; for many years the ''[[Studium Generale]]'' (''General Study'') was transferred intermittently to [[Coimbra]], where it was installed permanently in the 16th century as the [[University of Coimbra]].

In 1384, the city was besieged by King [[Juan I of Castille]], as a part of the ongoing [[1383–1385 Crisis]]. The result of the siege was a victory for the Portuguese led by [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]].

During the last centuries of the Middle Ages, Lisbon expanded substantially and became an important trading post with both [[Northern Europe]]an and Mediterranean cities.

===Early Modern===
[[File:Lisboa 1500-1510.jpg|thumb|The oldest known panorama of Lisbon (1500–1510) from the ''Crónica de Dom Afonso Henriques'' by [[Duarte Galvão]]]]

When the Spaniards expelled the Jews from Spanish territory, many of them fled to Lisbon. Although acknowledging the central importance of the Jews to the city's prosperity, [[Manuel I of Portugal|Manuel I]] decreed in 1497 that all Jews must convert to Christianity, only those who refused being forced to leave, but not before the expropriation of their property.<ref name="Roitman2011">{{cite book |author=Jessica V. Roitman |title=The Same But Different?: Inter-cultural Trade and the Sephardim, 1595–1640 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OOLWe21CrTcC&pg=PA33 |date=14 February 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20276-4 |page=33}}</ref> In 1506, an anti-semitic movement among the [[Old Christians]] of Lisbon culminated in a [[Lisbon massacre|massacre]] lasting four days in which some 1,000 to 4,000 [[New Christian]] men, women and children, converted descendants of [[Sephardic Jews]], are estimated to have been killed.<ref name="Soyer2007">{{cite journal |last1=Soyer |first1=F. |title=The Massacre of the New Christians of Lisbon in 1506: A New Eyewitness Account |journal=Cadernos de Estudos Sefarditas |date=2007 |volume=7 |page=221 |url=http://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65962/1/Francois_SoyerLisbon1506.pdf |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407103928/https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/65962/1/Francois_SoyerLisbon1506.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The king was at Évora when these events occurred, but angered when he received the news, he ordered an investigation which resulted in two of the instigating friars being excommunicated and burned alive.<ref name="PintoMateus2014">{{cite book |author1=Paulo Mendes Pinto |author2=Susana Bastos Mateus |title=The Massacre of the Jews: Lisbon April 19, 1506 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_LVmBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |date=2 September 2014 |publisher=Alêtheia Editores |isbn=978-989-622-665-7 |page=44}}</ref>

Most of the Portuguese expeditions of the [[Age of Discovery]] set out from Lisbon during the period from the end of the 15th century to the beginning of the 17th century, including [[Vasco da Gama]]'s expedition to [[India]] in 1498. The following years of the 16th century began Lisbon's golden era: the city was the European hub of commerce between [[History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Africa]], [[Portuguese India|India]], the [[Nanban trade|Far East]] and later, [[Colonial Brazil|Brazil]], and acquired great riches by exploiting the trade in spices, slaves, sugar, textiles and other goods. This period saw the rise of the exuberant [[Manueline]] style in architecture, which left its mark in many 16th-century monuments (including Lisbon's [[Belém Tower]] and [[Jerónimos Monastery]], which were declared [[UNESCO World Heritage Sites]]). A description of Lisbon in the 16th century was written by [[Damião de Góis]] and published in 1554.<ref>{{Cite book |last=de Góis |first=Damião |author-link=Damião de Góis |orig-year=1554 |year=1996 |title=Lisbon in the Renaissance: A New Translation of the Urbis Olisiponis Descriptio |translator=Jeffrey S. Ruth |location=New York |publisher=Italica Press |doi=10.2307/j.ctt1t88v2c |isbn=9781599100609 |jstor=j.ctt1t88v2c |oclc=1001326566}}</ref>

[[File:Vista dos Jeronomis por Filipe Lobo (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel I]] ordered [[Jerónimos Monastery]] to be built in [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]], to serve [[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese discoverers]].]]
[[File:Terreiro do Paço em 1662.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ribeira Palace]] and the [[Praça do Comércio|Terreiro do Paço]] depicted in 1662 by [[Dirk Stoop]]]]

The [[Iberian Union|succession crisis]] of 1580 initiated a sixty-year period of dual monarchy in Portugal and Spain under the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Habsburgs]].<ref>{{cite web |author=EncyclopædiaBritannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304794/John-IV |title=John IV (king of Portugal) |quote=king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. |access-date=10 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200744/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/304794/John-IV |archive-date=13 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Geoffrey Parker ''The army of Flanders and the Spanish road'', London, 1972 {{ISBN|0-521-08462-8}}, p. 35</ref> This is referred to as the "Philippine Dominion" (''Domínio Filipino''), since all [[Philippine Dynasty|three Spanish kings]] during that period were called Philip (''Filipe''). In 1589, Lisbon was the target of an incursion by the [[English Armada]] led by [[Francis Drake]], while [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth]] supported a Portuguese [[pretender]] in [[Antonio, Prior of Crato]], but support for Crato was lacking and the expedition was a failure. The [[Portuguese Restoration War]], which began with a [[coup d'état]] organised by the nobility and [[bourgeois]]ie in Lisbon and executed on 1 December 1640, restored Portuguese independence. The period from 1640 to 1668 was marked by periodic skirmishes between Portugal and Spain, as well as short episodes of more serious warfare until the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1668)|Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed in 1668.

In the early 18th century, gold from Brazil allowed [[John V of Portugal|King John V]] to sponsor the building of several [[Baroque]] churches and theatres in the city. Prior to the 18th century, Lisbon had experienced several significant earthquakes – eight in the 14th century, five in the 16th century (including the [[1531 Lisbon earthquake|1531 earthquake]] that destroyed 1,500 houses and the 1597 earthquake in which three streets vanished), and three in the 17th century.

On 1 November 1755, the city was destroyed by another [[1755 Lisbon earthquake|devastating earthquake]], which killed an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Lisbon residents<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |title=The Opportunity of a Disaster: The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake |last=Pereira |first=A.S. |date=March 2006 |publisher=Centre for Historical Economics and Related Research at York, York University |access-date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222012/http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> of a population estimated at between 200,000 and 275,000,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |title=The Economic Impact of the Lisbon 1755 Earthquake – p. 8, estimates a population of 200,000 |date=March 2006 |access-date=21 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222012/http://www.york.ac.uk/res/cherry/docs/Alvaro3.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake, citing an unreferenced estimate of 275,000 |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |access-date=21 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> and destroyed 85 percent of the city's structures.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |access-date=21 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> Among several important buildings of the city, the [[Ribeira Palace]] and the [[Hospital Real de Todos os Santos]] were lost. In coastal areas, such as [[Peniche Municipality|Peniche]], situated about {{cvt|80|km|0}} north of Lisbon, many people were killed by the following [[tsunami]].
{{multiple image
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 300
| align             = right
| image1            = Ruinas da Praça da Patriarcal após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png
| width1            = 1012
| height1           = 716
| image2            = Ruinas da Igreja de S. Nicolau após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png
| width3            = 1012
| height3           = 716
| footer            = The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] devastated Lisbon with an estimated magnitude between 8.5 and 9.0.
}}

By 1755, Lisbon was one of the largest cities in Europe; the catastrophic event shocked the whole of Europe and left a deep impression on its collective psyche. [[Voltaire]] wrote a long poem, ''Poême sur le désastre de Lisbonne'', shortly after the quake, and mentioned it in his 1759 novel ''[[Candide]]'' (indeed, many argue that this critique of [[optimism]] was inspired by that earthquake). [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.]] also mentions it in his 1857 poem, ''The Deacon's Masterpiece, or The Wonderful One-Hoss Shay''.

After the 1755 earthquake, the city was rebuilt largely according to the plans of Prime Minister [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo]], the [[Marquis of Pombal|1st Marquis of Pombal]]; the lower town began to be known as the ''Baixa Pombalina'' ([[Pombaline Lower Town|Pombaline central district]]). Instead of rebuilding the medieval town, Pombal decided to demolish what remained after the earthquake and rebuild the city centre in accordance with principles of modern urban design. It was reconstructed in an open rectangular plan with two great squares: the ''[[Praça do Rossio]]'' and the ''[[Praça do Comércio]]''. The first, the central commercial district, is the traditional gathering place of the city and the location of the older cafés, theatres and restaurants; the second became the city's main access to the River Tagus and point of departure and arrival for seagoing vessels, adorned by a triumphal arch (1873) and a monument to King [[Joseph I of Portugal|Joseph I]].

===Modern era===
[[File:Lisbon, the Palácio Nacional da Ajuda.JPG|thumb|The [[Palace of Ajuda]] was built as a residence for the [[King of Portugal]] following the [[1755 Lisbon Earthquake]].]]

In the first years of the 19th century, Portugal was invaded by the troops of [[Napoléon Bonaparte]], forcing Queen [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] and Prince-Regent [[John VI of Portugal|John]] (future John VI) to flee temporarily to Brazil. By the time the new King returned to Lisbon, many of the buildings and properties were pillaged, sacked or destroyed by the invaders.

During the 19th century, the Liberal movement introduced new changes into the urban landscape. The principal areas were in the ''Baixa'' and along the ''Chiado'' district, where shops, tobacconists shops, cafés, bookstores, clubs and theatres proliferated. The development of industry and commerce determined the growth of the city, seeing the transformation of the [[Passeio Público (Lisbon)|Passeio Público]], a Pombaline era park, into the [[Avenida da Liberdade]], as the city grew farther from the Tagus.

Lisbon was the site of the [[Lisbon Regicide|regicide]] of [[Carlos I of Portugal]] in 1908, an event which culminated two years later in the establishment of the First Republic.
[[File:Proclamação República Portuguesa.jpg|thumb|right|The [[5 October 1910 revolution|Proclamation of the Portuguese Republic]] in 1910]]
[[File:33286-Padrão dos Descobrimentos (36569390292).jpg|thumb|[[Monument of the Discoveries]] was built for the [[Portuguese World Exhibition|1940 Portuguese World Exhibition]].]]

The city refounded its university in 1911 after centuries of inactivity in Lisbon, incorporating reformed former colleges and other non-university higher education schools of the city (such as the ''Escola Politécnica'', now ''Faculdade de Ciências''). Today there are two public universities in the city ([[University of Lisbon]] and [[New University of Lisbon]]), a public university institute ([[ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute]]) and a [[polytechnic (Portugal)|polytechnic]] institute (IPL – [[Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa]]).

During [[Portugal in World War II|World War II]], Lisbon was one of the very few neutral, open European Atlantic ports, a major gateway for refugees to the U.S. and a haven for spies. More than 100,000 refugees were able to flee [[Nazi Germany]] via Lisbon.<ref>"[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html Portugal] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121130631/http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html |date=21 January 2017 }}". The Virtual Jewish History Tour.</ref>

During the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime (1926–1974), Lisbon, under the influence of [[Duarte Pacheco]], the minister of works, was expanded at the cost of other districts within the country, resulting in nationalist and monumental projects. New residential and public developments were constructed; the zone of [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]] was modified for the [[Portuguese World Exhibition|1940 Portuguese Exhibition]], while along the periphery new districts appeared to house the growing population. The inauguration of the bridge over the Tagus allowed a rapid connection between both sides of the river.

Lisbon was the site of three revolutions in the 20th century. The first, the [[5 October 1910 revolution]], brought an end to the [[Portuguese monarchy]] and established the highly unstable and corrupt [[Portuguese First Republic]]. The [[28 May 1926 coup d'état|6 June 1926 revolution]] ended the first republic and firmly established the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]], or the [[Portuguese Second Republic]], as the ruling regime.

===Contemporary===
[[File:Parque das Nações - Lisboa (Portugal).jpg|thumb|Lisbon's [[Expo '98]] mascot, "Gil".]]

The [[Carnation Revolution]], which took place on 25 April 1974, ended the right-wing [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] regime and reformed the country to its current state as the [[Portuguese Third Republic]].

In the 1990s, many of the districts were renovated and projects in the historic quarters were established to modernise those areas. Architectural and patrimonial buildings were renovated, the northern margin of the Tagus was re-purposed for leisure and residential use, the [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] was constructed and the eastern part of the municipality was re-purposed for [[Expo '98]] to commemorate the 500th anniversary of [[Vasco da Gama]]'s sea voyage to India, which brought immense riches to Lisbon and led to the construction of many of Lisbon's landmarks.

In 1988, a fire in the historical district of [[Chiado]] saw the destruction of many 18th-century [[Pombaline style]] buildings. A series of restoration works has brought the area back to its former self and made it a high-scale shopping district.

