View source for List of revived languages

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{{self-contradictory|date=April 2018}}<!--see talk page: Talk:List_of_revived_languages#Disputed-->
{{Language Endangerment status}}
A '''revived language''' is a language that at one point had no native speakers, but through [[Language revitalization|revitalization efforts]] has regained native speakers.

The most frequent reason for extinction is the marginalisation of local languages within a wider dominant [[nation state]], which might at times amount to outright political oppression. This process normally works alongside economic and cultural pressures for greater [[centralisation]] and [[assimilation (sociology)|assimilation]]. Once a language has become marginalised in this way, it is often perceived as being "useless" by its remaining speakers, who associate it with low social status and poverty, and consequently fail to pass it on to the next generation.

==Aboriginal Australian languages==
A great number of the original more than 250 [[Aboriginal Australian languages]], which include around 800 [[dialect]]s, have become extinct or nearly extinct since colonization. Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to revive many of these.<ref>{{cite web | title=Living languages | website=[[AIATSIS]] | url=https://aiatsis.gov.au/explore/living-languages | access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref> The national project known as [[First Languages Australia]] has {{as of|2021|lc=yes}} supported 39 of these under its Priority Languages Support Project, commissioned by the [[Australian Government|Federal Government]]. This project supports other language projects around the country as a funding body.<ref>{{cite web | title=Priority Languages Support Project | website=First Languages Australia | url=https://www.firstlanguages.org.au/projects/plsp | access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>  The [[Mobile Language Team]] in [[South Australia]] lists 46 languages or dialects on its website {{as of|lc=yes|April 2021}}, including [[Ngarrindjeri language|Ngarrindjeri]], [[Kaurna language|Kaurna]], [[Kokatha language|Kokatha]], [[Lower Arrernte]] and [[Pitjantjatjara language|Pitjantjatjara]], to name a few of the many languages on which it is working.<ref>{{cite web | title=Languages | website=Mobile Language Team | url=https://mobilelanguageteam.com.au/languages/ | access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>

Some of the languages being revived across the country are:

*[[Barngarla language|Barngarla]] (Parnkalla, Banggarla), the language of the [[Parnkalla people|Barngarla people]] on the [[Eyre Peninsula]], South Australia. It is being revived by [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] ([[University of Adelaide]]) and the Barngarla community, based on 170-year-old documents.
*[[Diyari language|Diyari]] is spoken in the far north of South Australia, to the east of [[Kati Thanda]] (Lake Eyre). Studies and translations by German Lutheran missionaries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries created an extensive written form. By the early 21st century, only a few fluent speakers of Diyari remained. However, by 2013 [[Peter Austin (linguist)|Peter K. Austin]] had produced a dictionary and grammar of the language, and as of 2019, there is a project under way to teach it in schools.{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}
*[[Kaurna language|Kaurna]] is the language of the [[Kaurna people]] of [[Adelaide]] and the [[Adelaide plains]] in South Australia. It is being revived by the [[Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi]], a committee of Kaurna [[Aboriginal elder|elders]] and youth, teachers, linguists and other researchers based at the University of Adelaide.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://adelaide.edu.au/kwp/ |title=Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi |access-date=18 April 2021}}</ref>
*[[Palawa kani]] is an attempt to revive various Tasmanian dialects in a single combined form. The original [[Tasmanian languages]], which may have numbered a dozen or more, became extinct in 1905 when the last native speaker died. As part of community efforts to retrieve as much of the original Tasmanian culture as possible, efforts are made to (re)construct a language for the [[Aboriginal Tasmanian]] community.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tacinc.com.au/programs/palawa-kani/|title=Palawa kani, the only Aboriginal language in lutruwita today|website= [[Tasmanian Aboriginal Centre]]}}</ref><ref name=Conversation>{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/explainer-how-tasmanias-aboriginal-people-reclaimed-a-language-palawa-kani-99764|title=Explainer: how Tasmania's Aboriginal people reclaimed a language, palawa kani|first=Kristyn|last=Harman|website=The Conversation|date=19 July 2018 }}</ref> Due to the scarcity of records, Palawa kani is being constructed as a composite of the estimated 6 to 12 original languages.<ref>{{AIATSIS|T16|Palawa kani}}</ref> Theresa Sainty and Jenny Longey were the first two "language workers" to work on the project in 1999.<ref name=Conversation/>

