View source for List of Polish monarchs

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{{About|the historical monarchs of Poland, from the Middle Ages to 1795|heads of state of republican Poland since 1919|List of heads of state of Poland}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
|royal_title       = Monarchy
|realm             = Poland
|coatofarms        = Coat of arms of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.svg
|coatofarmssize    = 130px
|coatofarmscaption = '''[[Coat of arms of Poland|Royal coat of arms]]'''
|image             = Stanislaw poniatowski bacciarelli.jpg
|caption           = '''[[Stanisław August Poniatowski|Stanislaus II Augustus]]'''
|first_monarch     = *[[Mieszko I]] (as Duke)
*[[Bolesław I the Brave]] (as King)
|last_monarch      = [[Stanisław August Poniatowski|Stanislaus II Augustus]]
|style             = {{plainlist|
* [[Royal Majesty|Royal Majesty (HRM)]]<ref>It was not allowed to use abbreviations and acronyms</ref><br />''Wasza Królewska Mość''
* [[Serene Highness|Serene Reigning Majesty]]<br />''Jaśnie Panujący Mości''<ref>In the 17th century and later Poland was usually known as the Most Serene Republic of Poland (Polish: Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Polska, Latin: Serenissima Res Publica Poloniae).</ref>
* [[Grace (style)|Grace]] (HG)<br />''Wasza Miłość''
* [[Highness]] (HH)<br />''Wasza Wysokość''}}
|residence         = {{plainlist|
* [[Wawel Castle]]
* [[Warsaw Castle]]
* [[Wilanów Palace]]}}
|appointer         = [[Inheritance|Hereditary]]{{efn|name=Jadwiga was the last|Throne of Poland was hereditary until 1399; [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]] was the last hereditary monarch, see Borkowska, Urszula (2012). ''Dynastia Jagiellonów w Polsce''. PWN. ISBN 9788301205331. pp. 79, 481. "Jadwiga Anjou was considered the last 'naturally-enthroned Lady' of [[Crown of the Kingdom of Poland|Kingdom of Poland]]. In [[Jagiellonian dynasty|Jagiellonian times]] in the politics of ''Corona Regni Poloniae'' persona of monarch became separated from country they were ruling. Throne became elective, although choice of the next ruler was restricted to the members of the [Jagiellonian] dynasty, until it had heirs." "Jadwiga (...) became a wife of [[Władysław II Jagiełło|Jagiełło]], who was crowned the King (...), as co-ruler alongside Jadwiga, the last hereditary monarch of Poland."}}<br>
[[Royal elections in Poland|Elective]]
|began             = {{circa|960}} ([[Duchy of Poland]])
|ended             = 25 November 1795
|pretender         = {{plainlist|
* '''none'''
* [[Daniel, Margrave of Meissen]] (disputed)
* [[Alexander, Margrave of Meissen]] (disputed)}}
}}

[[Poland]] was ruled at various times either by [[duke]]s and [[prince]]s (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries). During the latter period, a tradition of [[Royal elections in Poland|free election]] of monarchs made it a uniquely electable position in Europe (16th to 18th centuries).

The first Polish ruler whose existence is not debatable was [[Mieszko I|Duke Mieszko I]], who [[Christianization of Poland|adopted]] [[Christianity]] under the authority of Rome in the year 966. He was succeeded by his son, [[Bolesław I the Brave]], who greatly expanded the boundaries of the Polish state and ruled as the first king in 1025. The following centuries gave rise to the mighty [[Piast dynasty]], consisting of both kings such as [[Mieszko II Lambert]], [[Przemysł II]] or [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] and dukes like [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]]. The dynasty's rule over Poland ceased with the death of [[Casimir III the Great]] in 1370. In the same year, the [[Capetian House of Anjou]] became the ruling house with [[Louis I the Great|Louis I]] as king of both Poland and [[Hungary]]. His daughter, [[Jadwiga of Poland|Jadwiga]], later married Jogaila, the pagan [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], who in 1386 was baptized and crowned as [[Władysław II Jagiełło]], thus creating the [[Jagiellonian dynasty]] and a personal union between Poland and [[Lithuania]].

During the reign of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon]] and [[Sigismund I the Old]], culture flourished and cities developed. This era of progress, also known as the [[Renaissance in Poland|Polish Renaissance]], continued until the [[Union of Lublin]] under [[Sigismund II Augustus]], which unofficially marked the end of the [[Polish Golden Age]]. After the death of the last Jagiellonian king, the united [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] became an [[elective monarchy]] with mostly foreigners elected as monarchs such as [[Henry III of France]], who witnessed the introduction of the [[Golden Liberty]] system and [[Stephen Báthory]], a capable military commander who strengthened the nation. The meaningful rule of the [[House of Vasa|Vasa dynasty]] initially expanded the Commonwealth as the arts and crafts developed, as well as trade and commerce. King [[Sigismund III Vasa]], a talented but somewhat despotic ruler, involved the country in many wars, which subsequently resulted in the successful capture of [[Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)|Moscow]] and the [[Polish–Swedish War (1626–1629)|loss of]] [[Livonia]] to [[Sweden]]. His son, [[Władysław IV Vasa]], fiercely defended the Commonwealth's borders and continued the policy of his father until his death, unlike [[John II Casimir]] whose tragic rule resulted in his [[abdication]].

The election of [[John III Sobieski]] to the Polish throne proved to be beneficial for the Commonwealth. A brilliant military tactician, John III led the coalition forces to [[Battle of Vienna|victory at Vienna]] in 1683 and he partially recaptured land from the [[Ottoman Empire]]. However, the years that followed were not as successful.<ref name="Malden2014">{{cite book|author=Henry Elliot Malden|title=Salus Vienna Tua: The great siege of 1683|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NDv1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT79|date=4 July 2014|publisher=Soldiershop Publishing|isbn=978-88-96519-84-4|pages=79–}}</ref> The long and ineffective rule of the [[Wettin dynasty]] ([[Augustus II the Strong]] and [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]]) placed the Commonwealth under the influence of [[Saxony]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. Additional feuds with rebel nobility ([[szlachta]]) and most notably [[Stanislaus I Leszczyński]] and [[France]] diminished the influence of Poland–Lithuania in the region, which led to the [[Partitions of Poland|partitions]] that occurred under King [[Stanisław II Augustus|Stanislaus II Augustus]], yet another [[Enlightenment in Poland|enlightened]], but ineffective monarch. The last true sovereign of Poland was [[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]] as [[Duke of Warsaw]], who throughout his political career attempted to rehabilitate the Polish state. 

Following the [[Napoleonic Wars]], many sovereigns claimed the title of Polish king, duke or ruler, notably German (the [[King of Prussia]] was also the sovereign of the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]] 1815-1918), Russian (the [[Congress Kingdom of Poland]] was founded in 1815 with the widely unrecognized title of King of Poland to the [[Emperor of Russia]] until 1915) and Austrian emperors (the [[Emperor of Austria]] was sovereign of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] between 1772 and 1918, and the [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]] between 1846 and 1918). The new [[Kingdom of Poland (1917-1918)|Kingdom of Poland]] was proclaimed as an independent state in 1916 with a [[Regency Council (Poland)|Regency Council]] but the [[monarchy]] was abolished and a [[Parliamentary republic|parliamentary republican authority]] was established when Poland was re-constituted as a [[Second Polish Republic|sovereign state in 1918]].

==Legendary==
{{further|Poland in the Early Middle Ages}}
Most of the legendary Polish rulers appear for the first time in chronicles from the 13th century and their existence has not been determined.