The [[Lisbon Agenda]] was a European Union agreement on measures to revitalise the EU economy, signed in Lisbon in March 2000. In October 2007 Lisbon hosted the [[2007 EU Summit]], where an agreement was reached regarding a new EU governance model. The resulting [[Treaty of Lisbon]] was signed on 13 December 2007 and came into force on 1 December 2009.
[[File:Tratado de Lisboa 13 12 2007 (08) edited.jpg|thumb|The [[Treaty of Lisbon]], which forms the constitutional basis of the [[European Union]], was signed at the [[Jerónimos Monastery]] in 2007.]]
Lisbon has been the site for many international events and programmes. In 1994, Lisbon was the [[European Capital of Culture]]. On 3 November 2005, Lisbon hosted the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2005|MTV European Music Awards]]. On 7 July 2007, Lisbon held the ceremony of the "New 7 Wonders Of The World"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0 |title=Welcome to the official global voting platform of |publisher=New7Wonders |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091220070115/http://www.new7wonders.com/index.php?id=315&L=0 |archive-date=20 December 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> election, in the [[Estádio da Luz|Luz Stadium]], with live transmission for millions of people all over the world. Every two years, Lisbon hosts the [[Rock in Rio#Lisboa, Portugal, and Madrid, Spain|Rock in Rio Lisboa]] Music Festival, one of the largest in the world. Lisbon hosted the [[NATO]] summit (19–20 November 2010), a [[summit (meeting)|summit meeting]] that is regarded as a periodic opportunity for Heads of State and [[Head of Government|Heads of Government]] of [[NATO member states]] to evaluate and provide strategic direction for Alliance activities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/issues/summits/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110914152244/http://www.nato.int/issues/summits/index.html |url-status=dead |title=NATO, ''NATO Summit Meetings'', 4 December 2006 |archive-date=14 September 2011 |access-date=7 April 2020}}</ref> The city hosts the [[Web Summit]] and is the head office for the [[G7+|Group of Seven Plus (G7+)]]. In 2018 it hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2018|Eurovision Song Contest]] for the first time as well as the [[Michelin Guide|Michelin Gala]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://meetingspotlight.com/ |title=Meeting Spotlight &#124; The meeting planner destination resource |website=meetingspotlight.com |access-date=7 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224172742/https://meetingspotlight.com/ |archive-date=24 February 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> On 11 July 2018, the [[Aga Khan IV|Aga Khan]] officially chose the Henrique de Mendonça Palace, located on Rua Marquês de Fronteira, as the ''[[Divan]]'', or seat, of the global [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Muslim]] [[Imamate]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://ismailimail.blog/2015/06/03/photos-ismaili-imamat-establishes-headquarters-in-portugal/ |title=Photos: Ismaili Imamat establishes headquarters in Portugal |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026153844/https://ismailimail.blog/2015/06/03/photos-ismaili-imamat-establishes-headquarters-in-portugal/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Darcy |first=Marie-Line |url=https://international.la-croix.com/news/religion/lisbon-as-the-holy-see-for-ismaili-shia-muslims/8034 |title=Lisbon as the 'Holy See' for Ismaili Shia Muslims |access-date=22 October 2020 |date=12 July 2018 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026210029/https://international.la-croix.com/amp/religion/lisbon-as-the-holy-see-for-ismaili-shia-muslims/8034 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lisbon hosted [[World Youth Day 2023]] in August of that year, attracting [[Catholicism|Catholic]] youth from the around the world. [[Pope Francis]] led several events, with the final [[Mass (liturgy)|mass]] held in the city's Parque do Tejo having an estimated 1.5 million attendees.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is it - WYD Lisbon 2023 |url=https://www.lisboa2023.org/en/what-is-it |website=JMJ 2023 |date=19 September 2022 |access-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606223402/https://www.lisboa2023.org/en/what-is-it |archive-date=6 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author1=Deborah Castellano Lubov |title=Pope Francis arrives in Portugal for World Youth Day - Vatican News |url=https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-08/pope-francis-kicks-off-apostolic-journey-to-portugal-for-wyd.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=www.vaticannews.va |date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230817012152/https://www.vaticannews.va/en/pope/news/2023-08/pope-francis-kicks-off-apostolic-journey-to-portugal-for-wyd.html |archive-date=17 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Christopher |title=Pope Francis to 1.5 million youth in Portugal: Be 'beacons of hope in dark times' |url=https://www.ncronline.org/vatican/vatican-news/pope-francis-15-million-youth-portugal-be-beacons-hope-dark-times |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=6 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Lisbon, Portugal ESA24382662.jpeg|thumb|View of the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], with the [[Portuguese Riviera]] to the west of Lisbon and the [[Península de Setúbal|Setúbal Peninsula]] south of the [[Tagus River]]]]
[[File:Lisboa freguesias 2012.svg|thumb|Map of the 24 ''[[freguesia]]s'' (administrative divisions of the city) of Lisbon grouped by zone:{{legend|#8A2BE2|Historic Center}}{{legend|#FFFF00|Western Lisbon}}{{legend|#f28500|Central Lisbon}}{{legend|#6495ED|Eastern Lisbon}}{{legend|#32CD32|Northern Lisbon}}]]

===Physical geography===
Lisbon is located at {{coord|38|42|49.75|N|9|8|21.79|W|type:city(2042326)_region:PT}}, situated at the mouth of the [[Tagus River]] and is the westernmost capital of a mainland European country. The river delta is [[Inverted river delta|inverted]].

The westernmost part of Lisbon is occupied by the [[Monsanto Forest Park]], a {{cvt|10|km2|sqmi|0}} urban park, one of the largest in Europe, which takes up 10% of the municipality.

The city occupies an area of {{cvt|100.05|km2|sqmi|0}}, and its city boundaries, unlike those of most major cities, coincide with those of the municipality.<ref>{{citation |editor=IGP |title=Carta Administrativa Oficial de Portugal |year=2011 |publisher=Instituto Geográfico Português |location=Lisbon, Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> The rest of the urbanised area of the Lisbon urban area, known generically as [[Grande Lisboa Subregion|Greater Lisbon]] ({{langx|pt|Grande Lisboa}}) includes several administratively defined cities and municipalities, in the north bank of the Tagus River. The larger [[Lisbon metropolitan area]] includes the [[Península de Setúbal|Setúbal Peninsula]] to the south.

===Climate===
{{Main|Climate of Lisbon}}
Lisbon has a [[Mediterranean climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Csa''),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906034159/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/ |archive-date=6 September 2010}}</ref> characterized by mild, rainy winters and warm to hot, dry summers. The average annual temperature is {{cvt|17.6|°C|°F}}, with average daily highs of {{cvt|21.7|°C|°F}} and lows of {{cvt|13.6|°C|°F}}.

In the coldest month, January, daytime highs typically range from {{cvt|14|to|19|C|F}}, while nighttime lows range from {{cvt|5|to|10|C|F}}, with an average sea temperature of {{cvt|16|°C|°F}}.<ref name="seatemperature">[https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/lisbon-january.htm Lisbon average sea temperature] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307022805/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/lisbon-january.htm |date=7 March 2018 }} – seatemperature.org.</ref> In the warmest month, August, daytime highs typically range from {{cvt|25|to|32|C|F}}, nighttime lows range from {{cvt|14|to|20|C|F}}, and the average sea temperature is around {{cvt|20|°C|°F}}.<ref name="seatemperature" />

The climate of Lisbon is moderate, largely due to its location in southwestern Europe, its proximity to the [[Azores High]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Iqbal |first1=M. J. |last2=Rashid |first2=Shahnaz Feroz |title=A re-interpretation of impact of the Icelandic Low and Azores High on winter precipitation over Iberian Peninsula |journal=Arabian Journal of Geosciences |date=22 February 2016 |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=102 |doi=10.1007/s12517-015-2086-y |bibcode=2016ArJG....9..102I |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12517-015-2086-y |access-date=22 February 2025 |language=en |issn=1866-7538|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and the Atlantic Ocean. The highest temperature ever recorded in Lisbon was {{cvt|44.0|°C|°F}} on 4 August 2018,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dn.pt/pais/interior/este-sabado-foi-o-dia-mais-quente-de-sempre-em-lisboa-9679437.html |title=Sábado foi o dia mais quente de sempre em Lisboa e noutros 24 locais |trans-title=G. Coutinho and Tapada weather stations measure Lisbon's highest temperature record |date=5 August 2018 |access-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520055703/https://www.dn.pt/pais/interior/este-sabado-foi-o-dia-mais-quente-de-sempre-em-lisboa-9679437.html |archive-date=20 May 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref> while the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{cvt|-1.2|°C|0}} in February 1956; although other locations in its  [[Lisbon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] have recorded lower temperatures, not being as affected by the [[urban heat island effect]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vilão |first1=Daniel |last2=Ramos |first2=Isabel Loupa |title=Lisbon Urban Climate: Statistical Analysis/Approach for Urban Heat Island Effect Based on a Pioneering Urban Meteorological Network |journal=Atmosphere |date=October 2024 |volume=15 |issue=10 |pages=1177 |doi=10.3390/atmos15101177 |doi-access=free |language=en |issn=2073-4433}}</ref> of the city centre, with [[Sintra]] and [[Setúbal]] having reached {{cvt|-4|°C|0}} and {{cvt|-5.1|°C|0}} respectively, both experiencing about 13 days of frost per year on average.<ref>[https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_SINTRA_BASE_AEREA.pdf Sintra Base area] ipma.pt</ref><ref>[https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_SETUBAL.pdf Setubal] ipma.pt</ref>

Lisbon receives around {{cvt|793|mm|in}} of precipitation annually, with the majority falling during the autumn and winter months. November and December are the wettest months, contributing to a third of the total annual rainfall. The dry season typically lasts from early June to mid-September, with July and August being the driest months. During this period, there are typically around 8 days with measurable precipitation.<ref name="IPMA" />

The city has around 2,875 hours of sunshine per year, one of the highest amounts in Europe. August is the sunniest month, with sunshine occurring for approximately 80% of the daytime, while December is the dullest, with sunshine occurring only 51% of the time.<ref name="dwd"/>

Temperatures across Lisbon's metropolitan area can vary significantly, especially during the summer months. In areas with greater exposure to the Atlantic Ocean, such as [[Sintra]] or [[Cascais]] to the west of the city, temperatures tend to be more moderate and are generally cooler. In extreme cases, summer daytime highs can differ by as much as {{convert|20|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} between the city of Lisbon and [[Cabo da Roca]].

{{Weather box
| location = Lisbon (Instituto Geofísico D. Luís) (1991–2020 normals, 1971–2020 extremes)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 22.6
| Feb record high C = 24.8
| Mar record high C = 29.4
| Apr record high C = 32.4
| May record high C = 35.0
| Jun record high C = 41.5
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 44.0
| Sep record high C = 41.4
| Oct record high C = 33.4
| Nov record high C = 25.3
| Dec record high C = 23.2
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 15.1
| Feb high C = 16.4
| Mar high C = 18.9
| Apr high C = 20.4
| May high C = 23.1
| Jun high C = 26.1
| Jul high C = 28.2
| Aug high C = 28.8
| Sep high C = 26.6
| Oct high C = 22.8
| Nov high C = 18.1
| Dec high C = 15.4
| year high C =
| Jan mean C = 11.8
| Feb mean C = 12.8
| Mar mean C = 14.9
| Apr mean C = 16.3
| May mean C = 18.8
| Jun mean C = 21.5
| Jul mean C = 23.2
| Aug mean C = 23.8
| Sep mean C = 22.1
| Oct mean C = 19.1
| Nov mean C = 15.0
| Dec mean C = 12.4
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 8.6
| Feb low C = 9.1
| Mar low C = 11.0
| Apr low C = 12.3
| May low C = 14.4
| Jun low C = 16.8
| Jul low C = 18.2
| Aug low C = 18.8
| Sep low C = 17.6
| Oct low C = 15.3
| Nov low C = 11.8
| Dec low C = 9.4
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = 0.4
| Feb record low C = 1.2
| Mar record low C = 0.2
| Apr record low C = 5.5
| May record low C = 6.8
| Jun record low C = 10.3
| Jul record low C = 13.1
| Aug record low C = 13.8
| Sep record low C = 10.7
| Oct record low C = 8.0
| Nov record low C = 3.9
| Dec record low C = 2.1
| year record low C =
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 103.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 77.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 68.7
| Apr precipitation mm = 71.8
| May precipitation mm = 57.8
| Jun precipitation mm = 14.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 2.6
| Aug precipitation mm = 5.4
| Sep precipitation mm = 38.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 110.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 133.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 108.5
| year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.0
| Feb precipitation days = 7.9
| Mar precipitation days = 7.6
| Apr precipitation days = 7.9
| May precipitation days = 5.8
| Jun precipitation days = 2.0
| Jul precipitation days = 0.6
| Aug precipitation days = 1.1
| Sep precipitation days = 3.8
| Oct precipitation days = 8.7
| Nov precipitation days = 9.9
| Dec precipitation days = 10.0
| year precipitation days =
| Jan humidity = 80.5
| Feb humidity = 78.3
| Mar humidity = 76.9
| Apr humidity = 76.8
| May humidity = 74.8
| Jun humidity = 75.3
| Jul humidity = 75.2
| Aug humidity = 74.8
| Sep humidity = 76.3
| Oct humidity = 79.2
| Nov humidity = 79.7
| Dec humidity = 81.5
| year humidity = 
|Jan sun = 158.6
|Feb sun = 174.7
|Mar sun = 216.0
|Apr sun = 248.0
|May sun = 296.8
|Jun sun = 322.2
|Jul sun = 349.7
|Aug sun = 339.9
|Sep sun = 259.8
|Oct sun = 196.4
|Nov sun = 163.1
|Dec sun = 149.7
|year sun = 
| source 1 = [[Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera]],<ref name="IPMA">{{cite web |title=Normal Climatológica – Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico 1991-2020 |url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_91-20_LISBOA_GEOFISICO.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=24 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Normal Climatológica – Lisboa / Instituto Geofísico 1971-2000|url=https://www.ipma.pt/bin/file.data/climate-normal/cn_71-00_LISBOA_GEOFISICO.pdf |publisher=[[IPMA]] |access-date=21 February 2025}}</ref> [[German Meteorological Service]] (sunshine hours 1990-2019)<ref name="dwd">{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/historical/08535_198607_201812.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Lisbon|publisher=DwD}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://opendata.dwd.de/climate_environment/CDC/observations_global/CLIMAT/monthly/qc/sunshine_duration/recent/08535.txt |title=Monthly Averages for Lisbon|publisher=DwD}}</ref>
| source 2 = Weather.Directory<ref name="Weather.Directory">
{{cite web|url=https://weather.directory/pt/lisbon
|title= Lisbon Weather & Climate Guide
|access-date= 7 Sep 2025
|website= Weather.Directory}}</ref>
}}

===Freguesias===
The municipality of Lisbon included 53 ''[[freguesias]]'' until November 2012. A new law ("Lei n.º 56/2012") reduced the number of ''freguesias'' to the following 24:<ref>{{cite web |title=Law nr. 56/2012, pages 6454–6460 |url=https://dre.pt/application/file/191924 |access-date=20 November 2014 |author=Diário da República |author-link=Diário da República |language=pt |format=pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033846/https://dre.pt/application/file/191924 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Ajuda]]
* [[Alcântara, Lisbon|Alcântara]]
* [[Alvalade]]
* [[Areeiro, Lisbon|Areeiro]]
* [[Arroios]]
* [[Avenidas Novas]]
* [[Beato, Lisbon|Beato]]
* [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém]]
* [[Benfica, Lisbon|Benfica]]
* [[Campo de Ourique]]
* [[Campolide]]
* [[Carnide]]
* [[Estrela, Lisbon|Estrela]]
* [[Lumiar]]
* [[Marvila, Lisbon|Marvila]]
* [[Misericórdia]]
* [[Olivais, Lisbon|Olivais]]
* [[Parque das Nações]]
* [[Penha de França]]
* [[Santa Clara, Lisbon|Santa Clara]]
* [[Santa Maria Maior, Lisbon|Santa Maria Maior]]
* [[Santo António, Lisbon|Santo António]]
* [[São Domingos de Benfica]]
* [[São Vicente, Lisbon|São Vicente]]
{{div col end}}

===Neighborhoods===
{{wide image|Lisboa-lisbon- panorama.jpg|939px|align-cap=center|View of Lisbon's waterfront districts from the [[Christ the King (Almada)|Christ the King]] viewpoint.}}

Locally, Lisbon's inhabitants may commonly refer to the spaces of Lisbon in terms of historic ''Bairros de Lisboa'' ([[Bairro|neighbourhoods]]). These communities have no clearly defined boundaries and represent distinctive quarters of the city that have in common a historical culture, similar living standards, and identifiable architectural landmarks, as exemplified by the ''Bairro Alto'', ''Alfama'', ''Chiado'', and so forth.