==Ainu==
{{Main|Ainu language}}
The [[Ainu language]] of the indigenous [[Ainu people]] of northern Japan is currently moribund, but efforts are underway to revive it. A 2006 survey of the [[Hokkaido]] Ainu indicated that only 4.6% of Ainu surveyed were able to converse in or "speak a little" Ainu.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TpdTRuAm8R4C&pg=PA219 |title=Cultural Diversity, Heritage and Human Rights: Intersections in Theory and Practice |first1=Michele |last1=Langfield |first2=William |last2=Logan |first3=Mairead Nic |last3=Craith |date=November 27, 2009 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=9780203863015 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> As of 2001, Ainu was not taught in any elementary or secondary schools in Japan, but was offered at numerous language centres and universities in Hokkaido, as well as at Tokyo's [[Chiba University]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oScUXmAkRXIC&pg=PA340 |title=Can Threatened Languages be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective |first=Joshua A. |last=Fishman |date=January 1, 2001 |publisher=Multilingual Matters |isbn=9781853594922 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

Despite this, there is an active movement to [[Language revitalization|revitalize]] the language, mainly in Hokkaido but also elsewhere such as [[Kantō region|Kanto]].{{sfnp|Martin|2011}} Ainu oral literature has been documented both in hopes of safeguarding it for future generations, as well as using it as a teaching tool for language learners.{{sfnp|Miyaoka|Sakiyama|Krauss|2007}} Beginning in 1987, the [[Ainu Association of Hokkaido]], with approximately 500 members,{{sfnp|Martin|2011}} began hosting 14 Ainu language classes, Ainu language instructors training courses and Family Ainu Learning Initiative{{sfnp|Gayman|2011}} and have released instructional materials on the language, including a textbook.{{sfnp|Miyaoka|Sakiyama|Krauss|2007}} Also, [[Yamato people|Yamato]] linguists teach Ainu and train students to become Ainu instructors in university.{{sfnp|Gayman|2011}} In spite of these efforts, {{as of|2011|lc=y}} the Ainu language was not yet taught as a subject in any secondary school in Japan.{{sfnp|Martin|2011}}

Due to the Ainu Cultural Promotion Act of 1997, Ainu dictionaries transformed and became tools for improving communication and preserving records of the Ainu language in order to revitalize the language and promote the culture.{{sfnp|Hansen|2014}} This act had aims to promote, disseminate, and advocate on behalf of Ainu cultural traditions.{{sfnp|Teeter|Okazaki|2011}} The main issue with this act however, was that not a single Ainu person was included in the "Expert" meetings prior to the law's passage, and as a result of this there was no mention of language education and how it should be carried out.{{sfnp|Teeter|Okazaki|2011}} The focus at this point was on Ainu culture revitalization rather than Ainu language revitalization.

As of 2011, there has been an increasing number of second-language learners, especially in Hokkaido, in large part due to the pioneering efforts of the late Ainu folklorist, activist and former [[Japanese Diet|Diet]] member [[Shigeru Kayano]], himself a native speaker, who first opened an Ainu language school in 1987 funded by [[Ainu Kyokai]].{{sfnp|Teeter|Okazaki|2011}} The [[Ainu Association of Hokkaido]] is the main supporter of Ainu culture in Hokkaido.{{sfnp|Martin|2011}} Ainu language classes have been conducted in some areas in Japan and small numbers of young people are learning Ainu. Efforts have also been made to produce web-accessible materials for conversational Ainu because most documentation of the Ainu language focused on the recording of folktales.{{sfnp|Bugaeva|2010}} The Ainu language has been in media as well; the first Ainu radio program was called ''FM Pipaushi'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=FM Pipaushi |url=https://tunein.com/radio/FM-Pipaushi-p323895/ |website=TuneIn |language=English |date= |access-date=}}</ref> which has run since 2001 along with 15-minute radio Ainu language lessons funded by FRPAC,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.frpac.or.jp/web/english/ |title=FRPAC |work=www.frpac.or.jp |access-date=23 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214183443/https://www.frpac.or.jp/web/english/ |archive-date=14 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and newspaper ''[[Ainu Times|The Ainu Times]]'' has been established since 1997.{{sfnp|Teeter|Okazaki|2011}} In 2016, a radio course was broadcast by the STVradio Broadcasting to introduce Ainu language. The course put extensive efforts in promoting the language, creating 4 text books in each season throughout the year.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the changing world language map. Volume 1 |author1=Brunn, Stanley D. |author2=Kehrein, Roland |isbn=978-3-030-02438-3 |location=Cham, Switzerland |oclc=1125944248}}</ref>

