View source for List of presidents of Venezuela

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
[[File:Miraflores 2010.JPG|thumb|right|300px|The [[Miraflores Palace]] is the president's official workplace, the center of the administration, and a prominent symbol of the office.]]
{{Politics of Venezuela}}
Under the [[Constitution of Venezuela|Venezuelan Constitution]], the [[president of Venezuela]] is the [[head of state]] and [[head of government]] of [[Venezuela]]. As chief of the [[Executive (government)|executive branch]] and face of the [[Government of Venezuela|government]] as a whole, the presidency is the highest political office in the country by influence and recognition. The president is also the [[commander-in-chief]] of the [[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela]]. The president is [[direct election|directly elected]] through a popular vote to a six-year [[Term of office|term]]. Since the [[2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum|2009 constitutional referendum]], any person can be elected to the office an indefinite number of times. Upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of an incumbent president, the [[Vice President of Venezuela|vice president]] assumes the office. The president must be at least 30 years of age, and has to be a "natural born" citizen of Venezuela, and cannot possess any other citizenship.

This list includes only those persons who were sworn into office as president following the establishment of the independent [[State of Venezuela]], which took place on January 13, 1830. There have been 46 people sworn into office, and 64 presidencies, as several politicians (most prominently between 1830 and 1953) have held the office more than once. [[José Antonio Páez]], the first president, was inaugurated in 1830. [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]] served during the most terms, with three. [[Juan Vicente Gómez]] has served during the longest (although interrupted by interim presidencies), with over 27 years. [[Rómulo Betancourt]] served from 1959 until 1964.<ref>fundaromulobetancourt.org</ref> [[Hugo Chávez]] served the longest uninterrupted period in office with 11 consecutive years, from his restoration to power in April 2002 until his death in March 2013.

The presidency was disputed between [[Juan Guaidó]] and [[Nicolás Maduro]] from January 2019 to 2023 during the [[Venezuelan presidential crisis]]. Maduro was elected to his first term in [[2013 Venezuelan presidential election|2013]] but received backlash from opposing Venezuelans and some members of the international community especially the United States. Maduro was accused of [[authoritarian]] rule and [[electoral fraud|fraud]] in the [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election|elections that were held on 20 May 2018]]. Guaidó, the president of the [[National Assembly of Venezuela]], took the oath of office as interim president on 23 January 2019, citing Article 233 of the [[Constitution of Venezuela]] to "cease the usurpation, hold a transitional government, and call for new elections". The office remained disputed until December 2022 when opposition parties voted to dissolve the Guaidó government effective as of 5 January 2023.<ref name=":111">{{Cite news |last=Armas |first=Mayela |date=2022-12-31 |title=Venezuela opposition removes interim President Guaido |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-opposition-removes-interim-president-guaido-2022-12-31/ |access-date=2022-12-31}}</ref>

==History==
The presidential designation encompasses only those persons who were sworn into office as President of Venezuela following [[Venezuelan Declaration of Independence|Venezuela's declaration of independence]] from [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[imperialism|colonial rule]], which took effect on July 5, 1811. The first president, taking office on July 5, 1811, was actually the president of a [[First Triumvirate (Venezuela)|triumvirate]] of the [[First Republic of Venezuela|first established Republic of Venezuela]] that rotated the presidency weekly. The person serving as president during the week of July 5 was one of the signatories of the Declaration of Independence: [[Cristóbal Mendoza]]. Mendoza shared the triumvirate with {{interlanguage link|Juan Escalona|es}} and {{interlanguage link|Baltasar Padrón|es}}. A {{interlanguage link|Segundo Triunvirato (Venezuela)|lt=second triumvirate|es}} followed on April 3, 1812, whose members were [[Francisco Espejo]], {{interlanguage link|Fernando Rodríguez del Toro|es}} and [[Francisco Javier Ustariz]].<ref>{{in lang|es}} {{cite web|title=Presidentes de Venezuela|url=http://www.pac.com.ve/contenido/educacion/lista-de-presidentes-de-venezuela/11062/81|publisher=Consulado General de Bucaramanga|access-date=2017-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171225134104/http://www.pac.com.ve/contenido/educacion/lista-de-presidentes-de-venezuela/11062/81|archive-date=2017-12-25|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Briceño Perozo, Mario. "Mendoza, Cristóbal de"lar, 1899. {{ISBN|978-980-6397-37-8}}.</ref>

Owing to the profound confusion of the [[Venezuelan War of Independence]] and the period of [[Gran Colombia]] over what is now Venezuela, this page has gaps between 1813 and 1819. For this period in time, historians refer to the Republic of Venezuela as the [[Second Republic of Venezuela]] (1813–1814) and the [[Third Republic of Venezuela]] (1817–1819) as [[Simon Bolivar]] twice reestablished the republic. The [[Congress of Angostura]] appointed [[Simón Bolívar]] "Supreme Commander of the Republic of Venezuela" (Jefe Supremo de la República de Venezuela) from 1819 until 1830.

In 1830, [[José Antonio Páez]] declared Venezuela independent from [[Gran Colombia]] and became president, taking office on January 13, 1830. Although he was not the first president of Venezuela (having in mind [[Cristóbal Mendoza]] in 1811), he was the first head of state of independent Venezuela, after the [[dissolution of Gran Colombia]].

==Affiliation keys==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="2" |Abbreviation
! Party name (English)
! Party name (Spanish)
! Years
|-
| bgcolor=#ed2939|
| PC
| '''[[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]'''
| Partido Conservador
| 1830–1851, 1890–1892
|-
| bgcolor=gold|
| PL
| '''[[Great Liberal Party of Venezuela|Liberal Party]]'''
| Gran Partido Liberal de Venezuela
| 1851–1858, 1859–1861, 1868–1869, 1870–1887, 1888–1890, 1892, 1898–1899
|-
| bgcolor=#679267|
| Military
| '''[[National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela|National Armed Forces of the Republic of Venezuela]]'''
| Fuerza Armada Nacional de la República de Venezuela
| 1858–1859, 1861–1868, 1869–1870, 1892–1898, 1899–1913, 1922–1929, 1931–1935, 1948–1950, 1952–1958
|-
| bgcolor=#ccc|
| —
| '''[[Independent politician]]'''
| Político independiente
| 1859, 1868, 1887–1888, 1913–1922, 1929–1931, 1935–1941, 1950–1952, 1958–1959
|-
| bgcolor="#545aa7" |
| PDV
| '''[[Venezuelan Democratic Party]]'''
| Partido Democrático Venezolano
| 1941–1945
|-
| bgcolor="#30D5C8" |
| AD
| '''[[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]'''
| Acción Democrática
| 1945–1948, 1959–1969, 1974–1979, 1984–1994
|-
| bgcolor="#228b22" |
| COPEI
| '''[[Copei|COPEI]]'''
| Comité de Organización Política Electoral Independiente
| 1969–1974, 1979–1984
|-
| bgcolor="#adff2f" |
| National Convergence
| '''[[National Convergence]]'''
| Convergencia Nacional
| 1994–1999
|-
| bgcolor="#cc0000" |
| MVR-PSUV
| '''[[Fifth Republic Movement]]–[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]]'''
| Movimiento Quinta República-Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela
| 1999–present
|}