====Alcântara====
{{main|Alcântara, Lisbon|l1=Alcântara}}
[[File:Capela de Santo Amaro - Lisboa - Portugal (37047725223).jpg|thumb|Santo Amaro, Alcântara]]
[[File:Alcântara by wax115.jpg|thumb|[[Alcântara (Lisbon)|Alcântara]] from the [[Port of Lisbon]]]]
[[File:Doca de Sto. Amaro - Lisboa - Portugal (2449827584).jpg|thumb|Lisbon "docas"]]
Alcântara is situated along the northern bank of the Tagus River, between the parishes of Belém to the west and Estrela to the east. Its proximity to both the city centre and the riverside makes it a well-connected and popular area for both locals and tourists. Although today it is quite central, it was once a mere suburb of Lisbon, comprising mostly farms and country estates of the nobility with their palaces. Amongst the palaces found in the neighbourhood the most notable are:
* Palácio da Ega (16th century), now hosting the [[Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palácio da Ega – Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino |url=https://www.trienaldelisboa.com/ohl/espaco/palacio-da-ega-arquivo-historico-ultramarino-2/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.trienaldelisboa.com |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
* Palácio Condes da Ribeira Grande (18th century), now hosting the MACAM museum and an hotel<ref>{{Cite web |title=MACAM – Palácio Condes da Ribeira Grande |url=https://www.trienaldelisboa.com/ohl/espaco/macam-palacio-dos-condes-da-ribeira-grande-2/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.trienaldelisboa.com |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
* Palácio Burnay (18th century), now in the process of being restored so as to house a state-owned enterprise focused on culture<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-10 |title=Orçamento para a Cultura totaliza cerca de 600 milhões de euros em 2025 |trans-title=The culture budget totals around 600 million euros in 2025 |url=https://expresso.pt/cultura/2024-10-10-orcamento-para-a-cultura-totaliza-cerca-de-600-milhoes-de-euros-em-2025-2d3645e0 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Expresso |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Governo vai reabilitar o abandonado Palácio Burnay e expandir o Museu de Arte Antiga |trans-title=Government will rehabilitate the abandoned Burnay Palace and expand the Museum of Ancient Art |url=https://www.nit.pt/cultura/governo-vai-reabilitar-o-abandonado-palacio-burnay-e-expandir-o-museu-de-arte-antiga |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=NiT |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
* Palacete do Conde de Burnay (19th century), now housing a public library (biblioteca de Alcântara)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Biblioteca de Alcântara – Palacete do Conde de Burnay |url=https://www.trienaldelisboa.com/ohl/espaco/biblioteca-de-alcantara-palacete-do-conde-de-burnay/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.trienaldelisboa.com |language=pt-pt}}</ref>
* Palácio Vale-Flor (20th century), nowadays a restaurant and an hotel<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hotel Pestana Palace |url=https://www.trienaldelisboa.com/ohl/espaco/hotel-pestana-palace/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.trienaldelisboa.com |language=pt-pt}}</ref>

In the 16th century, there was a brook there which the nobles used to promenade in their boats.

During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Alcântara became a popular industrial area, with many small factories and warehouses and docks along the waterfront. The presence of these industries attracted many working-class families.
[[File:DF1 9862 (45046589254).jpg|thumb|Lx Factory in Alcântara]]
[[File:Palácio Burnay 7718.jpg|thumb|Palácio Burnay, Alcântara]]
By the mid-20th century, the area had experienced some decline as industries closed down. However, since the late 20th century, Alcântara has seen revitalisation, with many of the old factories repurposed into trendy spaces such as art galleries, nightclubs, and creative hubs. In the early 1990s, Alcântara began to attract youth because of the number of pubs and discothèques. This was mainly due to its outer area of mostly commercial buildings, which acted as barriers to the noise-generating nightlife (which acted as a buffer to the residential communities surrounding it). In the meantime, some of these areas began to become gentrified, attracting loft developments and new flats, which have profited from its river views and central location.

Alcântara has emerged as one of Lisbon's most dynamic areas for nightlife and culture. The riverfront of Alcântara is known for its nightclubs and bars. The area is commonly known as ''docas'' (docks), since most of the clubs and bars are housed in converted dock warehouses.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leandro |first=Valter |date=2022-11-16 |title=Um fim de semana na zona das Docas de Santo Amaro, em Alcântara |url=https://lisboasecreta.co/docas-de-santo-amaro-em-alcantara/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Lisboa Secreta |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

Key places of interest/cultural landmarks in the neighbourhood include:
* '''LX Factory''': A cultural and creative complex housed in a former industrial site now home to cafes, restaurants, co-working spaces, shops, and art installations. LX Factory frequently hosts markets, exhibitions, and live performances<ref>{{Cite web |title=LxFactory {{!}} Restaurants, Bars, Shops & Offices in Alcantara |url=https://lxfactory.com/en/homepage-en/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Lx Factory |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Os restaurantes e as lojas: um guia completo para redescobrir a Lx Factory |work=Time Out Lisboa |url=https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/coisas-para-fazer/coisas-para-fazer-na-lx-factory}}</ref>
* '''Village Underground''': An innovative cultural space made of recycled shipping containers and old buses, used as offices, restaurants, and even a stage for performances. It exemplifies the creative reuse of industrial spaces in Alcântara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOME |url=https://vulisboa.com/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=village underground lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref>
* '''Museums''': Many museums can be found in Alcantara, including the "Museu de Macau" (Macau Museum),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museu |url=https://www.cccm.gov.pt/museu/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=CCCM, I.P.}}</ref> "Museu da Carris" (Carris - Public transportation museum),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage Museu {{!}} Museu da Carris |url=https://museu.carris.pt/en/homepage-museu/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |language=en-GB}}</ref> the "B-Mad museum" (Berardo - Museum Art Deco)<ref>{{Cite web |title=BMAD . Berardo Museu Arte Deco |url=https://bmad.pt/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=bmad.pt}}</ref> and the set-to-open in 2024 MACAM (Armando Martins '''Museum''' of Contemporary Art)<ref>{{Cite web |title=MACAM - Museu de Arte Contemporânea Armando Martins |url=https://macam.pt/en |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=localhost |language=en}}</ref>
* '''Pilar 7''': situated within one of the massive support pillars of the 25 de Abril Bridge. It was created to offer visitors a closer look at the bridge's architectural and engineering marvel, providing access to areas of the bridge that would otherwise be off-limits. The main focus is on the structural aspects and construction of the bridge, but it also incorporates interactive exhibits and a viewpoint.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experiência Pilar 7 |url=https://www.visitlisboa.com/pt-pt/locais/experiencia-pilar-7 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Turismo de Lisboa |language=pt-pt}}</ref>

The neighbourhood is also noticeable for hosting the "Lisbon Congress Centre" (Centro de congressos de Lisboa),<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCL - Centro de Congressos de Lisboa |url=https://ccl.lisbonvenues.pt/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=CCL |language=pt-pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Centro de Congressos de Lisboa |url=https://informacoeseservicos.lisboa.pt/contactos/diretorio-da-cidade/centro-de-congressos-de-lisboa}}</ref> the Lisbon Metropolitan Orchestra (Orquestra Metropolitana de Lisboa)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://www.metropolitana.pt/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Metropolitana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMEC {{!}} Metropolitana |url=https://informacoeseservicos.lisboa.pt/contactos/diretorio-da-cidade/amec-metropolitana}}</ref> and the [[Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino |url=https://ahu.dglab.gov.pt/}}</ref>

====Alfama====
{{Main|Alfama}}
[[File:A ver S. Vicente.jpg|thumb|right|[[Alfama]], with the church of [[Monastery of São Vicente de Fora|S. Vicente de Fora]].]]

Alfama, the oldest district of Lisbon, spreads down the southern slope from the [[São Jorge Castle|Castle of São Jorge]] to the [[River Tagus]]. Its name, derived from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''Al-hamma'', means fountains or baths. During the [[Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula|Islamic invasion of Iberia]], the Alfama constituted the largest part of the city, extending west to the [[Baixa]] neighbourhood. Increasingly, the Alfama became inhabited by fishermen and the poor: its fame as a poor neighbourhood continues to this day.  Many of the buildings date back to the 18th century, showcasing traditional Portuguese architecture, complete with colorful tiled facades and wrought-iron balconies. While the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] caused considerable damage throughout the capital, the Alfama  was largely spared  and survived with little damage, thanks to its compact labyrinth of narrow streets and small squares.

This historic district has retained much of its original character. It is a historical quarter of mixed-use buildings occupied by [[Fado]] bars, restaurants, and homes with small shops downstairs. Fado, the typically Portuguese style of melancholy music, is common (but not obligatory) in the restaurants of the district.

Modernising trends have invigorated the district: old houses have been re-purposed or remodelled, while new buildings have been constructed.

Alfama hosts several events throughout the year, including the popular '''Festas de Santo António''', where locals celebrate with street parties, music, and food. This vibrant atmosphere showcases the community's spirit and connection to its cultural roots.

Key places of interest/cultural landmarks in the neighbourhood include:
[[File:Lisbao-Miradouro Santa Luzia.jpg|thumb|right|''Miradouro de Santa Luzia'', in the Alfama district, at sunrise.]]
* '''São Jorge Castle''': historic [[castle]] which has been continuously occupied for the last 3,000 years<ref>{{Cite web |title=Castelo de São Jorge |url=https://castelodesaojorge.pt/en/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=castelodesaojorge.pt}}</ref>
* '''Miradouros''': Amongst the most emblematic viewpoints there are Miradouro de Santa Luzia (where the Igreja de Santa Luzia e de São Brás stands) and the Miradouro das Portas do Sol.
* '''Museums''': Many museums can be found in Alfama, including the "Museu de Santo António" (Saint Anthony Museum),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Santo António |url=https://www.museudelisboa.pt/pt/nucleos/santo-antonio |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Museu de Lisboa |language=pt}}</ref> "Museu do Aljube - Resistência e Liberdade" (Aljube - Estado Novo dictatorship museum),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Museu do Aljube |url=https://www.museudoaljube.pt/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Museu do Aljube |language=pt}}</ref> the "Museu do Teatro Romano" (Roman Theatre Museum),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Teatro Romano |url=https://www.museudelisboa.pt/pt/nucleos/teatro-romano |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Museu de Lisboa |language=pt}}</ref> the "Fundação José Saramago" (José Saramago Foundation)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fundação José Saramago |url=https://www.josesaramago.org/ |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Fundação José Saramago |language=pt-PT}}</ref> and the "Museu de Artes Decorativas Portuguesas" (Museum of Portuguese Decorative Arts)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Comercial |date=2019-03-19 |title=Um Projeto Original - FRESS |url=https://www.fress.pt/museu/um-projeto-original/?v=0b3b97fa6688 |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=www.fress.pt |language=pt-pt}}</ref>

====Mouraria====
The Mouraria, or Moorish quarter, is one of the most traditional neighbourhoods of Lisbon,<ref name="Carvalho2007">{{cite book |author=Joaquim Carvalho |title=Religion and Power in Europe: Conflict and Convergence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PA38 |year=2007 |publisher=Edizioni Plus |isbn=978-88-8492-464-3 |page=38 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509071129/https://books.google.com/books?id=jR98-Ata0CkC&pg=PA38 |archive-date=9 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> although most of its old buildings were demolished by the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Estado Novo]] between the 1930s and the 1970s.<ref name="Colvin2008">{{cite book |author=Michael Colvin |title=The Reconstruction of Lisbon: Severa's Legacy and the Fado's Rewriting of Urban History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O3kkMvRabv4C&pg=PA28 |year=2008 |publisher=Associated University Presse |isbn=978-0-8387-5708-6 |page=98 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508093045/https://books.google.com/books?id=O3kkMvRabv4C&pg=PA28 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> It takes its name from the fact that after the reconquest of Lisbon, the Muslims who remained were confined to this part of the city.<ref name="Soyer2007b">{{cite book |author=François Soyer |title=The Persecution of the Jews and Muslims of Portugal: King Manuel I and the End of Religious Tolerance (1496–7) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvOpWcWD2_wC&pg=PA41 |date=15 October 2007 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16262-4 |page=41 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603064836/https://books.google.com/books?id=hvOpWcWD2_wC&pg=PA41 |archive-date=3 June 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In turn, the Jews were confined to three neighbourhoods called "Judiarias".<ref name="O'Flanagan2008">{{cite book |author=Patrick O'Flanagan |title=Port Cities of Atlantic Iberia, C. 1500–1900 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzJc8ii7OMsC&pg=PA147 |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-0-7546-6109-2 |page=147 |access-date=29 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511050547/https://books.google.com/books?id=fzJc8ii7OMsC&pg=PA147 |archive-date=11 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

====Bairro Alto====
{{Main|Bairro Alto}}

[[File:Bairro Alto, Lisbon (34487234082).jpg|thumb|right|''[[Duke of Cadaval]] Square'', bordering [[Bairro Alto]] and the [[Baixa Pombalina]]]]

Bairro Alto (literally ''the upper quarter'' in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) is an area of central Lisbon that functions as a residential, shopping and entertainment district; it is the center of the Portuguese capital's nightlife, attracting hipster youth and members of various music subcultures. Lisbon's [[Punk subculture|punk]], [[Gay (term)|gay]], metal, [[Goth subculture|goth]], [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] and [[reggae]] scenes all find a home in the ''Bairro'' with its many clubs and bars that cater to them. The crowds in the Bairro Alto are a multicultural mix of people representing a broad cross-section of modern Portuguese society, many of them being entertainment seekers and devotees of various music genres outside the mainstream, [[Fado]], Portugal's national music, still survives in the midst of the new nightlife.

====Baixa====
{{Main|Baixa Pombalina}}
[[File:Aerial view of Augusta Street, Lisbon (50644280948).jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the [[Lisbon Baixa]].]]
The heart of the city is the ''[[Baixa]]'' or city centre; the Pombaline Baixa is an elegant district, primarily constructed after the [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]. The district takes its name from its benefactor, [[Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal]], who was the minister of [[Joseph I of Portugal]] (1750–1777) and a key figure of the [[Portuguese Enlightenment]]. Following the 1755 disaster, Pombal took the lead in rebuilding Lisbon, imposing strict conditions and guidelines on the construction of the city, and transforming the organic street plan that characterised the district before the earthquake into its current grid pattern. As a result, the Pombaline Baixa is one of the first examples of [[earthquake construction|earthquake-resistant construction]]. Architectural models were tested by having troops march around them to simulate an earthquake. Notable features of Pombaline structures include the Pombaline cage, a symmetrical wood-lattice framework aimed at distributing earthquake forces, and inter-terrace walls that were built higher than roof timbers to inhibit the spread of fires.

