View source for List of Germanic languages

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The [[Germanic languages]] include some 58 ([[SIL International|SIL]] estimate) languages and dialects that originated in [[Europe]]; this language family is part of the [[List of Indo-European languages|Indo-European language family]].  Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.

The standard division of Germanic is into three branches:
* [[East Germanic languages]]
* [[North Germanic languages]]
* [[West Germanic languages]]
They all descend from [[Proto-Germanic]], and ultimately from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]].

[[South Germanic languages]], an attempt to classify some of the [[West Germanic languages]] into a separate group, is rejected by the overwhelming majority of scholars.

[[†]] denotes extinct languages.

==West Germanic==
{{main|West Germanic languages}}

{{see|German language|Dutch language|German dialects|Dutch dialects}}

{{tree list}}
* [[Proto-West Germanic]]
** [[High German languages]]
*** [[Old High German]]† & [[Middle High German]]†
**** [[New High German|Modern German]]
***** [[Upper German]]
****** [[High Franconian]]
******* [[East Franconian German|East Franconian]]
******* [[South Franconian German|South Franconian]]
****** [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]]
******* [[Swabian German|Swabian]], including [[Stuttgart]]
******* [[Low Alemannic German|Low Alemannic]], including the area of [[Lake Constance]] and [[Basel German]]
******** [[Alsatian language|Alsatian]]
******** [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]]
******* [[Central Alemannic language|Central Alemannic]]
******** [[Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect|Argentinien-schwyzertütsch]]
******* [[Walser German|Italian Walser]]
******* [[High Alemannic German|High Alemannic]], including [[Zürich German]] and [[Bernese German]]
******* [[Highest Alemannic German|Highest Alemannic]], including the [[Bernese Oberland]] dialects and [[Walliser German]]
****** [[Bavarian German|Bavarian]]
******* [[Northern Bavarian]] (including [[Nuremberg]])
******* [[Central Bavarian]] (including [[Munich]] and [[Viennese German|Vienna]])
******* [[Southern Bavarian]] (including [[Innsbruck]], [[Klagenfurt]], and [[Bolzano]], Italy)
******** [[Hutterite German]] aka "Tirolean"
******* [[Mócheno language|Mócheno]]
******* [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]
***** [[Central German]]
****** [[West Central German]]
******* [[Amana German]]
******* [[Central Franconian languages|Central Franconian]]
******** [[Ripuarian Franconian]]
******** [[Moselle Franconian]]
********* [[Hunsrik]]
********* [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]
********* [[Transylvanian Saxon dialect|Transylvanian Saxon]]
******* [[Rhine Franconian]]
******** [[Hessian dialects|Hessian]]
******** [[Palatine German language|Palatine]]
********* [[Pennsylvania Dutch language|Pennsylvania German]] (spoken by the [[Amish]] and other groups in southeastern [[Pennsylvania]]
******** [[Lorraine Franconian]]
****** [[East Central German]]
******* [[Thuringian Dialect|Thuringian]]
******* [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]
******* [[East Central German#Nordobersächsisch-Südmärkisch|North Upper Saxon–South Markish]]
******* [[Silesian German|Silesian]]
******** [[Alzenau dialect|Halcnovian]]
******** [[Wymysorys]] (with a significant influence from [[Low Saxon languages|Low Saxon]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Polish language|Polish]], and [[Scots language|Scots]])
******* [[High Prussian]]
***** [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] (with a significant influx of vocabulary from [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and other languages, and traditionally written in the [[Hebrew alphabet]])
****** [[Yiddish dialects#Eastern Yiddish|Eastern Yiddish]]
****** [[Yiddish dialects#Western Yiddish|Western Yiddish]]
** [[Low Franconian languages]]
***  [[Old Frankish]]†
**** [[Low Franconian|Old Low Franconian]]†
***** Old East Low Franconian† / [[Old Limburgish|Old Limburgian]]†
****** [[Middle Limburgish|Middle Limburgian]]†
******* [[Limburgish|Limburgian]]
***** Old West Low Franconian† / [[Old Dutch]]†
****** [[Middle Dutch]]†
******* [[Modern Dutch]]
******** [[West Flemish]]
******** [[East Flemish]]
******** [[Zeelandic]]
******** [[Central Dutch dialects|Central Dutch]]
********* [[Hollandic]]
********* [[Kleverlandish]]
******** [[Brabantic|Brabantine]]
********* [[Brusselian dialect|Brusselian]]
******** [[Stadsfries dialects]]
******* [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]] (with a significant