In addition, the Ainu language has been seen in public domains such as the outlet shopping complex's name, {{transliteration|ain|Rera}}, which means 'wind', in the [[Minami-Chitose Station|Minami Chitose]] area and the name {{transliteration|ain|Pewre}}, meaning 'young', at a shopping centre in the [[Chitose, Hokkaido|Chitose]] area. There is also a basketball team in [[Sapporo]] founded under the name {{transliteration|ain|Rera Kamuy Hokkaido}}, after {{transliteration|ain|rera kamuy}} 'god of the wind' (its current name is [[Levanga Hokkaido]]).{{sfnp|Martin|2011}} The well-known Japanese fashion magazine's name {{transliteration|ain|[[Non-no]]}} means 'flower' in Ainu.

Another Ainu language revitalization program is Urespa, a university program to educate high-level persons on the language of the Ainu. The effort is a collaborative and cooperative program for individuals wishing to learn about Ainu languages. This includes performances which focus on the Ainu and their language, instead of using the dominant Japanese language.{{sfnp|Uzawa|2019}}

Another form of Ainu language revitalization is an annual national competition, which is Ainu language-themed. People of many differing demographics are often encouraged to take part in the contest. Since 2017, the popularity of the contest has increased.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kitahara|first=Jirota|title=Being Indigenous: Perspectives on Activism, Culture, Language and Identity|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|isbn=9780429454776|editor-last=Greymorning|editor-first=Neyooxet|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/e/9780429454776|pages=198|chapter=Current Status of Ainu Cultural Revitalization}}</ref>

On 15 February 2019, Japan approved a bill to recognize the Ainu language for the first time<ref>{{Cite news|date=15 February 2019|title=Japan to Recognize Indigenous Ainu People for First Time|work=Japan Times Online|agency=AFP-JiJi|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/15/national/japan-recognize-indigenous-ainu-people-first-time/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216230215/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/02/15/national/japan-recognize-indigenous-ainu-people-first-time/|archive-date=16 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Denyer|first=Simon|date=16 February 2019|title=Japan Prepares Law to Finally Recognize and Protect its Indigenous Ainu People|newspaper=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/japan-prepares-law-to-finally-recognize-and-protect-its-indigenous-ainu-people/2019/02/15/2c85a0d8-3113-11e9-ac6c-14eea99d5e24_story.html}}</ref> and enacted the law on 19 April 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2019/04/19/national/japan-enacts-law-recognize-ainu-indigenous-despite-criticism-ethnic-group/|date=19 April 2019|title=Japan enacts law recognizing Ainu as indigenous, but activists say it falls short of U.N. declaration|access-date=30 June 2022|work=Japan Times Online}}</ref>

Outside of Japan, there have also been efforts to revive the Ainu culture and language in other countries, including [[Australia]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://jpf.org.au/senseis-voices/ainu-toytoy/ | title=Ainu ToyToy ようこそ |last=Whittle |first=Margo |website=Japan Foundation |lang=en-AU |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409153307/https://jpf.org.au/senseis-voices/ainu-toytoy/ |archive-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> and [[Russia]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Russian-Ainu-leader-calls-for-greater-respect2 | title=Russian Ainu leader calls for greater respect |website=Nikkei |place=Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia |date=3 March 2017 |last=Tanaka |first=Takayuki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007091134/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Russian-Ainu-leader-calls-for-greater-respect2 |archive-date=7 October 2023}}</ref>

In 2019, researchers working together from both the Society for Academic Research of Ainu (SARC), representatives from Hokkaido University, and with the assistance of linguists spanning multiple universities and countries assisted in the creation of AI Pirika, an AI created with the goal of assisting with speech recognition and serving as a conversation partner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Linguistic Revival: How Japan Restored the Native Ainu Language with 'AI Pirika' |last=Blanks |first=Keona |url=https://stanfordrewired.com/post/japan-restored-ainu-ai-pirika/ |access-date=26 March 2023 |website=stanfordrewired.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022041147/https://stanfordrewired.com/post/japan-restored-ainu-ai-pirika |archive-date=22 October 2021}}</ref>