{{wide image|File:Plaza del Comercio, Lisboa, Portugal, 2012-05-12, DD 01-03 PAN.jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|[[Praça do Comércio]], with the [[Rua Augusta Arch]], in the [[Lisbon Baixa]]}}

====Beato====
[[File:Teatro_Ibérico_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Facade of Teatro Ibérico, in Beato]]

The parish of [[Beato, Lisbon|Beato]] stands out for the new cultural dynamics it has been experiencing in recent years. The manufacturing districts and the industrial facilities by the riverside docks are the place of choice for contemporary art galleries, iconic bars, and gourmet restaurants that simmer in the streets. This reality has not gone unnoticed by the national press, and Visão,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://visao.sapo.pt/visaose7e/sair/2018-06-08-tudo-o-que-ha-para-ver-e-fazer-de-marvila-ao-beato/ |title=Tudo o que há para ver e fazer de Marvila ao Beato |last=Revista |first=Visão |date=June 2018 |website=Visao |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114020238/https://visao.sapo.pt/visaose7e/sair/2018-06-08-tudo-o-que-ha-para-ver-e-fazer-de-marvila-ao-beato/ |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> TimeOut,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/coisas-para-fazer/roteiro-perfeito-em-marvila |title=Roteiro perfeito em Marvila |last=Revista |first=TimeOut |date=December 2019 |website=TimeOut |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114020238/https://www.timeout.pt/lisboa/pt/coisas-para-fazer/roteiro-perfeito-em-marvila |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> or Jornal de Negócios<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/weekend/detalhe/lisboa-o-circulo-alternativo-das-galerias-de-arte |title=Lisboa: ocírculo alternativo das galerias de arte |last=de Negócios |first=Jornal |date=May 2017 |website=Jornal de Negócios |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114020238/https://www.jornaldenegocios.pt/weekend/detalhe/lisboa-o-circulo-alternativo-das-galerias-de-arte |archive-date=14 January 2020 |url-status=live}}</ref> have already made notice of this parish that hides treasures such as the [[National Museum of the Azulejo]] or the [[Palacio do Grilo]].

====Belém====
{{Main|Santa Maria de Belém|l1=Belém}}

Belém is famous as the place from which many of the great [[Portugal|Portuguese]] explorers set off on their voyages of discovery. In particular, it is the place from which [[Vasco da Gama]] departed for [[India]] in 1497 and Pedro Álvares Cabral departed for Brazil in 1499. It is also a former royal residence and features the 17th – 18th-century [[Belém Palace]], a former royal residence now occupied by the [[President of Portugal]], and the [[Ajuda Palace]], begun in 1802 but never completed.

Perhaps Belém's most famous feature is its tower, [[Belém Tower|Torre de Belém]], whose image is much used by Lisbon's tourist board. The tower was built as a fortified lighthouse late in the reign of [[Manuel I of Portugal|Dom Manuel l]] (1515–1520) to guard the entrance to the port. It stood on a little island on the right side of the [[Tagus]], surrounded by water. Belém's other major historical building is the ''[[Jerónimos Monastery, Lisbon|Mosteiro dos Jerónimos]]'' (Jerónimos Monastery), which the [[Belém Tower|Torre de Belém]] was built partly to defend. Belém's most notable modern feature is the [[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]] (Monument to the Discoveries) built for the Portuguese World Fair in 1940. In the heart of Belém is the ''Praça do Império'': gardens centred upon a large fountain, laid out during [[World War II]]. To the west of the gardens lies the ''[[Centro Cultural de Belém]]''. Belém is one of the most visited Lisbon districts. Here is located the [[Estádio do Restelo]], home to [[C.F. Os Belenenses|Belenenses]].

{{wide image|JeronimosLisbon (cropped).jpg|1000px|align-cap=center|View of [[Jerónimos Monastery]] and ''Praça do Império'' (Empire Square) from the top of the ''[[Padrão dos Descobrimentos]]'' in [[Belém (Lisbon)|Belém]]}}

====Chiado====
{{Main|Chiado}}
[[File:PlazaDeCamoesLisboa-P1100966-P1100968.jpg|thumb|Monument to [[Luís de Camões]], considered the greatest poet of the [[Portuguese language]], in [[Chiado]]]]

The Chiado is a traditional shopping area that mixes old and modern commercial establishments, concentrated specially in the Rua do Carmo and the Rua Garrett. Locals as well as tourists visit the Chiado to buy books, clothing and pottery as well as to have a cup of coffee. The most famous café of Chiado is ''[[A Brasileira]]'', famous for having had poet [[Fernando Pessoa]] among its customers. The Chiado is also an important cultural area, with several museums and theatres, including the opera. Several buildings of the Chiado were destroyed in a fire in 1988, an event that deeply shocked the country. Thanks to a renovation project that lasted more than 10 years, coordinated by celebrated architect [[Siza Vieira]], the affected area has now virtually recovered.

====Estrela====

The ornate, late 18th-century [[Estrela Basilica]] is the main attraction of this district. The church with its large dome is located on a hill in what was at the time the western part of Lisbon and can be seen from great distances. The style is similar to that of the [[Mafra National Palace]], late baroque and neoclassical. The façade has twin bell towers and includes statues of saints and some allegorical figures. [[São Bento Palace]], the seat of the Portuguese parliament and the official residences of the [[Prime Minister of Portugal]] and the President of the [[Assembly of the Republic of Portugal]], are in this district. Also in this district is Estrela Park, a favorite with families. There are exotic plants and trees, a duck pond, various sculptures, a children's playground, and many cultural events going on throughout the year, including outdoor cinema, markets, and music festivals.

====Parque das Nações====
{{Main|Parque das Nações}}
{{CSS image crop
|Image = Ponte Vasco da Gama view 11.jpg
|bSize = 360
|cWidth = 250
|cHeight = 200
|oTop = 40
|oLeft = 53
|Location = right
|Description = The [[Parque das Nações]] district was initially built for the [[Expo '98|Lisbon World Expo]].
}}

Parque das Nações (Park of Nations) is the newest district in Lisbon; it emerged from an urban renewal program to host the 1998 World Exhibition of Lisbon, also known as Expo'98. The area suffered massive changes giving Parque das Nações a futuristic look. A long-lasting legacy of the same, the area has become another commercial and higher-end residential area for the city.

Central in the area is the [[Gare do Oriente]] (Orient railway station), one of the main transport hubs of Lisbon for trains, buses, taxis, and the metro. Its glass and steel columns are inspired by Gothic architecture, lending the whole structure a visual fascination (especially in sunlight or when illuminated at night). It was designed by the architect [[Santiago Calatrava]] from [[Valencia]], Spain. The Parque das Nações is across the street.

The area is pedestrian-friendly with new buildings, restaurants, gardens, the [[Casino Lisboa, Portugal|Casino Lisbon]], the FIL building (International Exhibition and Fair), the Camões Theatre and the ''Oceanário de Lisboa'' ([[Lisbon Oceanarium]]), which is the second-largest in the world. The district's [[Altice Arena]] has become Lisbon's "jack-of-all-trades" performance arena. With seating for 20,000, it has staged events ranging from concerts to basketball tournaments.

==Politics==
[[File:Lisboa, Ayuntamiento.jpg|thumb|[[Lisbon City Hall]], the seat of Lisbon's municipal government]]
{{See also|List of mayors of Lisbon}}

[[Carlos Moedas]] ([[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PSD]]) is the 78th and current [[List of mayors of Lisbon|Mayor of Lisbon]] since 18 October 2021, following the [[2021 Lisbon local election|2021 local elections]]. He was reelected for a second term following the [[2025 Lisbon local election|2025 local elections]].

===Local election results 1976–2025===
Parties are listed from left-wing to right-wing.
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:95%; line-height:16px;"
|+ Summary of local elections for Lisbon city hall, 1976–2025
|-style="height:30px;" 
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=left" valign=center rowspan="2"|Election
! style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align="right" valign="center" |[[Left Bloc (Portugal)|BE]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Portuguese Communist Party|PCP]]<br>[[United People Alliance|APU]]<br>[[Unitary Democratic Coalition|CDU]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Socialist Party (Portugal)|PS]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Helena Roseta|HR]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[People-Animals-Nature|PAN]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|PSD]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Democratic and Social Centre – People´s Party|CDS]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[People's Monarchist Party (Portugal)|PPM]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Carmona Rodrigues|CR]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Liberal Initiative (Portugal)|IL]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center|[[Enough! (Portuguese political party)|CH]]
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center rowspan="2"|{{abbr|O/I|Other parties and Invalid/Blank votes}}
!style="background-color:#E9E9E9" align=right valign=center rowspan="2"|Turnout
|-
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|Left Bloc (Portugal)}};" |
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|Unitary Democratic Coalition}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|Socialist Party (Portugal)}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|People-Animals-Nature}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|Social Democratic Party (Portugal)}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|CDS – People's Party}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|People's Monarchist Party (Portugal)}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:{{party color|Independent (politician)}};"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:#00ADEF;"|
! width="33" class="sortable" style="background:#202056;"|
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''1976'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| align="center"|20.7<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=4}}
| align="center" {{Party shading/PS}}; color:white;"|'''35.5'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=7}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| align="center"|15.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=3}}
| align="center"|19.0<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=3}}
| align="center"|0.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| align="center"|9.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''66.5'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''1979'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|25.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=4}}
|align="center"|23.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=4}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|colspan="3" align=center style="background:#CBDCEF"; color:white;"|'''[[Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 1979)|<span style="color:black;">46.7</span>]]'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=9}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center" |4.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center" |'''75.6'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''1982'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|26.7<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=5}}
|align="center"|27.0<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=5}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|colspan="3" align=center style="background:#CBDCEF"; color:white;"|'''[[Democratic Alliance (Portugal, 1979)|<span style="color:black;">41.3</span>]]'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=7}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|5.0<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''72.2'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''1985'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|27.5<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=5}}
|align="center"|18.0<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=3}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center" {{Party shading/PSD}}; color:white;"|'''44.8'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|5.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|4.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''58.7'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[1989 Lisbon local election|1989]]'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align=center colspan="2" style="background:#ff99b2"; color:white;"|'''[[Coalition PS/PCP|<span style="color:black;">49.1</span>]]'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=9}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|colspan="3" align=center |42.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|8.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''54.8'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[1993 Lisbon local election|1993]]'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align=center colspan="2" style="background:#ff99b2"; color:white;"|'''[[Coalition PS/PCP|<span style="color:black;">56.7</span>]]'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=11}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|26.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=5}}
|align="center"|7.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|9.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''53.5'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[1997 Lisbon local election|1997]]'''
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align=center colspan="2" style="background:#ff99b2"; color:white;"|'''[[Coalition PS/PCP|<span style="color:black;">51.9</span>]]'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=10}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|colspan="2" align=center |39.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=7}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|8.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''48.3'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2001 Lisbon local election|2001]]'''
|align="center"|3.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align=center colspan="2" |[[Coalition PS/PCP|<span style="color:black;">41.7</span>]]<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center" {{Party shading/PSD}}; color:white;"|'''42.0'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
|align="center"|7.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
|align="center"|<small>w.PSD</small>
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|4.9<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''55.0'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2005 Lisbon local election|2005]]'''
|align="center"|7.9<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
|align="center"|11.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
|align="center"|26.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=5}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center" {{Party shading/PSD}}; color:white;"|'''42.4'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
|align="center"|5.9<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|5.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''52.7'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2007 Lisbon local by-election|2007]]'''
|align="center" |6.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
|align="center" |9.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
|align="center" {{Party shading/PS}}; color:white;"|'''29.5'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=6}}
|align="center"|10.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|15.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=3}}
|align="center"|3.7<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|0.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|16.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=3}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|7.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''37.4'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2009 Lisbon local election|2009]]'''
|align="center" |4.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center" |8.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
|align=center {{Party shading/PS}}; color:white;" colspan="2" |'''44.0'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=9}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|colspan="3" align=center |38.7<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=7}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|4.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''53.4'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2013 Lisbon local election|2013]]'''
|align="center" |4.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|9.9<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
|align=center {{Party shading/PS}}; color:white;" colspan="2" |'''50.9'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=11}}
|align="center"|2.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|colspan="2" align=center |22.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=4}}
|align="center"|1.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|align="center"|8.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|align="center"|'''45.1'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2017 Lisbon local election|2017]]'''
| width="33" align="center" |7.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
|width="33" align="center"|9.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
|align=center {{Party shading/PS}}; color:white;" colspan="2" |'''42.0'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
|width="33" align="center"|3.0<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|width="33" align="center"|11.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
|width="33" colspan="2" align="center"|20.6<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=4}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
|width="33" align="center"|6.5<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
|width="33" align="center"|'''51.2'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2021 Lisbon local election|2021]]'''
| align="center" |6.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
| align="center"|10.5<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
| align=center colspan="2" |33.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=7}}
| align="center"|2.7<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| colspan="3" align=center style="background:#CBDCEF"; color:black;"|'''34.3'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=7}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| align="center"|4.2<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| align="center"|4.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| align="center"|4.4<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| align="center"|'''51.0'''
|-
|align=center style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|'''[[2025 Lisbon local election|2025]]'''
| align="center" |<small>w.PS</small>
| align="center"|10.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=1}}
| colspan="3" align="center"|34.0<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=6}}
| colspan="2" align=center style="background:#CBDCEF"; color:black;"|'''41.7'''<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=8}}
| align="center"|0.3<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| bgcolor="#AAAAAA"|
| align="center"|<small>w.PSD</small>
| align="center"|10.1<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=2}}
| align="center"|3.8<br>{{font|size=75%|font=Verdana|text=0}}
| align="center"|'''57.2'''
|-
| colspan="16" |Source: Marktest<ref>{{Cite web |title=Histórico de resultados Eleitorais - Autárquicas |url=https://www.marktest.com/wap/a/p/id~d0.aspx |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Marktest |language=pt }}</ref>
|}

==Culture==
{{See also|Tourism in Lisbon}}

The city of Lisbon is rich in architecture; [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]], [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Manueline]], [[Baroque]], [[Modernism|Modern]] and [[Postmodern]] constructions can be found all over Lisbon. The city is also crossed by historical boulevards and monuments along the main thoroughfares, particularly in the upper districts; notable among these are the ''[[Avenida da Liberdade]]'' (Avenue of Liberty), ''Avenida Fontes Pereira de Melo'', ''Avenida Almirante Reis'' and ''Avenida da República'' (Avenue of the Republic).

