View source for List of dukes of Milan

{{Short description|None}}
{{about|the dukes of Milan (1395–1814)|the lords of Milan (1259–1395)|Lord of Milan}}
{{Infobox nobility title
| name              = Duke of Milan 
| image             = [[File:Heraldik Herzog Krone (Deutsches Kaiserreich und HRR).svg|150px]]<br/>[[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|180px]] 
| image_size        = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = Arms of Francesco I Sforza.<br/>''Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Or an eagle stand Sable, wearing a crown; 2nd and 3rd, Argent a serpent ripple Azure, wearing a crown, eating a moor Gules''.
| creation_date     = 5 September 1395 
| creation          = 
| monarch           = [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|Wenceslaus, King of the Romans]] 
| baronetage        = 
| first_holder      = [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] 
| last_holder       = [[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II]] 
| present_holder    = 
| heir_apparent     = 
| heir_presumptive  = 
| remainder_to      = 
| subsidiary_titles = 
| status            = 
| extinction_date   = 9 June 1815 
| family_seat       = [[Sforza Castle]] 
| former_seat       = 
| motto             = 
| footnotes         = 
}}

[[Milan]] was ruled by [[duke]]s from the 14th century to 1814, after which it was incorporated into the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]] by the [[Congress of Vienna]].

==List of dukes of Milan==
===House of Visconti===
{{further|Visconti of Milan}}
In 1395, [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]] was titled '''Duke of Milan''' by [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|King Wenceslaus]],<ref>{{cite book|language=Italian|last=Bartoš|first=František M.|url=http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/venceslao-iv-re-di-boemia-e-di-germania_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29/|title=Venceslao IV re di Boemia e di Germania|publisher=Enciclopedia Italiana|editor=Treccani|date=1937}}</ref> who sold the title under the payment of circa 100,000 [[florins]].<ref>{{cite book|language=Italian|last=Symonds|first=John A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqVPDwAAQBAJ|title=Renaissance in Italy: the Age of the Despots|editor=Henry Holt and Co.|date=1888}}</ref> Since that moment, all the following rulers of Milan were styled as dukes.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Gian Galeazzo Visconti|Gian Galeazzo]]'''<br/>{{small|1351{{ndash}}1402<br/>(aged 50)}}
| [[File:Giangaleazzo Visconti.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Visconti (1395).svg|80px]]
| 5 September 1395<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>3 September 1402
| (1) [[Isabella, Countess of Vertus|Isabella of France]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1360; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1372)}}<br/>4 children<br/>{{small|(2 survived to adulthood)}}<br/><br/>(2) [[Caterina Visconti]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1380; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1402)}}<br/>2 children<hr/>2 illegitimate children
| {{bulleted list|Son of [[Galeazzo II Visconti]]<br/>(primogeniture)|Title purchased from German king [[Wenceslaus IV of Bohemia|Wenceslaus IV]]}}
|-
| '''[[Giovanni Maria Visconti|Giovanni Maria]]'''<br/>{{small|1388{{ndash}}1412<br/>(aged 23)}}
| [[File:Gian Maria Visconti.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Visconti (1395).svg|80px]]
| 3 September 1402<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>16 May 1412
| [[Antonia Malatesta of Cesena]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1408; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1412)}}<br/>Childless
| Son of [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]]<br/>(primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Filippo Maria Visconti|Filippo Maria]]'''<br/>{{small|1392{{ndash}}1447<br/>(aged 54)}}
| [[File:FilippoVisconti.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Visconti (1395).svg|80px]]
| 16 May 1412<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>13 August 1447
| (1) [[Beatrice Lascaris di Tenda|Beatrice of Tenda]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1412; {{tooltip|ex.|executed}} 1418)}}<br/>Childless<br/><br/>(2) [[Marie of Savoy, Duchess of Milan|Mary of Savoy]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1428; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1447)}}<br/>Childless<hr/>1 illegitimate child
| Son of [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]]<br/>(blood proximity)
|}