On 12 July 2020, the Japanese government opened the [[National Ainu Museum]] in [[Shiraoi, Hokkaido|Shiraoi]], [[Hokkaido]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 July 2020 |title=National Ainu Museum opens in Hokkaido after COVID-19 delay |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2020/07/12/national/national-ainu-museum-opens/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=The Japan Times |place=Sapporo |language=en-US}}</ref> It forms one of three institutions named Upopoy (which means 'singing in a large group' in the Ainu language) alongside the National Ainu Park and a memorial site on high ground on the east side of Lake Poroto (ポロト湖) where Ainu services are held. Its director, Masahiro Nomoto, says that "One of our main objectives is to preserve and revive the language, as this is one of the most threatened elements of [[Ainu culture]]".<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bassetti |first1=Francesco |last2=Budgen |first2=Mara |date=1 April 2023 |title=Ainu culture at the heart of Hokkaido's mindful tourism pivot |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2023/04/01/lifestyle/ainu-culture-upopoy-museum-shiraoi/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

Announcements on some bus routes in Hokkaido can since be heard in Ainu, efforts are being undertaken to archive Ainu speech recordings by the [[Agency for Cultural Affairs]], and there is a popular educational [[Youtube channel|YouTube channel]] which teaches conversational Ainu.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=21 February 2022 |title=Efforts underway to save Ainu language and culture |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/2022/02/21/special-supplements/efforts-underway-save-ainu-language-culture/ |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cornish==
{{Main|Cornish language revival}}
[[File:Origo Mundi kynsa gwersow.jpg|thumb|right|The opening verses of ''Origo Mundi'', the first play of the [[Ordinalia]] (the ''[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]'' of medieval Cornish literature), written by an unknown monk in the late 14th century]]
[[Cornish language|Cornish]] was once spoken in the county of [[Cornwall]] until it became extinct as a spoken language in the late 18th century. The language had been in decline since the 14th century and by the time of the death of the last fluent speakers, was only spoken in the western fringes of the county. [[Dolly Pentreath]] (d. 1777) is believed to have been the last speaker of the language. [[Cornish literature|Literature]] from the Medieval and Tudor periods, and fragments, including grammars, from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries survived, which enabled Cornish to be reconstructed by a small group of Celtic enthusiasts in the 20th century as part of the [[Celtic Revival]]. These Cornish language revivalists borrowed heavily from Welsh and Breton in order to aid in the creation of the modern Cornish language. The reconstruction of the language was known for disputes over orthography during the late 20th century, until a [[Standard Written Form]] was agreed upon in 2008. The number of Cornish speakers is difficult to estimate, but it is believed that some 500 individuals have a degree of fluency in the language. The language is now taught in some schools in Cornwall. In 2010,  UNESCO reclassified the language from "extinct" to "critically endangered".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-11935464|title=BBC News - Cornish language no longer extinct, says UN|work=BBC News|date=7 December 2010|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>

==Hebrew==
{{Main|Revival of the Hebrew language|Modern Hebrew}}

[[File:HavivSchool03.jpg|thumb|250px|First Hebrew school in Rishon Lezion]]

[[Hebrew]] was revived as a spoken language two millennia after it ceased to be spoken (although it was always used as a written language), and is considered a language revival "success story". Although used in liturgy,  and to a limited extent commerce,  it was extinct as a language used in everyday life until its revival. Hebrew was considered archaic or too sacred for day-to-day communication, although it was, in fact, used as an international language between Jews who had no other common tongue; several Hebrew-medium newspapers were in circulation around Europe at the beginning of the 19th century, and a number of Zionist conferences were conducted exclusively in Hebrew. Starting in the late 19th century,  it was revived as an everyday spoken language as part of the emerging Zionist movement. [[Eliezer Ben-Yehuda]] largely spearheaded the revival efforts, and his son [[Itamar Ben-Avi]] was raised as the first native Hebrew speaker since Hebrew's extinction as an everyday language. Hebrew is now the primary official language of [[Israel]], and the most commonly spoken language there.<ref>{{cite book |surname=Bar-Adon |given=Aaron |title=The Rise and Decline of a Dialect: A Study in the Revival of Modern Hebrew |year=1975 |publisher=Mouton |url={{Google books|mC80vwEACAAJ|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |isbn=9783111803661}}</ref> It is spoken by over 9,000,000 people today.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=8065 |title=A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew |website=Israelhayom.com |accessdate=2017-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104001556/http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=8065 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Most of them live in Israel or are Israeli expatriates, but many in [[Judaism|Jewish]] communities outside Israel have undertaken its study.