Lisbon is home to numerous prominent museums and art collections, from all around the world. The [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], which has one of the [[List of largest art museums|largest art collections in the world]], and the [[National Coach Museum]], which has the world's largest collection of royal coaches and carriages, are the two most visited museums in the city. Other notable national museums include the [[National Museum of Archaeology, Lisbon|National Museum of Archaeology]], the [[Museum of Lisbon]], the [[National Museum of the Azulejo|National Azulejo Museum]], the [[National Museum of Contemporary Art of Chiado|National Museum of Contemporary Art]], and the [[National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon|National Museum of Natural History & Science]].

Prominent private museums and galleries include the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum|Gulbenkian Museum]] (run by the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]], one of the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|wealthiest foundations in the world]]), which houses one of the largest private collections of antiquities and art in the world, the [[Berardo Collection Museum|Contemporary Art Museum - Centro Cultural de Belém]], the [[Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology]], and the [[Museum of the Orient]]. Other popular museums include the [[Electricity Museum]], the [[Ephemeral Museum]], the [[Museu da Água]], and the [[Museu Benfica]], among many others.
[[File:Pça. do Rossio - Lisboa (Portugal).jpg|thumb|right|[[Rossio Square]], with [[D. Maria II National Theatre|Queen Maria II National Theatre]] in the background.]]
[[File:Interior TNSC Lisboa.jpg|thumb|right|[[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]]' "Royal box".]]
[[File:Lisboa - Portugal (204238418).jpg|thumb|right|[[Belém Cultural Center|Centro Cultural de Belém]] building in [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém]].]]
Lisbon's Opera House, the ''[[Teatro Nacional de São Carlos]]'', hosts a relatively active cultural agenda, mainly in autumn and winter. Other important theatres and musical houses are the ''[[Belém Cultural Center|Centro Cultural de Belém]]'', the ''[[D. Maria II National Theatre|Teatro Nacional D. Maria II]]'', the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation|Gulbenkian Foundation]], and the ''Teatro Camões''.

The monument to ''Christ the King'' ([[Christ the King (Almada)|Cristo-Rei]]) stands on the southern bank of the Tagus River, in [[Almada]]. With open arms, overlooking the whole city, it resembles the Corcovado monument in [[Rio de Janeiro]], and was built after [[World War II]], as a memorial of thanksgiving for Portugal's being spared the horrors and destruction of the war.

Lisbon's holiday in honour of the city's saint, [[Anthony of Lisbon]] ({{langx|pt|Santo António}}), is 13 June. Saint Anthony, also known as ''Saint Anthony of Padua'', was a wealthy Portuguese bohemian who was [[Canonization|canonised]] and made [[Doctor of the Church]] after a life preaching to the poor. Although Lisbon's patron saint is Saint [[Vincent of Saragossa]], whose remains are housed in the [[Lisbon Cathedral|Sé Cathedral]], there are no festivities associated with this saint.

[[Eduardo VII Park]], the second-largest park in the city following the ''Parque Florestal de Monsanto'' ([[Monsanto Forest Park]]), extends down the main avenue ([[Avenida da Liberdade]]), with many flowering plants and green spaces, and includes the permanent collection of subtropical and tropical plants in the winter garden ({{langx|pt|Estufa Fria}}). Originally named ''Parque da Liberdade'', it was renamed in honour of [[Edward VII]] who visited Lisbon in 1903.

Lisbon hosts many annual festivals, including the [[Queer Lisboa International Queer Film Festival|Lisbon Gay & Lesbian Film Festival]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lisbonfilmfest.org/ |title=Official web-site. |work=Lisbon Gay and Lesbian Film Festival |access-date=6 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026065616/http://www.lisbonfilmfest.org/ |archive-date=26 October 2006 |url-status=live}}</ref> the Lisboarte, the DocLisboa – Lisbon International Documentary Film Festival,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doclisboa.org/ |title=doclisboa 2009 |publisher=Doclisboa.org |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707070832/http://www.doclisboa.org/ |archive-date=7 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> the Festival Internacional de Máscaras e Comediantes, the Lisboa Mágica – Street Magic World Festival, the Monstra – Animated Film Festival, the [[Lisbon Book Fair]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.feiradolivrodelisboa.pt |title=Feira do Livro de Lisboa |publisher=Feiradolivrodelisboa.pt |access-date=30 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301104538/http://feiradolivrodelisboa.pt/ |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> the Peixe em Lisboa – Lisbon Fish and Flavours,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.peixemlisboa.com |title=Peixe em Lisboa |publisher=Peixemlisboa.com |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213234235/http://peixemlisboa.com/ |archive-date=13 February 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> among others.

Lisbon has two sites listed by [[UNESCO]] as a [[World Heritage Site]]: [[Belém Tower]] and [[Jerónimos Monastery]]. Furthermore, in 1994, Lisbon was the [[European Capital of Culture]] and, in 1998, organised the [[Expo '98]] (''1998 Lisbon World Exposition'').

Lisbon is also home to the Lisbon Architecture Triennial,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trienaldelisboa.com |title=Trienal de Arquitectura de Lisboa |publisher=trienaldelisboa.com |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605161122/http://www.trienaldelisboa.com/ |archive-date=5 June 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> the Moda Lisboa (Fashion Lisbon),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.modalisboa.pt/ |title=ModaLisboa – LisboaFashionWeek – Semana oficial da moda portuguesa |publisher=Modalisboa.pt |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802175159/http://www.modalisboa.pt/ |archive-date=2 August 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> ExperimentaDesign – Biennial of Design,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.experimentadesign.pt/ |title=Experimentadesign |publisher=Experimentadesign.pt |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090710013202/http://www.experimentadesign.pt/ |archive-date=10 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> and LuzBoa – Biennial of Light.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.luzboa.com |title=Luzboa 2008 |publisher=Luzboa.com |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001163705/http://luzboa.com/ |archive-date=1 October 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lisbon hosts many fine examples of Portuguese [[azulejo]] tile art, a use of ceramic tile as an architectural finish for both building interiors and exteriors dating from the 15th century. This art form is celebrated in Lisbon's [[National Museum of the Azulejo]] and as a station feature in the [[Lisbon metro]]. In addition, the mosaic [[Portuguese pavement]] (''Calçada Portuguesa'') was born in Lisbon, in the mid-1800s. The art has since spread to the rest of the Portuguese Speaking world. The city remains one of the most expansive examples of the technique, nearly all walkways and even many streets being created and maintained in this style.

In May 2018, the city hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2018|63rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest]], after the victory of [[Salvador Sobral]] with the song "''[[Amar pelos dois]]''" in [[Kyiv]] on 13 May 2017.

[[World Youth Day 2023]] was hosted in August of that year in Lisbon, attracting hundreds of thousands of young Catholics from over 140 countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/254967/world-youth-day-2023-lisbon-patriarch-greets-attendees-at-opening-mass|title=World Youth Day 2023: Lisbon patriarch greets attendees at opening Mass|first=Jonah|last=McKeown|date=1 August 2023|website=[[Catholic News Agency]]}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| height    = 250
| width     = 250
| align     = center
| File:Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga2075 (cropped).jpg|The [[National Museum of Ancient Art]] has one of the [[List of largest art museums|largest art collections in the world]].
| File:Torre Belém April 2009-4a.jpg|The [[Belém Tower]], one of the most famous and visited landmarks in Lisbon and throughout Portugal
| File:Museo gulbekian, sala del mobilio francese.jpg|The [[Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation]] is one of the [[List of wealthiest charitable foundations|wealthiest foundations in the world]] and houses one of the largest private collections of antiquaries and art in the world, within the [[Calouste Gulbenkian Museum|Gulbenkian Museum]].
| File:Lisbon 2015 10 14 0648 (23515641921).jpg|The [[National Coach Museum]] has the largest collection of royal carriages in the world and is one of Lisbon's most visited institutions.
}}

==Demographics==
{{Historical populations
|type =
|cols = 2
|footnote = Source: [[Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Portugal)|INE]]<ref>Instituto Nacional de Estatística (Recenseamentos Gerais da População) - https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710195038/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_publicacoes |date=10 July 2017 }}</ref><ref name="Pop24"/>
|43 |30000
|900 |100000
|1552 |200000
|1598 |150000
|1720 |185000
|1755 |180000
|1756 |165000
|1801 |203999
|1806 |250000
|1849 |174668
|1864 | 190311
|1878 | 240740
|1890 | 300964
|1901 | 351210
|1911 | 431738
|1920 | 484664
|1930 | 591939
|1940 | 694389
|1950 | 783226
|1960 | 802230
|1971 | 769044
|1981 | 807937
|1991 | 663394
|2001 | 564657
|2011 | 552700
|2021 | 545796
|2023 | 567131	
|2024 | 575739
}}
The historical population of the city was around 35,000 in 1300. This number went up to 60,000 in 1400, and raised to 70,000 by 1500. Between 1528 and 1590 the population went from 70,000 to 120,000. The population was about 150,000 in 1600, and almost 200,000 in 1700.<ref>{{cite book |author=Paul Bairoch |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA180 |year=1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-03466-9 |page=180 |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728120220/http://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA180 |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Luis Frois SJ |title=The First European Description of Japan, 1585: A Critical English-Language Edition of Striking Contrasts in the Customs of Europe and Japan by Luis Frois, S.J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8YTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |year=2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-91781-6 |page=194 |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718104721/http://books.google.com/books?id=h8YTAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA194 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author-link1=Richard W. Mansbach |author1=Richard W. Mansbach |author2=Kirsten L. Taylor |title=Introduction to Global Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kU4R6-O8ILkC&pg=PA40 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-51738-9 |page=40 |access-date=13 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727105858/http://books.google.com/books?id=kU4R6-O8ILkC&pg=PA40 |archive-date=27 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Lisbon has 575,739 inhabitants within the administrative center on the area of only 100.05&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup><ref name="dgt" /> The population density of the city itself is {{cvt|5668.5|PD/sqkm}}.

The Lisbon metropolitan area incorporates two [[NUTS III]] (European statistical subdivisions): ''[[Grande Lisboa]]'' (Greater Lisbon), along the northern bank of the [[Tagus River]], and ''[[Península de Setúbal]]'' (Setúbal Peninsula), along the southern bank. These two subdivisions make for the ''[[Região de Lisboa]]'' (Lisbon Region).
[[File:Lisbon population pyramid.svg|thumb|Lisbon population pyramid in 2021]]
Administratively defined cities that exist in the vicinity of the capital are in fact part of the metropolitan perimeter of Lisbon. The urban area has, according to Government data, a population of approximately 3.01 million inhabitants and is the eleventh largest urban area in the European Union.<ref name="World_Urban_Areas" /><ref name="Statistics Portugal - Web Portal"/> Other sources also show similar figures: according to the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] the area had 2,797,612 inhabitants;<ref>[http://measuringurban.oecd.org/# Metro eXplorer] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410082624/http://measuringurban.oecd.org/ |date=10 April 2015 }} – OECD</ref> according to the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the [[United Nations]] 2,890,000;<ref>[https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf World Urbanization Prospects] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525185336/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wup2007/2007WUP_Highlights_web.pdf |date=25 May 2017 }} – Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations, 2007</ref> according to the European Statistical Office [[Eurostat]] 2,839,908<ref>[http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en "''Population by sex and age groups on 1 January''"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822103143/http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |date=22 August 2016 }} – [[Eurostat]], 2012</ref> and according to the [[Brookings Institution]] 2,968,600.<ref>[http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor 2014 Global Metro Monitor] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321051346/http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor |date=21 March 2015 }} – Brookings Institution, 2015</ref>

Lisbon's population has steadily dropped over the years due to people searching better accommodations for lower prices elsewhere in Greater Lisbon. A reverse trend has been observed in recent years, with the population increasing to 575,739 people in 2024, an all-time high since 1991 census and a 1.96% increase since the 2021 census.<ref name="Pop24"/>

In addition, a plurality of the houses in the city centre have become tourist facilities, exacerbating the low supply of housing in Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raposo |first=Frederico |date=7 August 2021 |title=Menos lares, mais alojamento local: como o centro histórico de Lisboa perdeu 8 mil habitantes em dez anos |trans-title=Fewer households, more short-term rentals: how Lisbon’s historic center lost eight thousand residents in ten years |url=http://amensagem.pt/2021/08/07/censos-centro-historico-lisboa-perde-oito-mil-habitantes-menos-lares-mais-alojamento-local-turismo/ |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Mensagem de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2021 |title=Lisboa perde 1,4 % de população. Demógrafa aponta para falta de oferta e preços das casas |trans-title=Lisbon loses 1.4% of its population. Demographer points to lack of housing supply and high price |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/pais/2021-07-29-Lisboa-perde-14--de-populacao.-Demografa-aponta-para-falta-de-oferta-e-precos-das-casas-cc20e109 |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2023 |title=Digital nomads in Portugal: Can they be blamed for a housing crisis? |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/05/12/proto-gentrifies-are-digital-nomads-ruining-portugal |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 May 2023 |title=Portugal housing crisis: 'I'll have to move back in with mum' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65485908 |access-date=23 August 2023 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{Pie chart|thumb=right|caption=Religion in the municipality of Lisbon
(Census 2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011644&lang=EN |title=Census - Final results: Portugal - 2021 |access-date=23 November 2022 |publisher=Statistics Portugal |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123171048/https://tabulador.ine.pt/indicador/?id=0011644&lang=EN |url-status=live }}</ref>|label1=[[Catholicism]]|value1=65.59|color1=Blue|label2=[[Orthodoxy]]|value2=0.68|color2=DarkBlue|label3=[[Protestantism]]|value3=2.44|color3=DarkOrchid|label4=[[Jehovah's Witnesses]]|value4=0.61|color4=LightBlue|label5=Other [[Christian]]|value5=1.27|color5=LightGreen|label6=[[Buddhism]]|value6=0.54|color6=Yellow|label7=[[Hinduism]]|value7=1.07|color7=Red|label8=[[Judaism]]|value8=0.12|color8=Honeydew|label9=[[Islam]]|value9=1.63|color9=Green|value10=0.50|value11=25.55|label10=Other religion|label11=No religion|color11=Grey}}