===House of Sforza (1st rule)===
{{further|House of Sforza}}
After the death of Filippo Maria in 1447, the main line of Visconti went extinct. Benefited by political chaos, a cabal of wealthy citizens, academics and clerics declared the Duchy dissolved and proclaimed the oligarchical [[Golden Ambrosian Republic]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Lucas|first=Henry S.|title=The Renaissance and the Reformation|url=https://archive.org/details/renaissancerefor00luca|url-access=registration|editor=Harper Bros|date=1960|page=268}}</ref>
The republic was never recognized and the neighboring states of [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] and [[Duchy of Savoy|Savoy]] tried to expand their fiefdoms in Lombardy, as well as [[Kingdom of France|France]]. Taking advantage of the state's weakness and the resurgent [[Guelph-Ghibelline conflict]], the commander-in-chief of the Milanese forces, [[Francesco I Sforza]], defected from Milan to Venice in 1448,<ref>{{harvnb|Ady|Armstrong|1907|p=47}}</ref> and two years later, after several side switches and cunning strategies, Sforza entered the city during [[Annunciation]]. He was then declared the new Duke of Milan by the City Council,<ref>{{harvnb|Ady|Armstrong|1907|p=60}}</ref> using as a claim his marriage with [[Bianca Maria Visconti]], illegitimate daughter of Filippo Maria.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Francesco I Sforza|Francesco I]]'''<br/>{{small|1401{{ndash}}1466<br/>(aged 64)}}
| [[File:Francesco Sforza.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|80px]]
| 25 March 1450<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>8 March 1466
| (1) [[Polissena Ruffo]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1418; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1420)}}<br/>1 daughter<br/>{{small|(died in infancy)}}<br/><br/>(2) A [[Jacopo Caldora]]'s daughter<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1424; {{tooltip|ann.|annulled}} 142?)}}<br/>Childless<br/><br/>(3) [[Bianca Maria Visconti]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1441; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1466)}}<br/>8 children<hr/>[[Giovanna d'Acquapendente]]<br/>7 illegitimate children<br/>{{small|(5 survived to adulthood)}}
| {{bulleted list|''By pretence:'' Son-in-law of [[Filippo Maria Visconti]]|''De facto:'' [[Right of conquest]]}}
|-
| '''[[Galeazzo Maria Sforza|Galeazzo Maria]]'''<br/>{{small|1444{{ndash}}1476<br/>(aged 32)}}
| [[File:Piero Pollaiuolo Portrait of Galeazzo Maria Sforza.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|80px]]
| 8 March 1466<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>26 December 1476
| [[Bona of Savoy]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1468; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1503)}}<br/>4 children<hr/>[[Lucrezia Landriani]]<br/>4 illegitimate children<br/><br/>Lucia Marliani<br/>2 illegitimate children
| Son of [[Francesco I Sforza]]<br/>(primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Gian Galeazzo Sforza|Gian Galeazzo]]'''<br/>{{small|1469{{ndash}}1494<br/>(aged 25)}}
| [[File:Workshop of Benedetto Briosco, Gian Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, early 1490s, NGA 128.jpg|100x100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|80px]]
| 26 December 1476<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>21 October 1494
| [[Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan|Isabella of Aragon]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1489; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1494)}}<br/>3 children
| Son of [[Galeazzo Maria Sforza|Galeazzo Maria]]<br/>(primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Ludovico Sforza|Ludovico]]'''<br/>{{small|1452{{ndash}}1508<br/>(aged 55)}}
| [[File:Profile Lodovico.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|80px]]
| 21 October 1494<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>17 September 1499
| [[Beatrice d'Este]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1491; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1499)}}<br/>2 children<hr/>Bernardina de Corradis<br/>2 legitimized children<br/><br/>[[Cecilia Gallerani]]<br/>1 legitimized child<br><br/>[[Lucrezia Crivelli]]<br/>2 legitimized children
| Son of [[Francesco I Sforza]]<br/>(blood proximity)
|}

