View source for Liverpool

{{Short description|City in Merseyside, England}}
{{About|the city in England|the namesake football club|Liverpool F.C.|other uses|Liverpool (disambiguation)}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Liverpool
| settlement_type    = [[City status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[metropolitan borough]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple images | border=infobox | perrow = 1/2/2/2 | total_width=270px | align = center
| image1 = Pier Head, Liverpool - geograph.org.uk - 3059094.jpg
|caption1= [[Pier Head]] {{ndash}} the Three Graces
| image2 = Royal Albert Dock from Mermaid Court.jpg
| caption2 = [[Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]]
| image3 = Mersey Ferries.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mersey Ferries]]
| image4 = St George's Hall, Liverpool (2023) (2).jpg
| caption4 = [[St George's Hall, Liverpool|St George's Hall]]
| image5 = Liverpool Town Hall - 2013-03-25 (2).JPG
| caption5 = [[Liverpool Town Hall|Town Hall]]
| image6 = Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral at dusk (reduced grain), corrected perspective.jpg
| caption6 = [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]]
| image7 = LIVERPOOL ANGLICAN CATHEDRAL SEP2012 (7916053494).jpg
| caption7 = [[Liverpool Cathedral|Anglican Cathedral]]
}}
| imagesize          = 
| image_alt          = 
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = 
| flag_alt           = 
| image_seal         = 
| seal_alt           = 
| image_shield       = Coat of arms of Liverpool City Council.svg
| shield_alt         = 
| shield_link        = Coat of arms of Liverpool
| etymology          = 
| motto              = {{langx |la|Deus Nobis Haec Otia Fecit |translation=God has granted us this ease}}
| image_map          = Liverpool UK locator map.svg
| mapsize            = 
| map_alt            = 
| map_caption        = Liverpool shown within [[Merseyside]]
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_alt    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = 
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_label_position = 
| coordinates        = {{Wikidatacoord|Q24826|region:GB_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint      = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type   = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name   = [[United Kingdom]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Country]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[England]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Regions of England|Region]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[North West England|North West]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Merseyside]]
| subdivision_type4  = [[Historic counties of England|Historic county]]
| subdivision_name4  = [[Lancashire]]
| subdivision_type5  = [[City region (United Kingdom)|City region]]
| subdivision_name5  = [[Liverpool City Region|Liverpool]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 1207
| established_title1 = City status
| established_date1  = 1880
| established_title2 = [[Metropolitan borough]]
| established_date2  = [[Local Government Act 1972|1 April 1974]]
| named_for          = 
| seat_type          = Administrative HQ
| seat               = [[Cunard Building]]
| parts              = <!-- Government -->
| government_footnotes = <ref name="Council leadership">{{cite web|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/|title=Council|website=[[Liverpool City Council]]|access-date=16 December 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216133028/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| government_type    = [[Metropolitan borough]]
| governing_body     = [[Liverpool City Council]]
| leader_title       = [[Executive arrangements|Executive]]
| leader_name        = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leader and cabinet]]
| leader_title1      = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom|Control]]
| leader_name1       = {{English district control|GSS=E08000012}}
| leader_title2      = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leader]]
| leader_name2       = [[Liam Robinson (politician)|Liam Robinson]] ([[Labour and Co-operative Party|L]])
| leader_title3      = [[Lord Mayor of Liverpool|Lord Mayor]]
| leader_name3       = Barbara Murray
| leader_title4      = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MPs]]
| leader_name4       = {{Collapsible list | title = 5 MPs
 | [[Paula Barker]] ([[Labour Party (UK)|L]])
 | [[Ian Byrne]] (L)
 | [[Dan Carden]] (L)
 | [[Maria Eagle]] (L)
 | [[Kim Johnson (politician)|Kim Johnson]] (L)
 }}
<!-- Area -->| unit_pref          = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->
| area_footnotes     = <ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation|area }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 134
| area_land_km2      = {{English district area|GSS=E08000012}}
| area_water_km2     = 
| area_rank          = [[List of English districts by area|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000012}}]]
<!-- Population -->| population_footnotes = <ref name="popstats">{{United Kingdom district population citation }}</ref>
| population_as_of   = {{English statistics year}}
| population_total   = {{English district population|GSS=E08000012}}
| population_rank    = [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS=E08000012}}]]
| population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000012}}
| population_demonym = {{unbulleted list | Liverpudlian | Scouser ([[Colloquialism|colloq.]]) }}
<!-- demographics (section 1) -->| demographics_type1 = Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">([[2021 United Kingdom census|2021]])</span>
| demographics1_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis">{{NOMIS2021|id=E08000012|title=Liverpool Local Authority|access-date=8 August 2023 }}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic groups]]
| demographics1_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 84.0% [[White people in the United Kingdom|White]]
 | 5.7% [[British Asians|Asian]]
 | 3.5% [[Black British people|Black]]
 | 3.5% [[Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)|Mixed]]
 | 3.3% [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|other]]
 }}
<!-- demographics (section 2) -->| demographics_type2 = Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span>
| demographics2_footnotes = <ref name="2021 Nomis"/>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Religion in England|Religion]]
| demographics2_info1 = {{Collapsible list
 | 57.3% [[Religion in England#Christianity|Christianity]]
 | 29.4% [[Irreligion in the United Kingdom|no religion]]
 | 5.3% [[Islam in England|Islam]]
 | 0.8% [[Hinduism in England|Hinduism]]
 | 0.4% [[Buddhism in England|Buddhism]]
 | 0.4% [[History of the Jews in England|Judaism]]
 | 0.1% [[Sikhism in England|Sikhism]]
 | 0.4% [[Religion in England|other]]
 | 5.9% not stated
 }}
| timezone1          = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]
| utc_offset1        = +0
| timezone1_DST      = [[British Summer Time|BST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +1
<!-- Codes -->| postal_code_type   = [[Postcodes in the United Kingdom|Postcode area]]
| postal_code        = [[L postcode area|L]]
| area_code_type     = [[Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom|Dialling code]]
| area_code          = 0151
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-LIV]]
| blank1_name        = [[GSS coding system|GSS code]]
| blank1_info        = E08000012
| website            = {{URL|liverpool.gov.uk}}
| parts_type         = Districts of the city
| p1                 = [[Aigburth]]
| p2                 = [[Allerton, Liverpool|Allerton]]
| p3                 = [[Anfield (suburb)|Anfield]]
| p4                 = [[Belle Vale, Liverpool|Belle Vale]]
| p5                 = [[Broadgreen]]
| p6                 = [[Canning, Liverpool|Canning]]
| p7                 = [[Childwall]]
| p8                 = [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Chinatown]]
| p9                 = [[Liverpool city centre|City Centre]]
| p10                = [[Clubmoor]]
| p11                = [[Croxteth]]
| p12                = [[Dingle, Liverpool|Dingle]]
| p13                = [[Dovecot, Liverpool|Dovecot]]
| p14                = [[Edge Hill, Liverpool|Edge Hill]]
| p15                = [[Everton, Liverpool|Everton]]
| p16                = [[Fairfield, Liverpool|Fairfield]]
| p17                = [[Fazakerley]]
| p18                = [[Garston, Liverpool|Garston]]
| p19                = [[Gateacre]]
| p20                = [[Gillmoss]]
| p21                = [[Grassendale]]
| p22                = [[Hunt's Cross]]
| p23                = [[Kensington, Liverpool|Kensington]]
| p24                = [[Kirkdale, Liverpool|Kirkdale]]
| p25                = [[Knotty Ash]]
| p26                = [[Mossley Hill]]
| p27                = [[Netherley, Liverpool|Netherley]]
| p28                = [[Norris Green]]
| p29                = [[Oglet]]
| p30                = [[Old Swan]]
| p31                = [[Orrell Park]]
| p32                = [[Sefton Park (district)|Sefton Park]]
| p33                = [[St Michael's Hamlet]]
| p34                = [[Speke]]
| p35                = [[Stoneycroft]]
| p36                = [[Toxteth]]
| p37                = [[Tuebrook]]
| p38                = [[Vauxhall, Liverpool|Vauxhall]]
| p39                = [[Walton, Liverpool|Walton]]
| p40                = [[Wavertree]]
| p41                = [[West Derby]]
| p42                = [[Woolton]]
| module             = 
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Liverpool''' is a [[port]] [[City status in the United Kingdom|city]] and [[metropolitan borough]] in [[Merseyside]], England. It is situated on the eastern side of the [[River Mersey|Mersey Estuary]], near the [[Irish Sea]], {{convert|178|mi}} north-west of [[London]]. It had a population of {{English district population|GSS=E08000012}} in {{English statistics year}}<ref name="popstats"/> and is the administrative, cultural and economic centre of the [[Liverpool City Region]], a [[combined authority|combined authority area]] with a population of over 1.5 million.<ref name="ONS GVA and GDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|title=Regional gross domestic product: city regions|last=Fenton|first=Trevor|date=25 April 2023|website=Office for National Statistics|access-date=2 September 2023|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901145758/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Established as a borough in [[Lancashire]] in 1207, Liverpool became significant in the late 17th century when the [[Port of Liverpool]] was heavily involved in the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. The port also imported cotton for the [[Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution|Lancashire textile mills]], and became a major departure point for English and Irish emigrants to North America. Liverpool rose to global economic importance at the forefront of the [[Industrial Revolution]] in the 19th century and was home to the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway|first inter-city railway]], the first non-combustible warehouse system (the [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]]), and a pioneering [[Liverpool Overhead Railway|elevated electrical railway]]; it was granted city status in 1880 and was moved from Lancashire to the newly created county of Merseyside in [[Local Government Act 1972|1974]]. It entered a period of decline in the mid-20th century, which was largely reversed after the [[European Union]] selected it as the [[European Capital of Culture]] for 2008,{{efn|Shared with [[Stavanger]] in Norway.}} reportedly generating over £800{{nbsp}}million for the local economy within a year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc1155_en.pdf|title=Report on the Nominations from the UK and Norway for the European Capital of Culture 2008|access-date=11 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819212038/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/pdf/doc1155_en.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=6 April 2018|title=Liverpool, European Capital of Culture: 2008 – 2018|url=https://www.financedigest.com/liverpool-european-capital-of-culture-2008-2018.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527130901/https://www.financedigest.com/liverpool-european-capital-of-culture-2008-2018.html|archive-date=27 May 2022}}</ref>

The [[economy of Liverpool]] is diverse and encompasses tourism, [[Culture of Liverpool|culture]], [[Maritime transport|maritime]], [[Hospitality industry|hospitality]], [[healthcare industry|healthcare]], [[List of life sciences|life sciences]], advanced manufacturing, [[Creative industries|creative]] and [[Digital economy|digital]] sectors.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool to become £80m investment zone|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-to-become-80m-investment-zone|access-date=3 January 2024|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=15 March 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829001044/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-to-become-80m-investment-zone/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Economy of Liverpool|url=https://www.varbes.com/economy/liverpool-economy|access-date=3 January 2024|website=varbes.com|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829001042/https://www.varbes.com/economy/liverpool-economy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 August 2022|title='Liverpool's economy will thrive' says Prof Parkinson|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpools-economy-will-thrive-says-prof-parkinson|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808072015/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpools-economy-will-thrive-says-prof-parkinson/|archive-date=8 August 2022|access-date=3 January 2024|website=lbndaily.co.uk}}</ref> The city is home to the UK's second highest number of [[art galleries]], [[National Museums Liverpool|national museums]], [[Listed buildings in Liverpool|listed buildings]], and [[Parks and open spaces in Liverpool|parks and open spaces]], behind only London.<ref name="visitliverpool"/> It is often used as a filming location due to its [[Architecture of Liverpool|architecture]] and was the fifth most visited UK city by foreign tourists in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inbound Tourism Spend & Trends By UK Town {{!}} VisitBritain.org|url=https://www.visitbritain.org/research-insights/inbound-visits-and-spend-trends-uk-town|access-date=14 May 2024|website=visitbritain.org|archive-date=28 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428062043/https://www.visitbritain.org/research-insights/inbound-visits-and-spend-trends-uk-town|url-status=live}}</ref> It has produced numerous [[Music of Liverpool|musicians]], most notably [[the Beatles]], and recording artists from the city have had more UK No. 1 singles than anywhere else in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|date=13 November 2023|title=The Beatles' Now and Then success 'a landmark for Liverpool too'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-67403948|access-date=14 May 2024|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514163614/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-67403948|url-status=live}}</ref> It has also produced numerous [[:Category:Academics from Liverpool|academics]], [[:Category:Actors from Liverpool|actors]], [[:Category:Artists from Liverpool|artists]], [[:Category:Comedians from Liverpool|comedians]], [[:Category:Film people from Liverpool|filmmakers]], [[:Category:Poets from Liverpool|poets]], [[:Category:Scientists from Liverpool|scientists]], [[:Category:Sportspeople from Liverpool|sportspeople]], and [[:Category:Writers from Liverpool|writers]]. It is the home of [[Premier League]] football teams [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] and [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. The world's oldest still-operating main line railway station, [[Liverpool Lime Street railway station|Liverpool Lime Street]], is in the city centre; it is also served by the underground [[Merseyrail]] network. The city's port was the fourth largest in the UK in 2023, with numerous shipping and freight lines having headquarters and offices there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UK: leading sea ports for freight traffic 2023|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1001996/leading-sea-ports-for-freight-traffic-uk/|access-date=14 May 2024|website=Statista|archive-date=14 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514163625/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1001996/leading-sea-ports-for-freight-traffic-uk/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Residents of Liverpool are formally known as Liverpudlians but are more often called Scousers in reference to [[Scouse (food)|scouse]], a local stew made popular by sailors. The city's [[Scouse|distinct local accent]] is also primarily known as Scouse. Its cultural and ethnic diversity is the result of attracting immigrants from various areas, particularly Ireland, Scandinavia, and Wales; it is also home to [[Black people in Liverpool|the UK's oldest black community]] and [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Europe's oldest Chinese community]], as well as the first [[mosque]] in England.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Help Restore & Expand England's First Mosque|url=http://www.abdullahquilliam.org/|access-date=8 October 2023|website=abdullahquilliam.org|archive-date=18 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118051727/http://www.abdullahquilliam.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Toponymy==
The name comes from the [[Old English]] {{lang|ang|lifer}}, meaning thick or muddy water, and {{lang|ang|pōl}}, meaning a pool or creek, and is first recorded around 1190 as ''Liuerpul''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Hanks, Patrick|author2=Hodges, Flavia|author3=Mills, David|author4=Room, Adrian|title=The Oxford Names Companion|date=2002|location=Oxford|publisher=The University Press|isbn=978-0198605614|page=1110}}</ref><ref name=DH>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Liverpool|dictionary=The Online Etymology Dictionary|url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Liverpool|last=Harper|first=Douglas|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110031823/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the ''Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names'', "The original reference was to a pool or tidal creek now filled up into which two streams drained".<ref>''The Cambridge Dictionary of English Place-Names'', ed. by Victor Watts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), s.v. ''Liverpool''.</ref> Other origins of the name have been suggested, including "elverpool", a reference to the large number of eels in the [[River Mersey|Mersey]].<ref name=scouse>{{cite book|last=Crowley|first=Tony|title=Scouse: A Social and Cultural History|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Liverpool|isbn=9781781389089|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M3N5AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT156|access-date=15 June 2014}}</ref> The adjective "Liverpudlian" was first recorded in 1833.<ref name=DH/>