==Presidents of Venezuela since independence (1830–present)==
The list below includes interim "caretaker" as well as regular [[Incumbency|serving]] presidents, and democratically installed presidents as well as those installed by other means (e.g.; [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]).<ref>CALDERA, Rafael. «De Carabobo a Puntofijo: los Causahabientes». Editorial Libros Marcados. Quinta Edición. 2008.</ref><ref>FERNANDEZ, Alfredo. «Venezuela: sus presidentes y constituciones». Organización Gráfica Capriles. 2006. Depósito Legal lf25220069002436.</ref><ref>CAMEJO, Armando. «Historia de Venezuela: documental y crítica». Ediciones Paz Pérez. 1965.</ref><ref>FERNANDEZ PAEZ, Carmelo. «Memorias». Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. 1983.</ref><ref>GONZÁLEZ GUINAN, Francisco. «Historia Contemporánea de Venezuela TOMO XI». Ediciones de la Presidencia de la República. 1954.</ref><ref>RODRIGUEZ ITURBE, José. «Iglesia y Estado en Venezuela (1824-1964)». Universidad Central de Venezuela, Facultad de Derecho. 1968.</ref><ref>SALCEDO, Bastardo. «Historia Fundamental de Venezuela». Universidad Central de Venezuela. Ediciones de Biblioteca, Segunda edición. 1972.</ref><ref>USLAR PIETRI, Arturo. «Cuéntame a Venezuela». Editorial Lisbona S.A.. 1981-82.</ref>

===State of Venezuela (1830–1864)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Venezuela (1836-1859).svg|30px|border]] President of the [[State of Venezuela]] [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela (1830-1836).svg|25px]]
|-
! colspan="8" |{{legend2|#ED2939|Conservative Party |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(7)
{{legend2|#FFD700|[[Great Liberal Party of Venezuela|Liberal Party]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(3)
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|[[Independent (politics)|Independent]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1)
{{legend2|#679267|[[Military dictatorship|Military government]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(3)
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br />{{refn|group=note|name=President|For the purposes of numbering, a presidency is defined as an uninterrupted period of time in office served by one person. For example, [[Carlos Soublette]] was both the 8th and 10th President because the two periods where he was president were not consecutive. A period during which a vice-president temporarily becomes acting president under the Constitution is not a presidency, because the president remains in office during such a period.}}
! Portrait
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
! Political party
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 1
| [[File:Páez by Lewis B. Adams.JPG|100px]]
| [[José Antonio Páez]]<br />{{small|(1790–1873)}}
| 1831
| 13 January 1830
| 20 January 1835
| {{Age in years and days|1830|January|13|1835|January|20}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 2
| [[File:Andres Narvarte 000.jpg|100px]]
| [[Andrés Narvarte]]<br />{{small|(1781–1853)}}
| —
| 20 January 1835
| 9 February 1835
| {{Age in years and days|1835|January|20|1835|February|9}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 3
| [[File:José María Vargas.jpg|100px]]
| [[José María Vargas]]<br />{{small|(1786–1854)}}
| 1835
| 9 February 1835
| 9 July 1835
| {{Age in years and days|1835|February|9|1835|July|9}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 4
| [[File:José María Carreño.jpg|100px]]
| [[José María Carreño]]<br />{{small|(1792–1849)}}
| —
| 27 July 1835
| 20 August 1835
| {{Age in years and days|1835|July|27|1835|August|20}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| (3)
| [[File:José María Vargas.jpg|100px]]
| [[José María Vargas]]<br />{{small|(1786–1854)}}
| —
| 20 August 1835
| 24 April 1836
| {{Age in years and days|1835|August|20|1836|April|24}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| (2)
| [[File:Andres Narvarte 000.jpg|100px]]
| [[Andrés Narvarte]]<br />{{small|(1781–1853)}}
| —
| 24 April 1836
| 20 January 1837
| {{Age in years and days|1836|April|24|1837|January|20}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| (4)
| [[File:José María Carreño.jpg|100px]]
| [[José María Carreño]]<br />{{small|(1792–1849)}}
| —
| 27 January 1837
| 11 March 1837
| {{Age in years and days|1837|January|27|1837|March|11}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 5
| [[File:Carlos Soublette.jpg|100px]]
| [[Carlos Soublette]]<br />{{small|(1789–1870)}}
| —
| 11 March 1837
| 1 February 1839
| {{Age in years and days|1837|March|11|1839|February|1}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| (1)
| [[File:Jose Antonio Paez 000.jpg|100px]]
| [[José Antonio Páez]]<br />{{small|(1790–1873)}}
| 1839
| 1 February 1839
| 28 January 1843
| {{Age in years and days|1839|February|1|1843|January|28}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| (5)
| [[File:Carlos Soublette.jpg|100px]]
| [[Carlos Soublette]]<br />{{small|(1789–1870)}}
| 1843
| 28 January 1843
| 20 January 1847
| {{Age in years and days|1843|January|28|1847|January|20}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 6
| [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 28.JPG|100px]]
| [[José Tadeo Monagas]]<br />{{small|(1784–1868)}}
| 1847
| 20 January 1847
| 5 February 1851
| {{Age in years and days|1847|January|20|1851|February|5}}
| [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 7
| [[File:José Gregorio Monagas 2.jpg|100px]]
| [[José Gregorio Monagas]]<br />{{small|(1795–1858)}}
| 1851
| 5 February 1851
| 20 January 1855
| {{Age in years and days|1851|February|5|1855|January|20}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| (6)
| [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 28.JPG|100px]]
| [[José Tadeo Monagas]]<br />{{small|(1784–1868)}}
| 1855
| 20 January 1855
| 15 March 1858
| {{Age in years and days|1855|January|20|1858|March|15}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 8
| [[File:Pedro Gual Escandon.jpg|100px]]
| [[Pedro Gual Escandón|Pedro Gual]]<br />{{small|(1783–1862)}}
| —
| 15 March 1858
| 18 March 1858
| {{Age in years and days|1858|March|15|1858|March|17}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 9
| [[File:Juliancastro.jpg|100px]]
| [[Julián Castro (Venezuelan president)|Julián Castro]]<br />{{small|(1810–1875)}}
| —
| 18 March 1858
| 2 August 1859
| {{Age in years and days|1858|March|18|1859|August|2}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| (8)
| [[File:Pedro Gual Escandon.jpg|100px]]
| [[Pedro Gual Escandón|Pedro Gual]]<br />{{small|(1783–1862)}}
| —
| 2 August 1859
| 29 September 1859
| {{Age in years and days|1859|August|2|1859|September|29}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 10
| [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 22.JPG|100px]]
| [[Manuel Felipe de Tovar]]<br />{{small|(1803–1866)}}
| 1860
| 29 September 1859
| 20 May 1861
| {{Age in years and days|1859|September|29|1861|May|20}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| (8)
| [[File:Pedro Gual Escandon.jpg|100px]]
| [[Pedro Gual Escandón|Pedro Gual]]<br />{{small|(1783–1862)}}
| —
| 20 May 1861
| 29 August 1861
| {{Age in years and days|1861|May|20|1861|August|29}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
| style="background:#679267; color:white;"| (1)
| [[File:Jose Antonio Páez restored (colored).jpg|100px]]
| [[José Antonio Páez]]<br />{{small|(1790–1873)}}
| —
| 29 August 1861
| 15 June 1863
| {{Age in years and days|1861|August|29|1863|June|15}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 11
| [[File:Juan Crisóstomo Falcón.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]]<br />{{small|(1820–1870)}}
| 1864
| 15 June 1863
| 25 April 1868
| {{Age in years and days|1863|June|15|1868|April|25}}
| Military
|}