===House of Valois (1st rule)===
{{further|House of Valois}}
In 1494, Ludovico Sforza usurped the throne of Milan, after probably poisoning his nephew Gian Galeazzo. After the threats of the Venetians, Ludovico solicited French king [[Charles VIII of France|Charles VIII]] to descend into Italy,<ref>{{harvnb|Baumgartner|1996|p=40}}</ref> starting the [[Italian War of 1494–1498|First Italian War]]. After Ludovico's betrayal and alliance with the [[League of Venice]] in 1495, the French were defeated in the [[Battle of Fornovo]] and were unable to expand in Italy. Charles VIII's top general and cousin, [[Louis XII of France|Louis II, Duke of Orléans]] (future Louis XII), was humiliated and due to his personal hate toward Ludovico Sforza,<ref>{{harvnb|Baumgartner|1996|p=105}}</ref> started to claim the Duchy of Milan for himself, quoting his paternal descendance from [[Valentina Visconti, Duchess of Orléans|Valentina Visconti]] and Gian Galeazzo's last will. After Louis XII's ascension to the French Throne in 1499, he started the [[Italian War of 1499–1504|Second Italian War]] to conquer Milan and Naples. With French armies near Pavia, Ludovico and his loyalists left Milan on 17 September 1499 to flee toward Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Baumgartner|1996|p=114}}</ref> This left Louis XII as the only Duke of Milan, entering the city on 6 October 1499.<ref>{{harvnb|Baumgartner|1996|p=117}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Louis XII of France|Louis XII<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Luigi XII)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1462{{ndash}}1515<br/>(aged 52)}}
| [[File:Louis-xii-roi-de-france.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of Louis XII (Milan).svg|80px]]
| 6 October 1499<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>20 June 1512
| (1) [[Joan of France, Duchess of Berry|Joan of France]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1476; {{tooltip|ann.|annulled}} 1498)}}<br/>Childless<br/><br/>(2) [[Anne of Brittany]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1499; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1514)}}<br/>2 Daughters<br/><br/>(3) [[Mary Tudor, Queen of France|Mary of England]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1514; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1515)}}<br/>Childless
| {{bulleted list|Great-grandson of [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]]|Legitimate heir according to Gian Galeazzo's will}}
|}

===House of Sforza (2nd rule)===
Ludovico Sforza was captured on February 1500,<ref>{{cite book|last=Durant|first=Will|title=The Renaissance. The Story of Civilization|volume=5|editor=Simon and Schuster|date=1953|page=191}}</ref> dying in prison in 1508. His son [[Maximilian Sforza|Massimiliano]] became the Sforza claimant to the Milanese Throne, which he finally re-gained in January 1513, six months after the Swiss army's entrance in Milan.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Maximilian Sforza|Massimiliano]]'''<br/>{{small|1493{{ndash}}1530<br/>(aged 37)}}
| [[File:Massimiliano Sforza by G.A. de Predis (Donatus Grammatica) photoshoped.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|80px]]
| 16 June 1512<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>5 October 1515
| {{CNone}} Never married
| Son of [[Ludovico Sforza]]<br/>(primogeniture)
|}

===House of Valois (2nd rule)===
After their defeat in the [[Battle of Marignano]] in 1515, the Swiss retired from Milan and Massimiliano was imprisoned by the returning French troops. He waived his rights to Milan for the sum of 30,000 ducats and continued to live in France.<ref>{{cite book|last=Frieda|first=Leonie|title=The Deadly Sisterhood: A Story of Women, Power and Intrigue in the Italian Renaissance|editor=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|date=2012|page=333}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Francis I of France|Francis I<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Francesco I)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1494{{ndash}}1547<br/>(aged 52)}}
| [[File:Franciscus Rex Galliae - Serie Gioviana.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of Louis XII (Milan).svg|80px]]
| 11 October 1515<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>20 November 1521
| (1) [[Claude of France]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1514; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1524)}}<br/>7 children<br/><br/>(2) [[Eleanor of Austria]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1530; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1547)}}<br/>Childless
| {{bulleted list|Great great-grandson of [[Gian Galeazzo Visconti]]|Legitimate heir according to Gian Galeazzo's will}}
|}