==History==
{{Main|History of Liverpool|Timeline of Liverpool}}
[[File:Liverpool in 1680.jpg|thumb|The earliest-known image of Liverpool, in 1680]]
[[File:Original 7 streets of Liverpool.jpg|thumb|A map of Liverpool's original seven streets (north to the left)]] 
[[File:Bluecoat Chambers, Liverpool (2).jpg|thumb|[[Bluecoat Chambers]], completed in 1725, the oldest surviving building in [[Liverpool city centre]]]]

===Early history===
In the [[Middle Ages]], Liverpool first existed as farmland within the [[West Derby Hundred]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Victoria history of the county of Lancaster. Edited by William Farrer and J. Brownbill|url=https://archive.org/stream/victoriahistoryo04farruoft/victoriahistoryo04farruoft_djvu.txt?referer=clickfind.com.au|access-date=8 October 2023|website=clickfind.com.au}}</ref> before growing into a small town of farmers, fishermen and tradesmen and tactical army base for [[John of England|King John of England]]. A tidal creek, known as [[The Pool, Liverpool|the Pool]] provided a natural harbour for ships.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten fascinating facts about Liverpool's Old Dock |url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/ten-fascinating-facts-about-liverpools-old-dock |website=National Museums Liverpool |access-date=9 November 2025}}</ref> The town was planned with its own [[Liverpool Castle|castle]], although due to outbreaks of disease and its subordinance to the nearby [[Deva Victrix|Roman port of Chester]], the town's growth and prosperity stagnated until the late 17th and early 18th centuries. There was substantial growth in the mid- to late 18th century, when the town became the European port most heavily involved in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=European traders|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/history-of-slavery/europe|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|access-date=23 September 2023|archive-date=19 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619190054/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/ism/slavery/europe/index.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[John of England|King John]]'s [[letters patent]] of 1207 announced the foundation of the borough of Liverpool (then spelt as ''Liuerpul''). There is no evidence that the place had previously been a centre of any trade. The borough was probably created because King John decided that it would be a convenient place to embark men and supplies for his [[John's first expedition to Ireland|Irish campaigns]]: in particular his [[Lordship of Ireland|Irish campaign of 1209]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Memorials of Liverpool|volume=1. Historical|first=J.A.|last=Picton|edition=2nd|date=1875|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|location=London|pages=11–12|url=https://archive.org/details/memorialsliverp02pictgoog/page/10/mode/2up?view=theater|oclc=10476612}}</ref><ref name="BHOLderhun">{{cite web|title=West Derby hundred: The City of Liverpool|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp1-4#h3-0002|publisher=British History Online|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184736/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp1-4#h3-0002|url-status=live}}</ref> The original street plan of Liverpool is said to have been designed by King John near the same time it was granted a [[royal charter]], making it a borough. The original seven streets were laid out in the shape of a double cross: Bank Street (now [[Water Street, Liverpool|Water Street]]), [[Castle Street, Liverpool|Castle Street]], [[Chapel Street, Liverpool|Chapel Street]], [[Dale Street]], Juggler Street (now [[High Street, Liverpool|High Street]]), Moor Street (now [[Tithebarn Street]]) and Whiteacre Street (now [[Old Hall Street]]).<ref name="BHOLderhun"/> [[Liverpool Castle]] was built before 1235, and survived until it was demolished in the 1720s.<ref name="BHOLcastle">{{cite web|title=Liverpool: The castle and development of the town|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp4-36|publisher=British History Online|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=31 July 2018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180731173644/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp4-36|url-status=live}}</ref> By the middle of the 16th century, the population was still around 600, although this was likely to have fallen from an earlier peak of 1,000 people due to slow trade and the effects of the [[1557 influenza pandemic|plague]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Liverpool|url=https://www.history.co.uk/article/history-of-liverpool|access-date=20 September 2023|website=history.co.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185750/https://www.history.co.uk/article/history-of-liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Medieval port|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/medieval-port|access-date=20 September 2023|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002191249/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/medieval-port|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool in the Middle Ages|url=https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-liverpool|access-date=20 September 2023|website=localhistories.org|date=14 March 2021|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053327/https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the 17th century, there was slow progress in trade and population growth. Battles for control of the town were waged during the [[English Civil War]], including a brief siege in 1644.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The York March, 1644|url=http://bcw-project.org/military/english-civil-war/northern-england/the-york-march|access-date=1 May 2022|website=bcw-project.org|archive-date=25 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225084838/http://bcw-project.org/military/english-civil-war/northern-england/the-york-march|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1699, the same year as its first recorded [[slave ship]], ''Liverpool Merchant'', set sail for Africa,<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool's Slavery History Trail|publisher=Lodging-World.com|date=16 August 2017|url=https://www.lodging-world.com/blog/liverpools-slavery-history-trail|access-date=16 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817214544/https://www.lodging-world.com/blog/liverpools-slavery-history-trail/|archive-date=17 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liverpool was made a parish by [[Act of Parliament]]. But arguably, the legislation of 1695 that reformed the Liverpool council <!-- how? in what way? -->was of more significance to its subsequent development.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire|title=Creating a Port: Liverpool 1695–1715|first=Michael|last=Power|volume=149|year=1999|pages=51–71|url=https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/149-4-Power.pdf|access-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831041026/https://www.hslc.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/149-4-Power.pdf|archive-date=31 August 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since [[Roman Britain|Roman times]] nearby [[Chester]] on the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]] had been the region's principal port on the [[Irish Sea]]. However, as the Dee began to [[Silt|silt up]], maritime trade from Chester became increasingly difficult and shifted towards Liverpool on the neighbouring [[River Mersey]]. The first of the [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool docks]] was constructed in 1715, and the system of docks gradually grew into a large interconnected system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool: The docks|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp41-43|access-date=21 September 2023|website=british-history.ac.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184748/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp41-43|url-status=live}}</ref>

As trade from the [[West Indies]], including sugar, surpassed that of Ireland and Europe, and as the [[River Dee, Wales|River Dee]] continued to silt up, Liverpool began to grow even faster. The first commercial [[wet dock]] was built in Liverpool in 1715.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Lost Dock of Liverpool|publisher=Channel 4: Time Team, 21 April 2008|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/2008/liverpool/liverpool-found.html|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145405/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/2008/liverpool/liverpool-found.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Liverpool Dock System|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 January 1898|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07EFD91039E433A25751C0A9679C94699ED7CF|access-date=2 June 2008|archive-date=9 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809181141/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C07EFD91039E433A25751C0A9679C94699ED7CF|url-status=live}} Note: "pdf" reader needed to see full article</ref> Substantial profits from the [[Atlantic slave trade|slave trade]] and tobacco helped the town to prosper and rapidly grow, although several prominent local men, including [[William Rathbone IV|William Rathbone]], [[William Roscoe]] and [[Edward Rushton]], were at the forefront of the [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|local abolitionist movement]].<ref>{{Cite ODNB|title=Roscoe circle|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-101301|access-date=20 September 2023|date=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/101301}}</ref>

===19th century===
[[File:Opening Liverpool and Manchester Railway.jpg|thumb|Inaugural journey of the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]] in 1830]]
[[File:Liverpool1890s.jpg|thumb|[[Lime Street, Liverpool|Lime Street]], Liverpool, in the 1890s, [[St. George's Hall, Liverpool|St.George's Hall]] to the left, [[Great North Western Hotel]] to the right, [[Walker Art Gallery]] and [[sessions House, Liverpool|Sessions House]] in the background. Statues of [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], [[Benjamin Disraeli|Disraeli]], [[Queen Victoria]] and [[Wellington's Column]] in the middle ground.]]
The 19th century saw Liverpool rise to global economic importance. Pioneering arose, and [[History of Liverpool|world-first]] technology and civic facilities launched in the city to serve the accelerating population, one that was fuelled by an influx of ethnic and religious communities from all around the world.

By the start of the 19th century, a large volume of trade was passing through Liverpool, and the construction of major buildings reflected this wealth. In 1830, Liverpool and [[Manchester]] became the first cities to have an intercity rail link, through the [[Liverpool and Manchester Railway]]. The population continued to rise rapidly, especially during the 1840s when [[Irish diaspora|Irish]] migrants began arriving by the hundreds of thousands as a result of the [[Irish Potato Famine (1845–1849)|Great Famine]]. While many Irish people settled in the city at that time, a large percentage also emigrated to the United States or moved to the industrial centres of [[Lancashire]], Yorkshire, and the [[Midlands]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Irish cultural expression in Liverpool|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/liverpool/article_1.shtml|access-date=20 September 2023|publisher=BBC|archive-date=13 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813020309/https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/england/liverpool/article_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833/Liverpool|'Liverpool', a poetical<br/>illustration by L. E. L.}}
In her poetical illustration "Liverpool" (1832), which celebrates the city's worldwide commerce, [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] refers specifically to the [[Macgregor Laird]] expedition to the Niger River, at that time in progress.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cope|first=Jonas|date=May 2012|others=Dr. Noah Heringman, Dissertation Supervisor|title=The Dissolution of Character in Late Romantic British Literature 1816–1837|url=https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/14984/research.pdf?...2|access-date=4 April 2021|website=MOspace Institutional Repository|page=115|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509230958/https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/14984/research.pdf?...2|url-status=live}}</ref> This is accompanied by a painting by [[Samuel Austin (artist)|Samuel Austin]], ''Liverpool, from the Mersey''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9591|section=picture|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114184109/https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9591|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1833|url=https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9592|section=poetical illustration|pages=14–15|year=1832|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.|access-date=14 November 2022|archive-date=14 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221114184110/https://digital.tcl.sc.edu/digital/collection/annuals/id/9592|url-status=live}}</ref>

Britain was a major market for cotton imported from the [[Deep South]] of the United States, which fed the [[Textile manufacture during the British Industrial Revolution|textile industry]] in the country. Given the crucial place cotton held in the city's economy, during the [[American Civil War]] Liverpool was, in the words of historian [[Sven Beckert]], "the most pro-Confederate place in the world outside the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] itself".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Empire of Cotton: a Global History|last=Beckert|first=Sven|publisher=Knopf|year=2014|location=New York}}</ref> Liverpool merchants helped to bring out cotton from ports blockaded by the [[Union Navy]], built ships of war for the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]], and supplied
the [[Southern United States|South]] with military equipment and credit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emancipation and Empire: Reconstructing the Worldwide Web of Cotton Production in the Age of the American Civil War|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3207344|website=dash.harvard.edu|access-date=23 September 2023|archive-date=17 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117123448/https://dash.harvard.edu/handle/1/3207344|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the war, the [[Confederate States Navy|Confederate Navy]] ship, the [[CSS Alabama|CSS ''Alabama'']], was built at [[Birkenhead]] on the Mersey, and the [[CSS Shenandoah|CSS ''Shenandoah'']] surrendered there (being the final surrender at the end of the war). The city was also the centre of Confederate purchases of war materiel, including arms and ammunition, uniforms, and naval supplies to be smuggled by [[Blockade runners of the American Civil War|British blockade runners to the South]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/abercromby-southern-club/embassy-confederacy|title=Liverpool's Abercromby Square and the Confederacy During the U.S. Civil War|publisher=Lowcountry Digital History Initiative|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410173112/https://ldhi.library.cofc.edu/exhibits/show/liverpools-abercromby-square/abercromby-southern-club/embassy-confederacy|archive-date=10 April 2023}}</ref>

For periods during the 19th century, the wealth of Liverpool exceeded that of London,<ref name="Ten facts about Liverpool">[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1431943/Ten-facts-about-Liverpool.html Ten facts about Liverpool] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509225622/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1431943/Ten-facts-about-Liverpool.html |date=9 May 2021 }} ''The Daily Telegraph'', 4 June 2003</ref> and Liverpool's [[Custom House, Liverpool|Custom House]] was the single largest contributor to the [[British Exchequer]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Hatton|first=Brian|title=Shifted tideways: Liverpool's changing fortunes|website=[[The Architectural Review]]|date=28 March 2011|url=http://www.architectural-review.com/essays/2008-january-shifted-tideway-liverpools-changing-fortunes-by-brian-hatton/8613231.article|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=8 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080820/https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/2008-january-shifted-tideway-liverpools-changing-fortunes-by-brian-hatton/8613231.article|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool was the only British city ever to have its own [[Whitehall]] office.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Henderson|first=W.O.|title=The Liverpool office in London|publisher=[[London School of Economics]]|series=Economica xiii|pages=473–479|year=1933}}</ref> During this century, at least 40% of the world's entire trade passed through Liverpool.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A walk around maritime Livepool|url=https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/north-west-england/walks/liverpool-trade.html|access-date=20 September 2023|website=discoveringbritain.org|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185745/https://www.discoveringbritain.org/activities/north-west-england/walks/liverpool-trade.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the early 19th century, Liverpool played a major role in the [[Antarctic]] [[seal hunting|sealing]] industry, in recognition of which [[Liverpool Beach]] in the [[South Shetland Islands]] is named after the city.<ref>[http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137191 Liverpool Beach.] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425164150/http://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/gaz/scar/display_name.cfm?gaz_id=137191 |date=25 April 2012 }} [[Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica|SCAR Composite Gazetteer of Antarctica]].</ref>

As early as 1851, the city was described as "the New York of Europe".<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Bankers' Magazine|publisher=Groombridge & Sons|location=London|series=v.11|year=1851|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC05AAAAMAAJ&q=new-york-of-europe&pg=PA783}}</ref> During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Liverpool was attracting immigrants from across Europe. This resulted in the construction of a diverse array of religious buildings in the city for the new ethnic and religious groups, many of which are still in use today. The [[German Church, Liverpool|Deutsche Kirche]], [[Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas]], [[Gustav Adolf Church, Liverpool|Gustav Adolf Church]] and [[Princes Road Synagogue]] were all established in the 1800s to serve Liverpool's growing German, Greek, Nordic and Jewish communities, respectively. One of Liverpool's oldest surviving churches, [[St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church, Liverpool|St. Peter's Roman Catholic Church]], served the [[Poles in the United Kingdom|Polish community]] in its final years as a place of worship.

===20th century===
[[File:Liverpool, 1946.png|thumb|left|Liverpool's Lime Street area pictured from above in 1946]]
The 20th century saw Liverpool's established rank as a global economic powerhouse challenged. Its strategic location as an international seaport made it particularly vulnerable in two [[World war]]s. [[Economic depression]]s (both in the United Kingdom and across the world), changing [[Housing in the United Kingdom|housing patterns]] and [[containerisation]] in the maritime industry contributed to a downtrend in the city's productivity and prosperity. Despite this, the city's influence on global popular culture excelled and by the end of the century, the continuing process of [[urban renewal]] paved the way for the redefined modern city of the 21st century.

The period after the [[World War I|Great War]] was marked by social unrest, as society grappled with the massive war losses of young men, as well as trying to re-integrate veterans into civilian life and the economy. Unemployment and poor living standards greeted many ex-servicemen. [[Trade unions in the United Kingdom|Union organising]] and [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|strikes]] took place in numerous locations, including a [[British police strikes in 1918 and 1919|police strike in Liverpool]] among the [[Merseyside Police|City Police]]. Numerous [[British Empire|colonial soldiers]] and sailors from Africa and India, who had served with the [[British Armed Forces]], settled in Liverpool and other port cities. In June 1919, they were subject to attack by whites in racial riots; residents in the port included [[Swedes in the United Kingdom|Swedish immigrants]], and both groups had to compete with native people from Liverpool for jobs and housing. In this period, race riots also took place in other port cities.<ref name=Tabili>[http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/840 Dr Laura Tabili, "Review of Jacqueline Jenkinson, ''Black 1919: Riots, Racism and Resistance in Imperial Britain,'' Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 2009] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422181418/http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/840 |date=22 April 2016 }}, {{ISBN|9781846312007}}", ''Reviews in History'' website, accessed 13 April 2016</ref>

The [[Housing Act 1919]] resulted in mass council housing being built across Liverpool during the 1920s and 1930s. In the 1920s and 1930s, as much as 15% of the city's population (around 140,000 people) was relocated from the inner-city to new purpose built, lower density suburban housing estates, based on the belief that this would improve their standard of living, though the overall benefits have been contested.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A legacy of the Great Depression|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/liverpool/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8246000/8246344.stm|access-date=20 September 2023|publisher=BBC News|date=10 September 2009|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185747/http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/liverpool/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8246000/8246344.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Municipal Suburbia in Liverpool, 1919–1939|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40112817|access-date=20 September 2023|journal=The Town Planning Review|jstor=40112817|last=McKenna|first=Madeline|date=30 October 1989|volume=60|issue=3|pages=287–318|doi=10.3828/tpr.60.3.4hk5074443483k74|archive-date=8 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108060702/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40112817|url-status=live|issn=0041-0020|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Numerous private homes were also built during this era. During the [[Great Depression]] of the early 1930s, unemployment peaked at around 30% in the city. Liverpool was the site of Britain's first [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|provincial airport]], operating from 1930.