==Livonian==
{{Main|Livonian language revival}}
[[Livonian language|Livonian]] is a Finnic language spoken in [[Latvia]].  It is one of the three languages (along with Manx and Cornish) listed as revived by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.<ref>UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</ref>

==Manchu==
Since the 1980s, there have been increased efforts to revive the Manchu language. Revival movements are linked to the reconstruction of ethnic Manchu identity in the Han-dominated country. The Manchus mainly lead the revival efforts, with support from the [[China|PRC]] state, [[NGOs]] and international efforts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=Identity reproducers beyond the grassroots: The middle class in the Manchu revival since 1980s|journal=Asian Ethnicity|volume=6}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Facing the Decline of Minority Languages: The New Patterns of Education of Mongols and Manchus|journal=The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities}}</ref>

Revivalism began in the post-[[Mao Zedong|Mao]] era when non-Han ethnic expression was allowed. By the 1980s, Manchus had become the second largest [[Ethnic minorities in China|minority group in China]]. People began to reveal their ethnic identities that had been hidden due to 20th century unrests and the fall of the [[Qing dynasty|Qing Empire]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Language revival was one method the growing numbers of Manchus used in order to reconstruct their lost ethnic identity. Language represented them and set them apart from other minority groups in the "[[Ethnic minorities in China|plurality of ethnic cultures]] within one united culture". Another reason for revivalism lay in the archives of the Qing Empire–a way to translate and resolve historical conflicts between the Manchus and the state.<ref name=":0" /> Lastly, the people wanted to regain their language for the rituals and communication to their ancestors–many shamans do not understand the words they use.<ref name=":1" />

Manchu associations can be found across the country, including [[Hong Kong]], as well as [[Taiwan]], which is under the administration of the Republic of China. Consisting of mostly Manchus and Mongols, they act as the link between the people, their ethnic leaders and the state.<ref name=":0" />

NGOs provide large support through "Manchu classes". Manchu is now taught in certain primary schools as well as in universities.<ref name=":1" /> [[Heilongjiang University]] Manchu language research center in no.74, Xuefu Road, [[Harbin]], listed Manchu as an [[academic major]]. It is taught there as a tool for reading Qing-dynasty archival documents.<ref name=wsj>{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB125452110732160485
|date=5 October 2009|title=In China, the Forgotten Manchu Seek to Rekindle Their Glory
|periodical=The Wall Street Journal|author= Ian Johnson|access-date=5 October 2009}}</ref> In 2009 ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that the language is offered (as an elective) in one university, one public middle school, and a few private schools.<ref name=wsj/> There are also other Manchu volunteers in many places of China who freely teach Manchu in the desire to rescue the language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mzb.com.cn/zgmzb/html/2011-07/29/content_78793.htm |title=China Nationality Newspaper: the Rescue of Manchu Language (simplified Chinese) |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061247/http://www.mzb.com.cn/zgmzb/html/2011-07/29/content_78793.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml |title=iFeng: Jin Biao's 10-Year Dream of Manchu Language (traditional Chinese) |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125220202/http://big5.ifeng.com/gate/big5/news.ifeng.com/gundong/detail_2011_12/12/11251077_0.shtml |archive-date=25 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://i.syd.com.cn/content/2011-12/05/content_25882720.htm |title=Shenyang Daily: Young Man Teaches Manchu For Free To Rescue the Language (simplified Chinese) |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513190300/http://i.syd.com.cn/content/2011-12/05/content_25882720.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/node_17.htm|title=Beijing Evening News: the Worry of Manchu language (simplified Chinese)|date=13 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513105009/http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/node_17.htm|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Thousands of non-Manchu speakers have learned the language through these measures.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/178/3607178.shtml |title=Northeastern News: Don't let Manchu language and scripts become a sealed book (simplified Chinese) |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228235225/http://liaoning.nen.com.cn/liaoning/178/3607178.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/content_55839.htm|title=Beijing Evening News: 1980s Generation's Rescue Plan of Manchu Language (simplified Chinese)|date=13 May 2013|website=bjwb.bjd.com.cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513094153/http://bjwb.bjd.com.cn/html/2012-03/03/content_55839.htm|archive-date=13 May 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref> Despite the efforts of NGOs, they tend to lack support from high-level government and politics.<ref name=":1" />