{{Sticky header}}
{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim !! House}}
|-
|<big>[[Lech, Czech, and Rus|{{nowrap|'''Lech'''}}]]</big>
| [[File:Chronica Polonorum, Lech.jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Lech in Chronica Polonorum]]
| Unknown
| Unknown
| Unknown
|Legendary founder of the [[Polish people|Polish nation]] according to folktales, tribal leader
| [[Lechites]] (Tribe)

|-
|<big>[[Krakus|{{nowrap|'''Krakus I'''}}]]</big><br /><small>also '''Krak''' or '''Grakch'''</small><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Chronica Polonorum I 5.jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Krakus in Chronica Polonorum]]
| {{c.|8th century}}
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th century}}
| Legendary founder of [[Kraków]]
| [[Lechites]] (Tribe)

|-
|<big>{{nowrap|'''[[Krakus II]]'''}}</big><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Monarch-emp.png|100px]]
|{{c.|8th century}}<br />Son of [[Krakus|Krakus I]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th century}}
| Succession
| [[Lechites]] (Tribe)

|-
|<big>{{nowrap|'''[[Lech II]]'''}}</big><br /><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Lech II.jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Lech II in Chronica Polonorum]]
| {{c.|8th century}}<br />Son of Krakus I, brother of [[Krakus II]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th century}}
| Succession
| [[Lechites]] (Tribe)

|-
|<big>[[Princess Wanda|{{nowrap|'''Wanda'''}}]]</big><br /><small>also '''Wąda'''</small><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Chronica Polonorum Vanda.jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Wanda in Chronica Polonorum]]
| {{c.|8th century}}<br />Daughter of Krakus, sister of Krakus II and Lech II
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th century}}
| Succession
| [[Lechites]] (Tribe)

|-
| Duke<br /><big>{{nowrap|'''[[Leszko I]]'''}}</big><br /><small>also '''Leszek'''</small><br />{{c.|7th centuries}}<br />{{ndash}}<br />{{c.|8th centuries}}
| [[File:Leszko I (118501866).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Leszko I in Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio by Alexander Guagnini]]
| {{c.|7th centuries}}<br />{{ndash}}<br />{{c.|8th centuries}}
| Unknown
| {{c.|7th centuries}}<ref>dated around 700 by [[Marcin Bielski]]</ref><br />{{ndash}}<br />{{c.|8th centuries}}
| Birth name '''Przemysław''', defeated the Hungarians and was crowned<hr />Elected
| [[Goplans]] and [[Polans (western)|Polans]] (Tribes)

|-
| Duke<br /><big>{{nowrap|'''[[Leszko II]]'''}}</big><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Leszko II (118501866).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Leszko II in Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio by Alexander Guagnini]]
| {{c.|8th centuries}}<br />Presumed son of [[Leszko I]], Alleged progenitor of the [[Popielids]] dynasty
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th centuries}}
| Succession
| [[Popielids]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>{{nowrap|'''[[Leszko III]]'''}}</big><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Leszko III (118501884).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Leszko III in Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio by Alexander Guagnini]]
| {{c.|8th centuries}}<br />Presumed son of [[Leszko II]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th centuries}}
| Succession
| [[Popielids]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>{{nowrap|'''[[Popiel I]]'''}}</big><br />{{c.|8th century}}
| [[File:Chronica Polonorum, Pompilius I.jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Popiel I in Chronica Polonorum]]
| {{c.|8th centuries}}<br />Presumed son of [[Leszko III]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|8th centuries}}
| Succession
| [[Popielids]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>[[Popiel|{{nowrap|'''Popiel II'''}}]]</big><br />{{c.|9th century}}
| [[File:Popiel II (118501903).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Popiel II in Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio by Alexander Guagnini]]
| {{c.|9th century}}<br />Presumed son of [[Popiel I]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Nomen nescio|NN]], A German Princess
| {{c.|9th century}}
| A legendary ruler dethroned by Piast. He appears (without the number) in the oldest Polish chronicle, {{Lang|la|[[Gesta principum Polonorum]]}} from the early 12th century<hr />Succession
| [[Popielids]]

|-
| <big>{{nowrap|'''[[Piast the Wheelwright]]'''}}</big><br />{{c.|9th century}}
| [[File:Piast (99006906).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Piast the Wheelwright by Walery Eljasz Radzikowski]]
| {{c.|9th century}}<br />Son of [[Chościsko]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Rzepicha]]
| {{c.|9th century}}
| Legendary founder of the Piast dynasty. He appears in the oldest Polish chronicle, {{Lang|la|[[Gesta principum Polonorum]]}} from the early 12th century
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
|}

== Debatable rulers ==
{{further|Polans (western)|Greater Poland}}
The three direct predecessors of Mieszko I are known only from the account of [[Gallus Anonymus]], who wrote the oldest Polish chronicle, {{Lang|la|[[Gesta principum Polonorum]]}} at the beginning of the 12th century. Though their historicity was once debatable, now historians tend to consider them actually existing rulers.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jasiński|first=Kazimierz|title=Rodowód pierwszych Piastów|year=1992|location=Wrocław-Warszawa|pages=46}}</ref>
{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim !! House !! Ref.}}

|-
| Duke<br /><big>[[Siemowit|{{nowrap|'''Siemowit'''}}]]</big><br /><small>also '''Ziemowit'''</small><br /><br />9th century
| [[File:Siemowit (99006958).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Siemowit by Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski]]
| 9th century<br />Presumed son of [[Piast the Wheelwright]]<br />and [[Rzepicha]]
| Unknown
| 9th century
| Named the [[Duke of the Polans]] after his father, Piast the Wheelwright, refused to take the place of legendary Duke [[Popiel II|Popiel]]<hr />Elected
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
| <ref name="Roszko1980">{{cite book|author=Janusz Roszko|title=Kolebka Siemowita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tNBAAAAYAAJ|access-date=29 February 2012|year=1980|isbn=978-83-207-0090-9|page=170|publisher=Iskry }}</ref>

|-
| Duke<br /><big>[[Lestek|{{nowrap|'''Lestek'''}}]]</big><br /><small>also '''Leszek''' or '''Lestko'''</small><br />9th century<br />{{ndash}}<br />10th century
| [[File:Lestek (99006975).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Lestek by Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski]]
| {{c.|870}}{{ndash}}880<br />Presumed son of [[Siemowit]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|930}}{{ndash}}950
| Named the [[Duke of the Polans]] after succeeding his father<hr />Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
| <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n5bxAAAAMAAJ&q=lestek+950|title = Quaestiones Medii Aevi Novae|year = 2000|publisher = Wydawn. DiG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnHDPbau3Q4C&dq=lestek+870&pg=PA908|isbn=9783110947977|title=Polski Indeks Biograficzny|date=18 May 2012|publisher=Walter de Gruyter}}</ref>

|-
| Duke<br /><big>[[Siemomysł|{{nowrap|'''Siemomysł'''}}]]</big><br /><small>also '''Ziemomysł'''<br />Latin: '''Zemomislaus'''</small><br />10th century<br />{{ndash}}<br />{{c.|950}}/960
| [[File:Siemomysl (99007021).jpg|100px|Imaginary depiction of Siemomysł by Walery Eljasz-Radzikowski]]
| {{c.|900}}<br />Presumed son of [[Lestek]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|950}}{{ndash}}960
| Named the [[Duke of the Polans]] after succeeding his father<hr />Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
| <ref>{{Cite book
  | last = Lukowski
  | first = Jerzy
  | author2 = Hubert Zawadzki
  | title = A Concise History of Poland
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | year = 2006
  | pages = [https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko/page/n38 3]–4
  | url = https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00luko
  | isbn = 978-0-521-61857-1
  | url-access = registration
  }}</ref>
|}

==House of Piast==
{{See also|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty}}