During the [[Second World War]], the critical strategic importance of Liverpool was recognised by both [[Hitler]] and [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]]. The city was heavily bombed by the Germans, suffering a [[Liverpool Blitz|blitz]] second only to London's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/exhibitions/blitz/blitz.asp|title=Spirit of the Blitz : Liverpool in the Second World War|publisher=[[Liverpool Museums]]|year=2003|access-date=13 September 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606081949/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/exhibitions/blitz/blitz.asp|archive-date=6 June 2010}}</ref> The pivotal [[Battle of the Atlantic]] was planned, fought and won from Liverpool.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/info-sheet.aspx?sheetId=4|title=Merseyside Maritime Museum, Sheet No. 4: Battle of the Atlantic|publisher=Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|date=3 September 1939|access-date=4 October 2012|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220910/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/maritime/archive/info-sheet.aspx?sheetId=4|url-status=live}}</ref>

The ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' made 80{{nbsp}}[[Liverpool Blitz|air raids on Merseyside]], killing 2,500{{nbsp}}people and causing damage to almost half the homes in the metropolitan area. Significant rebuilding followed the war, including massive housing estates and the [[Seaforth Dock]], the largest dock project in Britain. Since 1952, Liverpool has been twinned with [[Cologne]], Germany, a city that also suffered severe aerial bombing during the war. In the 1950s and 1960s, much of the immediate reconstruction that took place in the city centre proved to be deeply unpopular. The historic portions of the city that had survived German bombing suffered extensive destruction during urban renewal. It has been argued that the so-called "Shankland Plan" of the 1960s, named after the town planner [[Graeme Shankland]], led to compromised town planning and vast road-building schemes that devastated and divided inner city neighbourhoods. Concrete [[brutalist architecture]], compromised visions, botched projects and grand designs that were never realised became the subject of condemnation. Historian [[Raphael Samuel]] labelled Graeme Shankland "the butcher of Liverpool".<ref>{{Cite news|title=Unbuilt Liverpool: the city that might have been|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/jul/04/unbuilt-liverpool-city-might-have-been-in-pictures|access-date=20 September 2023|newspaper=The Guardian|date=4 July 2017|last=Dunmall|first=Giovanna}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Graeme Shankland: a Sixties Architect-Planner and the Political Culture of the British Left|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/architectural-history/article/graeme-shankland-a-sixties-architectplanner-and-the-political-culture-of-the-british-left/63B1F4114E777DE29569BCF5035952B2|access-date=20 September 2023|journal=Architectural History|date=2014|doi=10.1017/S0066622X00001477|last=Smith|first=Otto Saumarez|volume=57|pages=393–422|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185745/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/architectural-history/article/graeme-shankland-a-sixties-architectplanner-and-the-political-culture-of-the-british-left/63B1F4114E777DE29569BCF5035952B2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Walkways in the Sky and the Liverpool 'masterplan' that was never built|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/business/gallery/walkways-sky-liverpool-masterplan-never-15874583|access-date=20 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=20 June 2020|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185747/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/business/gallery/walkways-sky-liverpool-masterplan-never-15874583|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Liverpool City Plan|url=https://www.udg.org.uk/publications/articles/liverpool-city-plan|access-date=20 September 2023|website=udg.org.uk|date=April 2020|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185746/https://www.udg.org.uk/publications/articles/liverpool-city-plan|url-status=live}}</ref>

A [[West Indies|West Indian]] black community has existed in the city since the first two decades of the 20th century. Like most British cities and industrialised towns, Liverpool became home to [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] immigrants, beginning after World War I with colonial soldiers and sailors who had served in the area. More immigrants arrived after World War II, mostly settling in older inner-city areas such as [[Toxteth]], where housing was less expensive. The black population of Liverpool was recorded at 1.90% in 2011. In the [[2021 United Kingdom census|2021 Census]], 5.2% described themselves as black African, Caribbean, mixed white and black African, mixed white and Caribbean or 'other black'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnicity – Census 2021|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/census-2021/ethnicity|access-date=29 September 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184737/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/census-2021/ethnicity|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The ethnic population of England and Wales broken down by local authority|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/18/ethnic-population-england-wales|url-status=live|website=The Guardian|date=18 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723001845/https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/may/18/ethnic-population-england-wales|archive-date=23 July 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Southern side view, Mathew Street, intersection with Temple Court, Liverpool (2019-05-25 14.35.34 by HarshLight).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|[[Mathew Street]] is one of many tourist attractions related to the Beatles, and the location of [[The Cavern Club]] and [[Liverpool Wall of Fame]].]]
In the 1960s, Liverpool was the centre of the "[[Beat music|Merseybeat]]" sound whose best-known band is [[the Beatles]]. [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Liverpool Airport]] was renamed after Beatle and Liverpudlian [[John Lennon]] in 2002, the first British airport to be named in honour of an individual.<ref name=fola>{{cite web|publisher=Friends of Liverpool Airport|url=http://www.fola.org.uk/current.html|title=Recent History and Current Developments|access-date=10 February 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624063000/http://www.fola.org.uk/current.html|archive-date=24 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Airports Named For Celebrities|url=http://www.airportparkingmarket.co.uk/airports-named-for-celebrities/|website=Airport Parking Market|access-date=10 July 2015|archive-date=15 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715155301/https://www.airportparkingmarket.co.uk/airports-named-for-celebrities/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Previously part of Lancashire, and a county borough from 1889, Liverpool became a [[metropolitan borough]] within the newly created metropolitan county of [[Merseyside]], in 1974. From the mid-1970s onwards, Liverpool's docks and traditional [[manufacturing industries]] declined due to restructuring of shipping and heavy industry, causing massive losses of jobs. The advent of [[containerisation]] meant that the city's docks became largely obsolete, and dock workers were made unemployed. By the early 1980s, unemployment rates in Liverpool were among the highest in the UK,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/liverpool.html|title=A History of Liverpool|publisher=Localhistories.org|access-date=13 December 2011|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509140259/http://www.localhistories.org/liverpool.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> standing at 17% by January 1982 although, this was about half the level of unemployment that had affected the city during the Great Depression some 50 years previously.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gJJVAAAAIBAJ&pg=1176,3408501&dq=liverpool+million+unemployment&hl=en|title=Number of people unemployed at three-million mark in Britain|work=The Leader-Post ([[Google News Archive]])|date=28 January 1982|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220751/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gJJVAAAAIBAJ&pg=1176,3408501&dq=liverpool+million+unemployment&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref> During this period, Liverpool became a hub of fierce left-wing opposition to the central government in London.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29953611|title=The English city that wanted to 'break away' from the UK|publisher=BBC News|date=8 November 2014|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=11 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111000034/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-29953611|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool in the 1980s has been labelled as Britain's 'shock city'. Once the acclaimed second city of the [[British Empire]] which rivalled the capital city in global significance, Liverpool had collapsed in to its 'nadir' at the depths of [[Decolonization|post-colonial]], [[Post-industrial society|post-industrial]] Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shock City: Sailortown, Liverpool|url=https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/on-the-waterfront/waterfront-part2|access-date=20 September 2023|website=historicengland.org.uk|archive-date=8 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208085224/https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/on-the-waterfront/waterfront-part2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: 'Ferocious Love' by Mikhail Karikis at Tate Liverpool|url=https://ymliverpool.com/review-ferocious-love-mikhail-karikis-tate-liverpool/42520?fbclid=IwAR1R9nOwYUklo_JroymFQjgvh5fJRq0C4CB0SX7ncTx0XypO8e8R9EHxoyM|access-date=20 September 2023|website=YM Liverpool|first=Tom|last=Beattie|date=29 July 2020|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185749/https://ymliverpool.com/review-ferocious-love-mikhail-karikis-tate-liverpool/42520?fbclid=IwAR1R9nOwYUklo_JroymFQjgvh5fJRq0C4CB0SX7ncTx0XypO8e8R9EHxoyM|url-status=live}}</ref>
In the late 20th century, Liverpool's economy began to recover. The late 1980s saw the opening of a regenerated [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Albert Dock]] which proved to be a catalyst for further regeneration.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regeneration|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/royal-albert-dock-liverpool/regeneration|access-date=20 September 2023|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185747/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/royal-albert-dock-liverpool/regeneration|url-status=live}}</ref> In the mid-1990s, the city enjoyed growth rates higher than the national average. At the end of the 20th century, Liverpool was concentrating on regeneration, a process that continues today.

===21st century===
[[File:Liverpool Cruise Terminal (2023).jpg|thumb|left |The [[Liverpool Cruise Terminal]] and surrounding office and residential developments, part of the [[Liverpool Waters]] megaproject]]
Ongoing regeneration combined with the hosting of internationally significant events has helped to re-purpose Liverpool as one of the most visited, tourist orientated, cities in the United Kingdom. City leaders are focussing on long-term strategies to grow the city's population and economy, while national government explores the continuous potential for devolution in the city.

In 2002, Queen [[Elizabeth II]] and [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]] visited Liverpool to mark the [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]]. On speaking to an audience at [[Liverpool Town Hall]], the Queen recognised Liverpool as "one of the most distinctive and energetic parts of the United Kingdom", and paid tribute to the city's "major orchestras, world-class museums and galleries". She also acknowledged Liverpool's bid to become the [[European Capital of Culture]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Jubilee visit to Liverpool, 25 July 2002|url=https://www.royal.uk/golden-jubilee-visit-liverpool-25-july-2002|access-date=21 September 2023|website=royal.uk|date=25 July 2002 |archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107220701/https://www.royal.uk/golden-jubilee-visit-liverpool-25-july-2002|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The life of Queen Elizabeth II – a timeline in Liverpool|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/the-life-of-queen-elizabeth-ii-a-timeline-in-liverpool|access-date=21 September 2023|website=liverpoolexpress.co.uk|date=9 September 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185748/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/the-life-of-queen-elizabeth-ii-a-timeline-in-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref> To celebrate the [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II]] in 2002, the conservation charity [[Plantlife]] organised a competition to choose [[county flower]]s; the [[Eryngium maritimum|sea-holly]] was Liverpool's final choice. The initiative was designed to highlight growing threats to the UK's flower species and also ask the public about which flowers best represented their county.<ref>{{Cite news|title=UK counties choose floral emblems|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3684291.stm|access-date=21 September 2023|publisher=BBC News|date=5 May 2004|archive-date=14 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060314235205/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3684291.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Capitalising on the popularity of 1960s rock groups, such as [[the Beatles]], as well as the city's world-class art galleries, museums and landmarks, tourism and culture have become a significant factor in Liverpool's economy.
[[File:Modern waterfront developments in Liverpool.jpg|thumb|Modern developments on the Liverpool Waterfront]]
In 2004, property developer [[Grosvenor Group|Grosvenor]] started the [[Liverpool One|Paradise Project]], a £920{{nbsp}}million development based on [[Paradise Street, Liverpool|Paradise Street]]. This produced one of the most significant changes to Liverpool's city centre since the post-war reconstruction. Renamed as '[[Liverpool One]],' the centre opened in May 2008.

In 2007, events and celebrations took place in honour of the 800th anniversary of the founding of the borough of Liverpool. Liverpool was designated as a joint [[European Capital of Culture]] for 2008. The celebrations included the erection of [[La Princesse]], a large mechanical spider 20 metres high and weighing 37 tonnes, which represented the "eight legs" of Liverpool: honour, history, music, the Mersey, the ports, governance, sunshine and culture. [[La Princesse]] roamed the streets of the city during the festivities, and concluded by entering the [[Queensway Tunnel]].

Spearheaded by the multi-billion-[[Pound sterling|pound]] Liverpool ONE development, regeneration continued throughout the 2010s. Some of the most significant redevelopment projects included new buildings in the [[Liverpool City Centre#Commercial District|Commercial District]], [[King's Dock, Port of Liverpool|King's Dock]], [[Mann Island]], around [[Lime Street, Liverpool|Lime Street]], the [[Baltic Triangle]], [[RopeWalks, Liverpool|RopeWalks]], and [[Edge Lane]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=20 things that shaped Liverpool in the 2010's|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/20-things-that-shaped-liverpool-in-the-2010s|access-date=23 September 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002175430/https://theguideliverpool.com/20-things-that-shaped-liverpool-in-the-2010s/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lime Street|url=https://www.murraywood.com/lime-street|access-date=23 September 2023|website=murraywood.com|date=22 July 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185751/https://www.murraywood.com/lime-street/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Raves, craft ale and the 'abandoned' square that shaped modern Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/raves-craft-ale-abandoned-square-24195648|access-date=23 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=11 June 2022|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185745/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/raves-craft-ale-abandoned-square-24195648|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Mann Island Liverpool 2023.jpg|thumb|right|Headquarters of [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]], which invests in Liverpool's major infrastructure and regeneration projects]]
Changes to Liverpool's governance took place in 2014. The local authority of [[Liverpool City Council]] decided to pool its power and resources with surrounding boroughs through the formation of the [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]] in a form of [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution]]. With a devolved budget granted by [[Government of the United Kingdom|central government]], the authority now oversees and invests in foremost strategic affairs throughout the [[Liverpool City Region]], including major regeneration projects. The authority, along with Liverpool City Council itself, has embarked on long-term plans to grow the population and economy of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A plan for prosperity|url=https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/growing-our-economy/plan-for-prosperity|access-date=23 September 2023|website=liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003045617/https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/growing-our-economy/plan-for-prosperity/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Growing the Liverpool City Region Economy|url=https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/growing-our-economy|access-date=23 September 2023|website=liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107220118/https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/growing-our-economy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Liverpool Local Plan 2013–2033|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/planning-and-building-control/plan-making-in-liverpool/the-liverpool-local-plan-2013-2033|access-date=23 September 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool set to launch new 20-year plan to maximise city's development & investment opportunities|url=https://investliverpool.com/news/delivering-liverpools-development-potential|access-date=23 September 2023|website=investliverpool.com|date=15 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151030/https://investliverpool.com/news/delivering-liverpools-development-potential/|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the 2020s, urban regeneration throughout the city continues. [[Liverpool Waters]], a mixed-use development in the city's disused northern docklands, has been identified as one of the largest megaprojects in the UK's history. [[Everton Stadium|Everton's new stadium]] at [[Bramley-Moore Dock]] was regarded as the largest single-site private sector development in the United Kingdom at the time of construction.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Waters|url=https://peellandp.co.uk/what-we-do/regeneration/peel-waters/liverpool-waters|access-date=23 September 2023|website=peellandp.co.uk|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107220904/https://peellandp.co.uk/what-we-do/regeneration/peel-waters/liverpool-waters|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A year of progress on the new Everton Football Club stadium|url=https://www.laingorourke.com/company/press-releases/2022/a-year-of-progress-on-the-new-everton-football-club-stadium|access-date=23 September 2023|website=laingorourke.com|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927122836/https://www.laingorourke.com/company/press-releases/2022/a-year-of-progress-on-the-new-everton-football-club-stadium/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major events, business and political conferences regularly take place in the city and form an important part of the economy. In June 2014, Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] launched the International Festival for Business in Liverpool, the world's largest business event in 2014,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifb2014.com/Quick-Guide-to-IFB-2014-i25.html|title=QUICK GUIDE TO IFB 2014, IFB BUSINESS CLUB& BUSINESS BROKERAGE &#124; International Festival for Business 2014|access-date=5 May 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625135233/http://ifb2014.com/Quick-Guide-to-IFB-2014-i25.html|archive-date=25 June 2014}}</ref> and the largest in the UK since the [[Festival of Britain]] in 1951.<ref>[http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/david-cameron-international-festival-business-7235969 ''Liverpool Echo''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515065011/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/david-cameron-international-festival-business-7235969 |date=15 May 2021 }}, David Cameron's speech</ref> The [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] has chosen Liverpool numerous times since the mid 2010s for their annual [[Labour Party Conference]]. Liverpool hosted the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]].