The state also runs programs to revive minority cultures and languages. [[Deng Xiaoping]] promoted bilingual education. However, many programs are not suited to the ethnic culture or to passing knowledge to the younger generations. If the programs were created via "top-down political processes" the locals tend to look at them with distrust. But if they were formed via specialized governmental organizations, they fare better. According to [[Katarzyna Golik]]:<ref name=":1" /><blockquote>In [[Mukden]], the historical Manchurian capital, there is a [[Shenyang Manchu Association]] ({{lang|zh|沈阳市满族联谊会}}) which is active in promoting Manchurian culture. The Association publishes books about Manchurian folklore and history and its activities are run independently from the local government. Among the various classes of the Manchurian language and calligraphy some turned out to be a success. Beijing has the biggest and most wealthy Beijing Daxing Regency Manchu Association ({{lang|zh-hans|北京大兴御苑满族联谊会}}). (pp100-101)</blockquote>Other support can be found internationally and on the [[Internet]]. Post-[[Cultural Revolution]] reform allowed for international studies to be done in China. The dying language and ethnic culture of Manchus gained attention, providing local support.<ref name=":0" /> Websites facilitate communication of language classes or articles.<ref name=":1" /> Younger generations also spread and promote their unique identity through popular Internet media.<ref name=":0" />

Despite the increased efforts to revive the Manchu language, there are many obstacles standing in the way. Even with increased awareness, many Manchus choose to give up their language, some opting to learn Mongolian instead. Manchu language is still thought of as a foreign language in a Han-dominated Chinese speaking country.<ref name=":1" /> Obstacles are also found when gaining recognition from the state. Resistance through censorship prevented the performing of [[Banjin festivals]], a festival in recognition of a new reconstructed Manchu identity, in Beijing.<ref name=":0" />

==Manx==
{{Main|Manx language}}
[[File:Manx-museum.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Use of Manx on the national museum; note the smaller font size of the Manx.]]

Manx is a language spoken in the [[Isle of Man]], which is in the [[Irish Sea]], between Scotland, England, Ireland and Wales. Manx ceased to function as a community language during the first quarter of the 20th century, but was revived by enthusiasts at a time when there were still a number of native speakers alive. Although at one point no native speakers of the language were alive and it may have been officially classified as "dead" in 1975, the revival appears to have gained strength in recent years. There is a regular programme in Manx on [[Manx Radio]]. The grammar, spelling and pronunciation reference book on the Manx Gaelic language, ''Practical Manx'' by [[Jennifer Kewley Draskau]] was published in 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-10-15 |title=Guide book boosts Manx language |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/mobile/europe/isle_of_man/7671300.stm |access-date=2025-01-23 |language=en-GB}}</ref> As of 2012 there were sixty-nine pupils undergoing their education through the medium of Manx at the {{lang|gv|[[Bunscoill Ghaelgagh]]}}.

== Native American languages ==
Some languages being revived across the Americas are:

* [[Mutsun language|Mutsun]]: Mutsun is one of the eight [[Ohlone languages]] originally spoken in the [[San Juan Bautista, California]] area. The last fluent speaker, Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes, died in 1930.<ref name="Mutsun Grammar">{{cite web|last1=Okrand|first1=Marc|title=Mutsun Grammar|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/okrand-1977.pdf}}</ref> The contemporary tribe, {{ill|Amah Mutsun|qid=Q111585476}} tribal band, is working to revive the language using the notes of linguist [[John Peabody Harrington]]. The Mutsun language has a program to teach it to tribal members and a dictionary is being planned. The initial member to galvanize the language revitalization is Quirina Geary.<ref name="Mutsun language revitalization">{{cite web|title=Mutsun Language Revitalization|url=http://www.u.arizona.edu/~nwarner/publications/IJSL-resub-Warner_etal.pdf|website=u.arizona.edu|access-date=2016-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309125922/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~nwarner/publications/IJSL-resub-Warner_etal.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-09|url-status=dead}}</ref> Immersion into the language is planned in books, songs, and games<ref name="Reading Dr. Seuss in Mutsun">{{cite web|last1=Shulman|first1=Robert|title=Reading Dr. Seuss in Mutsun|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-aug-13-me-33747-story.html|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=13 August 2001 }}</ref> [[Rumsen language|Rumsen]] and [[Chochenyo language|Chochenyo]] are the other two Costanoan languages being revived along with Mutsun.
* [[Massachusett language|Wampanoag]]: In the 21st century, [[Massachusett language|Wampanoag]] became the first [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American language]] in the United States to be revived, with young children brought up in the language.<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/video/pbs-newshour-we-still-live-here-details-effort-to-restore-wampanoag/ '' 'We Still Live Here' Details Effort to Restore Wampanoag.''] [[PBS Newshour]], 10 November 2011.</ref>
* [[Chochenyo language|Chochenyo]]: The [[Ohlone#Present day|Muwekma Ohlone Tribe]] of California has revitalized the Chochenyo language, which was last spoken in the 1930s.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news
 |last        = Ron Russell
 |title       = The Little Tribe That Could. As descendants of San Francisco's aboriginal people, the Muwekma Ohlone Indian tribe seldom gets much respect. But that could be about to change.
 |work        = SF Weekly
 |accessdate  = 2012-07-24
 |date        = 2007-03-28
 |url         = http://www.sfweekly.com/2007-03-28/news/the-little-tribe-that-could/print/
 |url-status     = dead
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120827025916/http://www.sfweekly.com/2007-03-28/news/the-little-tribe-that-could/print/
 |archivedate = 2012-08-27
}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news
| last = Kathleen Maclay
| title = 06.04.2004 - Conferences focus on saving native languages
| work = UC Berkeley News
| accessdate = 2012-07-23
| date = 2004-06-04
| url = http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/06/04_chocenyo.shtml
}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=http://www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Alumni/Cal_Monthly/September_2004/A_faith_in_words.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404221853/http://www.alumni.berkeley.edu/Alumni/Cal_Monthly/September_2004/A_faith_in_words.asp|title=California magazine|archivedate=4 April 2008|publisher=|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref> As of 2009, many students were able to carry on conversations in Chochenyo.<ref name=":3">
{{cite web
| title = Ethnologue report for language code: cst
| accessdate = 2012-07-24
| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=cst
}}</ref>