The largest religion is, according to the 2021 Portuguese Census, [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholicism]]. The proportion of Catholics in Lisbon city proper (around 66%) is significantly higher than in the city's metropolitan area (55%).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2019 |title=Grande Lisboa. Menos católica e religiosa, mas crente e tolerante |trans-title=Greater Lisbon: Less Catholic and religious, but still believing and tolerant |url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2019-07-02-Grande-Lisboa.-Menos-catolica-e-religiosa-mas-crente-e-tolerante |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Jornal Expresso |language=pt-PT}}</ref> This may be due to the fact that Lisbon city's age structure is older than the one found in the surrounding areas and, in general, younger generations tend to be less religious.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portal do INE |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008273&xlang=pt |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How much does Catholic religion matter to young people? The case of Portugal |url=https://repositorium.sdum.uminho.pt/bitstream/1822/78843/1/Quanto%20interessa%20a%20religia%CC%83o%20cato%CC%81lica%20aos%20jovens.pdf}}</ref>

===Immigration===

In 2019 around 17.48% of the population residing within the city's boundaries held a foreign nationality, a share that stood at 8.87% in 2014. In general, the increase in Lisbon's population is essentially attributable to the influx of people coming from abroad, who have more than tripled since 2017. Around 5.89% of Lisbon's population was constituted by Brazilians as of 2023, not including those also holding Portuguese nationality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=População estrangeira com estatuto legal de residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013) e Nacionalidade; Anual |trans-title=Number of foreign residents with legal resident status, by place of residence (NUTS – 2013) and nationality; annual data |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |language=pt}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
| colspan="3" |'''Largest groups of foreign residents in 2023'''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=28 February 2023 |title=Vivem 118.947 estrangeiros em Lisboa. Eis as principais nacionalidades |trans-title=There are 118,947 foreigners living in Lisbon. Here are the main nationalities |url=https://www.noticiasaominuto.com/pais/2224689/vivem-118947-estrangeiros-em-lisboa-eis-as-principais-nacionalidades |access-date=23 August 2023 |website=Notícias ao Minuto |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0010247&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
|-
!Nationality
!Population
!Notes
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|33,407
|
|-
|{{flag|China}}
|9,905
|
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|9,391
|2022 data
|-
|{{flag|France}}
|9,033
|2022 data
|-
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|8,875
|2022 data
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|8,486
|2022 data
|-
|{{flag|Angola}}
|7,594
|
|}

==Economy==
[[File:Avenida da Liberdade (22344060581) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Avenida da Liberdade]] is one of the [[List of most expensive streets by city|most expensive shopping streets in Europe]] and famous as a popular destination for [[luxury goods]] shopping.]]
The [[Grande Lisboa|Lisbon region]] is the wealthiest region in Portugal, with a GDP per capita of nearly €40,000, and it is well above the [[European Union]]'s [[GDP per capita]] average – it produces more than 31% of Portuguese GDP by 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Com a nova geografia territorial, a disparidade regional do PIB per capita, medida pela diferença entre as regiões com os índices mais elevado (Grande Lisboa) e mais baixo (Península de Setúbal), aumentou para 87 p.p. em 2022 (44 p.p. na anterior geografia) - 2023 |trans-title=With the new territorial geography, the regional disparity in GDP per capita — measured by the difference between the regions with the highest (Greater Lisbon) and lowest (Setúbal Peninsula) indices — increased to 87 percentage points in 2022 (compared to 44 p.p. under the previous geography) – 2023 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=646333651&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=www.ine.pt |language=pt}}</ref>

The Lisbon region is rapidly growing, with GDP (PPP) per capita calculated for each year as follows: €22,745 (2004)<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per inhabitant in 2004 |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_02/1-19022007-EN-AP.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210729/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2007_MONTH_02/1-19022007-EN-AP.PDF |archive-date=26 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> – €23,816 (2005)<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per inhabitant in 2005 |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_02/1-12022008-EN-AP.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216020135/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2008_MONTH_02/1-12022008-EN-AP.PDF |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> – €25,200 (2006)<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per inhabitant in 2006 |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009_MONTH_02/1-19022009-EN-AP.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325003726/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/pls/portal/docs/PAGE/PGP_PRD_CAT_PREREL/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009/PGE_CAT_PREREL_YEAR_2009_MONTH_02/1-19022009-EN-AP.PDF |archive-date=25 March 2009 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> – €26,100 (2007).<ref>{{cite web |title=GDP per inhabitant in 2007 |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109234659/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/1-18022010-AP/EN/1-18022010-AP-EN.PDF |archive-date=9 November 2014 |access-date=17 November 2012 |publisher=Eurostat }}</ref> The Lisbon metropolitan area had a [[List of cities by GDP|GDP amounting to $110.4 billion]], and $32,434 per capita.<ref name="Brookings">{{cite web |date=22 January 2015 |title=Global Metro Monitor GDP 2014 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321051346/http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=16 February 2015 |publisher=Brookings Institution}}</ref>
[[File:Rio Arauca at the oil terminal in Lisboa (2017).jpg|thumb|The oil tanker ''Rio Arauca'' at the oil terminal in Lisboa to unload crude oil]]
Lisbon's economy is based primarily on the [[tertiary sector]]. Most of the headquarters of multinationals operating in Portugal are concentrated in the [[Grande Lisboa Subregion]], especially in the [[Oeiras Municipality, Portugal|Oeiras]] municipality. The [[Lisbon metropolitan area]] is heavily industrialized, especially the south bank of the [[Tagus]] river (Rio Tejo). The lisbonite industry has very large sectors in oil, as refineries are found just across the Tagus, textile mills, shipyards and fishing.
[[File:By the river (34263121734).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Port of Lisbon]] is one of the busiest ports in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www1.eurogate.de/en/Terminals/Lisbon |title=Eurogate Lisbon |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110222025/http://www1.eurogate.de/en/Terminals/Lisbon |archive-date=10 November 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>]]

The country's chief [[Port of Lisbon|seaport]] is in Lisbon and its heavily populated surroundings are also developing as an important financial centre and a dynamic technological hub. Automobile manufacturers have erected factories in the suburbs, like [[AutoEuropa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Volkswagen Autoeuropa Lda. |url=https://www.volkswagen-newsroom.com/en/volkswagen-autoeuropa-lda-3731 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Volkswagen Newsroom |language=en}}</ref>

Lisbon has the largest and most developed mass media sector of Portugal and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to [[newspaper of record|major newspapers]]. Based in Lisbon, [[Euronext Lisbon]] is a [[stock exchange]] which is part of the pan-European [[Euronext]] system of stock exchanges and market infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Euronext {{!}} LinkedIn |url=https://www.linkedin.com/company/euronext |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=www.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref>

Before Portugal's sovereign debt crisis and an [[Portuguese economic crisis of the 2010s|EU-IMF rescue plan]], for the decade of 2010 Lisbon was expecting to receive many state-funded investments, including building a new airport, a new bridge, an expansion of the Lisbon Metro {{cvt|30|km|2}} underground, the construction of a mega-hospital (or central hospital), the creation of two lines of a [[TGV]] to join [[Madrid]], [[Porto]], [[Vigo]] and the rest of Europe, the restoration of the main part of the town (between the Marquês de Pombal roundabout and Terreiro do Paço), the creation of a large number of bike lanes, as well as modernization and renovation of various facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/?idc=4 |title=Pequeno Resumo Histórico de Lisboa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420202721/http://www.cm-lisboa.pt/?idc=4 |archive-date=2010-04-20 }} – Câmara Municipal de Lisboa</ref>

The sovereign debt crisis exacerbated poor labor conditions and low purchasing power. Although the city modernized its infrastructure and experienced significant tourism growth and income, this reality was not proportionally reflected in the average living conditions. Prices generally increased, but wages did not follow this trend. Labor conditions remain far below the standards of the rest of the European Union (EU).<ref>{{cite web |title=Living and Working in Portugal |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eures/public/living-and-working |website=EURES |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=November 12, 2024 |title=Porque é que os portugueses trabalham mais horas do que os outros europeus mas têm salários mais baixos? |trans-title=Why do the Portuguese work more hours than other Europeans but have lower wages? |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/programas/factos-que-contam/2024-11-12-porque-e-que-os-portugueses-trabalham-mais-horas-do-que-os-outros-europeus-mas-tem-salarios-mais-baixos--b514d113 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Médicos e enfermeiros em Portugal fazem greve por aumento de salários |trans-title=Doctors and nurses in Portugal are going on strike for a salary increase |url=https://www.rfi.fr/br/europa/20240925-mais-mal-pagos-da-europa-m%C3%A9dicos-e-enfermeiros-em-portugal-fazem-greve-por-aumento-de-sal%C3%A1rios |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=RFI |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 3, 2022 |title=Acidentes de trabalho: Portugal é o pior entre 30 países europeus |trans-title=Workplace accidents: Portugal is the worst among 30 European countries |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2022/03/03/acidentes-de-trabalho-portugal-e-o-pior-entre-30-paises-europeus/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=ECO |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=March 6, 2023 |title=Portugal é o país europeu onde os trabalhadores se sentem mais insatisfeitos |trans-title=Portugal is the European country where workers feel the most dissatisfied |url=https://observador.pt/2023/03/06/portugal-e-o-pais-europeu-onde-os-trabalhadores-se-sentem-mais-insatisfeitos/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Observador |language=pt}}</ref>

Therefore, Lisbon is still the European capital with some of the lowest wages and purchasing power within the EU. Energy, electricity, gas, and fuel, as well as supermarkets and housing, are among the most expensive, even compared to the richest countries in Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cost of Living in Lisbon |url=https://www.numbeo.com/cost-of-living/in/Lisbon |website=Numbeo |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cost of Living in Lisbon |url=https://www.expatistan.com/cost-of-living/lisbon |website=Expatistan |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref> The gap between the highest and lowest wages is the largest within the eurozone. The minimum wage can be as low as 6-7 euros per hour.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 30, 2024 |title=Portugal é o 5.º país da UE com o salário médio mais baixo |trans-title=Portugal is the fifth country in the EU with the lowest average salary |url=https://observador.pt/2024/04/30/portugal-e-o-5-o-pais-da-ue-com-o-salario-medio-mais-baixo/ |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Observador |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 25, 2024 |title=Salário mínimo tem vindo a subir muito, mas Portugal mantém-se longe do topo da União Europeia |trans-title=The minimum wage has been rising a lot, but Portugal remains far from the top of the European Union |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/salario-minimo/portugal/salario-minimo-tem-vindo-a-subir-muito-mas-portugal-mantem-se-longe-do-topo-da-uniao-europeia/20240925/66f41c2bd34ea1acf26ebc71 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=CNN Portugal |language=pt}}</ref> Due to these reasons, Lisbon has a high level of youth emigration, mostly to other European countries such as France, the UK, Luxembourg, Switzerland, and Belgium.<ref>{{cite news |title=Portugal's Youth Emigration Crisis |url=https://www.newsendip.com/portugal-youth-emigration-crisis |work=Newsendip |date=March 15, 2024 |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=High Youth Emigration from Portugal |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/high-youth-emigration-from-portugal/ |work=The Portugal News |date=April 10, 2024 |access-date=December 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=May 2019 |title=Os melhores países da Europa para trabalhar e ganhar muito dinheiro |trans-title=The best countries in Europe to work and earn a lot of money |url=https://jornaleconomico.sapo.pt/noticias/os-melhores-paises-da-europa-para-trabalhar-e-ganhar-muito-dinheiro-300572/?photo=1 |access-date=December 22, 2024 |website=Jornal Económico |language=pt}}</ref>

Lisbon was the [[World's most livable cities#Most Liveable Cities Index|7th most "livable city" in the world]] in 2021 according to lifestyle magazine ''[[Monocle (2007 magazine)|Monocle]].''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://monocle.com/film/affairs/quality-of-life-survey-top-25-cities-2019/ |title=The Monocle Quality of Life Survey 2019 |work=Monocle |date=2019 |access-date=25 September 2020 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301223340/https://monocle.com/film/affairs/quality-of-life-survey-top-25-cities-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Tourism is also a significant industry. The city is the ninth-most-visited city in [[Southern Europe]], after [[Istanbul]], [[Rome]], [[Barcelona]], [[Milan]], [[Athens]], [[Venice]], [[Madrid]] and [[Florence]] with 3,639,900 tourists in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 Edition {{!}} Euromonitor |url=https://go.euromonitor.com/white-paper-travel-2019-100-cities.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Euromonitor International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisbon, Portugal - Image of the Week - Earth Watching |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/image-of-the-week/content/-/article/lisbon-portugal/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=earth.esa.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 City Destinations: 2019 edition |url=https://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/wpTop100Cities19.pdf}}</ref> In 2022 there were around 6 tourists for every resident.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2023 |title=What are the most and least 'over-touristed' capital cities in Europe? |url=https://www.euronews.com/travel/2023/05/14/beat-the-crowds-heres-which-european-capitals-officially-have-the-most-and-least-tourists |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> The city is popular for both leisure and business tourism.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lisbon is the sixth most popular city for business tourism |url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/lisbon-is-the-sixth-most-popular-city-for-business-tourism/49543 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.theportugalnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal named best tourism destination in Europe, 5th time in last six years |url=https://www.heraldnews.com/story/news/local/ojornal/2022/10/03/portugal-named-best-tourism-destination-europe-5th-time-last-six-years/8168012001/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Fall River Herald News |language=en-US}}</ref> Around 7.7 million tourists visited Lisbon region in 2022 alone, with 71.1% of them being international tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt/turismo-em-portugal/turismo-em-numeros-2022/|title=TravelBI by Turismo de Portugal - Turismo em Números - 2022|website=travelbi.turismodeportugal.pt|accessdate=18 November 2023}}</ref> It is estimated that tourist receipts will stand at 17.4 billion euros ([[€]]) in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Caetano |first=Edgar |title=Cada turista em Lisboa vai gastar este ano, em média, 911 euros. Turismo vai dar 17,4 mil milhões à economia (sem contar com a JMJ) |trans-title=Each tourist in Lisbon will spend, on average, 911 euro this year. Tourism will contribute 17.4 billion to the economy (not including World Youth Day) |url=https://observador.pt/2023/03/06/cada-turista-em-lisboa-vai-gastar-este-ano-em-media-911-euros-turismo-vai-dar-174-mil-milhoes-a-economia-sem-contar-com-a-jmj/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Observador |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Metro===
[[File:HPIM0530 (cropped).JPG|thumb|right|The [[Lisbon Metro]] is Portugal's oldest and largest subway system.]]
{{Main|Lisbon Metro}}

The [[Lisbon Metro]] connects the city centre with the upper and eastern districts, and also reaches some suburbs that are part of the [[Lisbon metropolitan area]], such as [[Amadora]] and [[Loures]]. It is the fastest way to get around the city and it provides a good number of interchanging stations with other types of transportation. From the [[Lisbon Airport]] station to the city centre it may take roughly 25 mins. In 2019, the [[Lisbon Metro]] served around 173 million passengers (and 475.000 daily). As of 2018, the [[Lisbon Metro]] comprises four lines, identified by individual colours (blue, yellow, green and red) and 56 stations, with a total length of 44.2&nbsp;km. Several expansion projects have been proposed, the most recent being the transformation of the Green Line into a circular line and the creation of two more stations (Santos and [[Estrela (Lisbon)|Estrela]]).