[[Mieszko I]] started his reign as leader of [[Polans (western)|Polans]] tribe, while other parts of future Poland were settled by other tribes, such as [[Masovians]], [[Vistulans]], [[Lendians]], [[Silesians (tribe)|Silesians]] or [[Pomeranians (tribe)|Pomeranians]]. During his reign Mieszko united polish lands and [[Christianization of Poland |adopted Christianity]] connecting Poland with western Europe. His descendents ruled the state as natural lords and Poland was seen as their hereditary property. Because of that, the state was often divided between sons of deceased ruler and eventually united by one of them. Early polish rulers were not considered equal to western European kings, so their title is translated as a duke. Some of them managed to prepare a coronation and adopted title of king, but effects of those efforts were short lived.{{Sticky header}}{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Mieszko I]]'''</big><br /><small>Latin: ''Misico, dux Wandalorum''</small><br />{{c.|960}}<br />{{ndash}}<br />25 May 992<br />''({{age in years|960|25 May 992|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Mieszko I (274939) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|930}}<hr />Son of semi-legendary [[Siemomysł]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Doubravka of Bohemia]]<br />{{c.|965}}<br />1 child<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Oda of Haldensleben]]<br />{{c.|980}}<br />3 or 4 children
| 25 May 992<br />[[Poznań]]<br />Aged about 62
| First Christian ruler of Poland<hr />Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław I the Brave]]'''</big><br /><small>also '''Boleslaus I the Great'''<br />{{langx|pl|Bolesław I Chrobry (Wielki)}}</small><br />992{{ndash}}1025 (as duke)<hr />18 April 1025{{ndash}}17 June 1025 (as king)<br />''({{age in years|992|17 June 1025|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Bolek.jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|967}}<br />[[Poznań]]<hr />Son of [[Mieszko I]] and [[Doubravka of Bohemia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} Hunilda, daughter of Rikdag <hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Judith of Hungary]] <hr />{{grey|(3)}} [[Emnilda of Lusatia]]<hr />{{grey|(4)}} [[Oda of Meissen]]
| 17 June 1025<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged about 58
| First crowned king<hr />Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Mieszko II Lambert]]'''</big><br />25 December 1025{{ndash}}1031<br />''({{age in years|1025|1031|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Matylda wrecza mieszkowi II ksiege liturgiczna.jpg|100px|Mieszko II Lambert receiving a liturgical book from Matilda of Swabia]]
| {{c.|990}}<hr />Son of [[Bolesław I the Brave]] and [[Emnilda of Lusatia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Richeza of Lotharingia]], 4 children
| 10/11 May 1034<br />[[Poznań]]<br />Aged about 44
| Crowned king<hr />Succession<hr />Deposed by [[Bezprym]]
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Bezprym]]'''</big><br />1031{{ndash}}1032 ''({{age in years|1031|1032|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Bezprym.jpeg|100px]]
| {{c.|986}}<hr />Son of Bolesław I the Brave and [[Judith of Hungary]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|1032}}<br />Aged about 46
| Usurped
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>[[Otto Bolesławowic|'''Otto''']]</big><br />1032{{ndash}}1033 ''({{age in years|1032|1033|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Monarch-emp.png|50px]]
| {{c.|1000}}<hr />Son of Bolesław I the Brave and [[Emnilda of Lusatia]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|1033}}<br />Aged about 33
| Country divided, ruler of a Duchy
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Dytryk]]'''</big><br /><small>also '''Dietrich''' and '''Theoderick'''</small><br />1032{{ndash}}1033 ''({{age in years|1032|1033|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Monarch-emp.png|50px]]
| {{c.|992}}<hr />Son of [[Lambert Mieszkowic]] or [[Mieszko Mieszkowic]]
| Unknown
| {{c.|1033}}<br />Aged about 41
| Country divided, ruler of a Duchy
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''Mieszko II Lambert'''</big><br />1032{{ndash}}1034<br />''({{age in years|1032|1034|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Matylda wrecza mieszkowi II ksiege liturgiczna.jpg|100px|Mieszko II Lambert]]
| {{c.|990}}<hr />Son of [[Bolesław I the Brave]] and [[Emnilda of Lusatia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Richeza of Lotharingia]], 4 children
| 10/11 May 1034<br />[[Poznań]]<br />Aged about 44
| Country divided until 1033 <hr />Restored as duke
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| King<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław the Forgotten]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Bolesław Zapomniany}}</small><br />1034{{ndash}}1038/1039<br />''({{age in years|1034|1039|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Monarch-emp.png|50px]]
| before 1016<hr />Presumed son of [[Mieszko II Lambert]]
| Unknown
| 1038/1039
| Semi-legendary, existence disputed
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Casimir I the Restorer]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Kazimierz I Odnowiciel}}</small><br />1034/1040{{ndash}}1058<br />''({{age in years|1040|1058|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Casimir I the Restorer.jpg|100px]]
| 25 July 1016<hr />Son of [[Mieszko II Lambert]] and [[Richeza of Lotharingia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Maria Dobroniega of Kiev|Maria Dobroniega]], 5 children
| 19 March 1058<br />[[Poznań]]<br />Aged 41
| Made prince in 1034, returned from abroad in 1040<hr />Restoration
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław II the Generous]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Bolesław II Szczodry (Śmiały)}}</small><br />1058{{ndash}}1076 (as duke)<br />26 December 1076{{ndash}}1079 (as king)<br />''({{age in years|1058|1079|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Boleslaus II of Poland (89920250).jpg|100px]]
| 1042<hr />Son of [[Casimir I the Restorer]] and [[Maria Dobroniega of Kiev|Maria Dobroniega]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Wyszesława of Kiev|Wyszesława]], 1 son
| 2/3 April 1081<br />[[Hungary]] or [[Ossiach]]<br />Aged about 39
| Crowned king in 1076<hr />Deposed and exiled in 1079 after slaying [[Stanislaus of Szczepanów|Saint Stanislaus]]
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Władysław I Herman]]'''</big><br />1079{{ndash}}4 June 1102<br />''({{age in years|1079|1102|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Władysław I Herman by Aleksander Lesser.PNG|100px]]
| 1044<hr />Son of [[Casimir I the Restorer]] and [[Maria Dobroniega of Kiev|Maria Dobroniega]]
| {{grey|(1)}} Przecława<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Judith of Bohemia]]<hr />{{grey|(3)}} [[Judith of Swabia]]
| 24 June 1102<br />[[Płock]]<br />Aged about 58
| Succeeded brother after his exile
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Zbigniew of Poland|Zbigniew]]'''</big><br />1102{{ndash}}1107<br />''({{age in years|1102|1107|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Zbigniew (112832610).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1073}}<hr />Son of [[Władysław I Herman]] and Przecława (?)
| Unknown
| 8 July 1113<br />Aged about 40
| Country divided, ruler of a Duchy <hr />Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| Duke<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław III Wrymouth]]'''</big><br /><small>also '''Boleslaus III'''<br />{{langx|pl|Bolesław III Krzywousty}}</small><br />1102{{ndash}}1138<br />''({{age in years|1102|1138|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Boleslaw Krzywousty (275002).jpg|100px]]
| 20 August 1086<br />[[Płock]]<hr />Son of [[Władysław I Herman]] and [[Judith of Bohemia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Zbyslava of Kiev]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Salomea of Berg]]
| 28 October 1138<br />[[Sochaczew]]<br />Aged 52
| Country divided until 1107 <hr />Succession<hr />His death led to the [[Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth|fragmentation of Poland]]
| [[House of Piast|Piast]] 
|}

===Fragmentation of Poland (1138–1320)===
{{See also|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty#Fragmentation of the realm (1138–1320)|Testament of Bolesław III Wrymouth|l1 = Fragmentation of the realm}}

After period of fights between brothers and unstable inheritance [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] decided to formalize succession. According to his testament the state was divided into provinces - one for every son and [[Seniorate Province|Senioral Province]] with capital city – [[Kraków]]. The testament established two principles on which new order in Poland was based - principate and seniorate. According to principate one duke - princeps (also called in English high duke) had supreme authority over other dukes and ruled in senioral province. According to seniorate princeps should be the oldest member of the dynasty, not necessarily son of the predecessor. During time of feudal fragmentation, as this period is called, both principles were abolished. Seniorate was formally abolished in 1180 during assembly of dukes and bishops in [[Łęczyca]], where [[Casimir II the Just]] was made hereditary high duke. Principate was de facto abolished in 1227 with [[Gąsawa massacre|assassination of Leszek the White]], after which local dukes no longer respected suzereinity of high duke, whose title became only prestigious.
 