influx of vocabulary from other languages)
** [[Low German|Low German languages]]
*** [[Old Saxon]]† & [[Middle Low German]]†
**** [[Low German|Modern Low German]]
***** [[West Low German]]
****** [[Northern Low Saxon]]
****** [[East Frisian Low Saxon]]
****** [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]
****** [[Eastphalian language|Eastphalian]]
***** [[East Low German]]
****** [[Brandenburgisch]]
****** [[Mecklenburgisch-Vorpommersch]]
****** [[Middle Pomeranian]]
****** [[East Pomeranian]]
****** [[Low Prussian]]
****** [[Plautdietsch]] ([[Mennonite]] Low German, used also in many other countries)
** [[Anglo-Frisian languages]]
*** [[Old Frisian]]†
**** [[Frisian languages|Frisian]]
***** [[West Frisian languages]]
****** [[West Frisian language]] (spoken in the Netherlands)
******* [[Clay Frisian]] (Klaaifrysk)
******* [[Wood Frisian]] (Wâldfrysk)
******** Noardhoeks
******* South Frisian (Súdhoeks)
******* Southwest Frisian (Súdwesthoeksk)
******* [[Schiermonnikoog Frisian|Schiermonnikoogs]]
******* [[Hindeloopen Frisian|Hindeloopers]]
******* Aasters
******* Westers
***** [[East Frisian language]] (spoken in Germany)
****** [[Saterland Frisian language|Saterland Frisian]]
****** [[Wangerooge Frisian]]†
****** [[Wursten Frisian]]†
***** [[North Frisian language]] (spoken in Germany)
****** Mainland Frisian
******* [[Mooring (North Frisian dialect)|Mooring]]
******* [[Goesharde Frisian]]
******* [[Wiedingharde Frisian]]
******* [[Halligen Frisian]]
******* [[Karrharde Frisian]]
****** Island Frisian
******* [[Söl'ring]]
******* [[Fering]]
******* [[Öömrang]]
******* [[Heligolandic]]
*** [[Anglic languages|Anglic]]
**** [[English language]] ([[List of dialects of the English language|dialects]])
***** [[Old English language|Old English]]†
****** [[Middle English]]† (significant influx of words from [[Old French]])
******* [[Early Modern English]]†
******** [[Modern English]]
********* [[British English]] ([[English English]], including [[Northern England English|Northern English]], [[East Midlands English]], [[West Midlands English]], [[Southern English English|Southern English]], and others, [[Welsh English]], [[Scottish English]]) and [[Irish English]]
********* [[North American English]] ([[American English]] and [[Canadian English]])
********* [[Australian English]] and [[New Zealand English]]
********* [[South African English]]
********* [[Zimbabwean English]]
********* South Asian English ([[Indian English]])
********* South East Asian English ([[Philippine English]], [[Singapore English]], [[Malaysian English]])
********* [[West Indian English]] ([[Caribbean English]])
**** [[Scots Language|Lowland Scots]]
***** [[Early Scots]]†<ref>From early Northern Middle English (Aitken, A. J.  and McArthur, T. Eds. (1979) ''Languages of Scotland''. Edinburgh,Chambers. p. 87). McClure (1991) gives [[Northumbrian (Old English)|Northumbrian Old English]] in ''The Cambridge History of the English Language'' Vol. 5. p. 23. In the ''Oxford Companion to the English Language'' (p. 894) the 'sources' of Scots are described as "the Old English of the Kingdom of [[Bernicia]]" and "the Scandinavian-influenced English of immigrants from [[Northern England|Northern]] and [[English Midlands|Midland England]] in the 12-13c [...]." The historical stages 'Older—Middle—Modern Scots' are used, for example, in the "Concise Scots Dictionary" (Robinson M. (ed.) (1985) the "Concise Scots Dictionary, Chambers, Edinburgh. p. xiii) and "A [[Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue]]" (Dareau M., Pike l. and Watson, H (eds) (2002) "A Dictionary of the Older Scottish Tongue" Vol. XII, Oxford University Press.  [http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/SCOTSHIST/output4.php?file=NEW-Revised1Introduction.htm p. xxxiv] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108011735/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/dsl/SCOTSHIST/output4.php?file=NEW-Revised1Introduction.htm |date=2008-01-08 }}).</ref>
****** [[Middle Scots]]†
******* [[Modern Scots]]
******** [[Glasgow dialect|Glasgow]]
******** [[Northern Scots]]
********* [[North Northern Scots|North Northern]]
********** [[North Northern Scots#Black Isle and Easter Ross|Black Isle and Easter Ross]]
*********** [[Cromarty dialect|Cromarty]]†
********* [[Mid Northern Scots|Mid Northern]] (North East Scots or ''the Doric'')
********* [[South Northern Scots|South Northern]]
******** [[Central Scots]]
******** [[Southern Scots]]
******** [[Insular Scots]]
********* [[Orcadian dialect|Orcadian]]
********* [[Shetland dialect]]
******** [[Ulster Scots dialects|Ulster Scots]]
**** [[Yola language|Yola]]†
**** [[Fingallian language|Fingallian]]†
{{tree list/end}}