===House of Sforza (3rd rule)===
By November 1521, the French situation had deteriorated considerably. [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Charles V]], [[Henry VIII of England]], and [[Pope Leo X]] signed an alliance against Francis on 28 November.<ref>{{cite book|last=Konstam|first=Angus|title=Pavia 1525: The Climax of the Italian Wars|editor=Osprey Publishing|date=1996|page=88}}</ref> [[Odet de Foix, Vicomte de Lautrec|Odet de Foix, Viscount of Lautrec]], the French governor of [[Milan]], was tasked with resisting the Imperial and Papal forces; he was outmatched by [[Prospero Colonna (condottiero)|Prospero Colonna]], however, and by late November had been forced out of Milan and had retreated to a ring of towns around the [[Adda River, Italy|Adda River]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Blocksman|first=Wim|title=Emperor Charles V, 1500–1558|editor=Oxford University Press|date=2002|page=52}}</ref> For the third time and last time, the Sforza were restored to power.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Francesco II Sforza|Francesco II]]'''<br/>{{small|1495{{ndash}}1535<br/>(aged 40)}}
| [[File:Francesco II Sforza by anonim.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the House of Sforza.svg|80px]]
| 4 April 1522<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>24 October 1535
| [[Christina of Denmark]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1534; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1535)}}<br/>Childless
| Son of [[Ludovico Sforza]]<br/>(blood proximity)
|}

===House of Habsburg===
{{further|House of Habsburg}}
In 1535, after the death of the heirless Francesco II Sforza, Emperor Charles V annexed the Duchy as a vacant imperial state in order to avoid other claims by the French or the collateral branches of Sforza.

===House of Habsburg-Spain===
{{further|Habsburg Spain}}
In 1540, the Duchy was secretly given as a gift to Charles V's son [[Philip II of Spain|Philip, Prince of Asturias]]. This was made official at the abdication of Charles V in 1555. In 1556, Philip became [[Philip II of Spain]] and Milan entered in [[personal union]] with the [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish Crown]].
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Philip II of Spain|Philip I<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Filippo I)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1527{{ndash}}1598<br/>(aged 71)}}
| [[File:Philip II of Spain by Antonio Moro.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1580-1700).svg|80px]]
| 11 October 1540<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>13 September 1598
| (1) [[Maria Manuela, Princess of Portugal|Maria Manuela of Portugal]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1543; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1545)}}<br/>1 child<br/><br/>(2) Queen [[Mary I of England]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1554; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1558)}}<br/>Childless<br/><br/>(3) [[Elisabeth of Valois]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1559; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1568)}}<br/>2 children<br/><br/>(4) [[Anna of Austria, Queen of Spain|Anna of Austria]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1570; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1580)}}<br/>5 children<br/>{{small|(1 survived to adulthood)}}
| Title given by Emperor [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]]
|-
| '''[[Philip III of Spain|Philip II<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Filippo II)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1578{{ndash}}1621<br/>(aged 42)}}
| [[File:Velázquez (Felipe III).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1580-1700).svg|80px]]
| 13 September 1598<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>31 March 1621
| [[Margaret of Austria, Queen of Spain|Margaret of Austria]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1599; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1611)}}<br/>8 children<br/>{{small|(5 survived to adulthood)}}
| Son of [[Philip II of Spain|Philip I]]<br/>(blood proximity)
|-
| '''[[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Filippo III)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1605{{ndash}}1665<br/>(aged 60)}}
| [[File:Diego Rodríguez Velázquez -Retrato Felipe IV Rey de España (Prado).jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1580-1700).svg|80px]]
| 31 March 1621<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>17 September 1665
| (1) [[Elisabeth of France (1602–1644)|Elisabeth of France]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1615; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1644)}}<br/>8 children<br/>{{small|(2 survived to adulthood)}}<br/><br/>(2) [[Mariana of Austria]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1649; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1665)}}<br/>5 children<br/>{{small|(2 survived to adulthood)}}<hr/>[[María Calderón]]<br/>1 legitimized child
| Son of [[Philip III of Spain|Philip II]]<br/>(primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Charles II of Spain|Charles I<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Carlo I)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1661{{ndash}}1700<br/>(aged 38)}}
| [[File:Claudio Coello - Charles II - Google Art Project.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan (1580-1700).svg|80px]]
| 17 September 1665<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>1 November 1700
| (1) [[Marie Louise d’Orléans]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1679; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1689)}}<br/>Childless<br/><br/>(2) [[Maria Anna of Neuburg]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1690; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1700)}}<br/>Childless
| Son of [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip III]]<br/>(blood proximity)
|}