{{Nobility table header|extra column=Claim !! House}}
|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Władysław II the Exile]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Władysław II Wygnaniec}}</small><br />1138{{ndash}}1146<br />''({{age in years|1138|1146|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Władysław II Wygnaniec by Aleksander Lesser.PNG|100px]]
| 1105<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] and [[Zbyslava of Kiev]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Agnes of Babenberg]], 5 children
| 30 May 1159<br />[[Altenburg]]<br />Aged 54
| Succession<hr />Deposed and exiled
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław IV the Curly]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Bolesław IV Kędzierzawy}}</small><br />1146{{ndash}}1173<br />''({{age in years|1146|1173|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Boleslaus IV of Poland (89920492).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1125}}<hr />Son of [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] and [[Salomea of Berg]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Viacheslava of Novgorod]], 3 children
| 5 January 1173<br />Aged about 51
| Succeeded exiled half-brother
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Mieszko III of Poland|Mieszko III]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Mieszko III Stary}}</small><br />1173{{ndash}}1177<br />''({{age in years|1173|1177|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Mieszko III Stary (76852586) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1127}}<hr />Son of [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] and [[Salomea of Berg]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Elizabeth of Hungary, Duchess of Greater Poland|Elisabeth of Hungary]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Eudoxia of Kiev]]
| 13 March 1202<br />[[Kalisz]]<br />Aged about 75
| Succession<hr />Deposed by brother in 1177
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Casimir II the Just]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Kazimierz II Sprawiedliwy}}</small><br />1177{{ndash}}1191<br />''({{age in years|1177|1191|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Casimir II of Poland (89920659).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1138}}<hr />Son of [[Bolesław III Wrymouth]] and [[Salomea of Berg]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Helen of Znojmo]], 7 children
| 5 May 1194<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged about 56
| Usurped power from brother
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Mieszko III'''</big><br />1191{{ndash}}1191
| [[File:Mieszko III Stary (76852586) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Usurped
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Casimir II the Just'''</big><br />1191{{ndash}}1194
| [[File:Casimir II of Poland (89920659).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Restoration
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Leszek I the White]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Leszek Biały}}</small><br />1194{{ndash}}1198<br />''({{age in years|1190|1194|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Leszek Bialy (76844388) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1184}}/1185<hr />Son of [[Casimir II the Just]] and [[Helen of Znojmo]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Grzymisława of Luck]], 2 children
| 24 November 1227<br />[[Marcinkowo Górne]]<br />Aged about 43
| Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Mieszko III'''</big><br />1198{{ndash}}1199
| [[File:Mieszko III Stary (76852586) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Agreement with Leszek and his regents
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Leszek I the White'''</big><br />1199{{ndash}}1199
| [[File:Leszek Bialy (76844388) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Restored
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Mieszko III'''</big><br />1199{{ndash}}1202
| [[File:Mieszko III Stary (76852586) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Restored
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Władysław III Spindleshanks]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Władysław III Laskonogi}}</small><br />1202{{ndash}}1206<br />''({{age in years|1202|1206|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Wladyslaw III Laskonogi (76853776) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1167}}<hr />Son of [[Mieszko III]] and [[Eudoxia of Kiev]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Lucia of Rügen]], 2 children
| 3 November 1231<br />Aged about 64
| Invited to rule by voivode [[Mikołaj Gryfita]]
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Leszek I the White'''</big><br />1206{{ndash}}1210
| [[File:Leszek Bialy (76844388) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Restored
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Mieszko IV Tanglefoot]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Mieszko IV Plątonogi}}</small><br />1210{{ndash}}1211<br />''({{age in years|1210|1211|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Mieszko IV.JPG|100px]]
| {{c.|1130}}<hr />Son of [[Władysław II the Exile]] and [[Agnes of Babenberg]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Ludmila (wife of Mieszko I Tanglefoot)|Ludmila]], 5 children
| 16 May 1211<br />Aged about 81
| Usurped
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Leszek I the White'''</big><br />1211{{ndash}}1227<br />''({{age in years|1211|1227|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Leszek Bialy (76844388) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Restored<hr />Murdered in 1227
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| <big>'''Władysław III Spindleshanks'''</big><br />1228{{ndash}}1231
| [[File:Wladyslaw III Laskonogi (76853776) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| –
| –
| –
| Succession agreement with predecessor
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Henry I the Bearded]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Henryk I Brodaty}}</small><br />1231{{ndash}}1238<br />''({{age in years|1231|1238|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Henryk I Brodaty (76847868) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1165}}/1188<br />[[Głogów]]<hr />Son of [[Bolesław I the Tall]] and Christina (?)
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Hedwig of Andechs]], 7 children
| 19 March 1238<br />[[Krosno Odrzańskie]]<br />Aged about 73
| Succession agreement with predecessor
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Henry II the Pious]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Henryk II Pobożny}}</small><br />1238{{ndash}}1241<br />''({{age in years|1238|1241|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Henryk II Pobożny (Hedwig Codex).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1196}}<br />[[Głogów]]<hr />Son of [[Henry the Bearded]] and [[Hedwig of Andechs]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia|Anne of Bohemia]], 10 children
| 9 April 1241<br />[[Legnickie Pole]]<br />Aged about 45
| Succession<hr />Killed at the [[Battle of Legnica]]
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław II the Horned]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Bolesław II Rogatka}}</small><br />1241{{ndash}}1241
| [[File:Monarch-emp.png|50px]]
| {{c.|1220}}/1225<br />[[Głogów]]<hr />Son of [[Henry II the Pious]] and [[Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia|Anne of Bohemia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} Hedwig of Anhalt, 7 children<br />{{grey|(2)}} Euphemia of Pomerania<br />{{grey|(3)}} Sophia of Dyhrn
| 26 December 1278<br />[[Legnica]]
| Succession<hr />Deposed
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Konrad I of Masovia]]'''</big><br />1241{{ndash}}1243<br />''({{age in years|1241|1243|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Konrad I mazowiecki (275073).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1187}}/1188<hr />Son of [[Casimir II the Just]] and [[Helen of Znojmo]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Agafia of Rus]], 10 children
| 31 August 1247<br />Aged about 60
| Usurped
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Bolesław V the Chaste]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Bolesław V Wstydliwy}}</small><br />1243{{ndash}}1279<br />''({{age in years|1243|1279|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Boleslaw V Wstydliwy (76848244).jpg|100px]]
| 21 June 1226<br />[[Stary Korczyn]]<hr />Son of [[Leszek I the White]] and [[Grzymisława of Luck]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Kinga of Poland]], no children
| 7 December 1279<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged 52
| Restored as rightful Duke
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Leszek II the Black]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Leszek Czarny}}</small><br />1279{{ndash}}1288<br />''({{age in years|1279|1288|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Leszek Czarny by Aleksander Lesser.PNG|100px]]
| {{c.|1241}}<br />[[Brześć Kujawski]]<hr />Son of [[Casimir I of Kuyavia]] and [[Constance of Wrocław]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Gryfina of Halych]]
| 30 September 1288<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged about 47
| Adopted by predecessor <hr />Succession
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| High Duke<br /><big>'''[[Henryk IV Probus]]'''</big><br /><small>English: ''Henry the Righteous''<br />{{langx|pl|Henryk IV Prawy}}</small><br />1288{{ndash}}1290<br />''({{age in years|1279|1288|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Henry IV of Silesia (89921214).jpg|100px]]
| {{c.|1257}}/1258<hr />Son of [[Henry III the White]] and Judith of Masovia
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Constance, Duchess of Wodzisław|Constance of Opole]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Matilda of Brandenburg, Duchess of Poland|Matilda of Brandenburg]]
| 23 June 1290<br />[[Wrocław]]<br />Aged about 32
| Usurped
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
|}

===Attempt at restoration (1295–1296)===

In XIII c. the idea of reunification of Poland under single ruler started to gain popularity. It was often connected with coronation and establishment of hereditary kingdom. First attempts were made by [[Henry II the Pious]] and [[Henry Probus]] but both of them died before they manage to achieve their goals. First duke, who became king in this period was [[Przemysł II]]. He ruled briefly as high duke but didn't manage to unite polish lands. He crowned himself when ruling in his hereditary province - [[Greater Poland]] and in province of [[Pomerelia|Eastern Pomerania]]. His assassination in 1296 prolonged unification of Poland by 20 years.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}
|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Przemysł II]]'''</big><br /><small>English: '''Premislaus II'''</small><br />1290{{ndash}}1291 (as High Duke)<hr />1295{{ndash}}1296 (as King)<br />''(1 year)''
| [[File:Przemysl II (76843358) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:POL Przemysł II ca. 1350 COA.svg|100px]]
| 14 October 1257<br />[[Poznań]]<hr />Son of [[Przemysł I of Greater Poland]] and [[Elisabeth of Wrocław]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Ludgarda of Mecklenburg]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Richeza of Sweden, Duchess of Poland|Richeza of Sweden]]<hr />{{grey|(3)}} [[Margaret of Brandenburg]]
| 8 February 1296<br />[[Rogoźno]]<br />Aged 38
| Named an heir in predecessor's testament<hr />Crowned king in 1295<hr />Granted Poland its coat of arms<hr />Assassinated
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
|}

==Přemyslid House==

House of Přemyslid were natural lords of [[Bohemia]] and had many family connections with Piast dynasty. In 1291], [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]] exploited the weakness of internally divided Poland and conquered [[Kraków]], basing his claim on loose family connection with one of the previous high dukes. He later legitimize his rule by marrying daughter of [[Przemysł II]], which also gave him claims to Polish Kingdom. 