===Inventions and innovations===
[[File:Liverpool School Tropical Medical School 3.JPG|thumb|left |The [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]], the first such school in the world]]

Liverpool has been a centre of invention and innovation. Railways, transatlantic [[steamship]]s, municipal trams,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/19thcentury/steam/other_transport/index.html|title=Victoria and Albert Museum. London|publisher=Vam.ac.uk|date=1 June 2005|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100316194133/http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/periods_styles/19thcentury/steam/other_transport/index.html|archive-date=16 March 2010}}</ref> and electric trains were all pioneered in Liverpool as modes of mass transit. In 1829 and 1836, the first railway tunnels in the world were constructed under Liverpool ([[Wapping Tunnel]]). From 1950 to 1951, the world's first scheduled passenger helicopter service ran between Liverpool and [[Cardiff]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bagwell|first=Philip Sidney|title=Transport in Britain 1750–2000|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcY5PkqeqgIC&q=helicopter+1950+liverpool+cardiff&pg=PA170|isbn=978-1-85285-590-1}}</ref>

The first [[Royal School for the Blind (Liverpool)|School for the Blind]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsblind.com/#/history/4559365884|title=Royal School for the Blind, Liverpool|publisher=Rsblind.org.uk|date=12 March 1999|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509201744/http://www.rsblind.com/#/history/4559365884|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Mechanics' Institutes|Mechanics' Institute]],<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=cXZKAAAAYAAJ&dq=liverpool+mechanics+july+1823&pg=PA152 ''Speeches of Henry, Lord Brougham''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100006/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXZKAAAAYAAJ&dq=liverpool+mechanics+july+1823&pg=PA152 |date=6 September 2023 }}, Vol. II, 1841, Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia</ref> High School for Girls,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bisson|first=Frederick|title=Our schools and colleges|publisher=Simpkin, Marshall|location=London|year=1884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcNJZAcjHQwC&q=girls+school+1844+liverpool+first}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dickens.classicauthors.net/speeches/speeches7.html|title=Charles Dickens, speech, 26 Feb, 1844|publisher=Dickens.classicauthors.net|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704081557/https://dickens.classicauthors.net/speeches/speeches7.html|archive-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> council house,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scottiepress.org.uk/projects/martinplq.htm|title=The Scottie Press|publisher=The Scottie Press|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100303172146/http://www.scottiepress.org.uk/projects/martinplq.htm|archive-date=3 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Juvenile Court<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adler|first=N|title=The work of Juvenile Courts|journal=Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law|volume=7|issue=4|series=Third Series, Vol.7, No.4|pages=217–227|year=1925|jstor=753176}}</ref> were all founded in Liverpool. Charities such as the [[RSPCA]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Garner|first=Robert|title=Animals, politics, and morality|publisher=University Press|location=Manchester|year=1993|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GSK8AAAAIAAJ&q=liverpool+rspca+wanton-cruelty&pg=PA41|isbn=978-0-7190-3575-3}}</ref> [[NSPCC]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hendrick|first=Harry|title=Child welfare and social policy – an essential reader|publisher=The Policy Press|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYr7CllxrLUC&q=nspcc+liverpool+first&pg=PA37|isbn=978-1-86134-566-0}}</ref> [[Age Concern]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Derren|last=Hayes|url=http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/01/01/110282/liverpool-pss-planting-the-seed-of-modern-social-work.html|title=communitycare.co.uk|publisher=communitycare.co.uk|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818163026/http://www.communitycare.co.uk/Articles/2009/01/01/110282/liverpool-pss-planting-the-seed-of-modern-social-work.html|archive-date=18 August 2009}}</ref> [[Relate]], and [[Citizen's Advice Bureau]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Jackie|last=Rand|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/politics_show/8022549.stm|title=BBC Politics Show, 1 May 2009|publisher=BBC News|date=1 May 2009|access-date=3 August 2010}}</ref> all evolved from work in the city.

The first [[Lifeboat (rescue)|lifeboat]] station, public bath and wash-house,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wohl|first=Anthony S.|title=Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1984|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E5kOAAAAQAAJ&q=public+baths+liverpool+rathbone&pg=PA73|isbn=978-0-416-37950-1}}</ref> sanitary act,<ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2092966|page=298|volume=1|issue=4545|journal=Br Med J|title=The First M.O.H|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4545.298-a|year=1948|last=Brockington|first=C. F}}</ref> medical officer for health ([[William Henry Duncan]]), district nurse, [[Slum clearance in the United Kingdom|slum clearance]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dennis|first=Richard|title=English Industrial Cities of the Nineteenth Century: A Social Geography|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQQQ5Dq9RWgC&q=liverpool+first+slum+clearance&pg=PA167|isbn=978-0-521-33839-4|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163331/https://books.google.com/books?id=NQQQ5Dq9RWgC&q=liverpool+first+slum+clearance&pg=PA167#v=snippet&q=liverpool%20first%20slum%20clearance&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> purpose-built ambulance,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lmi.org.uk/ambulance_merseyside.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102900/http://www.lmi.org.uk/ambulance_merseyside.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2011|title=Liverpool Medical Institution|publisher=Lmi.org.uk|access-date=3 August 2010}}</ref> X-ray medical diagnosis,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peltier|first=Leonard F.|title=Fractures: a history and iconography of their treatment|publisher=Norman Publishing|year=1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBfBd5BdEwC&q=first+x-ray+1896+lodge+liverpool&pg=PA227|isbn=978-0-930405-16-8|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163426/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdBfBd5BdEwC&q=first+x-ray+1896+lodge+liverpool&pg=PA227#v=snippet&q=first%20x-ray%201896%20lodge%20liverpool&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> school of tropical medicine ([[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]]), motorised municipal fire-engine,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wallington|first=Neil|title=One Hundred Years of the British Fire Engine|publisher=Jeremy Mills Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LZain9YBTkC&q=fire-engine+motorised+liverpool+1901&pg=PA9|isbn=978-1-906600-30-3|year=2008|access-date=19 October 2020|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163336/https://books.google.com/books?id=7LZain9YBTkC&q=fire-engine+motorised+liverpool+1901&pg=PA9|url-status=live}}</ref> free school meal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/liverpoollives/jessie_reid_crosbie.aspx|title=National Museums, Liverpool|publisher=Liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607163458/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/mol/collections/liverpoollives/jessie_reid_crosbie.aspx|archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> cancer research centre,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/91322.stm BBC News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107000250/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/91322.stm |date=7 November 2015 }} 12 May 1998</ref> and [[zoonosis]] research centre<ref>[http://www.liv.ac.uk/news/press_releases/2006/02/zoonosis.htm Liverpool University] press release, 22 February 2006</ref> all originated in Liverpool. The first British Nobel Prize was awarded in 1902 to [[Ronald Ross]], professor at the School of Tropical Medicine, the first school of its kind in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/about/history_of_the_school.htm|title=Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine|publisher=Liv.ac.uk|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=31 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831103320/http://www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/about/history_of_the_school.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Orthopaedic surgery]] was pioneered in Liverpool by [[Hugh Owen Thomas]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Liverpool's Contributions to Medicine|author=Lord Cohen of Birkenhead|author-link=Henry Cohen, 1st Baron Cohen of Birkenhead|journal=[[BMJ]]|date=10 April 1965|issue=5440|pages=945–948|pmc=2165718|pmid=14260621|volume=1|doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5440.945}}</ref> and modern medical anaesthetics by [[Thomas Cecil Gray]].

The world's first integrated [[History of water supply and sanitation|sewer system]] was constructed in Liverpool by [[James Newlands]], appointed in 1847 as the UK's first borough engineer.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Girling|first=Richard|title=Rubbish!: Dirt on Our Hands And Crisis Ahead|publisher=Random House|location=London|year=2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWplmVrFxacC&q=james-newlands+sewers+liverpool+first+world&pg=PT15|isbn=9781446436943}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Geher|first=Robert|title=Complexity and Public Policy: A New Approach to 21st Century Politics, Policy And Society|publisher=Routledge|location=Abingdon, Oxon|year=2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ik66g-HflKIC&q=james-newlands+sewers+liverpool+first+world&pg=PA95|isbn=9780415556620}}</ref> Liverpool also founded the UK's first [[Underwriting|Underwriters']] Association<ref>{{Cite book|title=125 years of the International Union of Marine Insurance|publisher=Verlag Versicherungswirtsch|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdVOPhSMsvMC&q=world+liverpool-underwriters+association+oldest+OR+first+1802+OR+1803&pg=PR7|access-date=14 July 2009|isbn=9783884877760}}</ref> and the first [[Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales|Institute of Accountants]]. The Western world's first financial derivatives (cotton futures) were traded on the [[International Cotton Association|Liverpool Cotton Exchange]] in the late 1700s.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Professional Risk Managers' Guide to Financial Markets|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upN4A6jOpkoC&q=futures+cotton+derivative+liverpool+rice&pg=PA126|access-date=14 July 2009|first1=Carol|last1=Alexander|first2=Elizabeth|last2=Sheedy|isbn=978-0-07-154648-5|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163913/https://books.google.com/books?id=upN4A6jOpkoC&q=futures+cotton+derivative+liverpool+rice&pg=PA126|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Oriel Chambers - geograph.org.uk - 530888.jpg|thumb|right|[[Oriel Chambers]], the first "modern" building in the world with its iron-framed [[Curtain wall (architecture)|curtain-wall]]]]
In the arts, Liverpool was home to the first lending library ([[The Lyceum, Liverpool|The Lyceum]]), athenaeum society ([[Liverpool Athenaeum]]), arts centre ([[Bluecoat Chambers]]),<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7397702.stm|title=BBC news, 13 May 2008|publisher=BBC News|date=13 May 2008|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=17 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/merseyside/7397702.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> and public art conservation centre ([[National Conservation Centre]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/mw189|title=Culture 24|publisher=Culture 24|date=26 November 2006|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515045216/https://www.culture24.org.uk/mw189|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is also home to the UK's oldest surviving classical orchestra ([[Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra]])<ref>{{Citation|last1=Henley|first1=Darren|last2=McKernan|first2=Vincent|year=2009|title=The Original Liverpool Sound: The Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Society|location=Liverpool|page=68|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-84631-224-3}}</ref> and repertory theatre ([[Liverpool Playhouse]]).<ref>{{Citation|last1=Hartnoll|first1=Phyllis|last2=Found|first2=Peter|year=1996|title=The Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-282574-2|doi=10.1093/acref/9780192825742.001.0001|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/conciseoxfordcom0000unse}}</ref>

In 1864, [[Peter Ellis (architect)|Peter Ellis]] built the world's first iron-framed, [[Curtain wall (architecture)|curtain-walled]] office building, [[Oriel Chambers]], which was a prototype of the skyscraper. The UK's first purpose-built department store was [[Compton House, Liverpool|Compton House]], completed in 1867 for the retailer J.R. Jeffrey.<ref>''Pevsner Architectural Guides: Liverpool'', Joseph Sharples, 2004, Yale University Press</ref> It was the largest store in the world at the time.<ref>''Black's Guide to Liverpool and Birkenhead'', 1871, Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh</ref>

[[File:Lewis's, Liverpool 2018-2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|[[Lewis's]] department store on Ranelagh Street. In 1879, the [[Santa's workshop|Christmas grotto]] was conceived in the store.]]
Between 1862 and 1867, Liverpool held an annual [[Olympic Games#Forerunners|Grand Olympic Festival]]. Devised by [[John Hulley]] and [[Charles Pierre Melly]], these games were the first to be wholly amateur in nature and international in outlook.<ref>George R. Matthews (2005). ''America's First Olympics: The St. Louis Games of 1904'' University of Missouri Press {{ISBN|978-0-8262-1588-8 }}</ref><ref>Ingomar Weiler (2004). "The predecessors of the Olympic movement, and Pierre de Coubertin", ''European Review,'' Vol. 12, No. 3, Cambridge University Press</ref> The programme of the first modern Olympiad in [[Athens]] in 1896 was almost identical to that of the Liverpool Olympics.<ref>Craig Reedie, Jim Parry, Vassil Girginov (2005). ''The Olympic Games Explained: A Student Guide to the Evolution of the Modern Olympic Games,'' Routledge {{ISBN|978-0-415-34604-7 }}</ref> In 1865, Hulley co-founded the National Olympian Association in Liverpool, a forerunner of the [[British Olympic Association]]. Its articles of foundation provided the framework for the [[Olympic Charter]].

A concept devised by retail entrepreneur [[David Lewis (English merchant)|David Lewis]], the first [[Santa's workshop|Christmas grotto]] opened in [[Lewis's]] department store in Liverpool in 1879.<ref>{{cite news|title=Liverpool's record breaking Christmas grotto beloved by generations|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874|access-date=16 April 2024|work=Liverpool Echo|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226182024/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/nostalgia/liverpools-record-breaking-christmas-grotto-25517874|url-status=live}}</ref> Sir [[Alfred Lewis Jones]], a shipowner, introduced bananas to the UK via Liverpool's docks in 1884.<ref>{{cite ODNB|last=Read|first=J. Gordon|chapter=Jones, Sir Alfred Lewis (1845–1909), shipping entrepreneur and colonial magnate|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|date=23 September 2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/34222}}</ref> The [[Mersey Railway]], opened in 1886, incorporated the world's first tunnel under a tidal [[estuary]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/l/liverpool_central_ll/|title=Disused Stations: Liverpool Central Low Level Station|website=Disused-stations.org.uk|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226181807/http://www.disused-stations.org.uk/l/liverpool_central_ll/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the world's first deep-level underground stations ([[Liverpool James Street railway station]]).

[[File:Bessie Braddock 1899 - 1970 Labour politician and campaigner lived here 1945 - 1970.jpg|thumb|upright|Liverpool was the first city outside London to be chosen to have an official [[Blue plaque]] and now has the largest number outside London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Take a Blue Plaque tour of the homes of Liverpool's most notable residents|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/blue-plaque-tour-liverpool-history-12606938|access-date=26 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=15 February 2017|archive-date=26 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926173819/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/whats-on/whats-on-news/blue-plaque-tour-liverpool-history-12606938|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In 1889, borough engineer [[John Alexander Brodie]] invented the football goal net. He was also a pioneer in the use of [[pre-fabricated]] housing<ref>{{cite book|last=Hogan-O'Neill|first=William|title=Prefabricated and Modular Architecture: Aligning Design with Manufacture and Assembly|date=22 February 2021|publisher=The Crowood Press|isbn=978-1-78500-807-8|page=313|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f90NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT313|access-date=18 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184737/https://books.google.com/books?id=f90NEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT313|url-status=live}}</ref> and oversaw the construction of the UK's first ring road ([[A5058 road|A5058]]) and intercity highway ([[East Lancashire Road]]), as well as the [[Queensway Tunnel]] linking Liverpool and [[Birkenhead]]. Described as "the eighth wonder of the world" at the time of its construction, it was the longest underwater tunnel in the world for 24 years.