===House of Bourbon-Anjou===
{{further|Spanish royal family}}
In September 1700, Charles became ill; by 28 September he was no longer able to eat and Portocarrero persuaded him to alter his Will in favour of Louis XIV's grandson, [[Philip V of Spain|Philip of Anjou]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hargreaves- Mawdsley|first1=HN|title=Eighteenth-Century Spain 1700-1788: A Political, Diplomatic and Institutional History|date=1979|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=0333146123|pages=15–16}}</ref> When Charles died on 1 November 1700, the throne was offered to Philip, who was proclaimed King of Spain on 16 November 1700. This was accepted by Britain and the [[Dutch Republic]], among others. Disputes over division of territories and commercial rights led to the [[War of the Spanish Succession]] in 1701.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Falkner|first1=James|title=The War of the Spanish Succession 1701-1714|date=2015|publisher=Pen and Sword|location=96|isbn=9781473872905|edition=Kindle}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Philip V of Spain|Philip V<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Filippo V)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1683{{ndash}}1746<br/>(aged 62)}}
| [[File:Vivien - Philip V of Spain - New Castle Schleißheim.jpg|100px]]
| [[File:Arms of the King of Spain as Monarch of Milan Philip V (1700).svg|80px]]
| 1 November 1700<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>7 March 1714
| (1) [[Maria Luisa of Savoy]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1701; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1714)}}<br/>4 children<br/>{{small|(2 survived to adulthood)}}<br/><br/>(2) [[Elisabeth Farnese]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1714; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1746)}}<br/>6 children
| {{bulleted list|Heir-general of [[Charles II of Spain|Charles I]]<br/>(See [[Charles II of Spain#Succession dispute|Charles I's last will]])|<small>grandnephew of Charles I</small>}}
|}

===House of Habsburg-Austria (then Habsburg-Lorraine)===
{{further|House of Lorraine}}
After the [[Treaty of Rastatt]] of 1714, Emperor [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] officially gained the Duchy of Milan, a possession considered vital to the security of Austria's southern border.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ward, William|first1=Leathes, Stanley|title=The Cambridge Modern History|date=1912|publisher=Nabu|isbn=1174382058|page=384|edition=2010}}</ref> Since that moment, Milan was a permanent possession of the Austrian branch of the Habsburg dynasty.