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Wacław II Czeski}}</small><br />1291{{ndash}}1300 (as High Duke)<hr />1300{{ndash}}1305 (as King)<br />''({{age in years|1300|1305|duration=yes}} years)''
| [[File:Vaclav2 trun.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Insigne Cechicum.svg|100px]]
| 27 September 1271<br />[[Prague]]<hr />Son of [[Ottokar II of Bohemia]] and [[Kunigunda of Slavonia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Judith of Habsburg]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Elisabeth Richeza of Poland]]
| 21 June 1305<br />[[Prague]]<br />Aged 33
| Usurped<hr />Crowned himself King of Poland in 1300
| [[House of Přemyslid|Přemyslid]]

|-
| ''(Uncrowned)''<br /><big>'''[[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Wacław III Czeski}}</small><br />1305{{ndash}}1306<br />''(1 year)''
| [[File:Vaclav3 pecet.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Insigne Cechicum.svg|100px]]
| 6 October 1289<br />[[Prague]]<hr />Son of [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II]] and [[Judith of Habsburg]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Viola of Teschen]]
| 4 August 1306<br />[[Olomouc]]<br />Aged 16
| Succession<hr />Uncrowned and assassinated
| [[House of Přemyslid|Přemyslid]]
|}

==House of Piast (restored)==
{{See also|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty#The reunited kingdom of the last Piast rulers; Jewish settlement|l1=Reunited Kingdom of Poland}}

Near the end of the reign of [[Wenceslaus II of Bohemia|Wenceslaus II]] his rule over Poland was undermined by remaining polish dukes - especially by [[Ladislaus the Short]], who was exiled by Wenceslauss and had strong claim to inheritance of [[Przemysł II]], and by [[Henry III of Głogów]], who also was successor of Przemysł. Assassination of [[Wenceslaus III of Bohemia]], which led to extinction of Přemyslid dynasty and succession crisis in Bohemia, left Poland for Wenceslaus opponents. His successors in Bohemia called themselves kings of Poland until [[Congress of Visegrád (1335)|Congress of Visegrád]] in 1335. Eventually [[Ladislaus the Short]] managed to unite two main provinces of Poland - [[Greater Poland]] and [[Lesser Poland]] and crowned himself king in 1320 ending the period of feudal fragmentation.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Ladislaus the Short]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Władysław I Łokietek}}</small><br />1306{{ndash}}1320<br />(as High Duke)<hr />20 January 1320<br />{{ndash}}<br />2 March 1333<br />(as King)<br />''({{age in years and days|1 September 1306|2 March 1333|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Władysław Łokietek.jpg|100px|16th Century Portrait by Antoni Boys]]
| [[File:POL Przemysł II ca. 1350 COA.svg|100px]]
| {{c.|1260}}<hr />Son of [[Casimir I of Kuyavia]] and [[Euphrosyne of Opole]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Jadwiga of Kalisz]], 6 children
| 2 March 1333<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged about 73
| Rebellion against Přemyslid rule<hr/ >Reunited the [[Kingdom of Poland]] after fragmentation<hr />Crowned King in 1320
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Casimir III the Great]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Kazimierz III Wielki}}</small><br />25 April 1333<br />{{ndash}}<br />5 November 1370<br />''({{age in years and days|25 April 1333|5 November 1370|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Kazimierz III sarcophagus figure.jpg|100px|Sarcophagus effigy at Wawel Cathedral, Kraków]]
| [[File:POL Przemysł II ca. 1350 COA.svg|100px]]
| 30 April 1310<br />[[Kowal (town)|Kowal]]<hr />Son of [[Władysław I the Elbow-high]] and [[Jadwiga of Kalisz]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Aldona of Lithuania]], 2 children<hr /> {{grey|(2)}} [[Adelaide of Hesse]]<hr />{{grey|(3)}} [[Christina Rokiczana]]<hr />{{grey|(4)}} [[Hedwig of Sagan]], 3 children
| 5 November 1370<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged 60
| Succession<hr />Strengthened Poland's position in Europe<hr />Died without a male heir<hr />Last monarch from the Piast Dynasty
| [[House of Piast|Piast]]
|}

==House of Anjou==
{{See also|History of Poland during the Piast dynasty#The reign of Louis I and Jadwiga (1370–1399)|l1=Louis I and Jadwiga of the Anjou dynasty (1370–1399)}}

[[Casimir III the Great]] died without male heir. According to previous agreements his successor became his nephew, [[Kingdom of Hungary|king of Hungary]] [[Louis I of Hungary|Louis I]], beginning Polish-Hungarian personal union. After Louis death his kingdoms were separated - his younger daughter, [[Jadwiga of Poland|Hedwig]] became king of Poland after brief interregnum (she is called king because in Poland title "queen" is reserved only for kings wife, not for sole ruler) and older daughter, [[Mary, Queen of Hungary|Mary]] became queen of Hungary. 

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Louis I of Hungary|Louis]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Ludwik Węgierski}}</small><br />17 November 1370<br />{{ndash}}<br />10 September 1382<br />''({{age in years and days|17 November 1370|10 September 1382|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Louis I (Chronica Hungarorum).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coa Hungary Country History Lajos I (1370).svg|100px]]
| 5 March 1326<br />[[Visegrád]]<hr />Son of [[Charles I of Hungary]] and [[Elizabeth of Poland, Queen of Hungary|Elizabeth of Poland]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Margaret of Bohemia, Queen of Hungary|Margaret of Bohemia]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]], 4 children
| 10 September 1382<br />[[Trnava|Nagyszombat (Trnava)]]<br />Aged 56
| Succeeded his uncle, Casimir III, to the Polish throne
| [[Capetian House of Anjou|Anjou]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Jadwiga of Poland|Hedwig]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Jadwiga}}</small><br />16 October 1384<br />{{ndash}}<br />17 July 1399<br />''({{age in years and days|16 October 1384|17 July 1399|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Jadwiga Andegaweńska seal 1386.PNG|100px|Portrait on seal]]
| [[File:Coat of arms of Jadwiga of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 3 October 1373{{ndash}}18 February 1374<br />[[Buda]]<hr />Daughter of [[Louis I of Hungary]] and [[Elizabeth of Bosnia]]
| {{grey|}}[[Władysław II Jagiełło]] (Jogaila), 1 child
| 17 July 1399<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged 25
| Succeeded her father in Poland. The last hereditary ruler of Poland.{{efn|name=Jadwiga was the last}}<hr />Her husband was crowned ''[[jure uxoris]]'' on 4 March 1386.
| [[Capetian House of Anjou|Anjou]]
|}

==House of Jagiellon==
{{See also|History of Poland during the Jagiellonian dynasty}}