* [[Miami-Illinois language|Miami-Illinois/Irenwa]]: The Myaamia (Miami) Nation of Indiana still practice and use their native heritage to teach young and old so they can keep their traditional language alive. Many Miami members have described the language as "sleeping" rather than "extinct" since it was not irretrievably lost. The revitalization effort is based on the work of linguist David Costa. Based on his extensive studies, he published ''The Miami-Illinois Language'' in 1994 as his Ph.D. dissertation and as a book in 2003. The book reconstructs the structure of Miami-Illinois.

The Myaamia Center is a joint venture between the tribe and [[Miami University]]. The Center seeks to "deepen Myaamia connections through research, education, and outreach." It is directed by [[Daryl Baldwin]], who taught himself Miami from historic documents and studies held by the [[National Anthropological Archives|Smithsonian's National Anthropological Archives]], and has developed educational programs. Baldwin's children were raised as native speakers of Miami. Center staff develop language and culture resources using material that is often from translated missionary documents.

Published language and culture resources include:

* a children's book of Miami language and culture;
* an audio CD set with vocabulary, phrases, conversation, and the Miami origin story and a companion text; and
* a compilation of traditional stories from the Miami and Peoria tribes, recorded in the early 20th century when the language's last native speakers were alive.

A related project at Miami University concerns [[ethnobotany]], which "pairs Miami-language plant names with elders' descriptions of traditional plant-gathering techniques."

==Old Prussian==

A few linguists and philologists are involved in reviving a reconstructed form of the extinct [[Old Prussian language]] from Luther's catechisms, the Elbing Vocabulary, place names, and Prussian loanwords in the [[Low Prussian dialect]] of [[Low German]]. Several dozen people use the language in [[Lithuania]], [[Kaliningrad]], and [[Poland]], including a few children who are natively bilingual.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szatkowski |first1=Piotr |title=Language practices in a family of Prussian language revivalists: Conclusions based on short-term participants observation |journal=Pismo Humanistów |date=2021 |volume=18 |issue=2626 |doi=10.11649/a.0000 |doi-broken-date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