===United States of Venezuela (1864–1953)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Venezuela (1863-1905).svg|30px|border]] President of the [[United States of Venezuela]] [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela (1871).svg|25px]]
|-
! colspan="8" |{{legend2|#FFFFFF|[[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(3) {{legend2|#ED2939|Conservative Party |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1)
{{legend2|#FFD700|[[Great Liberal Party of Venezuela|Liberal Party]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(8)
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|[[Independent (politics)|Independent]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(6)
{{legend2|#679267|[[Military dictatorship|Military government]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(6)
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br />{{refn|group=note|name=President}}
! Portrait
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
! Political party
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| (11)
| [[File:Juan Crisóstomo Falcón.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]]<br />{{small|(1820–1870)}}
| —
| 15 June 1863
| 25 April 1868
| {{Age in years and days|1863|June|15|1868|April|25}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 12
| [[File:General Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual.jpg|100px]]
| [[Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual]]<br />{{small|(1832–1868)}}
| —
| 25 April 1868
| 28 June 1868
| {{Age in years and days|1868|April|25|1868|June|28}}
| Independent
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 13
| [[File:Guillermo Tell Villegas.jpg|100px]]
| [[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]<br />{{small|(1823–1907)}}
| —
| 28 June 1868
| 20 February 1869
| {{Age in years and days|1868|June|28|1869|February|20}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 14
| [[File:JRMonagas.jpg|100px]]
| [[José Ruperto Monagas]]<br />{{small|(1831–1880)}}
| —
| 20 February 1869
| 16 April 1870
| {{Age in years and days|1869|February|20|1870|April|16}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| (13)
| [[File:Guillermo Tell Villegas.jpg|100px]]
| [[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]<br />{{small|(1823–1907)}}
| —
| 16 April 1870
| 27 April 1870
| {{Age in years and days|1870|April|16|1870|April|27}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 15
| [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 20 restored.jpg|100px]]
| [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Antonio Guzmán]]<br />{{small|(1829–1899)}}
| 1873
| 27 April 1870
| 27 February 1877
| {{Age in years and days|1870|April|27|1877|February|27}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 16
| [[File:Antonio Esteban Frías 1911 000.jpg|100px]]
| [[Francisco Linares Alcántara|Francisco Linares]]<br />{{small|(1825–1878)}}
| 1877
| 27 February 1877
| 30 November 1878{{efn|name="died in office"|group=note|Died in office.}}
| {{Age in years and days|1877|February|27|1878|November|30}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 17
| [[File:José Gregorio Valera - El Cojo Ilustrado.jpg|100px]]
| [[José Gregorio Valera]]<br />{{small|(1826–1896)}}
| —
| 30 November 1878
| 26 February 1879
| {{Age in years and days|1878|November|30|1879|February|26}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| (15)
| [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 20 restored.jpg|100px]]
| [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Antonio Guzmán]]<br />{{small|(1829–1899)}}
| 1882
| 26 February 1879
| 26 April 1884
| {{Age in years and days|1879|February|26|1884|April|26}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 18
| [[File:Retrato de Joaquín Crespo. Martín Tovar y Tovar. 1884.jpg|100px]]
| [[Joaquín Crespo]]<br />{{small|(1830–1898)}}
| —
| 26 April 1884
| 15 September 1886
| {{Age in years and days|1884|April|26|1886|September|15}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| (15)
| [[File:Martin Tovar y Tovar 20 restored.jpg|100px]]
| [[Antonio Guzmán Blanco|Antonio Guzmán]]<br />{{small|(1829–1899)}}
| —
| 15 September 1886
| 8 August 1887
| {{Age in years and days|1886|September|15|1887|August|8}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 19
| [[File:General Hermógenes López.jpg|100px]]
| [[Hermógenes López]]<br />{{small|(1830–1898)}}
| —
| 8 August 1887
| 2 July 1888
| {{Age in years and days|1887|August|8|1888|July|2}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 20
| [[File:Presidente Rojas Paúl (1890) by Cristobal Rojas.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl|Juan Pablo Rojas]]<br />{{small|(1826–1905)}}
| 1888
| 2 July 1888
| 19 March 1890
| {{Age in years and days|1888|July|2|1890|March|19}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:#ed2939; color:white;"| 21
| [[File:Raimundo Andueza Palacio por Antonio Herrera Toro.jpg|100px]]
| [[Raimundo Andueza Palacio|Raimundo Andueza]]<br />{{small|(1846–1900)}}
| 1890
| 19 March 1890
| 17 June 1892
| {{Age in years and days|1890|March|19|1892|June|17}}
| Conservative Party
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| (13)
| [[File:Guillermo Tell Villegas.jpg|100px]]
| [[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]<br />{{small|(1823–1907)}}
| —
| 17 June 1892
| 31 August 1892
| {{Age in years and days|1892|June|17|1892|August|31}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 22
| [[File:Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido.jpg|100px]]
| [[Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido|Guillermo Tell Villegas]]<br />{{small|(1854–1949)}}
| —
| 31 August 1892
| 7 October 1892
| {{Age in years and days|1892|August|31|1892|October|7}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| (18)
| [[File:Joaquín Crespo portrait.jpg|100px]]
| [[Joaquín Crespo]]<br />{{small|(1841–1898)}}
| 1894
| 7 October 1892
| 28 February 1898
| {{Age in years and days|1892|October|7|1898|February|28}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:gold; color:black;"| 23
| [[File:General Ignacio Andrade.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ignacio Andrade]]<br />{{small|(1839–1925)}}
| 1898
| 28 February 1898
| 20 October 1899
| {{Age in years and days|1898|February|28|1899|October|20}}
| [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal Party]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 24
| [[File:Cipriano Castro 1908.jpg|100px]]
| [[Cipriano Castro]]<br />{{small|(1858–1924)}}
| —
| 20 October 1899
| 19 December 1908
| {{Age in years and days|1899|October|20|1908|December|19}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 25
| [[File:Juan Vicente Gómez.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Vicente Gómez]]<br />{{small|(1857–1935)}}
| 1908
| 19 December 1908
| 5 August 1913
| {{Age in years and days|1908|December|19|1913|August|5}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 26
| [[File:Portrait of Gil Fortoul - 1932.jpg|100px]]
| [[José Gil Fortoul|José Gil]]<br />{{small|(1861–1943)}}
| —
| 5 August 1913
| 19 April 1914
| {{Age in years and days|1913|August|5|1914|April|19}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 27
| [[File:Presidente Victorino Marquez Bustillos.jpg|100px]]
| [[Victorino Márquez Bustillos|Victorino Márquez]]<br />{{small|(1858–1941)}}
| 1914
| 19 April 1914
| 24 June 1922
| {{Age in years and days|1914|April|19|1922|June|24}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| (25)
| [[File:Gómez, 1928 restored.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Vicente Gómez]]<br />{{small|(1857–1935)}}
| 1922
| 24 June 1922
| 30 May 1929
| {{Age in years and days|1922|June|24|1929|May|30}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 28
| [[File:Juan Bautista Pérez.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Bautista Pérez]]<br />{{small|(1869–1952)}}
| 1929
| 30 May 1929
| 13 June 1931
| {{Age in years and days|1929|May|30|1931|June|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| (25)
| [[File:Juan Vicente Gómez 2.jpg|100px]]
| [[Juan Vicente Gómez]]<br />{{small|(1857–1935)}}
| 1931
| 13 June 1931
| 17 December 1935{{efn|name="died in office"|group=note|Died in office.}}
| {{Age in years and days|1931|June|13|1935|December|17}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 29
| [[File:López Contreras (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Eleazar López Contreras|Eleazar López]]<br />{{small|(1883–1973)}}
| [[1936 Venezuelan presidential election|1936]]
| 18 December 1935
| 5 May 1941
| {{Age in years and days|1935|December|18|1941|May|5}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:#545aa7; color:white;"| 30
| [[File:Retrato de Isaías Medina Angarita.jpg|100px]]
| [[Isaías Medina Angarita|Isaías Medina]]<br />{{small|(1897–1953)}}
| [[1941 Venezuelan presidential election|1941]]
| 5 May 1941
| 18 October 1945
| {{Age in years and days|1941|May|5|1945|October|18}}
| [[Venezuelan Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 31
| [[File:Rómulo Betancourt, 1946.JPG|100px]]
| [[Rómulo Betancourt]]<br />{{small|(1908–1981)}}
| —
| 18 October 1945
| 17 February 1948
| {{Age in years and days|1945|October|18|1948|February|17}}
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 32
| [[File:Rómulo Gallegos 1940s.jpg|100px]]
| [[Rómulo Gallegos]]<br />{{small|(1884–1969)}}
| [[1947 Venezuelan general election|1947]]
| 17 February 1948
| 24 November 1948
| {{Age in years and days|1948|February|17|1948|November|24}}
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 33
| [[File:Carlos Delgado Chalbaud1.jpg|100px]]
| [[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud|Carlos Delgado]]<br />{{small|(1909–1950)}}
| —
| 24 November 1948
| 13 November 1950{{efn|name="died in office"|group=note|Died in office.}}
| {{Age in years and days|1948|November|24|1950|November|13}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 34
| [[File:President Germán Suárez Flamerich.jpg|100px]]
| [[Germán Suárez Flamerich|Germán Suárez]]<br />{{small|(1907–1990)}}
| —
| 27 November 1950
| 2 December 1952
| {{Age in years and days|1950|November|27|1952|December|2}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