==North Germanic==
{{main|North Germanic languages}}
;Ancestral classification
{{tree list}}
* [[Proto-Norse language|Proto-Norse]] <sup>†</sup>
** [[Old Norse]] <sup>†</sup>
*** West Scandinavian
**** [[Old West Norse]] <sup>†</sup>
***** [[Old Norwegian]] <sup>†</sup>
****** [[Middle Norwegian]] <sup>†</sup>
******* Modern [[Norwegian dialects]]
******** {{ill|Nordnorsk|no|Nordnorsk}} ([[Northern Norway]])
********* {{ill|Bodø dialect|no|Bodødialekt}} ([[Bodø Municipality|Bodø]])
********* [[Brønnøy dialect]] ([[Brønnøy Municipality|Brønnøy]])
********* {{ill|Helgeland dialect|no|Helgelandsk}} ([[Helgeland]])
********* ''other dialects''
******** [[Trøndersk]] ([[Trøndelag]])
********* {{ill|Fosen dialect|no|Fosendialekt}} ([[Fosen]])
********* {{ill|Härjedal dialect|sv|Härjedalska}} ([[Härjedalen]])
********* [[Jämtland dialects]] ([[Jämtland|Jämtland province]]) (wide linguistic similarity with the [[Trøndersk]] dialects in Norway)
********* [[Meldal dialect]] ([[Meldal Municipality|Meldal]])
********* {{ill|Tydal dialect|no|Tydalsdialekt}} ([[Tydal Municipality|Tydal]])
********* ''other dialects''
******** [[Vestlandsk]] ([[Western Norway|Western]] and [[Southern Norway]])
********* West ''(Vestlandet)''
********** [[Bergensk|Bergen dialect]] ([[Bergen]])
********** {{ill|Haugesund dialect|no|Haugesund-dialekt}} ([[Haugesund Municipality|Haugesund]])
********** {{ill|Jærsk dialect|no|Jærsk}} ([[Jæren|Jæren district]])
********** {{ill|Karmøy dialect|no|Karmøydialekt}} ([[Karmøy (island)|Karmøy]])
********** {{ill|Nordmøre dialects|no|Nordmørsdialekt}} ([[Nordmøre]])
*********** {{ill|Sunndalsøra dialect|no|Sunndalsøramål}} ([[Sunndalsøra]])
********** {{ill|Romsdal dialect|no|Romsdalsdialekt}} ([[Romsdal]])
********** [[Sandnes-mål|Sandnes dialect]] ([[Sandnes Municipality|Sandnes]])
********** [[Sognamål|Sogn dialect]] ([[Sogn|Sogn district]])
********** {{ill|Sunnmøre dialect|no|Sunnmørsdialekt}} ([[Sunnmøre]])
********** [[Stavangersk|Stavanger dialect]] ([[Stavanger Municipality|Stavanger]])
********** {{ill|Strilar dialect|no|Strilamål}} ([[Midhordland|Midhordland district]])
********* South ''(Sørlandet)''
********** [[Arendalsk|Arendal dialect]] ([[Arendal Municipality|Arendal region]])
********** {{ill|Valle-Setesdalsk dialect|no|Setesdalsk}} (Upper [[Setesdal]], [[Valle Municipality|Valle]])
********* ''other dialects''
******** {{ill|Østlandsk|no|Østlandsk}} ([[Eastern Norway]])
********* {{ill|Flatbygd dialects|no|Flatbygdmål}} (Lowland districts)
********** [[Vikværsk|Vikværsk dialects]] ([[Viken, Norway|Viken district]])
*********** {{ill|Andebu dialect|no|Andebumål}} ([[Andebu (village)|Andebu]])
*********** {{ill|Bohuslän dialect|sv|Bohuslänska}} ([[Bohuslän|Bohuslän province]]) (influenced by [[Swedish language|Swedish]] in retrospective)
*********** {{ill|Grenland dialect|no|Grenlandsmål}} ([[Grenland|Grenland district]])
*********** [[Oslo dialect]] ([[Oslo]])
********** {{ill|Midtøstland dialects|no|Midtøstlandsmål}} (Mid-east districts)
*********** {{ill|Ringerike dialects|no|Ringeriksmål}} ([[Ringerike (traditional district)|Ringerike district]])
************ {{ill|Hønefoss dialect|no|Hønefossdialekt}} ([[Hønefoss]])
************ {{ill|Ådal dialect|no|Ådalsmål}} ([[Ådal]])
********** {{ill|Oppland dialect|no|Opplandsmål}} ([[Opplandene|Opplandene district]])
*********** Hedmark dialects ([[Hedmark]])
************ {{ill|Solung dialect|no|Solung}} ([[Solør]])
********** {{ill|Hadeland dialect|no|Hadelandsdialekt}} ([[Hadeland|Hadeland