The Prusaspirā Society has published its translation of [[Antoine de Saint-Exupéry]]'s ''[[The Little Prince]]''. The book was translated by Piotr Szatkowski (Pīteris Šātkis) and released in 2015.<ref>[http://culture.pl/en/article/little-prince-published-in-prussian "Little Prince Published in Prussian"], Culture.PL, 2015/02/17</ref> The other efforts of Baltic Prussian societies include the development of online dictionaries, learning apps and games. There also have been several attempts to produce music with lyrics written in the revived Baltic Prussian language, most notably in the Kaliningrad Oblast by [[Romowe Rikoito]],<ref>{{Cite web |title= ROMOWE RIKOITO - Undēina |publisher= Dangus |url=http://www.dangus.net/releases/albumai/043_RomoweRikoito.htm |access-date= 29 August 2014}}</ref> Kellan and Āustras Laīwan, but also in Lithuania by [[Kūlgrinda (band)|Kūlgrinda]] in their 2005 album ''Prūsų Giesmės'' (Prussian Hymns),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senoji prūsų kalba atgimsta naujausioje grupės KŪLGRINDA plokštelėje |trans-title=The old Prussian language is revived in the latest album of the group KŪLGRINDA |language=lt |publisher=Dangus |url=http://www.dangus.net/news/nauja418.htm |access-date= 29 August 2014}}</ref> and in [[Latvia]] by Rasa Ensemble in 1988<ref>{{cite book |title=The Power of Song: Nonviolent National Culture in the Baltic Singing Revolution |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_TfOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |last=Smidchens |first=Guntis |publisher=[[University of Washington Press]] |isbn=978-0-295-99310-2 |year=2014 |page=12 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> and [[Valdis Muktupāvels]] in his 2005 [[oratorio]] "Pārcēlātājs Pontifex" featuring several parts sung in Prussian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oratorio |url=http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/oratorio.htm |access-date=29 August 2014}}</ref>

Important in this revival was [[Vytautas Mažiulis]], who died on 11 April 2009, and his pupil [[Letas Palmaitis]], leader of the experiment and author of the website ''Prussian Reconstructions''.<ref>[http://donelaitis.vdu.lt/prussian/index.htm Prussian Reconstructions]</ref> Two late contributors were Prāncis Arellis ([[:lt:Pranciškus Erelis|Pranciškus Erelis]]), Lithuania, and Dailūns Russinis ([[Dailonis Rusiņš]]), Latvia. After them, [[Twankstas Glabbis]] from [[Kaliningrad oblast]] and [[Nērtiks Pamedīns]] from East-Prussia, now Polish [[Warmian–Masurian Voivodeship|Warmia-Masuria]] actively joined.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==Polabian==
{{main|Polabian language}}
Polabian, the extinct [[West Slavic language]] of the former [[East Germany]], and spoken as a vernacular until the 18th century, has been revived in the 21st century with at least 5 known L2 speakers. An entire Polabian dictionary has been published by a Polish website.<ref>{{cite web |title= Słownik nowopołabsko-polski |url= https://jezykotw.webd.pl/wiki/Słownik_nowopołabsko-polski}}</ref>

==Sanskrit==
{{main|Sanskrit revival}}[[Modern Sanskrit]] is spoken in around four villages in India. The [[Mattur]] village in central [[Karnataka]], [[Shimoga]] district claims to have native speakers of Sanskrit among its population. Historically the village was given by King [[Krishnadevaraya]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] to Vedic scholars and their families. People in his kingdom spoke [[Kannada]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155817/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-13/india/27856220_1_sanskrit-vedic-scholar-kysar-khan This village speaks gods language] 13 Aug 2005 [[Times of India]] Retrieved on September 14, 2008</ref>
[[Jhiri]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] is another village claimed to have native Sanskrit speakers.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/the-jhiri-village-in-madhya-pradesh-where-everyone-speaks-only-in-sanskrit-4746185.html | title=The Jhiri Village in Madhya Pradesh Where Everyone Speaks Only in Sanskrit | date=7 February 2022 }}</ref>

==Soyot==
{{main|Soyot-Tsaatan language}}
The language of the small-numbered [[Soyot]]s in [[Buryatia]], [[Russia]], one of [[Siberian Turkic languages]], has been [[language revival|reconstructed]]{{Citation needed|date=July 2024|reason=There were speakers of Soyot in the 1990s.}} and a Soyot-Buryat-Russian dictionary was published in 2002. The language is currently taught in some primary schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lingsib.iea.ras.ru/en/languages/soiot.shtml |author=Rassadin, V.I. |title=The Soyot Language |work=Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |access-date=2021-07-18}}</ref>

==Yola==
{{main|Yola language}}
Yola, a sister language to English and Scots which was spoken in [[County Wexford]], [[Ireland]], became extinct in the mid-19th century, but it has undergone a small attempted revitalization and revival movement. The "Gabble Ing Yola" resource center for Yola materials claims there are approximately 140 speakers of the Yola language today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many speakers of Yola are there now? |url=https://sites.google.com/view/gabble-ing-yola/faq |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Gabble Ing Yola |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Language death]]
*[[Language revitalization]]
*[[Language policy]]
*[[Minority language]]
*[[Regional language]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Revived Languages}}
[[Category:Lists of languages|Revived]]
[[Category:Language revival|*]]