===Republic of Venezuela (1953–1999)===
Venezuela took the name of '''Republic of Venezuela''' ({{langx|es|República de Venezuela}}) with the adoption of the 1953 constitution, written by the Constituent Assembly elected in November 1952. The Presidents of Venezuela under this constitution (as well as the 1961 Constitution, which kept the name) were officially styled as President of the Republic of Venezuela.

This period of the history of Venezuela began with the dictatorship of [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/22/world/marcos-perez-jimenez-87-venezuela-ruler.html|title=Marcos Pérez Jiménez, 87, Venezuela Ruler|last=Rohter|first=Larry|date=22 September 2001|access-date=20 January 2016|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2001/sep/21/guardianobituaries1|title=Obituary: General Marcos Pérez Jiménez|work=[[The Guardian]]|last=Ledezma|first=Eurídice|date=21 September 2001|access-date=20 January 2016}}</ref> After a short period of political instability following Pérez Jiménez's exile in 1958, democracy was restored in the country with the election of [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] leader [[Rómulo Betancourt]] as president in 1959. This marked the beginning of the democratic period, started with the [[Puntofijo Pact]] and which was characterized by the prevalence of the [[Two-party system|bipartidism]] of the two main political parties in the country at the time, [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] and [[Copei]].

The [[second presidency of Carlos Andrés Pérez]] (1989–93) saw a deep economic crisis, a series of major riots known as the [[Caracazo]] in 1989, in which hundreds were killed by security forces, [[1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempts|two coup attempts in 1992]], and the 1993 impeachment of Pérez. That same year, [[Rafael Caldera]] became the first President of Venezuela not to belong to either Democratic Action or Copei in over forty years, having been elected under the banner of [[National Convergence]]. The bipartidism ended in 2000 when a [[Constitution of Venezuela|new constitution]] entered in force.

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg|30px|border]] President of the [[Republic of Venezuela]] [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg|25px]]
|-
! colspan="8" |{{legend2|#FFFFFF|[[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(5)
{{legend2|#228B22|[[Copei]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(2)
{{legend2|#ADFF2F|[[National Convergence]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1)
{{legend2|#CCCCCC|[[Independent (politics)|Independent]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(2)
{{legend2|#679267|[[Military dictatorship|Military government]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1)
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br />{{refn|group=note|name=President}}
! Portrait
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
! Political party
|-
! style="background:#679267; color:white;"| 35
| [[File:Foto Ex Dictador Marcos Perez Jimenez (1957).jpg|100px]]
| [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez|Marcos Pérez]]<br />{{small|(1914–2001)}}
| [[1952 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election|1952]]
| 2 December 1952
| 23 January 1958
| {{Age in years and days|1952|December|2|1958|January|23}}
| Military
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 36
| [[File:WolfangLarrazábal.jpg|100px]]
| [[Wolfgang Larrazábal]]<br />{{small|(1911–2003)}}
| —
| 23 January 1958
| 14 November 1958{{refn|group=note|name=ReferenceA|Larrazábal resigned early to challenge [[Rómulo Betancourt]] at the [[1958 Venezuelan general election|1958 election]], leaving [[Edgar Sanabria]] as acting president until the end of his term, on 13 February 1959.}}
| {{Age in years and days|1958|January|23|1958|November|14}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:#ccc; color:black;"| 37
| [[File:Edgar Sanabria 1968.jpg|100px]]
| [[Edgar Sanabria]]<br />{{small|(1911–1989)}}
| —
| 14 November 1958
| 13 February 1959{{refn|group=note|name=ReferenceA}}
| {{Age in years and days|1958|November|14|1959|February|13}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| (31)
| [[File:Foto oficial Rómulo Betancourt 1959.jpg|100px]]
| [[Rómulo Betancourt]]<br />{{small|(1908–1981)}}
| [[1958 Venezuelan general election|1958]]
| 13 February 1959
| 11 March 1964
| {{Age in years and days|1959|February|13|1964|March|11}}
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 38
| [[File:RL 11 marzo 1969 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| [[Raúl Leoni]]<br />{{small|(1905–1972)}}
| [[1963 Venezuelan general election|1963]]
| 11 March 1964
| 11 March 1969
| 5 years
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#228b22; color:white;"| 39
| [[File:Presidente Rafael Caldera 1969.jpg|100px]]
| [[Rafael Caldera]]<br />{{small|(1916–2009)}}
| [[1968 Venezuelan general election|1968]]
| 11 March 1969
| 12 March 1974
| {{Age in years and days|1969|March|11|1974|March|12}}
| [[Copei]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 40
| [[File:Andres Perez President of Venezuela 1977.jpg|100px]]
| [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]<br />{{small|(1922–2010)}}
| [[1973 Venezuelan general election|1973]]
| 12 March 1974
| 12 March 1979
| 5 years
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#228b22; color:white;"| 41
| [[File:Luis Herrera Campins.jpg|100px]]
| [[Luis Herrera Campins|Luis Herrera]]<br />{{small|(1925–2007)}}
| [[1978 Venezuelan general election|1978]]
| 12 March 1979
| 2 February 1984
| {{Age in years and days|1979|March|12|1984|February|2}}
| [[Copei]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 42
| [[File:Lusinchi 89.JPG|100px]]
| [[Jaime Lusinchi]]<br />{{small|(1924–2014)}}
| [[1983 Venezuelan general election|1983]]
| 2 February 1984
| 2 February 1989
| 5 years
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| (40)
| [[File:Carlos Andrés Perez en 1990.jpeg|100px]]
| [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]<br />{{small|(1922–2010)}}
| [[1988 Venezuelan general election|1988]]
| 2 February 1989
| 21 May 1993{{refn|group=note|[[Octavio Lepage]], then President of Congress, served as acting president from 21 May 1993 and until 5 June 1993, when [[Ramón José Velásquez]] was formally selected to succeed Perez as president.}}
|{{Age in years and days|1989|February|2|1993|May|21}}
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 43
| [[File:Octavio Lepage, 2009.jpg|100px]]
| [[Octavio Lepage]]<br />{{small|(1923–2017)}}
| —
| 21 May 1993
| 5 June 1993
| {{Age in years and days|1993|May|21|1993|June|5}}
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#fff; color:black;"| 44
| [[File:Ramón J. Velásquez, 2009.jpg|100px]]
| [[Ramón José Velásquez|Ramón J. Velásquez]]<br />{{small|(1916–2014)}}
| —
| 5 June 1993
| 2 February 1994
| {{Age in years and days|1993|June|5|1994|February|2}}
| [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]]
|-
! style="background:#adff2f; color:black;"| (39)
| [[File:1994. Febrero, 7. Rafael Caldera en su segunda presidencia.jpg|100px]]
| [[Rafael Caldera]]<br />{{small|(1916–2009)}}
| [[1993 Venezuelan general election|1993]]
| 2 February 1994
| 2 February 1999
| 5 years
| [[National Convergence]]
|}

===Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (1999–present)===
{{main|History of Venezuela (1999–present)}}{{See also|Venezuelan presidential crisis}}
Venezuela became the "[[Bolivarian Revolution|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]]" ({{langx|es|República Bolivariana de Venezuela}}) with the adoption of the [[Constitution of Venezuela|1999 constitution]], which renamed the country in honor of [[Simón Bolívar]]. The new constitution was promulgated by President [[Hugo Chávez]], who served ''de jure'' from 1999 until his death in 2013. The new constitution augmented the presidential term from five years to six years.

Chávez's presidency was interrupted shortly in 2002 following a failed [[2002 Venezuelan coup attempt|coup attempt]] that put [[Pedro Carmona]] in office for a day. After government-loyal forces ousted Carmona from [[Miraflores Palace|Miraflores]], [[Vice President of Venezuela|Vice President]] [[Diosdado Cabello]] {{interlanguage link|Gobierno interino de Diosdado Cabello|lt=assumed|es}} executive control for a couple of hours until Chávez could be restored. In 2009, a [[2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum|constitutional referendum]] approved the elimination of term limits, which allowed Chávez to be re-elected again in [[2012 Venezuelan presidential election|2012]]. However, Chávez [[Death and state funeral of Hugo Chávez|died]] in March 2013, only three months into his fourth term, and was succeeded by his Vice President [[Nicolás Maduro]], who was [[2013 Venezuelan presidential election|elected]] the following month to finish Chávez's term, enforcing the majority of Chávez's [[Economic policy of the Hugo Chávez government|economic policies]].

Under Maduro, Venezuela has seen a rise in [[unemployment]], shortages of goods, closures of several corporations, and the deterioration of productivity. Maduro – who has seen a sharp decline in his approval ratings in correlation to the economic collapse, and was the subject of a 2016 recall referendum to remove him from office that was later suspended<ref name="FOXsuspend">{{cite news|title=Venezuela Suspends Recall Campaign Against President Maduro|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/venezuela-suspends-recall-campaign-against-president-maduro|access-date=21 October 2016|work=[[Fox News]]|date=20 October 2016}}</ref> – has been criticized for what opponents consider to be him [[Democratic backsliding|backsliding]] the country towards a full-fledged authoritarian regime; this led to an ongoing [[2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis|constitutional crisis]] stemming from a March 2017 ruling by the [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)|Supreme Tribunal of Justice]] (whose members largely consist of Maduro supporters) that removed immunity for [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] members (including those opposing Maduro),<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39449494|title=Venezuela 'coup': Alarm grows as court takes power|date=2017-03-31|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-03-31|language=en-GB}}</ref> which subsequently made a brief assumption of legislative powers from the Assembly,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|last1=Casey|first1=Nicholas|date=2017-03-30|work=The New York Times|access-date=2017-03-31|last2=Torres|first2=Patricia|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-39468045|title=Venezuela: Supreme court backtracks on powers bid|date=2017-04-01|work=BBC News|access-date=2017-04-01|language=en-GB}}</ref> and the [[2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election|Constituent Assembly election]], which resulted in the formation of a [[2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela|Constituent Assembly]] intended to rewrite the 1999 constitution. These actions have worsened tensions and sparked violence during protests against the Maduro administration over concerns that Maduro would eliminate or significantly erode the independence of Venezuela's democratic institutions and shift the country towards [[dictatorship|one-man rule]].

The process and results of the May [[2018 Venezuelan presidential election]] were widely disputed.<ref name=BriefingNYT>{{cite news |title= Climate Change, U.S. Shutdown, Michael Cohen: Your Friday Briefing |author= Bullock, Penn |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= 10 January 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/briefing/climate-change-us-shutdown-michael-cohen-your-friday-briefing.html |quote= President Nicolás Maduro was inaugurated for a second term after an election last year that was widely considered illegitimate — and despite a plummeting economy and skyrocketing violence, hunger and migration.}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news|work=BBC|date=21 January 2019|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-46952641|title=El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de Venezuela declara "inconstitucional" a la Asamblea Nacional y anula el nombramiento de Juan Guaidó como su presidente|access-date=29 January 2019}}</ref> The opposition-majority [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]] declared Maduro a "usurper" of the presidency on the day of his [[Second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro|second inauguration]] and disclosed a plan to set forth its president, [[Juan Guaidó]] as the succeeding [[acting President]] of the country under article 233 of the [[Constitution of Venezuela|Venezuelan Constitution]].<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref name=Rectifica>{{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/prensa-de-la-an-rectifica-comunicado-que-proclama-a-juan-guaido-presidente-de-la-republica/|title=Prensa de la AN rectifica comunicado que proclama a Juan Guaidó Presidente de la República|website=Efecto Cocuyo|access-date=12 January 2019|date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501005709/http://efectococuyo.com/principales/prensa-de-la-an-rectifica-comunicado-que-proclama-a-juan-guaido-presidente-de-la-republica/|archive-date=1 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> A week later, the [[Supreme Tribunal of Justice (Venezuela)|Supreme Tribunal of Justice]] declared that the presidency of the National Assembly was the "usurper" of authority and declared the body to be unconstitutional.<ref name="bbc.com"/>