district]])
********** {{ill|Østerdal dialect|no|Østerdalsmål}} ([[Viken, Norway|Viken district]])
*********** [[Särna-Idremål|Särna-Idre dialect]] ([[Särna]] and [[Idre]])
********* {{ill|Midland dialects (Norway)|lt=Midland dialects|no|Midlandsmål}} (Midland districts)
********** [[Gudbrandsdalsmål|Gudbrandsdal dialect]] ([[Gudbrandsdalen]], [[Oppland]] and Upper [[Folldal Municipality|Folldal]], [[Hedmark]])
********** [[Hallingmål-Valdris|Hallingdal-Valdres dialects]] ([[Hallingdal]], [[Valdres]])
*********** {{ill|Hallingdal dialect|no|Hallingdialekt}}
*********** [[Valdris|Valdris dialect]] ([[Valdres|Valdres district]])
********** Telemark-Numedal dialects ([[Telemark]] and [[Numedal]])
*********** {{ill|Bø dialect|no|Bøhering (dialekt)}}
********* ''other dialects''
****** [[Old Faroese]] <sup>†</sup>
******* [[Middle Faroese]] <sup>†</sup>
******** Modern [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
****** [[Norn language|Norn]] †
******* [[Caithness Norn]] †
******* [[Orkney Norn]] †
******* [[Shetland Norn]] †
***** [[Old Icelandic]] <sup>†</sup>
****** [[Middle Icelandic]] <sup>†</sup>
******* Modern [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
***** [[Greenlandic Norse]] †
*** East Scandinavian
**** [[Old East Norse]] <sup>†</sup>
***** [[Old Danish]] <sup>†</sup>
****** [[Middle Danish]] <sup>†</sup>
******* Modern [[Danish language|Danish]]
******** [[Bornholmsk]]
******** [[Island Danish]]
******** [[Jutlandic|Jutlandic/Jutish]]
********* North Jutlandic
********* East Jutlandic
********* West Jutlandic
********* [[South Jutlandic]] ({{langx|da|[[Duchy of Schleswig|Slesvig]]}}; {{langx|de|[[Schleswig]]}})
******* [[Gøtudanskt]] (Faroese street Danish)
******* [[Urban East Norwegian]] (generally considered a Norwegian dialect)
***** [[Old Swedish]] <sup>†</sup>
****** Modern [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
******* [[Norrland dialects]]
******* [[Svealand Swedish]]
******** [[Dalecarlian language|Dalecarlian]]
********* [[Elfdalian]] (considered a Swedish ''Sveamål'' dialect, but has official orthography and is, because of a lower degree of mutual intelligibility with Swedish, considered a separate language by many linguists, see p. 6 in [https://web.archive.org/web/20110722160911/http://www.nordiska.uu.se/arkiv/konferenser/alvdalska/konferensbidrag/Sapir.pdf this reference])
******* [[Götamål]] (Götaland)
******* East Swedish
******** [[Swedish dialects in Ostrobothnia]]
******** Other dialects of [[Finland Swedish]]
********[[Estonian Swedish]]
*******[[South Swedish]]
******* Gutnish
******** [[Old Gutnish]] <sup>†</sup>
********* [[Modern Gutnish]]
{{tree list/end}}

;Alternate classification of contemporary North Germanic languages based on [[mutual intelligibility]]
* Insular Scandinavian
** [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]]
** [[Faroese language|Faroese]]
* Continental Scandinavian
** [[Danish language|Danish]]
** [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]
** [[Swedish language|Swedish]]

==East Germanic==
See: [[East Germanic languages#Classification]]

==External links==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/germanic Germanic language tree] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202233740/http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/germanic |date=2013-12-02 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Germanic languages}}

[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Lists of Indo-European languages|Germanic]]