Female king [[Jadwiga of Poland|Hedwig]] started her reign young and unmarried, which gave Poland a huge opportunity. She eventually married the pagan Grand Duke of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] [[Władysław II Jagiełło|Jogaila]], who adopted the name Władysław after baptism. This event led to the creation of the Polish-Lithuanian personal union. After Hedwigs death, Władysław remained king of Poland, but he and his successors were no longer considered natural lords of Poland and often had to give privileges to nobility in exchange for support of succession of their children.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Władysław II Jagiełło]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|lt|Jogaila}}</small><br />4 March 1386<br />{{ndash}}<br />1 June 1434<br />''({{age in years and days|4 March 1386|1 June 1434|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Jogaila (Władysław II).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Władysław jagiełło.png|100px]]
| {{c.|1352}}/1362<br />[[Vilnius]]<hr />Son of [[Algirdas, Grand Duke of Lithuania|Algirdas]] and [[Uliana of Tver]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Hedwig of Poland]] (Jadwiga), 1 child<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Anna of Cilli]], 1 child<hr /> {{grey|(3)}} [[Elisabeth of Pilica]]<hr />{{grey|(4)}} [[Sophia of Halshany]], 3 children
| 1 June 1434<br />[[Gródek Jagielloński|Gródek]]<br />Aged 72–82
| Born a pagan<hr />Previously [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]<hr />Crowned co-ruler with wife [[Hedwig of Poland|Hedwig]]<hr />Longest-reigning Polish monarch
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Władysław III of Poland|Władysław III]]'''</big><br /><small>English: '''Ladislaus III of Varna'''<br />{{langx|pl|Władysław III Warneńczyk}}</small><br />25 July 1434<br />{{ndash}}<br />10 November 1444<br />''({{age in years and days|25 July 1434|10 November 1444|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Toruń - Władysław III.(2).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Warneńczyk.png|100px]]
| 31 October 1424<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Jogaila]] and [[Sophia of Halshany]]
| Unmarried and childless
| 10 November 1444<br />[[Varna, Bulgaria|Varna]]<br />Aged 20 (presumed)
| Elected as his father's successor in Poland<hr />Presumed to be killed at the [[Battle of Varna]]<hr />Interregnum until 1447
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Kazimierz IV Jagiellończyk}}</small><br />25 June 1447<br />{{ndash}}<br />7 June 1492<br />''({{age in years and days|25 June 1447|7 June 1492|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Kazimier Jagajłavič. Казімер Ягайлавіч (1645).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Kazimierz jagiellończyk.png|100px]]
| 30 November 1427<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Jogaila]] and [[Sophia of Halshany]]
| [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Habsburg]], 13 children
| 7 June 1492<br />[[Grodno]]<br />Aged 64
| Election<hr />Previously Grand Duke of Lithuania<hr />Divided the Polish-Lithuanian realm between [[John I Albert|John]] and [[Alexander Jagiellon|Alexander]]
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[John I Albert]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Jan I Olbracht}}</small><br />23 September 1492<br />{{ndash}}<br />17 June 1501<br />''({{age in years and days|23 September 1492|17 June 1501|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:PL Gloger-Encyklopedja staropolska ilustrowana T.4 454a.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Jan olbracht.png|100px]]
| 27 December 1459<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]] and [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Habsburg]]
| Unmarried and childless
| 17 June 1501<br />[[Toruń]]<br />Aged 41
| Elected as his father's successor in Poland<hr />Laid foundation for the [[Sejm]] and [[Senate of Poland|Senate]] (Polish Parliament)
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Alexander Jagiellon|Alexander]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Aleksander Jagiellończyk}}</small><br />12 December 1501<br />{{ndash}}<br />19 August 1506<br />''({{age in years and days|12 December 1501|19 August 1506|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Goraj Miracle of Saint Simeon Stylites (detail).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:POL COA under the rule of Alexander Jagiellon.svg|100px]]
| 5 August 1461<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]] and [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Habsburg]]
| {{grey|}} [[Helena of Moscow]]
| 19 August 1506<br />[[Vilnius]]<br />Aged 45
| Succeeded his brother in Poland as elective monarch<hr />Previously Grand Duke of Lithuania<hr />Buried in Lithuania
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Sigismund I the Old]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Zygmunt I Stary}}</small><br />8 December 1506<br />{{ndash}}<br />1 April 1548<br />''({{age in years and days|8 December 1506|1 April 1548|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Kulmbach Sigismund I the Old.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Sigismund I of Poland (Order of the Golden Fleece).svg|100px]]
| 1 January 1467<br />[[Kozienice]]<hr />Son of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]] and [[Elizabeth of Austria (1436–1505)|Elizabeth of Habsburg]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Barbara Zápolya]], 2 children<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Bona Sforza]], 6 children
| 1 April 1548<br />[[Kraków]]<br />Aged 81
| Succeeded his brother in Lithuania, elected as his successor in Poland.
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Sigismund II Augustus]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Zygmunt II August}}</small><br />18 December 1529<br />{{ndash}}<br />7 July 1572<br />''({{age in years and days|18 December 1529|7 July 1572|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Cranach the Younger Sigismund II Augustus.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Fictional heraldic coat of arms of Žygimantas Augustas (based on a design from a 16th century tapestry) with Lithuanian coat of arms Vytis, Polish Eagle and coats of arms of Volhynia, Smolensk, Kyiv voivodeships.png|100px]]
| 1 August 1520<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I]] and [[Bona Sforza]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Elizabeth of Austria (1526–1545)|Elizabeth of Austria]]<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Barbara Radziwiłł]]<hr />{{grey|(3)}} [[Catherine of Austria, Queen of Poland|Catherine of Austria]]
| 7 July 1572<br />[[Knyszyn]]<br />Aged 51
| Election [[vivente rege]]<hr />Formation of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] with an [[elective monarchy]]<hr />Last male member of the Jagiellonian Dynasty, died heirless
| [[House of Jagiellon|Jagiellon]]
|}

==Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, 1569–1795==
{{see also|Rzeczpospolita|History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)|History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)|History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1764–95)}}

In 1569, king [[Sigismund II Augustus]], knowing that he had no heir, united [[Kingdom of Poland|Poland]] and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuania]] into single entity - the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]], to ensure that after his death both nations will remain under the same monarch. He also declared that after his death, the nobility would elect his successor, beginning the elective monarchy. He also ensured, that all nobles would decide the next king, not only the richest and most powerful ones. The first elective king, [[Henry III of France|Henry of Valois]], signed the Henrician Articles, which guaranteed free elections and the rule of the nobility over the state. He, and every ruler after him, had to sign a 'pacta conventa' - a document of policies that the king promised to implement. After death of every king, an interregnum would be announced and the [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|primate of Poland]] became an interrex; a temporary head of state, until a new king was elected.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Henry III of France|Henry]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Henryk Walezy}}</small><br />16 May 1573<br />{{ndash}}<br />12 May 1575<br />''({{age in years and days|16 May 1573|12 May 1575|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Henri III - portrait after Jean Decourt - Musée Condé.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Henry III of France.svg|100px]]
| 19 September 1551<br />[[Château de Fontainebleau|Fontainebleau]]<hr />Son of [[Henry II of France|Henry II]] and [[Catherine de' Medici]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Louise of Lorraine, Queen of France|Louise of Lorraine]], no children
| 2 August 1589<br />[[Château de Saint-Cloud|Saint-Cloud]]<br />Aged 37
| Elected<hr />Left Poland in June 1574 to succeed his [[Charles IX of France|brother]] in France<hr />Interregnum until 1575
| [[House of Valois|Valois]]