===Trams===
[[File:Lisbon tram next to Lisbon Cathedral.jpg|thumb|A [[Trams in Lisbon|Lisbon tram]] by [[Lisbon Cathedral]] and [[Santo António Church]]]]
{{Main|Trams in Lisbon}}

The [[tram]] is a traditional form of public transport in Lisbon. Introduced in 1901, electric trams were originally imported from the US,<ref>{{cite book |title=Electrical World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_FNEAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA566 |year=1900 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |page=566}}</ref> and thus called the ''americanos'' ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] for "American"). Today these trams are called ''elétricos'' (literally meaning electric ones).

Other than on the modern Line 15, the [[Trams in Lisbon|Lisbon tramway system]] still employs small (four-wheel) vehicles of a design dating from the early twentieth century. These distinctive yellow trams are one of the tourist icons of modern Lisbon, and their size is well suited to the steep hills and narrow streets of the central city.<ref>[http://www.carris.pt/index.php?area=servicos&subarea=servicos_ascensores_bica Archived copy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103194107/http://www.carris.pt/index.php?area=servicos&subarea=servicos_ascensores_bica|date=3 January 2007}} Information from Carris, Lisbon transportation company.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Luso Pages - Lisbon (Portugal) Trams |url=http://www.personal.u-net.com/~luso/listrams.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515002830/http://www.personal.u-net.com/~luso/listrams.htm |archive-date=15 May 2011 |access-date=10 March 2011}} Details of Lisbon's trams, from Luso Pages</ref>

The earliest trams can still be seen in the [[Carris Museum|Museu da Carris]] (the Lisbon Public Transport Museum).

The line has now a total length of 31 kilometers operating on 6 lines, down from a maximum of 76 kilometers for 27 lines. The slow decline of the network began with the construction of the [[Lisbon Metro]] and the expansion of the [[Carris|bus system]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pincha |first=João Pedro |date=3 April 2019 |title=Rede de eléctricos da Carris vai ligar o Jamor a Sacavém |trans-title=Carris' tram network will connect Jamor to Sacavém |url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/04/03/local/noticia/rede-electricos-carris-vai-ligar-jamor-sacavem-1867851 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref> Starting in 2017 the system has been expanded and new vehicles are being progressively added, aiming at expanding significantly the current tramway system.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raposo |first=Frederico |date=2 November 2021 |title=Os elétricos não são só para turista ver. Podem ser o futuro da mobilidade em Lisboa |trans-title=Trams aren't just for tourists to see. They could be the future of mobility in Lisbon |url=http://amensagem.pt/2021/11/02/os-eletricos-nao-sao-so-para-turista-ver-podem-ser-o-futuro-da-mobilidade-em-lisboa/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Mensagem de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Raposo |first=Frederico |date=9 September 2022 |title=Elétricos vão duplicar e Lisboa estuda "novas linhas de metro ligeiro". Amadora - Sta. Apolónia pode ser a primeira |trans-title=Trams will double and Lisbon is studying 'new light metro lines'. Amadora - Sta. Apolónia may be the first |url=http://amensagem.pt/2022/09/09/eletricos-carris-duplicar-lisboa-novas-linhas-metro-ligeiro-amadora-santa-apolonia-carlos-gaivoto/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Mensagem de Lisboa |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2023 |title=Novos elétricos da Carris chegam a Algés e há planos de expansão até à Cruz Quebrada |trans-title=Carris’s new trams arrive in Algés, and there are expansion plans to Cruz Quebrada |url=https://newinoeiras.nit.pt/na-cidade/novos-eletricos-da-carris-chegam-alges/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=New in Oeiras |language=pt-PT}}</ref> There are currently 64 trams in operation in Lisbon and, during 2023-2026, 35 more will be added (Of which 10 will be "Historical models").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elétricos Articulados |url=https://www.carris.pt/descubra/frota/eletricos-articulados/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.carris.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elétricos Históricos |url=https://www.carris.pt/descubra/frota/eletricos-historicos/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.carris.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Elétricos Clássicos |url=https://www.carris.pt/descubra/frota/eletricos-classicos/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.carris.pt |language=pt}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=12 January 2023 |title=Carris vai comprar 117 autocarros 100% elétricos até 2026 e um bus a hidrogénio |trans-title=Carris will purchase 117 100% electric buses by 2026 and one hydrogen bus |url=https://www.motor24.pt/noticias/carris-vai-comprar-117-autocarros-100-eletricos-ate-2026-e-um-bus-a-hidrogenio/1585307/ |accessdate=18 November 2023 |language=pt}}</ref>

===Trains===
[[File:Estação do Oriente, Lisboa, Portugal (19198862262).jpg|thumb|right|[[Gare do Oriente]] train station, designed by [[Santiago Calatrava]]]]

There are four [[CP Urban Services|commuter train]] lines departing from Lisbon: the Sintra, Azambuja, Cascais and Sado lines (operated by CP – [[Comboios de Portugal]]), as well as a fifth line to [[Setúbal]] (operated by [[Fertagus]]), which crosses the [[Tagus]] river via the [[25 de Abril Bridge]]. The major railway stations are [[Santa Apolónia railway station|Santa Apolónia]], [[Rossio railway station|Rossio]], [[Gare do Oriente]], [[Entrecampos railway station|Entrecampos]], and [[Cais do Sodré railway station|Cais do Sodré]].

===Buses===
The local bus service within Lisbon is operated by [[Carris]]. Carris' fleet includes 741 buses and, in the period 2023-2026, other 342 buses will be added so as to increase the public transportation system reach.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=19 January 2021 |title=Carris reforça frota com 100 autocarros - e são verdes |trans-title=Carris strengthens fleet with 100 buses – and they’re green |url=https://www.dn.pt/edicao-do-dia/19-jan-2021/carris-reforca-frota-com-100-autocarros---e-sao-verdes-13246835.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> The [[Bus|bus network]] has a length of 748&nbsp;km comprising 99 bus routes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Km de autocarros |url=https://www.carris.pt/media/mbkhxvij/relat%C3%B3rio-e-contas-carris-2022.pdf}}</ref> Major investments have been made in recent years: for instance, in 2017 there were 600 buses operating on 674&nbsp;km and 75 routes: 141 buses, 74 kilometers and 24 bus routes were added in 2018-2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Autocarros 2017 |url=https://www.carris.pt/media/im4pchdz/relatoriocontas_2017.pdf}}</ref>

Outside Lisbon, there are two main commuter bus services connecting the cities outside Lisbon amongst them and to Lisbon: Carris Metropolitana,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carrismetropolitana.pt/ |title=Carris Metropolitana |url-status=live |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217172916/https://www.carrismetropolitana.pt/ }}</ref> a brand operated by 4 companies, all operating inside the Lisbon Metropolitan Area, and Barraqueiro Transportes<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.barraqueirotransportes.pt/ |title=Barraqueiro Transportes |url-status=live |access-date=31 May 2007 |archive-date=16 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416180259/http://www.barraqueirotransportes.pt/ }}</ref> (with 4 brands operating outside the Metropolitan Area with services to Lisbon), which operate from different terminals in the city.

===Bridges===
The city is connected to the far side of the Tagus by two important bridges:

* The [[25 de Abril Bridge]], inaugurated (as Ponte [[António de Oliveira Salazar|Salazar]]) on 6 August 1966, and later renamed after the date of the [[Carnation Revolution]], was the longest [[suspension bridge]] in Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/suspension-bridge |title=Suspension bridge |date=15 November 2016 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131024300/https://www.britannica.com/technology/suspension-bridge |archive-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]], opened on 29 March 1998 is, at {{cvt|17.2|km|mi|1}}, the longest bridge in Europe.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/pictures/8997330/The-highest-tallest-longest-and-oldest-bridges-in-the-world.html?image=7 |title=The highest, tallest, longest and oldest bridges in the world |work=The Telegraph |access-date=30 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131043640/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/property/pictures/8997330/The-highest-tallest-longest-and-oldest-bridges-in-the-world.html?image=7 |archive-date=31 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The foundations for a [[Third Tagus Crossing|third bridge across the Tagus]] have already been laid, but the overall project has been postponed due to economic crisis that affected Portugal, and other bureaucratic and political reasons.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=17 November 2022 |title=Plano Ferroviário prevê terceira travessia sobre o Tejo |trans-title=Railway Plan foresees a third crossing over the Tagus |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/plano-ferroviario-preve-terceira-travessia-sobre-o-tejo-15362031.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cipriano |first=Carlos |date=28 February 2023 |title=Zero quer prioridade à Terceira Travessia do Tejo exclusivamente ferroviária |trans-title=Zero wants priority to be given to the Third Tagus Crossing as a railway-only project |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/02/28/economia/noticia/zero-quer-prioridade-terceira-travessia-tejo-exclusivamente-ferroviaria-2040472 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Público |language=pt}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| width     = 250
| align     = center
| File:25_de_Abril_Bridge_(36831608556).jpg|The [[25 de Abril Bridge]] crosses the [[Tagus River]] from [[Alcântara (Lisbon)|Alcântara]] to [[Almada]]
| File:Vasco_da_Gama_Bridge.jpg|The [[Vasco da Gama Bridge]] crosses the Tagus from [[Parque das Nações]] to [[Montijo, Portugal|Montijo]]
}}

=== Ferries ===
Another way of crossing the river is by taking the ferry.<ref>{{cite web |last1=hossain |first1=arif |title=Ferries |url=https://nomadscholars.com/terreiro-do-paco-river-ferry-station-in-lisbon/ |website=Nomad Scholars |date=7 January 2025 |publisher=Arif Hossain |access-date=8 January 2025}}</ref> The operator [[Transtejo & Soflusa]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transtejo.pt |title=Transtejo e Soflusa |publisher=Transtejo.pt |access-date=8 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713095353/http://www.transtejo.pt/ |archive-date=13 July 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref> runs to different locations from within the city: [[Cacilhas]], [[Seixal Municipality|Seixal]], [[Montijo, Portugal|Montijo]], [[Porto Brandão]] and [[Trafaria]] under the brand Transtejo and to [[Barreiro (city)|Barreiro]] under the brand Soflusa. Ferry stations in Lisbon include [[:pt:Estação Fluvial de Belém|Belém Station]], [[:pt:Terminal Fluvial do Terreiro do Paço|Terreiro do Paço River Station]] and [[:pt:Terminal Fluvial do Cais do Sodré|Cais do Sodré River Station]].

===Air travel===
[[File:Lissabon Airport.jpeg|thumb|Lisbon airport]]

[[Lisbon Airport|Humberto Delgado Airport]] is located within the city limits.

It is the headquarters and hub for [[TAP Portugal]] as well as a hub for [[EasyJet]], [[Azores Airlines]], [[Ryanair]], [[EuroAtlantic Airways]], [[White Airways]], and [[Hi Fly (airline)|Hi Fly]]. Having served 35.1 million passengers in 2024, it is by far the busiest airport in Portugal, the third busiest in the Iberian Peninsula and the 12th [[List of the busiest airports in Europe|busiest in Europe]].<ref name="Vinci1">{{cite web |title=VINCI Airports - Traffic as of December 31, 2024 |url=https://en.newsroom.vinci-airports.com/news/vinci-airports-traffic-as-of-december-31-2024-0e435-46ae7.html| date=16 January 2025 | access-date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

A second airport has been proposed and the project was initially put on hold because of the Portuguese and European economic crisis, and also because of the long discussion on whether a new airport is needed. In 2023 there were still 9 possible sites who are thought to be able to host the future New Lisbon airport.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=29 July 2023 |title=Avaliação de Impacte Ambiental pode adiar decisão de novo aeroporto mais um ano |trans-title=Environmental Impact Assessment could delay decision on new Lisbon airport by another year |url=https://www.dinheirovivo.pt/economia/avaliacao-de-impacte-ambiental-pode-adiar-decisao-de-novo-aeroporto-mais-um-ano-16770330.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Dinheiro Vivo |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ECO |date=8 July 2023 |title=Comissão Técnica já definiu os cinco critérios de decisão para o novo aeroporto de Lisboa |trans-title=Technical Commission has already defined the five decision criteria for the new Lisbon airport |url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/07/08/comissao-tecnica-ja-definiu-os-cinco-criterios-de-decisao-para-o-novo-aeroporto-de-lisboa/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=ECO |language=pt-PT}}</ref> Finally, in 2024, the new government announced that the new international airport would be located in Alcochete, just across the Tagus from Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vicente Rua |first=Patrícia |date=May 14, 2024 |title=Portugal to build new airport across the river from Lisbon |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/portugal-build-new-airport-across-river-lisbon-2024-05-14/ |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=Reuters}}</ref>

[[Cascais Municipal Aerodrome]], 20&nbsp;km west of the city centre in [[Cascais]] and hub for [[Sevenair Air Services|Sevenair]], offers commercial domestic flights to [[Bragança Airport|Bragança]], [[Portimão Airport|Portimão]], [[Viseu Airport|Viseu]] and [[Vila Real Airport|Vila Real]]. This location is where many of the country's aviation schools are concentrated.