In 1897, the [[Auguste and Louis Lumière|Lumière brothers]] filmed Liverpool,<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i5ApsjD46o Liverpool Scenes 1896/1897] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028081858/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i5ApsjD46o |date=28 October 2009 }} ''YouTube''</ref> including what is believed to be the world's first [[tracking shot]],<ref>[http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/News/newsdetail_2754.asp Liverpool City Council]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} News, 14 October 2008</ref> taken from the [[Liverpool Overhead Railway]], the world's first elevated electrified railway. The Overhead Railway was the first railway in the world to use [[electric multiple unit]]s, employ automatic signalling, and install an escalator.

Liverpool inventor [[Frank Hornby]] was a visionary in toy development and manufacture, producing three of the most popular lines of toys in the 20th century: [[Meccano]], [[Hornby Model Railways]] (both in 1901), and [[Dinky Toys]] in 1934.<ref>{{cite news|last=Matilda|first=Battersby|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/google-doodle-celebrates-visionary-toy-maker-frank-hornbys-150-birthday-8616721.html|title=Google Doodle celebrates visionary toy maker Frank Hornby's 150 birthday|newspaper=The Independent|date=15 May 2013|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref> The [[British Interplanetary Society]], founded in Liverpool in 1933 by Phillip Ellaby Cleator, is the world's oldest existing organisation devoted to the promotion of [[spaceflight]]. Its journal, the ''[[Journal of the British Interplanetary Society]]'', is the longest-running astronautical publication in the world.<ref>[http://www.historytoday.com/nigel-watson/reaching-stars "Reaching for the Stars"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116043845/https://www.historytoday.com/nigel-watson/reaching-stars |date=16 November 2018 }}, ''[[History Today]],'' Volume: 63 Issue: 1 2013</ref>

In 1999, Liverpool was the first city outside London to be awarded [[blue plaques]] by [[English Heritage]] in recognition of the "significant contribution made by its sons and daughters in all walks of life".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/353286.stm BBC News] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107000305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/353286.stm |date=7 November 2015 }}, 26 May 1999</ref>

==Government==
{{See also|Merseyside|Liverpool City Region}}
[[File:Cunard and Port of Liverpool Building Buildings (2015-11-03 19.33.41 by Bob Edwards - 22794131345).jpg|thumb|right|The [[Cunard Building]] (left), housing the main offices of [[Liverpool City Council]]]]
For the purposes of [[Local government in England|local government]], Liverpool is classified as a [[metropolitan borough]] with city status. The metropolitan borough is located within both the county of [[Merseyside]] and the [[Liverpool City Region]]. Each of these geographical areas is treated as an administrative area with different levels of local governance applying to each.

[[Liverpool City Council]] is the governing body solely for the Metropolitan Borough of Liverpool and performs functions that are standard of an English [[Unitary Authority]]. 
The [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]] and the [[Mayor of the Liverpool City Region]] reserve major strategic powers over such things as transport, economic development and regeneration for the city along with the 5 surrounding boroughs of the Liverpool City Region. The Combined Authority has competency over areas which have been devolved by national government and are specific to the city region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool devolution deal|date=16 March 2016|publisher=Gov.uk|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/liverpool-devolution-deal|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516131243/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/liverpool-devolution-deal|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nevertheless, there are a few exceptions to local governance apart from these two structures. Liverpool was administered by [[Merseyside County Council]] between 1974 and 1986 and some residual aspects of organisation which date back to this time have survived. When the County Council was disbanded in 1986, most civic functions were transferred to Liverpool City Council. However, several authorities such as the [[Merseyside Police|police]] and [[Merseyside Fire and Rescue Service|fire and rescue service]], continue to be run at a county-wide level. The county of Merseyside, therefore, continues to exist as an administrative area for a few limited services only, while the capability and capacity of the Liverpool City Region Combined Authority is evolving over time.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool City Region explained and how it's different to Merseyside|date=28 December 2020|publisher=Liverpool Echo|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-city-region-explained-how-19427821|access-date=18 June 2021|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629015709/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-city-region-explained-how-19427821|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city also elects five [[member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|members of Parliament]] (MPs) to the [[Westminster Parliament]], all Labour as of the 2024 general election.

=== Liverpool City Council ===

==== City Council Leader and Cabinet ====
[[File:Liverpool Town Hall Council Chamber 2.jpg|thumb|right|City Councillors meet regularly at the Council Chamber in [[Liverpool Town Hall]] to conduct civic business.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Council Chamber|url=https://www.liverpooltownhall.co.uk/the-council-chamber-2|access-date=29 September 2023|website=liverpooltownhall.co.uk|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163917/https://www.liverpooltownhall.co.uk/the-council-chamber-2/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]
Liverpool City Council operates under a constitution comprising 85 city councillors who are directly elected by the Liverpool electorate every four years and represent a variety of different [[List of political parties in the United Kingdom|political parties]]. The city councillors make decisions about local services for the city's people.

At each election, the political party that wins the majority of the 85 council seats leads the council for the following four years. The local leader of this party assumes the role of Leader of the City Council who then chairs a Cabinet of 9 councillors who are assigned specific responsibilities known as 'portfolios'.

The incumbent Leader of Liverpool City Council is [[Liam Robinson (politician)|Councillor Liam Robinson]], who represents the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], which secured a large majority at the [[2023 Liverpool City Council election|2023 local election]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=New Liverpool Council cabinet named as Labour leader picks new top team to run city|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/new-liverpool-council-cabinet-named-26864485|website=Liverpool Echo|date=7 May 2023|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=18 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518041357/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/new-liverpool-council-cabinet-named-26864485|url-status=live}}</ref> the Leader is also a member of the Mayor of the Liverpool City Regions cabinet (''Separate from the City Council Cabinet''), at present Robinson holds the portfolio of Cabinet Member for Innovation. 

The City Council's decisions and scrutiny of activities are undertaken by a number of different committees and panels which include the Overview and Scrutiny Committees, Scrutiny Panels, Regulatory Committees and other committees. The day-to-day management of the council is carried out by the management team which includes the Chief Executive and several directors and senior officers. The management team works with the Cabinet and councillors to deliver strategic direction and priorities such as the budget and the City Plan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the council works|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/councillors-and-committees/how-the-council-works|website=liverpool.gov.uk|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727105514/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/councillors-and-committees/how-the-council-works|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The City of Liverpool (Scheme of Elections and Elections of Elected Mayor) Order 2021|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/1089/made|website=legislation.gov.uk|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=27 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727105513/https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2021/1089/made|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Liverpool City Council elections ====
{{main|Liverpool City Council|Liverpool City Council elections}}
Every four years, the city elects 85 [[councillor]]s from 64 local council [[Ward (politics)|wards]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ward Maps|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/ward-information/ward-maps/|website=liverpool.gov.uk|publisher=Liverpool City Council|access-date=25 June 2023|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625153502/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/ward-information/ward-maps/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

During the [[2023 Liverpool City Council election]], the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] consolidated its control of Liverpool City Council, following on from the previous elections. Out of the total 85 City Council seats up for election, The Labour Party won 61 seats (53.13% of the electorate's total votes), the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] won 15 seats (21.61% of the votes), the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]] won three seats (9.76% of the votes), the Liverpool Community Independents won three seats (4.64% of the votes) and the [[Liberal Party (UK, 1989)|Liberal Party]] won the remaining three seats (3.21% of the votes). The [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]], the political party in power at [[2019 United Kingdom general election|national government]], had no representation on Liverpool City Council. Only 27.27% of the eligible Liverpool electorate turned out to vote.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Councillors and committees: Municipal Elections – Thursday, 4th May, 2023|url=https://councillors.liverpool.gov.uk/mgElectionResults.aspx?ID=64&RPID=60182420&_gl=1*1aslcko*_ga*NzEzMDU2MDM4LjE2OTQxNjkwOTA.*_ga_H88ZGQXGY7*MTY5NTY2NTQ0My4yNi4wLjE2OTU2NjU0NDMuMC4wLjA.&_ga=2.236638729.903517196.1695665444-1032910318.1695665444|access-date=25 September 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk|date=4 May 2023|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202920/https://councillors.liverpool.gov.uk/mgElectionResults.aspx?ID=64&RPID=60182420&_gl=1*1aslcko*_ga*NzEzMDU2MDM4LjE2OTQxNjkwOTA.*_ga_H88ZGQXGY7*MTY5NTY2NTQ0My4yNi4wLjE2OTU2NjU0NDMuMC4wLjA.&_ga=2.236638729.903517196.1695665444-1032910318.1695665444|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Steve Rotheram in 2023.JPG
| caption1          = [[Steve Rotheram]], [[Mayor of the Liverpool City Region]]
| image2            = Official portrait of Paula Barker MP crop 2.jpg
| caption2          = [[Paula Barker]], MP for [[Liverpool Wavertree (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Wavertree]]
| image3            = Official portrait of Ian Byrne MP crop 2.jpg
| caption3          = [[Ian Byrne]], MP for [[Liverpool West Derby (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool West Derby]]
| image4            = Official portrait of Dan Carden MP crop 2.jpg
| caption4          = [[Dan Carden]], MP for [[Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Walton]]
| image5            = Official portrait of Maria Eagle MP crop 2.jpg
| caption5          = [[Maria Eagle]], MP for [[Liverpool Garston (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Garston]]
| image6            = Official portrait of Kim Johnson MP crop 2.jpg
| caption6          = [[Kim Johnson (politician)|Kim Johnson]], MP for [[Liverpool Riverside (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Riverside]]
}}

Throughout most of the 19th and early 20th centuries, Liverpool was a municipal stronghold of [[Conservative Party (UK)|Tory]]ism. However, support for the Conservative Party in recent times has been among the lowest in any part of Britain, particularly since the [[Monetarism|monetarist]] economic policies of former prime minister [[Margaret Thatcher]]. After the [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979 general election]], many have claimed that her victory contributed to longstanding high unemployment and decline in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2008/07/21/the-real-legacy-of-margaret-thatcher-is-a-nation-divided-100252-21375195/|title=The real legacy of Margaret Thatcher is a nation divided|website=Liverpool Echo|date=21 July 2008|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-date=13 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013054916/http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2008/07/21/the-real-legacy-of-margaret-thatcher-is-a-nation-divided-100252-21375195/|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool is one of the Labour Party's key strongholds; however, the city has also seen hard times under Labour governments. Particularly in the [[Winter of Discontent]] (late 1978 and early 1979) when Liverpool suffered public sector strikes along with the rest of the United Kingdom, but also when it suffered the particularly humiliating misfortune of having [[Gravedigger|grave-diggers]] going on strike, leaving the dead unburied for long periods.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3067563.stm|publisher=BBC News|first=Paul|last=Wilenius|title=Enemies within: Thatcher and the unions|date=5 March 2004|access-date=6 May 2011|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218003411/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/3067563.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== City Council criticism and improvement ====
In recent years, [[Liverpool City Council]] began an extensive improvement program designed to ensure that the authority makes efficient use of [[taxpayer]]s' money and to encourage more business and investment in the city. [[Grosvenor Group]], the property company responsible for [[Liverpool One]], commended the changes as an "opportunity for bold thinking in liverpool".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grosvenor hopeful of return to 'bold' thinking in Liverpool|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/grosvenor-hopeful-of-return-to-bold-thinking-in-liverpool|access-date=8 October 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=28 September 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102184254/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/grosvenor-hopeful-of-return-to-bold-thinking-in-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, a highly critical government inspection and subsequent report of Liverpool City Council (referred to as the Caller report) identified multiple shortcomings at Liverpool City Council. The [[Secretary of State for Housing, Communities and Local Government]], [[Robert Jenrick]] sent government [[commissioner]]s to oversee the City Council's highways, regeneration, property management, governance and financial decision-making. The authority was compelled to commit to a three-year improvement plan in which the entire structure of the council would be overhauled. As a result of the intervention, major structural changes at the City Council took place by the [[2023 United Kingdom local elections]], which were labelled "the most unpredictable [elections] in the city's history". The number of electoral wards in the city was doubled from 30 to 64, while the overall number of city councillors up for election was reduced from 90 to 85. In future, the council would also change to 'all out' elections every four years whereby every single city councillor would be eligible for re-election at the same time. The role of [[Mayor of Liverpool|elected city mayor]] was also abolished and the Council reverted to the previous [[Executive arrangements|Leader and Cabinet]] style of leadership. The outcome of the elections were seen not only as a test of how the general public would respond to the government intervention in the city, but also to Prime Minister [[Rishi Sunak]]'s government as a whole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why this month's local elections in Liverpool could the most unpredictable in the city's history|url=https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2023-04-28/another-major-contest-heading-to-liverpool-in-may|access-date=25 September 2023|website=itv.com|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202902/https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2023-04-28/another-major-contest-heading-to-liverpool-in-may|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Council: Volume 691: debated on Wednesday 24 March 2021|url=https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-03-24/debates/D5462F6C-2F3A-425D-A5A2-96998A1050BA/LiverpoolCityCouncil#contribution-A781CB1C-F978-4AE3-BB94-8350F8ED5DD6|access-date=25 September 2023|website=hansard.parliament.uk|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202903/https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2021-03-24/debates/D5462F6C-2F3A-425D-A5A2-96998A1050BA/LiverpoolCityCouncil#contribution-A781CB1C-F978-4AE3-BB94-8350F8ED5DD6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government decision on Best Value interventions announced|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/government-decision-on-best-value-interventions-announced|access-date=25 September 2023|website=liverpoolexpress.co.uk|date=10 June 2021|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202941/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/government-decision-on-best-value-interventions-announced/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Government increases intervention in Liverpool after another critical report|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/steve-rotheram-greg-clark-liverpool-city-council-liverpool-government-b2148526.html|access-date=25 September 2023|website=independent.co.uk|date=19 August 2022|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202902/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/steve-rotheram-greg-clark-liverpool-city-council-liverpool-government-b2148526.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Liam Robinson (politician)|Liam Robinson]] became the new Leader of Liverpool City Council at the 2023 City Council election. The Liverpool Strategic Futures Advisory Panel, chaired by the [[Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region|Mayor of Liverpool City Region]] [[Steve Rotheram]], and including several high-profile figures with experience in [[Local government in England|local government]], was established. The panel was tasked with directing the council's long-term future outside of government intervention measures and to advise on plans and priorities that the city should pursue.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trio tasked with shaping Liverpool's long-term future meet for the first time|url=https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/trio-tasked-with-shaping-liverpools-long-term-future-meet-for-the-first-time|access-date=25 September 2023|website=liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk|archive-date=25 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202923/https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/trio-tasked-with-shaping-liverpools-long-term-future-meet-for-the-first-time/|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Liverpool Town Hall front 2018.jpg|thumb|right|[[Liverpool Town Hall]] houses the official office for the [[Lord Mayor of Liverpool]]]]
In February 2008, Liverpool City Council was reported to be the worst-performing council in the country, receiving just a one-star rating (classified as inadequate). The main cause of the poor rating was attributed to the council's poor handling of tax-payer money, including the accumulation of a £20{{nbsp}}million shortfall while the city held the title of [[European Capital of Culture]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Coligan|first=Nick|title=Official: Liverpool city council is worst – yes, the WORST – in the country|website=[[Liverpool Echo]]|date=7 February 2008|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2008/02/07/official-liverpool-city-council-is-worst-yes-the-worst-in-the-country-100252-20446758/|access-date=23 September 2008|archive-date=22 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522095040/http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2008/02/07/official-liverpool-city-council-is-worst-yes-the-worst-in-the-country-100252-20446758/|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2024, the [[Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities|Office for Local Government]] released a ranking of local authorities, placing Liverpool City Council 317th out of a possible 318.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ellson|first=Andrew|date=30 April 2024|title=Worst-performing councils in England revealed — where does yours rank?|newspaper=[[The Times]]|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/worst-council-england-uk-nottingham-xkpb5jzmz|access-date=30 April 2024|issn=0140-0460|archive-date=30 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430153000/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/worst-council-england-uk-nottingham-xkpb5jzmz|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Lord Mayor of Liverpool ====
{{Not to be confused with|text=elected [[Mayor of the Liverpool City Region]] See below}}
The [[Lord Mayor of Liverpool]] is an ancient ceremonial role. Councillors within Liverpool City Council (not the general public) elect the Lord Mayor annually, who then serves a one-year term. The Lord Mayor is styled as the "first citizen" and is chosen to represent the city at civic functions and engagements, promote it to the wider world, support local charities and community groups, attend religious events, meet delegates from [[Sister city|Liverpool's twin cities]], chair council meetings and confer [[Freedom of the City|Honorary Freemen and associations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lord Mayor of Liverpool|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/councillors-and-committees/lord-mayor|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925202904/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/councillors-and-committees/lord-mayor|archive-date=25 September 2023|access-date=25 September 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk}}</ref> The Lord Mayor is also the presiding officer for Liverpool City Council full meetings.
=== Mayor of the Liverpool City Region ===
[[File:Mann Island 3 Close Up.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Mann Island Buildings|1 Mann Island]] contains the offices of the [[Mayor of the Liverpool City Region]] and combined authority.]]Liverpool is one of the six constituent boroughs of the [[Liverpool City Region]]. The [[Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region|Mayor of the Liverpool City Region]] is directly every four years by residents of those six boroughs and oversees the [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]]. The Combined Authority is the top-tier administrative body for the local governance of the city region and is tasked with taking major strategic decisions on issues such as transport and investment, economic development, employment and skills, tourism, culture, housing and physical infrastructure. The current Mayor is [[Steve Rotheram]].