Minutes after Maduro took the oath as [[President of Venezuela]], the [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) approved a resolution in a special session of its Permanent Council declaring Maduro's presidency illegitimate and urging new elections.<ref name=VivoDebate>{{cite news|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2019/01/10/en-vivo-la-oea-debate-en-sesion-extraordinaria-la-asuncion-de-nicolas-maduro/|title=La OEA aprobó la resolución que declara ilegítimo al nuevo gobierno de Nicolás Maduro|date=10 January 2019|work=Infobae|language=es|trans-title=The OAS approved the resolution that declared the new government of Nicolás Maduro illegitimate}}</ref> Special meetings of the OAS on 24 January and in the [[United Nations Security Council]] on 26 January were held but no consensus was reached. [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] [[António Guterres]] called for dialogue.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1031382|title=UN political chief calls for dialogue to ease tensions in Venezuela; Security Council divided over path to end crisis|access-date=29 January 2019|publisher=UN News |date= 26 January 2019}}</ref> During the 49th [[General Assembly of the Organization of American States]], on 27 June, Guaidó's presidency was recognized by the organization.<ref name=InfobaerespaldoUBN>{{Cite news|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2019/06/27/mexico-uruguay-bolivia-y-nicaragua-respaldaron-al-regimen-de-maduro-e-intentaron-desplazar-al-enviado-guaido-de-la-asamblea-de-la-oea/|title=México, Uruguay, Bolivia y Nicaragua respaldaron al régimen de Maduro e intentaron desplazar al enviado de Guaidó de la Asamblea de la OEA|date=27 June 2019|work=Infobae|publisher=EFE|language=es|quote=Si se convalidan las credenciales (por las del enviado de Guaidó) se reconoce un nuevo gobierno de Venezuela y Uruguay eso no lo puede aceptar}}</ref>

Guaidó was declared acting president and swore himself in on 23 January.<ref name=GuaidoSwears>{{cite web|url= https://edition.cnn.com/americas/live-news/venezuela-protests-2019/index.html|title=National Assembly President Juan Guaido swears himself in as President of Venezuela|website=CNN|date=29 January 2019|access-date=23 January 2019}}</ref> Maduro's government has accused the [[United States]] of organizing a ''[[coup d'état]]'' to remove him and take control of [[Oil reserves in Venezuela|the country's oil reserves]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.presidencia.gob.ve/Site/Web/Principal/paginas/classMostrarEvento3.php?id_evento=12708 |title= Canciller Arreaza advierte que objetivo de plan golpista es el petróleo venezolano |publisher= Gobierno Bolivariano de Venezuela |date= 29 January 2019 |access-date= 30 January 2019|language=es }}</ref> Guaidó rejects the characterization of his actions as a coup, saying that his movement is backed by peaceful volunteers.<ref name= ReadyDie>{{cite news |url= https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/18/i-m-ready-to-die-for-my-country-s-future-juan-guaido-tells-euronews |work= Euronews |title= 'I'm ready to die for my country's future,' Juan Guaido tells Euronews |author= Borges, Anelise |date= 18 February 2019 |access-date= 18 February 2019}}</ref> As of June 2019, Guaidó was [[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis#RecognitionMG|recognized as the acting President of Venezuela]] by 54 countries.<ref name=SowingTerror>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/12/guaido-maduro-targeting-opposition-leaders-state-terrorism |newspaper= The Guardian |date= 12 May 2019 |access-date= 13 May 2019 |title= Guaidó says Maduro is 'sowing terror' against leaders who tried to oust him |author= Phillips, Tom}}</ref> Internationally, support has followed traditional geopolitical lines, with allies China, Cuba, Iran, Russia, Syria, and Turkey supporting Maduro; and the US, Canada, and most of Western Europe supporting Guaidó as acting president.<ref name= FamiliarGeo>{{cite news |url= https://www.apnews.com/6b7fa7cc566f486cb974362168f1d90d |title= Venezuela crisis: Familiar geopolitical sides take shape |author= Vasilyeva, Nataliya |date = 24 January 2019 | access-date= 25 February 2019 |work=Associated Press}}</ref> The [[United Nations]] continued to recognize the Maduro presidency as the legal representative of [[Venezuela]] as of December 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elvenezolanohouston.com/onu-respalda-credenciales-de-funcionarios-de-maduro/|title=UN backs credentials of Maduro officials|date=19 December 2019|work=[[EFE]]|access-date=20 December 2019|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/74/572|title=Report of the Credentials Committee|publisher=United Nations General Assembly|access-date=29 January 2020}}</ref>

On 22 December 2022, the Venezuelan opposition held an initial vote to remove Guaidó's interim government from its leadership and on 30 December 2022, three of the four main opposition political parties ([[Justice First]], [[Democratic Action (Venezuela)|Democratic Action]] and [[A New Era]]) approved a reform to dissolve the interim government and instead create a commission of five members to manage foreign assets,<ref name=":111"/><ref name=":34">{{Cite web |last=Martínez |first=Deisy |date=2022-12-30 |title=AN de 2015 aprueba su extensión por otro año y elimina gobierno interino |trans-title=2015 NA approves its extension for one more year and eliminates interim government |url=https://efectococuyo.com/politica/an-de-2015-aprueba-su-extension-por-un-ano-mas-y-elimina-gobierno-interino/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=[[Efecto Cocuyo]] |language=es}}</ref> stating the failure of the interim government to achieve the goals it had set.<ref name=":73">{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-12-30 |title=Mayoría de la AN-2015 ratifica disolución del Gobierno interino |url=https://talcualdigital.com/an-2015-debate-eliminacion-del-gobierno-interino-en-segunda-discusion/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=[[Tal Cual]] |language=es |quote=Hemos tenido algo que pasó de ser provisional a convertirse en algo perpetuo. Y no se celebraron las elecciones, de manera que el artículo 233 perdió su razón de ser para justificar el gobierno interino.}}</ref> The amendment was voted by the opposition as deputies sought a united strategy ahead of the [[Next Venezuelan presidential election|presidential elections]] in 2024 with the reform approved with 72 votes in favor, 29 against and 8 abstentions,<ref name=":25">{{cite news |last1=Herrera |first1=Isayen |last2=Glatsky |first2=Genevieve |date=30 December 2022 |title=Juan Guaidó Is Voted Out as Leader of Venezuela's Opposition |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/30/world/americas/venezuela-opposition-juan-guaido.html |access-date=30 December 2022}}</ref> this dissolving the Guaidó government effective 5 January 2023.