{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:1.4em; text-align:center"
|-
! colspan=2 | Duke
! Arms
! Tenure
! Marriage(s)<br/>Issue
! Succession right(s)
|-
| '''[[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles II<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Carlo II)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1685{{ndash}}1740<br/>(aged 55)}}
| [[File:Emperor Charles VI.jpg|100px]]
| [[file:Coat of Arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine as Monarch of Milan (1707-1796).svg|80px]]
| 7 March 1714<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>20 October 1740
| [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1708; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1740)}}<br/>4 children<br/>{{small|(3 survived to adulthood)}}
| {{bulleted list|Cousin-once-removed of [[Charles II of Spain|Charles I]]|Dukedom granted by [[Treaty of Rastatt]] (1714)}}
|-
| '''[[Maria Theresa|Maria Theresa<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Maria Teresa)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1717{{ndash}}1780<br/>(aged 63)}}
| [[File:Jean-Étienne Liotard - Maria Theresia van Oostenrijk 2.jpg|100px]]
| [[file:Coat of Arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine as Monarch of Milan (1707-1796).svg|80px]]
| 20 October 1740<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>29 November 1780
| [[Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1736; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1765)}}<br/>15 children<br/>{{small|(10 survived to adulthood)}}
| {{bulleted list|Daughter of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles II]]<br/>(semi-salic blood proximity; see [[Pragmatic Sanction of 1713]])}}
|-
| '''[[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph I<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Giuseppe I)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1741{{ndash}}1790<br/>(aged 48)}}
| [[File:Joseph Hickel (attr) Joseph II als Mitregent seiner Mutter.jpg|100px]]
| [[file:Coat of Arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine as Monarch of Milan (1707-1796).svg|80px]]
| 29 November 1780<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>20 February 1790
| (1) [[Princess Isabella of Parma|Isabella of Parma]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1760; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1763)}}<br/>2 children<br/>{{small|(Not survived to adulthood)}}<br/><br/>(2) [[Maria Josepha of Bavaria]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1765; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1767)}}<br/>Childless
| {{bulleted list|Son of [[Maria Theresa]]<br/>(primogeniture)}}
|-
| '''[[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Leopoldo I)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1747{{ndash}}1792<br/>(aged 44)}}
| [[File:Kaiser Leopold II in Feldmarschallsuniform c1790.jpg|100px]]
| [[file:Coat of Arms of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine as Monarch of Milan (1707-1796).svg|80px]]
| 20 February 1790<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>1 March 1792
| [[Maria Luisa of Spain]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1765; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1792)}}<br/>16 children<br/>{{small|(14 survived to adulthood)}}
| {{bulleted list|Son of [[Maria Theresa]]<br/>(blood proximity)}}
|-
| rowspan=3 | '''[[Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor|Francis II<br/><span lang="it"><span style="font-size:80%;">(Francesco II)</span></span>]]'''<br/>{{small|1768{{ndash}}1835<br/>(aged 67)}}
| rowspan=3 | [[File:Franz II Kaiser.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan=3 | [[File:Arms of the Duchy of Milan 1783.svg|80px]]
| 1 March 1792<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>15 May 1796
| rowspan=3 | (1) [[Duchess Elisabeth of Württemberg|Elisabeth of Württemberg]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1788; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1790)}}<br/>1 child<br/>{{small|(Not survived to adulthood)}}<br/><br/>(2) [[Maria Theresa of Naples and Sicily]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1790; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1807)}}<br/>11 children<br/>{{small|(7 survived to adulthood)}}<br/><br/>(3) [[Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1808; {{tooltip|d.|deceased}} 1816)}}<br/>Childless<br/><br/>(4) [[Caroline Augusta of Bavaria]]<br/>{{small|({{tooltip|m.|married}} 1816; {{tooltip|w.|widowed}} 1835)}}<br/>Childless
| rowspan=3 | {{bulleted list|Son of [[Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor|Leopold I]]<br/>(primogeniture)}}
|-
| {{CNone}} [[Interregnum]] {{small|(1796{{ndash}}1814)}}:<br/>[[French Revolutionary Wars|Revolutionary]] and [[Napoleonic Wars]]
|-
| 11 April 1814<br/>{{ndash}}<br/>7 April 1815
|-
! class=noprint colspan=2 style="font-weight:normal" | {{xref|Since the [[Congress of Vienna]]|selfref=no}} {{arrow}}
! class=noprint colspan=4 style="font-weight:normal" | {{xref|See [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia#Kings|Kings of Lombardy-Venetia]]}}
|}

==See also==
*[[List of governors of the Duchy of Milan]]
*[[List of mayors of Milan]]
*[[List of consorts of Milan]]
* [[Timeline of Milan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Ady|first1=Cecilia M.|last2=Armstrong|first2=Edward|url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=4776025|title=A History of Milan under the Sforza|publisher=Methuen & Co.|date=1907}}
* {{cite book|last=Adriano|first=Cappelli|title=Cronologia Cronografia e Calendario Perpetuo|publisher=Hoepli|date=1998|isbn=88-203-2502-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Baumgartner|first=Frederic J.|title=Louis XII|editor=St.Martin's Press|date=1996|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=0-312-12072-9}}

[[Category:Dukes of Milan| ]]
[[Category:History of Milan]]
[[Category:Lists of monarchs in Europe|Milan]]
[[Category:Lists of Italian nobility|Milan]]
[[Category:Milan-related lists|Rulers]]