|-
| '''Queen'''<br /><big>'''[[Anna Jagiellon|Anna]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Anna Jagiellonka}}</small><br />15 December 1575<br />{{ndash}}<br />19 August 1587 <br />''(de facto)'' <br>''({{Age in years and days|15 December 1575|19 August 1587|duration=yes}})'' <br>{{Ndash}}<br />9 September 1596 <br />''(de jure)'' <br> ''({{age in years and days|15 December 1575|9 September 1596|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Kober Anna Jagiellon as a widow.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:COA family pl Jagiellon.svg|100px]]
| 18 October 1523<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Daughter of [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I]] and [[Bona Sforza]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Stephen Báthory]], no children
| 9 September 1596<br />[[Warsaw]]<br />Aged 72
| Elected co-monarch with [[Stephen Báthory]]<hr />Ruled only formally<hr />Sole ruler until Báthory's arrival and coronation in May 1576<hr />Ruled after husband's death until her nephew was elected
| [[Jagiellonian Dynasty|Jagiellon]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Stephen Báthory]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Stefan Batory}}</small><br />1 May 1576<br />{{ndash}}<br />12 December 1586<br />''({{age in years and days|1 May 1576|12 December 1586|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Riehl Portrait of Stephen Bathory.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Bathory coat of arms.svg|100px]]
| 27 September 1533<br />[[Șimleu Silvaniei|Szilágysomlyó]]<hr />Son of [[Stephen Báthory of Somlyó]] and [[Catherine Telegdi]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Anna Jagiellon]], no children
| 12 December 1586<br />[[Grodno]]<br />Aged 53
| Elected as co-monarch with [[Anna Jagiellon]]<hr />Prince of [[Transylvania]]
| [[Báthory family|Báthory]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Zygmunt III Waza}}</small><br />19 August 1587<br />{{ndash}}<br />30 April 1632<br />''({{age in years and days|19 August 1587|30 April 1632|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Soutman Sigismund III Vasa in coronation robes.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg|100px]]
| 20 June 1566<br />[[Gripsholm Castle|Gripsholm]]<hr />Son of [[John III of Sweden]] and [[Catherine Jagiellon]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland|Anne of Austria]], 5 children<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Constance of Austria]], 7 children
| 30 April 1632<br />[[Warsaw]]<br />Aged 65
| Elected, nephew of Anna Jagiellon<hr />Transferred capital from [[Kraków]] to Warsaw<hr />Hereditary King of [[Sweden]] until deposition in 1599
| [[House of Vasa|Vasa]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Władysław IV]]'''</big><br />also '''Ladislaus IV'''<br /><small>{{langx|pl|Władysław IV Waza}}</small><br />8 November 1632<br />{{ndash}}<br />20 May 1648<br />''({{age in years and days|8 November 1632|20 May 1648|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Rubens Wladyslaw Vasa.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg|100px]]
| 9 June 1595<br />[[Łobzów]]<hr />Son of [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] and [[Anne of Austria, Queen of Poland|Anne of Austria]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Cecilia Renata of Austria]], 3 children<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Marie Louise Gonzaga]]
| 20 May 1648<br />[[Merkinė]]<br />Aged 52
| Elective succession<hr />Also titular King of Sweden and elected Tsar of Russia (1610–1613) when the Polish army captured [[Moscow]]
| [[House of Vasa|Vasa]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[John II Casimir]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Jan II Kazimierz}}</small><br />20 November 1648<br />{{ndash}}<br />16 September 1668<br />''({{age in years and days|20 November 1648|16 September 1668|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Schultz John II Casimir Vasa.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Polish House of Vasa Coa.svg|100px]]
| 22 March 1609<br />[[Kraków]]<hr />Son of [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] and [[Constance of Austria]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Marie Louise Gonzaga]], 2 children<hr />{{grey|(2)}} [[Claudine Françoise Mignot]] ([[morganatic marriage]])
| 16 December 1672<br />[[Nevers]]<br />Aged 63
| Elective succession, succeeded half-brother<hr />Previously a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]]<hr />Titular King of Sweden<hr />[[Abdication|Abdicated]]
| [[House of Vasa|Vasa]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki|Michael I]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki}}</small><br />19 June 1669<br />{{ndash}}<br />10 November 1673<br />''({{age in years and days|19 June 1669|10 November 1673|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:King Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Michal Korybut Wisniowiecki as king of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 31 May 1640<br />[[Bilyi Kamin|Biały Kamień]]<hr />Son of [[Jeremi Wiśniowiecki]] and [[Gryzelda Konstancja Wiśniowiecka|Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska]]
| {{grey|}} [[Eleonora Maria of Austria]], 1 child
| 10 November 1673<br />[[Lwów]]<br />Aged 33
| Elected<hr />Born into nobility of mixed heritage, the son of a military commander and governor
| [[Wiśniowiecki]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[John III Sobieski]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Jan III Sobieski}}</small><br />19 May 1674<br />{{ndash}}<br />17 June 1696<br />''({{age in years and days|19 May 1674|17 June 1696|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Schultz John III Sobieski.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Jan Sobieski as king of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 17 August 1629<br />[[Olesko Castle|Olesko]]<hr />Son of [[Jakub Sobieski]] and [[Teofila Zofia Sobieska|Teofila Zofia]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Marie Casimire Louise de La Grange d'Arquien|Marie Casimire d'Arquien]], 13 children
| 17 June 1696<br />[[Wilanów Palace|Wilanów]]<br />Aged 66
| Elected<hr />Born into nobility<hr />A successful military commander
| [[House of Sobieski|Sobieski]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Augustus the Strong|Augustus II]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|August II Mocny}}</small><br />15 September 1697<br />{{ndash}}<br />1706<br />''(1st reign, 9 years)''
| [[File:August II the Strong.PNG|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 12 May 1670<br />[[Dresden]]<hr />Son of [[John George III, Elector of Saxony|John George III]] and [[Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]], 1 son by wife
| 1 February 1733<br />[[Warsaw]]<br />Aged 62
| Elected<hr />Previously Elector and ruler of [[Saxony]]<hr />Dethroned by [[Stanislaus I]] in 1706 during the [[Great Northern War]]
| [[House of Wettin|Wettin]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Stanislaus I]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Stanisław I Leszczyński}}</small><br />12 July 1704<br />{{ndash}}<br />8 July 1709<br />''(1st reign, {{age in years and days|12 July 1704|8 July 1709|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Mányoki Stanislaus Leszczyński.png|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Leszczynski as king of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 20 October 1677<br />[[Lwów]]<hr />Son of [[Rafał Leszczyński (1650–1703)|Rafał Leszczyński]] and [[Anna Leszczyńska (1660–1727)|Anna Jabłonowska]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Catherine Opalińska]], 2 children
| 23 February 1766<br />[[Lunéville]]<br />Aged 88
| Usurped<hr />Nominated as ruler in 1704, crowned in 1705 and deposed predecessor in 1706<hr />Exiled in 1709
| [[House of Leszczyński|Leszczyński]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Augustus the Strong|Augustus II]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|August II Mocny}}</small><br />8 July 1709<br />{{ndash}}<br />1 February 1733<br />''(2nd reign, {{age in years and days|8 July 1709|1 February 1733|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:August II (1670-1733).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 12 May 1670<br />[[Dresden]]<hr />Son of [[John George III, Elector of Saxony|John George III]] and [[Princess Anna Sophie of Denmark]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]], 1 son by wife
| 1 February 1733<br />[[Warsaw]]<br />Aged 62
| Restored
| [[House of Wettin|Wettin]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Stanislaus I]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Stanisław I Leszczyński}}</small><br />12 September 1733<br />{{ndash}}<br />26 January 1736<br />''(2nd reign, {{age in years and days|12 September 1733|26 January 1736|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Attribué à Jean Girardet - Portrait de Stanislas en costume d’apparat.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Leszczynski as king of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 20 October 1677<br />[[Lwów]]<hr />Son of [[Rafał Leszczyński (1650–1703)|Rafał Leszczyński]] and [[Anna Leszczyńska (1660–1727)|Anna Jabłonowska]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Catherine Opalińska]], 2 children, including [[Marie Leszczyńska|Marie, Queen of France]]
| 23 February 1766<br />[[Lunéville]]<br />Aged 88
| Elected<hr />His election sparked the [[War of the Polish Succession]]<hr />Deposed by [[Augustus III of Poland|Augustus III]] in 1736
| [[House of Leszczyński|Leszczyński]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Augustus III]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|August III Sas}}</small><br />5 October 1733<br />{{ndash}}<br />5 October 1763<br />''(30 years)''
| [[File:Louis de Silvestre - Portrait of Augustus III of Poland (after 1733) - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Wettin kings of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 17 October 1696<br />[[Dresden]]<hr />Son of [[Augustus II the Strong]] and [[Christiane Eberhardine of Brandenburg-Bayreuth|Christiane Eberhardine]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Maria Josepha of Austria]], 16 children, including [[Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France|Maria Josepha, Dauphine of France]]
| 5 October 1763<br />[[Dresden]]<br />Aged 66
| Usurped<hr />Proclaimed King of Poland in 1733, crowned in 1734<hr />Dethroned elected predecessor in 1736
| [[House of Wettin|Wettin]]

|-
| '''King'''<br /><big>'''[[Stanisław II Augustus|Stanislaus II Augustus]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Stanisław II August}}</small><br />7 September 1764<br />{{ndash}}<br />25 November 1795<br />''({{age in years and days|7 September 1764|25 November 1795|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Stanisław II August Poniatowski in coronation clothes.PNG|100px]]
| [[File:Coat of Arms of Stanislaus Augustus as king of Poland.svg|100px]]
| 17 January 1732<br />[[Wołczyn]]<hr />Son of [[Stanisław Poniatowski (1676–1762)|Stanisław Poniatowski]] and [[Konstancja Czartoryska (1700–1759)|Konstancja Czartoryska]]
| Unmarried, had illegitimate children including with [[Catherine the Great|Empress Catherine II of Russia]]
| 1 February 1798<br />[[Saint Petersburg]]<br />Aged 66
| Elected<hr />Born into nobility<hr />Last King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, his reign ended in the [[Partitions of Poland]]
| [[House of Poniatowski|Poniatowski]]
|}

==Duchy of Warsaw, 1807–1815==
{{see also|Duchy of Warsaw}}

After long period of instability and anarchy, the [[Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth]] was [[Partitions of Poland|divided among its neighbours]] - [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] and [[Habsburg Monarchy|Austria]]. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] created the [[Duchy of Warsaw]] from the lands of the Prussian partition. Some parts of Austrian partition were later added to the Duchy. The Duchy had its own duke and government, but was fully dependent on [[First French Empire|France]]. After the fall of Napoleon, the duchy was divided between Russia and Prussia.