<!--{{TOC limit|3}}-->
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg|30px|border]] President of the [[Venezuela|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]] [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg|25px]]
|-
! colspan="8" |{{legend2|#cc0000|[[Fifth Republic Movement]]–[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(2)
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br>{{refn|group=note|name=President}}
! Portrait
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
! Political party
|-
! rowspan="2" style="background:#cc0000; color:white;"| 45
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías.jpeg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Hugo Chávez]]<br />{{small|(1954–2013)}}
| [[1998 Venezuelan presidential election|1998]]<br />[[2000 Venezuelan general election|2000]]
| rowspan="2" |2 February 1999
| rowspan="2" |5 March 2013
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|1999|2|2|2013|3|5}}
| [[Fifth Republic Movement]]<br />{{small|(until October 2007)}}
|-
| [[2006 Venezuelan presidential election|2006]]<br />[[2012 Venezuelan presidential election|2012]]
| [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]]
|-
! style="background:#cc0000; color:white;"| 46
| [[File:Николас Мадуро (52936004750).jpg|100px]]
| [[Nicolás Maduro]]<br />{{small|(born 1962)}}
| [[2013 Venezuelan presidential election|2013]]<br />[[2018 Venezuelan presidential election|2018]]<br />[[2024 Venezuelan presidential election|2024]]<br />{{small|([[2024 Venezuelan protests|Disputed]])}}
| 5 March 2013
| Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2013|3|5}}
| [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]]
|}

====Disputed====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg|30px|border]] President of the [[Venezuela|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]] [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg|25px]]
|-
! colspan="8" |{{legend2|#CCCCCC|[[Independent (politics)|Independent]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1) {{legend2|#FF9933|[[Popular Will]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1)
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br>{{refn|group=note|name=President}}
! Portrait
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
! Political party
|-
| style="background:#FF9933; color:white;"| —
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Juan Guaidó february 2020.jpg|100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Juan Guaidó]]<br />{{small|(born 1983)}}
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |23 January 2019
| rowspan="2" |5 January 2023
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|2019|January|23|2023|January|5}}
| [[Popular Will]]<br />{{small|(until 2020)}}
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};"|
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Unitary Platform}}; color:white;"| —
| [[File:Edmundo González 2024.jpg|100px]]
| [[Edmundo González Urrutia|Edmundo González]]<br />{{small|(born 1949)}}
| [[2024 Venezuelan presidential election|2024]]<br />{{small|([[2024 Venezuelan protests|Disputed]])}}
| 10 January 2025
| Incumbent
| {{Age in years and days|2025|January|10}}
| [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|}

====Acting====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[File:Flag of Venezuela (state).svg|30px|border]] President of the [[Venezuela|Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela]] [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela.svg|25px]]
|-
! colspan="8" |{{legend2|#CCCCCC|[[Independent (politics)|Independent]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1) {{legend2|#cc0000|[[Fifth Republic Movement]] |border=1px solid #AAAAAA}}(1)
|-
! {{Abbr|No.|Number}}<br>{{refn|group=note|name=President}}
! Portrait
! Name<br />{{small|(Birth–Death)}}
! Elected
! Took office
! Left office
! Time in office
! Political party
|-
| style="background:#CCCCCC; color:white;" | -
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Pedro Carmona 2002.png|100px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pedro Carmona]]<br />{{small|(born 1941)}}
| rowspan="2" |—
| rowspan="2" |12 April 2002
| rowspan="2" |13 April 2002
| rowspan="2" |{{Age in years and days|2002|April|12|2002|April|13}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
! style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}};" |
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}; color:white;" | —
| [[File:Diosdado Cabello 2013.jpg|100px]]
| [[Diosdado Cabello]]<br />{{small|(born 1963)}}
| —
| 13 April 2002
| 14 April 2002
| {{Age in years and days|2002|April|13|2002|April|14}}
| [[Fifth Republic Movement]]
|}

== Timeline ==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1050 height:auto barincrement:14
PlotArea  = top:3 bottom:120 right:150 left:20
AlignBars = late

Define $now = {{#time:Y}}

DateFormat = yyyy
Period     = from:1830 till:{{#expr:{{#time:Y}}+1}}
TimeAxis   = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1830
ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:2  start:1830

Colors     =
  id:conservative        value:rgb(0.93,0.16,0.22) legend:Conservative_Party
  id:liberal             value:rgb(1,0.84,0)       legend:Liberal_Party
  id:military            value:rgb(0.40,0.57,0.40) legend:None_(military)
  id:none                value:rgb(0.49,0.49,0.49) legend:None_(independent)
  id:democratic          value:rgb(0.32,0.35,0.65) legend:Democratic_Party
  id:democraticaction    value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)    legend:Democratic_Action
  id:copei               value:rgb(0.13,0.55,0.13) legend:Copei
  id:nationalconvergence value:rgb(0.68,1,0.18)    legend:National_Convergence
  id:frm                 value:rgb(0.9,0,0)        legend:Fifth_Republic_Movement
  id:psuv                value:rgb(0.8,0,0)        legend:United_Socialist_Party
  id:pw                  value:rgb(1,0.75,0)       legend:Popular_Will
  id:pud                 value:rgb(0.15,0.216,0.47)legend:Unitary_Platform

Legend     = columns:3 left:200 top:70 columnwidth:230
 
TextData =
  pos:(20,78) textcolor:black fontsize:M
  text:"Political parties:"

BarData =
  bar:JoséAntonioPáez
  bar:AndrésNarvarte
  bar:JoséMaríaVargas
  bar:JoséMaríaCarreño
  bar:CarlosSoublette
  bar:JoséTadeoMonagas
  bar:JoséGregorioMonagas
  bar:PedroGualEscandón
  bar:JuliánCastro
  bar:ManuelFelipedeTovar
  bar:JuanCrisóstomoFalcón
  bar:ManuelEzequielBruzual
  bar:GuillermoTellVillegas
  bar:JoséRupertoMonagas
  bar:AntonioGuzmánBlanco
  bar:FranciscoLinaresAlcántara
  bar:JoséGregorioValera
  bar:JoaquínCrespo
  bar:HermógenesLópez
  bar:JuanPabloRojasPaúl
  bar:RaimundoAnduezaPalacio
  bar:GuillermoTellVillegasPulido
  bar:IgnacioAndrade
  bar:CiprianoCastro
  bar:JuanVicenteGómez
  bar:JoséGilFortoul
  bar:VictorinoMárquezBustillos
  bar:JuanBautistaPérez
  bar:EleazarLópezContreras
  bar:IsaíasMedinaAngarita
  bar:RómuloBetancourt
  bar:RómuloGallegos
  bar:CarlosDelgadoChalbaud
  bar:GermánSuárezFlamerich
  bar:MarcosPérezJiménez
  bar:WolfgangLarrazábal
  bar:EdgarSanabria
  bar:RaúlLeoni
  bar:RafaelCaldera
  bar:CarlosAndrésPérez
  bar:LuisHerreraCampins
  bar:JaimeLusinchi
  bar:OctavioLepage
  bar:RamónJoséVelásquez
  bar:HugoChávez
  bar:NicolásMaduro
  bar:DiosdadoCabello
  bar:PedroCarmona
  bar:JuanGuaidó
  bar:EdmundoGonzález