=== Parliamentary constituencies and MPs ===
{{See also|List of Parliamentary constituencies on Merseyside}}
Liverpool is included within five [[United Kingdom constituencies|parliamentary constituencies]], through which MPs are elected to represent the city in [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Westminster]]: [[Liverpool Garston (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Garston]], [[Liverpool Riverside (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Riverside]], [[Liverpool Walton (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Walton]], [[Liverpool Wavertree (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool Wavertree]] and [[Liverpool West Derby (UK Parliament constituency)|Liverpool West Derby]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool Members of Parliament|publisher=Liverpool City Council|url=http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Council_government_and_democracy/MPs_and_MEPs/Liverpool_MPs/index.asp|access-date=3 July 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907071841/https://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Council_government_and_democracy/MPs_and_MEPs/Liverpool_MPs/index.asp|archive-date=7 September 2008}}</ref> At the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|last general election]], all were won by Labour with representation being from [[Maria Eagle]], [[Kim Johnson (politician)|Kim Johnson]], [[Dan Carden]], [[Paula Barker]] and [[Ian Byrne (politician)|Ian Byrne]] respectively.<ref name="2019 general election results">{{cite news|title=Merseyside bucks national trend with Labour wins|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50769682|access-date=22 December 2019|date=13 December 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509210223/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2019-50769682|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Geography==
=== Environment ===
[[File:Liverpool Bay.png|thumb|[[Satellite imagery]] showing [[Liverpool Bay]], Liverpool and the wider [[Merseyside]] area]]
Liverpool has been described as having "the most splendid setting of any English city".<ref>The Buildings of England – Lancashire: Liverpool and the Southwest By Richard Pollard, Nikolaus Pevsner, Yale University Press, 2006, p243</ref> At {{Coord|53|24|0|N|2|59|0|W|type:city}} (53.4, −2.98), {{convert|176|mi|abbr=off|0}} north-west of London, located on the [[Liverpool Bay]] of the [[Irish Sea]], Liverpool is built across a ridge of [[sandstone]] hills rising up to a height of around {{convert|230|ft}} above sea-level at Everton Hill, which represents the southern boundary of the [[West Lancashire Coastal Plain]].

The [[Mersey Estuary]] separates Liverpool from the [[Wirral Peninsula]]. The boundaries of Liverpool are adjacent to [[Bootle]], [[Crosby, Merseyside|Crosby]] and [[Maghull]] in south [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]] to the north, and [[Kirkby]], [[Huyton]], [[Prescot]] and [[Halewood]] in [[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]] to the east.

===Climate===
{{main|Climate of Liverpool}}
{{climate chart
|Liverpool
|3|8|69
|3|8|57
|4|10|53
|6|13|50
|8|16|53
|11|18|64
|14|20|66
|14|20|72
|11|18|77
|9|14|90
|6|11|82
|3|8|92
|source=[https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gctb66ydw Met Office]
|float=right
}}
Liverpool experiences a [[temperate]] [[Oceanic climate|maritime climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb''), like much of the British Isles, with relatively mild summers, cool winters and rainfall spread fairly evenly throughout the year. Rainfall and temperature records had been kept at [[Bidston Hill]] since 1867, but records for atmospheric pressure go back as far as at least 1846.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pol.ac.uk/appl/hist_met/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224035445/http://www.pol.ac.uk/appl/hist_met/|archive-date=24 February 2011|title=Historical weather data for Bidston Observatory|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> Bidston closed down in 2002 but the [[Met Office]] also has a weather station at [[Crosby, Merseyside|Crosby]]. Since records began in 1867, temperatures have ranged from {{cvt|-17.6|C}} on 21 December 2010 to {{cvt|34.5|C}} on 2 August 1990, although [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Liverpool Airport]] recorded a temperature of {{cvt|35.0|C}} on 19 July 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/2006/ws-33233.html|title=Climate Liverpool Airport (Year 2006) – Climate data (33233)|work=En.tutiempo.net|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220750/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/2006/ws-33233.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The lowest amount of sunshine on record was 16.5 hours in December 1927 whereas the most was 314.5 hours in July 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bidston Observatory recorded hours of sunshine|url=http://www.pol.ac.uk/appl/hist_met/sunshinehours.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709125731/http://www.pol.ac.uk/appl/hist_met/sunshinehours.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2011|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldweatheronline.com/liverpool-weather/merseyside/gb.aspx|title=Liverpool Monthly Climate Averages|website=WorldWeatherOnline.com|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509210229/https://www.worldweatheronline.com/liverpool-weather/merseyside/gb.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Tornado]] activity or [[funnel cloud]] formation is very rare in and around the Liverpool area and tornadoes that do form are usually weak. Recent tornadoes or funnel clouds in Merseyside have been seen in 1998 and 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/1998/ws-33233.html|title=Climate Liverpool Airport (Year 1998) – Climate data (33233)|work=En.tutiempo.net|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215634/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/1998/ws-33233.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Georgia|last=Morgan|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/official-tornado-spotted-m53-motorway-7906550|title=Official: Tornado spotted on M53 motorway in Wirral|work=Liverpool Echo|date=8 October 2014|access-date=17 February 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509215634/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/official-tornado-spotted-m53-motorway-7906550|url-status=live}}</ref>

During the period 1981–2010, Crosby recorded an average of 32.8 days of air frost per year, which is low for the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gctb66ydw|title=Crosby climate information|publisher=Met Office|date=1 May 2014|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110031823/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages|url-status=live}}</ref> Snow is fairly common during the winter although heavy snow is rare. Snow generally falls between November and March but can occasionally fall earlier and later. In recent times, the earliest snowfall was on 1 October 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/10-2008/ws-33233.html|title=Climate Liverpool Airport (October 2008) – Climate data (33233)|work=En.tutiempo.net|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509230951/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/10-2008/ws-33233.html|url-status=live}}</ref> while the latest occurred on 15 May 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/05-2012/ws-33233.html|title=Climate Liverpool Airport (May 2012) – Climate data (33233)|work=En.tutiempo.net|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509230946/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/05-2012/ws-33233.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Although historically, the earliest snowfall occurred on 10 September 1908<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monthly Weather Report of the Official Meteorological Office|url=https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_9229466c-0f5d-43b6-8783-19fbff1e8188/|access-date=10 June 2021|website=digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610055346/https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_9229466c-0f5d-43b6-8783-19fbff1e8188/|url-status=live}}</ref> and the latest on 2 June 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/06-1975/ws-33230.html|title=Climate LIVERPOOL AIRPORT (June 1975) – Climate data (33230)|last=S.L|first=Tutiempo Network|website=tutiempo.net|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510012631/https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/06-1975/ws-33230.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Rainfall, although light, is quite a common occurrence in Liverpool, with the wettest month on record being August 1956, which recorded {{convert|221.2|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain and the driest being February 1932, with {{convert|0.9|mm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="web.archive.org">{{Cite web|date=9 July 2011|title=Bidston Observatory recorded hours of rainfall (mm)|url=http://www.pol.ac.uk/appl/hist_met/monthlyrainfall.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709125732/http://www.pol.ac.uk/appl/hist_met/monthlyrainfall.pdf|archive-date=9 July 2011|access-date=12 June 2019}}</ref> The driest year on record was 1991, with {{convert|480.5|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rainfall and the wettest was 1872, with {{convert|1159.9|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_d643dae6-3dfe-4b58-bbf7-dc91d00bbfdf/|title=TYRain_1677-1859_A_pt1|access-date=25 September 2020|publisher=Met Office|archive-date=30 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210530032555/https://digital.nmla.metoffice.gov.uk/IO_d643dae6-3dfe-4b58-bbf7-dc91d00bbfdf/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Liverpool weatherbox}}

=== Human ===
====Suburbs and districts====
{{See also|Category:Areas of Liverpool}}
Suburbs and districts of Liverpool include:
{{Div col|colwidth=12em}}
*[[Aigburth]]
*[[Allerton, Liverpool|Allerton]]
*[[Anfield (suburb)|Anfield]]
*[[Belle Vale, Liverpool|Belle Vale]]
*[[Broadgreen]]
*[[Canning, Liverpool|Canning]]
*[[Childwall]]
*[[Chinatown, Liverpool|Chinatown]]
*[[Liverpool City Centre|City Centre]]
*[[Clubmoor]]
*[[Croxteth]]
*[[Dingle, Liverpool|Dingle]]
*[[Dovecot, Liverpool|Dovecot]]
*[[Edge Hill, Liverpool|Edge Hill]]
*[[Everton, Liverpool|Everton]]
*[[Fairfield, Liverpool|Fairfield]]
*[[Fazakerley]]
*[[Garston, Liverpool|Garston]]
*[[Gateacre]]
*[[Gillmoss]]
*[[Grassendale]]
*[[Hunt's Cross]]
*[[Kensington, Liverpool|Kensington]]
*[[Kirkdale, Liverpool|Kirkdale]]
*[[Knotty Ash]]
*[[Mossley Hill]]
*[[Netherley, Liverpool|Netherley]]
*[[Norris Green]]
*[[Oglet]]
*[[Old Swan]]
*[[Orrell Park]]
*[[St Michael's Hamlet]]
*[[Speke]]
*[[Stoneycroft]]
*[[Toxteth]]
*[[Tuebrook]]
*[[Vauxhall, Liverpool|Vauxhall]]
*[[Walton, Liverpool|Walton]]
*[[Wavertree]]
*[[West Derby]]
*[[Woolton]]
{{colend}}

====Green Liverpool====
{{table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable col1left" id="toc" style="float:right; margin-left:2em; text-align:right;" 
|+UK [[Core Cities Group|core cities]] – Population and population density (Number of usual residents per km<sup>2</sup>) (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population density|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS006/editions/2021/versions/4|access-date=10 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184740/https://www.ons.gov.uk/datasets/TS006/editions/2021/versions/4|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021|access-date=10 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606233746/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2021 person and household estimates for Data Zones in Northern Ireland|url=https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-person-and-household-estimates-for-data-zones-in-northern-ireland|access-date=10 September 2023|website=nisra.gov.uk|date=31 January 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184748/https://www.nisra.gov.uk/publications/census-2021-person-and-household-estimates-for-data-zones-in-northern-ireland|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Estimates of the population for the UK, England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland|access-date=10 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=12 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170712065656/https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2016%2Fukmidyearestimates2016.xls|url-status=live}}</ref>
![[Core Cities Group|Core City]]||Population||Population<br>density
|-
|[[Birmingham]]||1,144,900||4275.4	
|-
|[[Leeds]]||812,000||1471.7	
|-
|[[Glasgow]]||635,130||3637.0
|-
|[[Sheffield]]||556,500||1512.5
|-
|[[Manchester]]||552,000||4772.7
|-
|'''Liverpool'''||'''486,100'''||'''4346.1'''
|-
|[[Bristol]]||472,400||4308.1
|-
|[[Cardiff]]||362,400||2571.3	
|-
|[[Belfast]]||345,418||2597.8 
|-
|[[Nottingham]]||323,700||4337.6
|-
|[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]]||300,200||2646.1	
|-
|}
In 2010, Liverpool City Council and the Primary Care Trust commissioned the [[Mersey Forest]] to complete "A Green Infrastructure Strategy" for the city.<ref>Liverpool Green Infrastructure Strategy – ginw.co.uk/liverpool</ref>