===Cycling===
{{see also|Gira (bicycle rental)}}
[[File:Lisbon (45923876392).jpg|thumb|Gira recharging station]]

Following the Covid-19 pandemic, Lisbon saw a significant increase in cycling and planned to expand the current Gira [[Bike rental|bike hire system]] from 1,600 bikes to 2,600 by the end of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moreira |first=Cristiana Faria |date=15 November 2022 |title=Câmara de Lisboa quer pôr mais 1000 bicicletas Gira na rua em 2023 |trans-title=Lisbon City Council wants to put 1,000 more Gira bikes on the streets in 2023 |url=https://www.publico.pt/2022/11/15/local/noticia/camara-lisboa-quer-1000-bicicletas-gira-rua-2023-2027703 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref> Many of these bicycles are [[Electric bicycle|electric]] to deal with Lisbon's hills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sobre a gira - GIRA - Bicicletas de lisboa |url=https://www.gira-bicicletasdelisboa.pt/sobre-a-gira/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.gira-bicicletasdelisboa.pt}}</ref> The city also plans to expand the number of bike recharging stations, now standing at 146. Gira service is integrated in the public transportation system, as youth up to 23 years old and seniors over 65 years old can use the service for free, while for other residents bikes are included in the Navegante card.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2023 |title=Bicicletas Gira gratuitas para todos os residentes de Lisboa a partir desta segunda-feira |trans-title=Gira bikes free for all Lisbon residents starting this Monday |url=https://expresso.pt/economia/transportes/2023-06-05-Bicicletas-Gira-gratuitas-para-todos-os-residentes-de-Lisboa-a-partir-desta-segunda-feira-5787dc86 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Expresso |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=navegante card |url=https://www.metrolisboa.pt/en/buy/navegante-card/ |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=Metropolitano de Lisboa, EPE - English |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2023 there were over 200 kilometers of bike lanes within the city's administrative area and the city plans to expand its network of cycle paths in the coming years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Esqueça o carro. Lisboa é uma das melhores cidades da Europa para andar de bicicleta |trans-title=Forget the car. Lisbon is one of the best cities in Europe for cycling |url=https://www.nit.pt/fora-de-casa/na-cidade/esqueca-o-carro-lisboa-e-uma-das-melhores-cidades-da-europa-para-andar-de-bicicleta |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=NiT |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2021 |title=Lisboa duplica oferta de bicicletas. Utilização subiu 50% num ano |trans-title=Lisbon doubles its bike share fleet. Usage increased by 50% in one year |url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/lisboa-duplica-oferta-de-bicicletas-utilizacao-subiu-50-num-ano-13347078.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419212201/https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/lisboa-duplica-oferta-de-bicicletas-utilizacao-subiu-50-num-ano-13347078.html |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=19 April 2021 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=mapa rede ciclável |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/cidade/mobilidade/meios/bicicleta/mapa-rede-ciclavel |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=MUNICÍPIO de LISBOA |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=26 July 2023 |title=EMEL pretende gastar 2,5 milhões de euros na requalificação da ciclovia ribeirinha de Lisboa |trans-title=EMEL intends to spend 2.5 million euro on the redevelopment of Lisbon's riverside bike lane |url=https://www.dn.pt/local/emel-pretende-gastar-25-milhoes-de-euros-na-requalificacao-da-ciclovia-ribeirinha-de-lisboa-16695084.html |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=www.dn.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref>

===Public transportation statistics===
The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Lisbon on a weekday is 59 minutes. 11.5% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time spent waiting at a stop or station for public transit is 14 min, while 23.1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 6&nbsp;km, while 10% travel for over 12&nbsp;km in a single direction.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Portugal_Lisboa-2460 |title=Lisboa Public Transportation Statistics |publisher=Global Public Transit Index by Moovit |access-date=19 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901023804/https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Portugal_Lisboa-2460 |archive-date=1 September 2017 |url-status=live}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref>

=== Car ===
Lisbon is connected to its suburbs and throughout Portugal by an extensive motorway network. There are three circular motorways around the city; the 2ª Circular, the IC17 (CRIL), and the A9 (CREL).

==Education==
===International schools===
In [[Greater Lisbon]] area, particularly in the [[Portuguese Riviera]], an area popular with [[expats]] and foreign nationals, there are numerous [[international school]]s, including the [[Carlucci American International School of Lisbon]] (the only American school in Portugal), [[Saint Julian's School]] (British), [[Saint Dominic's International School]] (British), {{Lang|de|[[Deutsche Schule Lissabon]]|italic=no}} (German), [[Instituto Español Giner de los Ríos]] (Spanish), [[Oeiras International School|Oerias Internacional Schoo]]<nowiki/>l (IB), and [[Lycée Français Charles Lepierre]] (French).

===Higher education===
In the city, there are three [[public universities]] and a [[university institute]]. The [[University of Lisbon]], which is the largest university in Portugal, was created in 2013 with the union of the [[Technical University of Lisbon]] and the Classical University of Lisbon (which was known as the University of Lisbon). The [[New University of Lisbon]], founded in 1973, is another public university in Lisbon and is known internationally by its [[Nova School of Business and Economics]] (Nova SBE), its economics and management faculty. The third public university is [[Universidade Aberta]]. Additionally, there's [[ISCTE - Lisbon University Institute]] (founded in 1972), a university institute that provides degrees in all academic disciplines.

Major private institutions of higher education include the [[Portuguese Catholic University]], focused on law and management, as well as the Lusíada University, the [[Universidade Lusófona]], and the [[Universidade Autónoma de Lisboa]], among others.

The total number of enrolled students in higher education in Lisbon was, for the 2019–2020 school year, nearly 153,000 students, of which 18,000 were of foreign nationality.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.studyinlisbon.pt/lisboa-em-numeros |title=Lisboa em Números |publisher=Study in Lisbon |access-date=24 April 2025 |date=2022}}</ref>

{{Gallery
| width     = 250
| align     = center
| File:Univ Nova Lisboa.jpg|The rectory and main campus of the [[New University of Lisbon]]
| File:Fontana Liminosa - panoramio (1).jpg|[[Instituto Superior Técnico]], at the top, which belongs to the University of Lisbon, is based on the Alameda D. Afonso Henriques.
}}

===Libraries===
Lisbon is home to [[Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal]], the Portuguese national library, which has over 3 million books and manuscripts. The library has some rare books and manuscripts, such as an original Gutenberg Bible and original books by [[Erasmus]], [[Christophe Platin]] and [[Aldus Manutius]]. [[Torre do Tombo National Archive|Torre do Tombo]], the [[national archive]], is one of the most important archives in the world, with over 600 years and one of the oldest active Portuguese institutions. There are, among several others, the [[Arquivo Histórico Ultramarino]] and the Arquivo Histórico Militar.

==Sports==
Lisbon has a long tradition in sports. It hosted several matches, including the [[UEFA Euro 2004|final]], of the [[UEFA Euro 2004]] championship. The city also played host to the final of the [[2001 IAAF World Indoor Championships]] and the [[European Fencing Championships]] in 1983 and 1992, as well as the [[2003 World Men's Handball Championship]], and the [[2008 European Judo Championships]]. From 2006 to 2008, Lisbon was the starting point for the [[Dakar Rally]]. The city hosted the [[2014 UEFA Champions League Final|2014]] and [[2020 UEFA Champions League Final|2020]] [[UEFA Champions League]] finals. In 2008 and 2016, the city hosted the [[European Triathlon Championships]]. Lisbon has a leg at the [[Volvo Ocean Race]]. It is one of the potential host cities for the [[2030 FIFA World Cup]].

===Football===
The city hosts three [[association football]] clubs in Portugal's highest league, the [[Primeira Liga]]. [[S.L. Benfica|Sport Lisboa e Benfica]], commonly known as simply ''Benfica'', has won 38 league titles in addition to two [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]]s. Lisbon's second-most successful club is [[Sporting CP|Sporting Clube de Portugal]] (commonly known as ''Sporting'' and often referred to as ''Sporting Lisbon'' abroad to prevent confusion with other teams with the same name), winner of 20 league titles and the [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]]. A third club, [[C.F. Os Belenenses]] (commonly ''Belenenses'' or ''Belenenses Lisbon''), based in the [[Belém, Lisbon|Belém]] quarter, has solely won one league title. Other major clubs in Lisbon include [[Atlético Clube de Portugal|Atlético]], [[Casa Pia A.C.|Casa Pia]], and [[Clube Oriental de Lisboa|Oriental]].

Lisbon has two [[UEFA elite stadium|UEFA category four stadiums]]; Benfica's [[Estádio da Luz]] (''Stadium of Light''), with a capacity of over 65,000 and Sporting's [[Estádio José Alvalade]], with a capacity of over 50,000. The Estádio da Luz held both the [[2014 UEFA Champions League Final|2014]] and [[2020 UEFA Champions League Final]]. There is also Belenenses' [[Estádio do Restelo]], with a capacity of over 19,000. The [[Estádio Nacional]], in nearby [[Oeiras Municipality, Portugal|Oeiras]], has a capacity of 37,000 and was used exclusively for [[Portugal national football team|Portuguese]] international football matches and cup finals until the construction of larger stadia in the city. It held the [[1967 European Cup Final]].

{{Gallery
| width     = 250
| align     = center
| File:Estadio da Luz 2012.jpg
| File:AlvaladeXXI4.jpg
| footer    = [[Estádio da Luz]] (top), home to [[S.L. Benfica]], and [[Estádio José Alvalade]] (bottom), home to [[Sporting CP]].
}}

===Other sports===
Other sports, such as [[basketball]], [[futsal]], [[team handball|handball]], [[roller hockey (quad)|roller hockey]], [[rugby union]] and [[volleyball]] are also popular; the latter's national stadium is in Lisbon. There are many other sports facilities in Lisbon, ranging from athletics, sailing, golfing to [[mountain-biking]]. Lisboa and Troia golf course are two of many stunning [[golf course]]s located in Lisbon. Every March the city hosts the [[Lisbon Half Marathon]], while in September the [[Portugal Half Marathon]].

==International relations==
===Twin towns – sister cities===
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Portugal}}

Lisbon is [[sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=TwinsAndCoop>{{cite web |title=Relações Internacionais |url=https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |website=lisboa.pt |publisher=City of Lisbon |language=pt |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=20 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020023833/https://www.lisboa.pt/municipio/relacoes-internacionais |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|GNB}} [[Bissau]], Guinea-Bissau (1985)
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary (1992)
* {{flagicon|GNB}} [[Cacheu]], Guinea-Bissau (1988)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fortaleza]], Brazil (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Fortaleza se torna cidade irmã de Lisboa |url=https://www.oestadoce.com.br/editorias/turismo/fortaleza-se-torna-cidade-irma-de-lisboa |website=oestadoce.com.br |publisher=Oestado |language=pt |date=30 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701161548/https://oestadoce.com.br/editorias/turismo/fortaleza-se-torna-cidade-irma-de-lisboa/ |url-status=live |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Natasha }}</ref>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Guimarães]], Portugal (1993)
* {{flagicon|AGO}} [[Luanda]], Angola (1988)
* {{flagicon|MAC}} [[Macau]], China (1982)
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Madrid]], Spain (1979)
* {{flagicon|MYS}} [[Malacca City]], Malaysia (1984)
* {{flagicon|MOZ}} [[Maputo]], Mozambique (1982)
* {{flagicon|CPV}} [[Praia, Cape Verde (municipality)|Praia]], Cape Verde (1983)
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Rabat]], Morocco (1988)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Panaji]], India
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (1980)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]], Brazil (1995)
* {{flagicon|STP}} [[São Tomé]], São Tomé and Príncipe (1985)
{{div col end}}

===Cooperation agreements===
Lisbon has additional cooperation agreements with:<ref name=TwinsAndCoop/>

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* {{flagicon|ALG}} [[Algiers]], Algeria (1988)
* {{flagicon|PRY}} [[Asunción]], Paraguay (2014)
* {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], Thailand (2016)<ref>{{cite web |title=Friendship And Co-Operation Agreement between The City of Lisbon Portuguese Republic and The Bangkok Metropolitan Administration Kingdom of Thailand |date=19 July 2016 |url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/10021601.PDF |author1=The City of Lisbon |author2=Bangkok Metropolitan Administration |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008074713/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/sites/default/files/10021601.PDF |archive-date=8 October 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], China (2007)
* {{flagicon|PSE}} [[Bethlehem]], Palestine (1995)
* {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentina (1992)
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Curitiba]], Brazil (2005)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Haimen]], China (2011)
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine (2000)
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Miami]], United States (1987)
* {{flagicon|URY}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay (1993)
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Panaji]], India (1989)
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Paris]], France (1998)
* {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Qingdao]], China (2010)
* {{flagicon|CPV}} [[Santa Catarina, Cape Verde|Santa Catarina]], Cape Verde (1997)
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Sofia]], Bulgaria (2001)
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Toronto]], Canada (1987)
* {{flagicon|TUN}} [[Tunis]], Tunisia (1993)
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia (1977)
{{Div col end}}

===Membership in organizations===
Lisbon has been part of the [[Union of Ibero-American Capital Cities]] since the union's founding on 12 October 1982.<ref name=TwinsAndCoop/><ref>{{cite web |title=Ciudades miembro |url=https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |publisher=Unión de Ciudades Capitales Iberoamericanas |language=pt |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611033704/https://ciudadesiberoamericanas.org/quienes-somos/ciudades-miembro/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 28 June 1985, Lisbon has been part of the Union of Capital Cities of Portuguese Language, along with 22 other cities from Angola, Brazil, Cape Verde, China, East Timor, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, Portugal, and São Tomé and Príncipe.<ref name=TwinsAndCoop/><ref>{{cite web |title=União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa |url=https://www.uccla.pt/ |publisher=União das Cidades Capitais de Língua Portuguesa |language=pt |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628093458/https://www.uccla.pt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of people from Lisbon]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Lisbon]]
{{Portal bar|Portugal|Cities}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{See also|Timeline of Lisbon#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Lisbon}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Lisbon|commonscat=yes|voy=Lisbon}}
* [http://www.visitportugal.com/en Visit Portugal] – Official page by the Government of Portugal
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070125151752/http://www.atl-turismolisboa.pt/ Associação de Turismo de Lisboa] – Official site of the Lisbon Tourism Association
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013152926/http://otlis.com.pt/ OTLIS] – Official site of the Lisbon Region Transport Operators Consortium
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090925023109/http://portaldasnacoes.pt/index.php?lang=en Portal das Nações] Official site of Parque das Nações in Lisbon
* [http://portuguese-american-journal.com/lisbon-voted-european-city-of-year-2012-%E2%80%93-award/ Lisbon voted European City of the Year 2012 – Award] – Portuguese American Journal
* [http://tvl.pt/ TVL]—Lisbon TV

{{Lisbon}}
{{Municipalities of Lisbon}}
{{navboxes|title=Other topics related to Lisbon|list=
{{Lisbon landmarks}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
{{European Capital of Sport}}
{{List of European capitals by region}}
{{Phoenician cities and colonies}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lisbon| ]]
[[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
[[Category:Cities in Portugal]]
[[Category:Marinas in Portugal]]
[[Category:Municipalities of Lisbon District]]
[[Category:Phoenician colonies in Portugal]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Portugal]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 2nd millennium BC]]
[[Category:Populated places in Lisbon District]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in Portugal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Tower and Sword]]
[[Category:Roman towns and cities in Portugal]]
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities in Portugal]]