PlotData=
  width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

  bar:JoséAntonioPáez
   from: 1830 till: 1835 color:conservative
   from: 1839 till: 1843 color:conservative
   from: 1861 till: 1863 color:military            text:"[[José Antonio Páez]]"
  bar:AndrésNarvarte
   from: 1835 till: 1835 color:conservative
   from: 1836 till: 1837 color:conservative        text:"[[Andrés Narvarte]]"
  bar:JoséMaríaVargas
   from: 1835 till: 1835 color:conservative
   from: 1835 till: 1836 color:conservative        text:"[[José María Vargas]]"
  bar:JoséMaríaCarreño
   from: 1835 till: 1835 color:conservative
   from: 1837 till: 1837 color:conservative        text:"[[José María Carreño]]"
  bar:CarlosSoublette
   from: 1837 till: 1839 color:conservative
   from: 1843 till: 1847 color:conservative        text:"[[Carlos Soublette]]"
  bar:JoséTadeoMonagas
   from: 1847 till: 1851 color:conservative
   from: 1855 till: 1858 color:liberal             text:"[[José Tadeo Monagas]]"
  bar:JoséGregorioMonagas
   from: 1851 till: 1855 color:liberal             text:"[[José Gregorio Monagas]]"
  bar:PedroGualEscandón
   from: 1858 till: 1858 color:liberal
   from: 1859 till: 1859 color:none
   from: 1861 till: 1861 color:liberal             text:"[[Pedro Gual Escandón]]"
  bar:JuliánCastro
   from: 1858 till: 1859 color:military            text:"[[Julián Castro (Venezuelan president)|Julián Castro]]"
  bar:ManuelFelipedeTovar
   from: 1859 till: 1861 color:liberal             text:"[[Manuel Felipe de Tovar]]"
  bar:JuanCrisóstomoFalcón
   from: 1863 till: 1868 color:military            text:"[[Juan Crisóstomo Falcón]]"
  bar:ManuelEzequielBruzual
   from: 1868 till: 1868 color:none                text:"[[Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual]]"
  bar:GuillermoTellVillegas
   from: 1868 till: 1869 color:liberal
   from: 1870 till: 1870 color:liberal
   from: 1892 till: 1892 color:liberal             text:"[[Guillermo Tell Villegas]]"
  bar:JoséRupertoMonagas
   from: 1869 till: 1870 color:military            text:"[[José Ruperto Monagas]]"
  bar:AntonioGuzmánBlanco
   from: 1870 till: 1877 color:liberal
   from: 1879 till: 1884 color:liberal
   from: 1886 till: 1887 color:liberal             text:"[[Antonio Guzmán Blanco]]"
  bar:FranciscoLinaresAlcántara
   from: 1877 till: 1878 color:liberal             text:"[[Francisco Linares Alcántara]]"
  bar:JoséGregorioValera
   from: 1878 till: 1879 color:liberal             text:"[[José Gregorio Valera]]"
  bar:JoaquínCrespo
   from: 1884 till: 1886 color:liberal
   from: 1892 till: 1898 color:military            text:"[[Joaquín Crespo]]"
  bar:HermógenesLópez
   from: 1887 till: 1888 color:none                text:"[[Hermógenes López]]"
  bar:JuanPabloRojasPaúl
   from: 1888 till: 1890 color:liberal             text:"[[Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl]]"
  bar:RaimundoAnduezaPalacio
   from: 1890 till: 1892 color:conservative        text:"[[Raimundo Andueza Palacio]]"
  bar:GuillermoTellVillegasPulido
   from: 1892 till: 1892 color:liberal             text:"[[Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido]]"
  bar:IgnacioAndrade
   from: 1898 till: 1899 color:liberal             text:"[[Ignacio Andrade]]"
  bar:CiprianoCastro
   from: 1899 till: 1908 color:military            text:"[[Cipriano Castro]]"
  bar:JuanVicenteGómez
   from: 1908 till: 1913 color:military
   from: 1922 till: 1929 color:military
   from: 1931 till: 1935 color:military            text:"[[Juan Vicente Gómez]]"
  bar:JoséGilFortoul
   from: 1913 till: 1914 color:none                text:"[[José Gil Fortoul]]"
  bar:VictorinoMárquezBustillos
   from: 1914 till: 1922 color:none                text:"[[Victorino Márquez Bustillos]]"
  bar:JuanBautistaPérez
   from: 1929 till: 1931 color:none                text:"[[Juan Bautista Pérez]]"
  bar:EleazarLópezContreras
   from: 1935 till: 1941 color:none                text:"[[Eleazar López Contreras]]"
  bar:IsaíasMedinaAngarita
   from: 1941 till: 1945 color:democratic          text:"[[Isaías Medina Angarita]]"
  bar:RómuloBetancourt
   from: 1945 till: 1948 color:democraticaction
   from: 1959 till: 1964 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Rómulo Betancourt]]"
  bar:RómuloGallegos
   from: 1948 till: 1948 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Rómulo Gallegos]]"
  bar:CarlosDelgadoChalbaud
   from: 1948 till: 1950 color:military            text:"[[Carlos Delgado Chalbaud]]"
  bar:GermánSuárezFlamerich
   from: 1950 till: 1952 color:none                text:"[[Germán Suárez Flamerich]]"
  bar:MarcosPérezJiménez
   from: 1952 till: 1958 color:military            text:"[[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]]"
  bar:WolfgangLarrazábal
   from: 1958 till: 1958 color:none                text:"[[Wolfgang Larrazábal]]"
  bar:EdgarSanabria
   from: 1958 till: 1959 color:none                text:"[[Edgar Sanabria]]"
  bar:RaúlLeoni
   from: 1964 till: 1969 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Raúl Leoni]]"
  bar:RafaelCaldera
   from: 1969 till: 1974 color:copei
   from: 1994 till: 1999 color:nationalconvergence text:"[[Rafael Caldera]]"
  bar:CarlosAndrésPérez
   from: 1974 till: 1979 color:democraticaction
   from: 1989 till: 1993 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Carlos Andrés Pérez]]"
  bar:LuisHerreraCampins
   from: 1979 till: 1984 color:copei               text:"[[Luis Herrera Campins]]"
  bar:JaimeLusinchi
   from: 1984 till: 1989 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Jaime Lusinchi]]"
  bar:OctavioLepage
   from: 1993 till: 1993 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Octavio Lepage]]"
  bar:RamónJoséVelásquez
   from: 1993 till: 1994 color:democraticaction    text:"[[Ramón José Velásquez]]"
  bar:HugoChávez
   from: 1999 till: 2007 color:frm
   from: 2007 till: 2013 color:psuv                text:"[[Hugo Chávez]]"
  bar:NicolásMaduro
   from: 2013 till: $now color:psuv                text:"[[Nicolás Maduro]]
  bar:DiosdadoCabello
   from: 2002 till: 2002 color:psuv                text:"[[Diosdado Cabello]]"
  bar:PedroCarmona
   from: 2002 till: 2002 color:none                text:"[[Pedro Carmona]]"
  bar:JuanGuaidó
   from: 2019 till: 2023 color:pw                  text:"[[Juan Guaidó]]"
  bar:EdmundoGonzález
   from: 2025 till: $now color:pud                 text:"[[Edmundo González]]"
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Venezuela|Politics}}
* [[List of current heads of state and government]]
* [[List of vice presidents of Venezuela]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319201106/http://www.venezuela.gov.ve/ Official portal for the President]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010625100419/http://www.gobiernoenlinea.ve/ Official government site (Government Online)]

{{Venezuela topics}}
{{Presidents of Venezuela}}
{{Years in Venezuela}}
{{South America topic|state=uncollapsed|prefix=List of presidents of|countries_only=yes}}
{{Heads of State of the South America}}

[[Category:Lists of national presidents|Venezuela]]
[[Category:Presidents of Venezuela| ]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in Venezuela|Presidents]]