====Green belt====
{{further|North West Green Belt}}
Liverpool is a core urban element of a [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belt]] region that extends into the wider surrounding counties, which is in place to reduce [[urban sprawl]], prevent the towns in the conurbation from further convergence, protect the identity of outlying communities, encourage [[brownfield]] reuse, and preserve nearby countryside. This is achieved by restricting inappropriate development within the designated areas and imposing stricter conditions on permitted building.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Draft Liverpool Local Plan September 2016|url=http://liverpool.gov.uk/media/1355685/the-draft-liverpool-local-plan-september-2016-bc.pdf|website=liverpool.gov.uk|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515034427/https://liverpool.gov.uk/media/1355685/the-draft-liverpool-local-plan-september-2016-bc.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Due to being already highly built up, the city contains limited portions of protected green belt area within [[Greenfield land|greenfield]] throughout the borough at [[Fazakerley]], [[Croxteth Hall]] and country park and Craven Wood, Woodfields Park and nearby golf courses in [[Netherley, Liverpool|Netherley]], small greenfield tracts east of the [[Speke]] area by the St Ambrose primary school, and the small hamlet of [[Oglet]] and the surrounding area south of [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Liverpool Airport]].<ref name="belt2">{{cite web|title=Liverpool City Council – Draft Liverpool Local Plan – 12 Green Infrastructure|url=http://consult.liverpool.gov.uk/portal/draft_liverpool_local_plan?pointId=s1429871636491#section-s1429871636491|website=consult.liverpool.gov.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The green belt was first drawn up in 1983 under Merseyside County Council<ref>{{cite web|title=Knowsley and Sefton Green Belt Study Nov 2012|url=http://www.knowsley.gov.uk/pdf/eb08_knowsleyandseftongreenbeltstudy.pdf|website=knowsley.gov.uk|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308001240/http://www.knowsley.gov.uk/pdf/eb08_knowsleyandseftongreenbeltstudy.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the size in the city amounts to {{convert|530|ha|km2+mi2}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Green belt statistics – GOV.UK|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/green-belt-statistics|website=gov.uk|date=16 September 2022|access-date=21 February 2018|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703133634/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/green-belt-statistics|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demonyms==
===Scouser===
{{Redirect|Scousers|the Harry Enfield sketch|The Scousers}}
Since the mid-20th century, Scouser has become the predominant demonym for the inhabitants of Liverpool, and is strongly associated with the [[Scouse]] accent and dialect of the city.<ref name=JohnBelchamMerseyPride>{{Cite book|title=Merseypride: Essays in Liverpool Exceptionalism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjdrr|access-date=21 March 2024|first=John|last=Belchem|date=22 March 2024|publisher=Liverpool University Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctt5vjdrr|jstor=j.ctt5vjdrr|isbn=978-1-84631-010-2|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321130742/https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vjdrr|url-status=live}}</ref> The Scouse accent is described as progressively diverging from the Lancastrian accent in the late 19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Emergence of a Common Identity: The Integration of the Irish and the Harmony of 'Merseybeat'|url=https://academic.oup.com/liverpool-scholarship-online/book/43343/chapter-abstract/363130777?redirectedFrom=fulltext|access-date=23 March 2024| date=2017 | doi=10.5949/liverpool/9781786940100.003.0009 |archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323111154/https://academic.oup.com/liverpool-scholarship-online/book/43343/chapter-abstract/363130777?redirectedFrom=fulltext|url-status=live | last=Roberts | first=Keith Daniel | isbn=978-1-78694-010-0 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Liverpool Sectarianism: The Rise and Demise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHVvEAAAQBAJ|access-date=23 March 2024|date=April 2017|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-78138-875-4|archive-date=26 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163920/https://books.google.com/books?id=MHVvEAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The history and origins of the Scouse accent|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/the-history-and-origins-of-the-scouse-accent/#google_vignette|access-date=23 March 2024|website=theguideliverpool.com|date=17 January 2024|archive-date=23 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323111119/https://theguideliverpool.com/the-history-and-origins-of-the-scouse-accent/#google_vignette|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New dialect formation in nineteenth century Liverpool: A brief history of Scouse|url=http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/homes/patrick/livengkoi.pdf|access-date=23 March 2024|website=lel.ed.ac.uk|archive-date=18 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718174253/http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/homes/patrick/livengkoi.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="TonyCrowley">{{Cite book|title=The Liverpool English Dictionary: A Record of the Language of Liverpool 1850–2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lHVvEAAAQBAJ&q=+%22Leeirpooltonian%22&pg=PA135|access-date=20 March 2024|isbn=978-1-78694-833-5|last=Crowley|first=Tony|date=30 September 2017|publisher=Liverpool University Press|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324211040/https://books.google.com/books?id=lHVvEAAAQBAJ&q=+%22Leeirpooltonian%22&pg=PA135|url-status=live}}</ref>

The etymology of Scouser is derived from the traditional dish [[Scouse (food)|Scouse]] brought to the area by sailors travelling through Liverpool's port.<ref name="TonyCrowley"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'Best' Scouse recipe|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/best-scouse-recipe|access-date=21 March 2024|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=21 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321140756/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/stories/best-scouse-recipe|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=TonyCrowleyBook>{{Cite book|title=Scouse: A Social and Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V1Vgq0LJep4C&dq=%22liverpolitan%22&pg=PA72|access-date=19 March 2024|isbn=978-1-84631-840-5|last=Crowley|first=Tony|date=January 2012|publisher=Liverpool University Press|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324211041/https://books.google.com/books?id=V1Vgq0LJep4C&dq=%22liverpolitan%22&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Earlier demonyms===
Earlier terms used to refer to inhabitants of Liverpool include:
* Liverpoldon (17th century)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorials of Liverpool, historical and topographical; including a history of the dock estate|url=https://archive.org/stream/memorialsliverp02pictgoog/memorialsliverp02pictgoog_djvu.txt|access-date=20 March 2024|website=archive.org|date=22 March 1873}}</ref>
* Leeirpooltonian (17th century)<ref name="TonyCrowley"/>
* Liverpolitan (19th century)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Merseypride: Essays in Liverpool Exceptionalism|url=https://academic.oup.com/liverpool-scholarship-online/search-results?page=1&q=liverpolitan&fl_SiteID=6426&SearchSourceType=1&fl_BookID=22004|access-date=20 March 2024|website=academic.oup.com|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320122008/https://academic.oup.com/liverpool-scholarship-online/search-results?page=1&q=liverpolitan&fl_SiteID=6426&SearchSourceType=1&fl_BookID=22004|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Liverpudlian (19th century to present)<ref>{{Cite web|title=How the Scouse accent developed from Irish immigrants, American LPs and a nosy dock worker|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/scouse-accent-liverpool-dialect-uk-explained-beatles-brookside-393625|access-date=20 March 2024|website=inews.co.uk|date=6 February 2020|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320122005/https://inews.co.uk/news/uk/scouse-accent-liverpool-dialect-uk-explained-beatles-brookside-393625|url-status=live}}</ref>

Professor Tony Crowley writes that up until the 1950s, inhabitants of Liverpool were generally referred to by a number of demonyms, including, in the mid-20th century, the rival terms of 'Liverpolitan' and 'Liverpudlian'. Debate surrounded the lexicology of these terms and their connotations of social class.<ref name=TonyCrowleyBook/><ref name=TonyCrowleyEcho1>{{Cite web|title=Paddy Shennan talks to Tony Crowley, the author of a new book about the language of Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/paddy-shennan-talks-tony-crowley-3331789|access-date=19 March 2024|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=8 October 2012|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320122036/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/paddy-shennan-talks-tony-crowley-3331789|url-status=live}}</ref>

Professor John Belchem suggests that a series of other nicknames such as 'Dick Liver', 'Dicky Sam' and 'whacker' were used, but gradually fell out of use. Belchem and Philip Boland suggest that comedic radio presenters and entertainers brought the Liverpool identity to a national audience, which in turn encouraged locals to be gradually more known as 'scousers'. By the time that Frank Shaw's ''My Liverpool, a Celebration of 'Scousetown''' was published in 1971, Belchem argues, 'Scouser' had firmly become the dominant demonym.<ref name=JohnBelchamMerseyPride/><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Sonic geography, place and race in the formation of local identity: Liverpool and Scousers|url=https://www.academia.edu/11739532|access-date=20 March 2024|journal=Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography|date=January 2010|last=Boland|first=Philip|volume=92|pages=1–22|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0467.2010.00330.x|archive-date=24 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324214045/https://www.academia.edu/11739532|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise and fall of Liverpool sectarianism: An investigation into the decline of sectarian antagonism on Merseyside|url=https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2010280/3/RobertsKei_April2015_2010280.pdf|access-date=20 March 2024|website=livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk|archive-date=20 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320210425/https://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2010280/3/RobertsKei_April2015_2010280.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demography==
{{Main|Demographics of Liverpool}}

===Population===
{|class="wikitable" id="toc" style="margin-left:2em; " cellspacing="3"
|+Historical population of Liverpool (numbers vary by source)<br>Sources:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool: Trade, population and geographical growth|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp37-38|access-date=17 September 2023|website=british-history.ac.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184739/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/lancs/vol4/pp37-38|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Population|url=https://www.visitnorthwest.com/population/liverpool|access-date=17 September 2023|website=visitnorthwest.com|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184745/https://www.visitnorthwest.com/population/liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='The Belfast of England'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2009/06/18/history_sectarian_1909_feature.shtml|access-date=17 September 2023|publisher=BBC|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2009/06/18/history_sectarian_1909_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Firsts|url=https://liverpoolhistorysociety.org.uk/articles/liverpool-firsts|access-date=17 September 2023|website=liverpoolhistorysociety.org.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184813/https://liverpoolhistorysociety.org.uk/articles/liverpool-firsts/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool in the Middle Ages|url=https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-liverpool|access-date=17 September 2023|website=localhistories.org|date=14 March 2021|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928053327/https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool District|url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105821/cube/TOT_POP|access-date=17 September 2023|website=visionofbritain.org.uk|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930211936/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105821/cube/TOT_POP|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool|url=https://images.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/2020-01/Liverpool-Part-2.pdf|access-date=17 September 2023|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=20 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211120201150/https://images.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/2020-01/Liverpool-Part-2.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Online historical population reports: Census|url=http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Browse?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1801&active=yes&treestate=contract&titlepos=0|access-date=17 September 2023|website=histpop.org|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184740/http://www.histpop.org/ohpr/servlet/Browse?path=Browse/Census%20(by%20date)/1801&active=yes&treestate=contract&titlepos=0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool – A history of a city 12,000 years in 1200 words|url=https://images.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/2020-01/history-of-a-city-fact-file.pdf|access-date=24 September 2023|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185750/https://images.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/2020-01/history-of-a-city-fact-file.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/transcript-of-magical-history-tour-exhibition-tour|access-date=24 September 2023|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002191249/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/transcript-of-magical-history-tour-exhibition-tour|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Liverpool|url=https://www.history.co.uk/article/history-of-liverpool|access-date=24 September 2023|website=history.co.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185750/https://www.history.co.uk/article/history-of-liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Date!!Population!!Notes
|-
|'''1207'''||||Borough of Liverpool founded by [[John, King of England]]. The economy was focused on agricultural and food processing, [[Gristmill|grain mills]] and warehouses until the 16th century.
|-
|'''1272'''||840||
|-
|'''14th century'''||1,000 – 1,200|| Population roughly 1,000 in 1300. Because Liverpool was a port, it was more at risk from the spread of disease. Townspeople lived partly by farming and fishing. Some were craftsmen or tradesmen such as bakers, brewers, butchers, blacksmiths, and carpenters. A [[watermill]] existed to ground grain into flour for the townspeople's bread, and there was a windmill. [[Black Death]] wiped out whole families and bodies were buried in a mass grave at [[Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas, Liverpool|St Nicholas's churchyard]]. 
|-
|'''16th century'''||||Ireland was still Liverpool's main trading partner. In 1540, a writer said: "Irish merchants come much hither as to a good harbor". He also said there was "good merchandise at Liverpool and much Irish [[yarn]], that [[Manchester]] men buy there". Skins and hides were still imported from Ireland. Exports from Liverpool included coal, woolen cloth, knives and leather goods. There were still many fishermen in Liverpool. In the mid 16th century, the town was under the control of the country [[gentry]] and trade was slow. The population dropped to below 600, in part due to deaths in the [[1557 influenza pandemic|1558 plague]] when a third of the townspeople died. Further [[Second plague pandemic|plague outbreaks]] took place in 1609, 1647 and 1650 which led to static or retrogressive population levels. The town was regarded as subordinate to [[Chester]] until the 1650s.
|-
|'''1600'''||<2,000||English troops bound for [[List of Irish uprisings|rebellions in Ireland]] settled in the 16th and early 17th centuries.
|-
|'''1626'''||||[[Charles I of England]] issued new [[Municipal charter|Charter]] for the town. Trade with other cities, Ireland, [[Isle of Man]], France and Spain increased. Fish and wool was exported to the [[Continental Europe|Continent]], and wines, iron and other commodities imported. In the following decades, merchants invested in Liverpool and its importance grew. Regular shipping began to America and [[West Indies]]. Liverpool was controlled by [[the Crown]], the Molyneux and Stanley families. 
|-
|'''1642'''||2,500||Liverpool overtook [[Chester]] in exporting coal and salt in early 17th century, especially to Ireland. 
|-
|'''1644'''||||During [[English Civil War]], [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Prince Rupert]] led a [[Cavalier|royalist]] army to capture Liverpool. He described the town as a "mere crow's nest which a parcel of boys could take". He stormed [[Liverpool Castle]] in the 'Siege of Liverpool' with considerable slaughter.
|-
|'''1647'''||||Liverpool was made a free and independent port, no longer subject to [[Chester]].
|-
|'''1648'''||||First recorded cargo from America landed at Liverpool.
|-
|'''Late 17th century'''||||Liverpool grew rapidly with the growth of [[Colonial history of the United States|English colonies in North America]] and [[British West Indies|West Indies]]. Liverpool was well placed to trade across Atlantic Ocean. The writer [[Celia Fiennes]] visited Liverpool and said: "Liverpool is built on the [[River Mersey]]. It is mostly newly built, of brick and stone after the London fashion. The original (town) was a few fishermen's houses. It has now grown into a large, fine town. It is but one parish with one church though there be 24 streets in it, there is indeed a little chapel and there are a great many dissenters in the town ([[Protestants]] who did not belong to the [[Church of England]]). It's a very rich trading town, the houses are of brick and stone, built high and even so that a street looks very handsome. The streets are well paved. There is an abundance of persons who are well dressed and fashionable. The streets are fair and long. It's London in miniature as much as I ever saw anything. There is a very pretty exchange. It stands on 8 pillars, over which is a very handsome [[Liverpool Town Hall|Town Hall]]."
|-
|'''1700'''||5,714||First recorded Liverpool [[slave ship]], the 'Liverpool Merchant', sold a cargo of 220 [[slave]]s in Barbados. In the early 1700s, the writer [[Daniel Defoe]] said: "Liverpool has an opulent, flourishing and increasing trade to [[Virginia]] and English colonies in America. They trade around the whole island (of Great Britain), send ships to [[Norway]], to [[Hamburg]], and to the [[Baltic states|Baltic]] as also to [[Holland]] and [[Flanders]] (roughly modern [[Belgium]])." [[Welsh people|Welsh]] people in search of work and opportunity made up a large amount of population in the early 18th century. 
|-
|'''1715'''||||[[Old Dock|World's first wet dock]] opened in Liverpool, symbolising a new era in the town's growth, the starting point of the 18th-century boom in Liverpool's fortunes.
|-
|'''1720s'''||||[[Liverpool Castle]] demolished (built in the 1230s)
|-
|'''1750'''||20,000||
|-
|'''1795'''||||Influx of Irish, [[Welsh people|Welsh]], Scandinavian and [[Dutch people|Dutch]] communities grew the town rapidly. Most of the population were not native to Liverpool.
|-
|'''1797'''||77,708||
|-
|'''1801'''||77,000 – 85,000||
|-
|'''1811'''||94,376||
|-
|'''1821'''||118,972||
|-
|'''1831'''||165,175||
|-
|'''1835'''||||Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include [[Everton, Liverpool|Everton]], [[Kirkdale, Liverpool|Kirkdale]] and parts of [[Toxteth]] and [[West Derby]]. Liverpool was second only to London in importance. Poor, overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions led to disease and epidemics of [[cholera]] in 1830s to 1860s.
|-
|'''1841'''||286,487||
|-
|'''1851'''||375,955||At the height of the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine in Ireland]], Liverpool's [[Irish people in Great Britain|Irish-born population]] peaked to about 83,000–90,000. Forty-three thousand were settled in the area around the docks. More Irish people lived in Liverpool than the majority of [[Historical population of Ireland|Irish towns]]. Forty per cent of the world's trade was passing through [[Port of Liverpool|Liverpool's docks]].
|-
|'''1861'''||413,000 – 462,749||
|-
|'''1871'''||493,405 – 539,248||
|-
|'''1880'''||||Liverpool officially [[History of Liverpool|became a city]].
|-
|'''1881'''||552,508 – 648,616||
|-
|'''1891'''||617,032 – 644,243||
|-
|'''1895'''||||Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include [[Wavertree]], [[Walton, Liverpool|Walton]], and parts of [[Toxteth]] and [[West Derby]].
|-
|'''1901'''||684,958 – 711,030||
|-
|'''1902'''||||Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include [[Garston, Liverpool|Garston]], [[Aigburth]], [[Grassendale and Cressington (Liverpool ward)|Cressington]] and [[Grassendale]].
|-
|'''1904'''||||Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include [[Fazakerley]].
|-
|'''1907'''||746,144||
|-
|'''1911'''||746,421 – 766,044||
|-
|'''1913'''||||Boundary of Liverpool expanded to include [[Woolton]] and [[Gateacre]].
|-
|'''1921'''||805,046 – 821,000||
|-
|'''1931'''||855,688||
|-
|'''1937'''||867,000||The highest-recorded population of Liverpool [[city proper]]
|-
|'''1941'''||806,271||Liverpool's population fell in the following decades, largely due to the [[new towns movement]] and the British government's policy to displace thousands of people from major British cities (including Central Liverpool) to various [[New towns in the United Kingdom|new towns]] within the region such as [[Kirkby]], [[Skelmersdale]], [[Runcorn]] and [[Warrington]].
|-
|'''1951'''||765,641 – 768,337||
|-
|'''1961'''||683,133 – 737,637||
|-
|'''1971'''||595,252 – 607,454||Suburbanisation into neighbouring local authorities continues.
|-
|'''1981'''||492,164 – 503,726||
|-
|'''1991'''||448,629 – 480,196||
|-
|'''2001'''||439,428 – 439,476||Liverpool's population steadily increased again, partly attributed to a rise in students, student accommodation, young professionals, and increased job opportunities through [[urban regeneration]].
|-
|'''2011'''||466,415||
|-
|'''2021'''||486,100||
|-
|}

====The city====
The city of Liverpool is at the core of a much larger and more populous [[metropolitan area]]; however, at the most recent [[2021 United Kingdom census|UK Census in 2021]], the area governed by [[Liverpool City Council]] had a population of 486,100, a 4.2% increase from the previous [[2011 United Kingdom census|Census in 2011]]. This figure increased to 500,500 people by 2022, according to data from Liverpool City Council.