{{Nobility table header|arms=yes|extra column=Claim !! House}}

|-
| Grand Duke<br /><big>'''[[Frederick Augustus I of Saxony|Frederick Augustus I]]'''</big><br /><small>{{langx|pl|Fryderyk August I}}</small><br />9 June 1807<br />{{ndash}}<br />22 May 1815<br />''({{age in years and days|9 June 1807|22 May 1815|duration=yes}})''
| [[File:Frederick Augustus I of Saxony by Marcello Bacciarelli (ca 1808-1809).png|100px]]
| [[File:Grand Coat of Arms of Duchy of Warsaw.svg|100px]]
| 23 December 1750<br />[[Dresden]]<hr />Son of [[Frederick Christian, Elector of Saxony]] and [[Duchess Maria Antonia of Bavaria|Maria Antonia of Bavaria]]
| {{grey|(1)}} [[Amalie of Zweibrücken-Birkenfeld]], <br /> 1 daughter
| 5 May 1827<br />[[Dresden]]<br />Aged 76
| [[Treaties of Tilsit]]<hr />Designated as a king of Poland by [[General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland]], 1812.
| [[House of Wettin|Wettin]]
|}

==Poland from 1815 to 1918==
After fall of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]], the Polish lands were reorganised. [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] annexed Greater Poland and created the [[Grand Duchy of Posen]], Kraków became a [[Free City of Cracow|free city]] and the rest of the former Duchy of Warsaw became part of the [[Russian Empire]], as [[Congress Poland]]. In 1846, Kraków was annexed by [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and in 1848, the Grand Duchy of Posen was dissolved. In 1867, after the failed [[January Uprising]], the remaining autonomy of [[Congress Poland]] was abolished. During [[World War I]], in German occupied Congress Poland, the [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)|Regency Kingdom]] was formed and lasted from 1917 to 1918. After Poland regained independence in 1918, a republican system with the president as head of state was established.

See the [[List of rulers of Partitioned Poland|list of rulers of partitioned Poland]].

==Family tree of the rulers of Poland==
{{transcluded section|part=yes|Family tree of Polish monarchs}}
{{trim|{{#section::Family tree of Polish monarchs|FamilyTreeOfPolishMonarchs}}}}

==Pretenders to the Polish throne==
{{History of Poland}}
* [[Vratislaus II of Bohemia]] (1085–1092)
* [[Rudolf I of Bohemia]] (1306–1307)
* [[Henry of Bohemia]] (1307–1310)
* [[John of Bohemia]] (1310–1335)
* [[Archduke Charles Stephen of Austria]] (1916–1918)
* [[Kiril, Prince of Preslav]] (1916–1918)<ref>{{cite web |title=How prince Kiril could become king of Poland (in bulgarian) |url=https://bulgarianhistory.org/prints-kiril-polski-prestol/ |website=bulgarianhistory.org |date=13 June 2018 |access-date=15 May 2021}}</ref>

===Modern===
* [[Alexander, Margrave of Meissen]] (2012–), disputed{{CN|date=May 2024}}
* [[Rüdiger, Margrave of Meissen]] (2012–2022), disputed
* [[Daniel, Margrave of Meissen]] (2022–), disputed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prinz Daniel hat Prioritäten: Lieber Gemeinderat als König von Polen |author=Pia Lucchesi |work=TAG24 |date= 20 August 2017|access-date=18 November 2021 |url= https://www.tag24.de/nachrichten/moritzburg-warschau-prinz-daniel-hat-prioritaeten-lieber-gemeinderat-als-koenig-von-polen-316927 |quote=}}</ref> Son of Rüdiger

===Not recognized royal elections===
{{See also|Royal elections in Poland}}
* [[Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor|Maxmilian II Habsburg]] (1575–1576), ''See: [[1576 Free election]]''
* [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria|Maxmilian III Habsburg]] (1587–1589), ''See: [[1587 Free election]]''
* [[François Louis, Prince of Conti|François Louis de Bourbon]] (1697), ''See: [[1697 Free election]]''

==See also==
* [[Monarchism in Poland]]
* [[Coronations in Poland]]
* [[Dukes of Greater Poland]]
* [[Dukes of Masovia]]
* [[Dukes of Pomerania]]
* [[Dukes of Sieradz-Łęczyca]]
* [[Dukes of Silesia]]
* [[Kings of Poland family tree]]
* [[List of rulers of Partitioned Poland]]
* [[List of Galician rulers]]
* [[List of heads of state of Poland]]
* [[List of Poles#Royalty|List of Poles]]
* [[List of Polish consorts]]
* [[List of prime ministers of Poland]]
* [[Princely Houses of Poland]]
* [[List of Lithuanian monarchs]]

==Notes==
{{notelist-la}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Borkowska U., Dynastia Jagiellonów w Poslce, Warszawa 2012, {{ISBN|978-83-01-16692-2}}
* Duczmal M., Jagiellonowie. Leksykon biograficzny, Kraków 1996.
* Dybkowska A., Żaryn J., Żaryn M., Polskie dzieje. Od czasów najdawniejszych po współczesność, wyd. 2, Warszawa 1995. {{ISBN|83-01-11870-9}}
* [[Józef Andrzej Gierowski|Gierowski J.A.]], Rzeczpospolita w dobie złotej wolności (1648–1763), Kraków 2001. {{ISBN|83-85719-56-3}}
* [[Stanisław Grodziski|Grodziski S.]], Polska w czasach przełomu (1764–1815), Kraków 2001. {{ISBN|83-85719-45-8}}
* Grodziski S., Porównawcza historia ustrojów państwowych, Kraków 1998. {{ISBN|83-7052-840-6}}
* [[Stanisław Grzybowski|Grzybowski S.]], Dzieje Polski i Litwy (1506–1648), Kraków 2000. {{ISBN|83-85719-48-2}}
* {{cite book |last=Maciorowski |first=Mirosław |title=Władcy Polski. Historia na nowo opowiedziana. |last2=Maciejewska |first2=Beata |publisher=[[Agora (company)|Agora]] |isbn=978-83-268-2720-4 |location=Warszawa |publication-date=2018|language=pl}}
* Morby J.E., Dynastie świata. Przewodnik chronologiczny i genealogiczny, Kraków 1995, s. 261–263. {{ISBN|83-7006-263-6}}
* [[Jerzy Wyrozumski|Wyrozumski J.]], Dzieje Polski piastowskiej (VIII w.-1370), Kraków 1999. {{ISBN|83-85719-38-5}}
* [[Benedykt Zientara|Zientara B.]], Henryk Brodaty i jego czasy, wyd. 2, Warszawa 1997.

==External links==
{{Commons|Kings and dukes of Poland}}
* Górczyk, Wojciech. [http://histmag.org/?id=3057&act=ac "Półksiężyc, orzeł, lew i smok. Uwagi o godłach napieczętnych Piastów"] {{in lang|pl}}. Histmag.org. June 14, 2009.

{{Monarchs of Poland}}
{{Poland topics}}

[[Category:Polish monarchs| ]]
[[Category:Polish history timelines|Monarchs]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Europe|Poland]]
[[Category:Lists of Polish people|Monarchs]]

[[lt:Lenkijos karalius]]