Taking in to account how [[Local government in England|local government]] is organised within the cities and metropolitan areas of England, the Liverpool was the fifth largest of England's [[Core Cities Group|'core cities']] and had the second-overall-highest population density of those, by 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Demography – Census 2021|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/census-2021/demography|access-date=3 September 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903110427/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/census-2021/demography|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What is the population of Liverpool and how big is it?|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/what-population-liverpool-how-big-25304427|access-date=3 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=25 October 2022|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903110425/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/what-population-liverpool-how-big-25304427|url-status=live}}</ref>

The population of the city has steadily risen since the [[2001 United Kingdom census|2001 Census]]. As well as having a growing population, the population density also grew at the 2021 Census compared to the previous census. Since 2011, its population size ranked 10th out of 309 local authority areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How the population changed in Liverpool: Census 2021 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E08000012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923021438/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E08000012 |archive-date=23 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023 |website=ons.gov.uk}}</ref>

The population of the city is comparatively younger than that of England as a whole. Family life in the city is also growing at odds with the North West England region as a whole: At the 2021 Census, the percentage of households including a couple without children increased in Liverpool, but fell across the North West. The percentage of people aged 16 years and over (excluding full-time students) who were employed also increased in Liverpool compared to the overall North West region where it fell. 
[[File:Asian Tourists at Quayside - Albert Dock - Liverpool - England (28033157252).jpg|thumb|left|Liverpool's [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|ethnic]] and international population is growing. More people in the city identified as [[British Asians|Asian]] and [[Black British people|Black]] in the [[2021 United Kingdom census|most recent census]], compared to the previous census.]]

The 2021 Census also showed that Liverpool's [[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|ethnic]] and international population was growing. The number of residents in the city born outside of England has increased since the previous census, while the number of residents who did not identify with any [[Countries of the United Kingdom|national identity associated with the UK]] has also increased at a faster rate than England as a whole. The overall share of the city's population who identified as [[British Asians|Asian]] and [[Black British people|Black]] increased, while the percentage who identified as [[White people in the United Kingdom|white]] decreased in the city compared with previous Census.<ref name="2021lifechange">{{Cite web|title=How life has changed in Liverpool: Census 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/E08000012|access-date=8 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184738/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censusareachanges/E08000012|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has been argued that the city can claim to have one of the strongest [[Irish people|Irish heritages]] in the United Kingdom, with as many as 75 per cent (estimated) of Liverpool's population with some form of [[Irish people in Great Britain|Irish ancestry]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool is a city with deep Irish roots|url=https://www.irishecho.com/2022/4/liverpool-has-deep-irish-roots|access-date=8 September 2023|website=irishecho.com|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705192603/https://www.irishecho.com/2022/4/liverpool-has-deep-irish-roots|url-status=live}}</ref>

The growing population of Liverpool in the 21st century reverses a trend which took place between the 1930s and 2001, when the population of the [[city proper]] effectively halved.

At the [[1931 United Kingdom census]], Liverpool's population reached an all-time high of 846,302. Following this peak, in response to central government policy, the Council authority of Liverpool then built and owned large several [[New towns in the United Kingdom|'new town']] [[Public housing in the United Kingdom|council estates]] in the suburbs within Liverpool's metropolitan area. Tens of thousands of people were systematically relocated to new housing in areas such as [[Borough of Halton|Halton]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]], [[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]], [[Cheshire West and Chester]], [[West Lancashire]], [[Warrington]] and as far as [[North Wales]].

Such a mass relocation and population loss during this time was common practice for many British cities, including London and [[Manchester]], In contrast, satellite towns such as [[Kirkby]], [[Skelmersdale]] and [[Runcorn]] saw a corresponding rise in their populations (Kirkby being the fastest growing town in Britain during the 1960s).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Was the decline in Liverpool's historic population really that unusual?|url=https://citymonitor.ai/government/was-decline-liverpool-s-historic-population-really-unusual-3490|access-date=8 September 2023|website=citymonitor.ai|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918231819/https://citymonitor.ai/government/was-decline-liverpool-s-historic-population-really-unusual-3490|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool District|url=https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105821/cube/TOT_POP|access-date=8 September 2023|website=visionofbritain.org.uk|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930211936/https://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit/10105821/cube/TOT_POP|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="2021lifechange"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ravetz|first=Alison|title=Council housing and culture|date=2001|publisher=Routledge|location=London [u.a.]|isbn=978-0-415-23945-5|edition=New}}</ref>

====Urban and metropolitan area====
Liverpool is typically grouped with the wider [[Merseyside]] (plus [[Borough of Halton|Halton]]) area for the purpose of defining its metropolitan footprint, and there are several methodologies. Sometimes, this metropolitan area is broadened to encompass urban settlements in the neighbouring counties of [[Lancashire]] and [[Cheshire]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rebalancing Britain: Policy of Slogan? Liverpool City Region – Building on its Strengths: An independent report|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32080/11-1338-rebalancing-britain-liverpool-city-region.pdf|access-date=10 January 2024|website=assets.publishing.service.gov.uk|archive-date=28 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128190321/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32080/11-1338-rebalancing-britain-liverpool-city-region.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Region Statement of Cooperation on Local Planning. Liverpool City Region Combined Authority|url=https://api.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Appendix_One_Statement_of_Co-operation.pdf|access-date=11 January 2024|website=api.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk|archive-date=11 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111104155/https://api.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/Appendix_One_Statement_of_Co-operation.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 

The [[Office for National Statistics]] in the United Kingdom uses the international standardised [[International Territorial Level]]s (ITLs) to divide up the [[Economy of the United Kingdom|economic territory of the UK]]. This enables the ONS to calculate regional and local statistics and data. The ONS uses a series of codes to identify these areas. In order of hierarchy from largest area to smallest area, Liverpool is part of the following regions:<ref>{{Cite web|title=International geographies|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/ukgeographies/eurostat#north-west-england|access-date=9 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184739/https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/ukgeographies/eurostat#north-west-england|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International, regional and city statistics|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/whatwedo/programmesandprojects/europeancitystatistics|access-date=9 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122215435/https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/whatwedo/programmesandprojects/europeancitystatistics|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Open Geography Portal|url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/search?q=itl|access-date=9 September 2023|website=geoportal.statistics.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184748/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/search?q=itl|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====ITL 1 region=====
[[North West England]] (code TLD)
<br>At the 2021 Census, the ITL 1 region of North West England had a usual resident population of 7,417,300.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population sizes and changes for regions and local authorities|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021#population-sizes-and-changes-for-regions-and-local-authorities|access-date=9 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606233746/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021#population-sizes-and-changes-for-regions-and-local-authorities|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====ITL 2 region=====
[[Merseyside]] (code TLD7) 
<br>The ITL 2 region of Merseyside is defined as the area comprising East Merseyside (TLD71) plus Liverpool (TLD72), [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]] (TLD73) and [[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] (TLD74).
<br>At the 2021 Census, the population of this area was as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population and household estimates, England and Wales: Census 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021#population-sizes-and-changes-for-regions-and-local-authorities|access-date=9 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606233746/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/bulletins/populationandhouseholdestimatesenglandandwales/census2021#population-sizes-and-changes-for-regions-and-local-authorities|url-status=live}}</ref>

East Merseyside (TLD71):
*[[Borough of Halton|Halton]] = 128,200 
*[[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]] = 154,500 
*[[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St. Helens]] = 183,200

Liverpool (TLD72) = 486,100

[[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]] (TLD73) = 279,300

[[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] (TLD74) = 320,200

Therefore, the total population of the ITL 2 Merseyside region was 1,551,500 based on the 2021 Census.

=====ITL 3 region=====
The smallest ITL 3 area classed as Liverpool (code TLD72), therefore, had a population of 486,100 at the 2021 Census.

=====Other definitions=====

At the 2021 Census, the ONS used a refreshed concept of built-up areas (BUAs) based on the physical built environment, using [[satellite imagery]] to recognise developed land, such as cities, towns and villages. This allows the ONS to investigate economic and social statistics based on actual settlements where most people live. Data from the 2021 Census is not directly comparable with [[2011 United Kingdom census|2011 Census]] data due to this revised methodology. Using the population figures of BUAs at the 2021 Census (excluding London), [[Liverpool Built-up Area]] is the third largest in England with some 506,565 usual residents (behind only [[Birmingham]] and [[Leeds]]). Liverpool's built-up area is, therefore, larger than the major English cities of [[Bristol]], Manchester, [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Nottingham]] and [[Sheffield]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Towns and cities, characteristics of built-up areas, England and Wales: Census 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021|access-date=9 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=21 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121221510/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/housing/articles/townsandcitiescharacteristicsofbuiltupareasenglandandwales/census2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:Liverpool city region.png|thumb|left|Map showing the six boroughs of [[Liverpool City Region]]: the fourth-largest [[combined authority]] area in England.]]
Excluding London, the [[Liverpool City Region]] was the fourth-largest [[combined authority]] area in England, by 2021. The population is approximately 1.6{{nbsp}}million. The Liverpool City Region is a political and economic partnership between local authorities including [[Liverpool City Council|Liverpool]], plus the [[Metropolitan borough]]s of [[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]], [[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]], [[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] and the [[Borough of Halton]]. The [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]] exercises strategic governance powers for the region in many areas. The economic data of the Liverpool city region is of particular policy interest to the [[Office for National Statistics]], particularly as the [[British Government]] continuously explores the potential to negotiate increased [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolved powers]] for each combined authority area.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Population living in an area covered by a combined authority or regional governance body that has a devolution deal with a directly elected mayor, England, as of 13 January 2023|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/adhocs/15439populationlivinginanareacoveredbyacombinedauthorityorregionalgovernancebodythathasadevolutiondealwithadirectlyelectedmayorenglandasof13january2023|website=ons.gov.uk|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184742/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/adhocs/15439populationlivinginanareacoveredbyacombinedauthorityorregionalgovernancebodythathasadevolutiondealwithadirectlyelectedmayorenglandasof13january2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Region|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/areas/E47000004|website=ons.gov.uk|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184740/https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/areas/E47000004|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Combined Authority economic indicators|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/articles/combinedauthorityeconomicindicators/2017-03-14|website=ons.gov.uk|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184738/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/economicoutputandproductivity/output/articles/combinedauthorityeconomicindicators/2017-03-14|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Compare Liverpool combined authority|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/comb/1853882372/subreports/pop_compared/report.aspx?allInGB=&pivot=total&&sort=1&ascending=|website=nomisweb.co.uk|access-date=10 September 2023|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184737/https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/comb/1853882372/subreports/pop_compared/report.aspx?allInGB=&pivot=total&&sort=1&ascending=|url-status=live}}</ref>

A 2011 report, ''Liverpool City Region – Building on its Strengths'', by [[Michael Heseltine]] and [[Terry Leahy]], stated that "what is now called Liverpool City Region has a population of around 1.5{{nbsp}}million", but also referred to "an urban region that spreads from [[Wrexham]] and [[Flintshire]] to [[Chester]], [[Warrington]], [[West Lancashire]] and across to [[Southport]]", with a population of 2.3{{nbsp}}million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32080/11-1338-rebalancing-britain-liverpool-city-region.pdf|title=Liverpool City Region – Building on its Strengths|access-date=10 August 2016|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110712/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32080/11-1338-rebalancing-britain-liverpool-city-region.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2006, in an attempt to harmonise the series of metropolitan areas across the European Union, ESPON (now [[European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion]]) released a study defining a "[[ESPON metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom|Liverpool/Birkenhead Metropolitan area]]" with an estimated population of 2.241 million people. The metro area comprised a functional urban area consisting of a contiguous urban sprawl, labour pool, and commuter [[Travel to work area]]s. The analysis defined this metropolitan area as Liverpool itself, combined with the surrounding areas of [[Birkenhead]], [[Wigan]]/[[Ashton-in-Makerfield|Ashton]], [[Warrington]], [[Widnes]]/[[Runcorn]], [[Chester]], [[Southport]], [[Ellesmere Port]], [[Ormskirk]] and [[Skelmersdale]].<ref name="ESPON project">{{cite web|url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|title=British urban pattern: population data|access-date=14 May 2012|date=March 2007|website=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions|publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]]|page=119|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119|archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>

Liverpool and Manchester are sometimes considered as one large polynuclear metropolitan area,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:89997|title=Shrinking cities and growing regions – emerging trends of new rural-urban relationships in the UK and Germany (Manchester eScholar – The University of Manchester)|date=July 2005|publisher=Escholar.manchester.ac.uk|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425150854/https://www.escholar.manchester.ac.uk/uk-ac-man-scw:89997|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1122670315&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-81&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a|title=World Gazetteer: United Kingdom – largest cities (per geographical entity)|publisher=Archive.is|access-date=5 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105182544/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1122670315&men=gcis&lng=en&des=wg&geo=-81&srt=pnan&col=adhoq&msz=1500&va=&pt=a|archive-date=5 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/23/ruralaffairs.britishidentity|work=The Guardian|first=Martin|last=Wainwright|title=Seeking peace and quiet? Here's where to find it|date=23 October 2006|location=London|access-date=12 December 2016|archive-date=15 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215220517/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/23/ruralaffairs.britishidentity|url-status=live}}</ref> or [[megalopolis (city type)|megalopolis]].

===Ethnicity===
In recent decades, Liverpool's population is becoming more multicultural. According to the 2021 census, 77% of all Liverpool residents described their ethnic group as White English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British. The remaining 23% were described as non-White English/British. Between 2011 and 2021, there was population growth across all ethnic groups, except 'White English/British' and 'Any Other', where there were overall losses. The number of 'Other White residents' in Liverpool also increased by almost 12,000 people, with notable increases in the 'Other Asian', 'Arab', and 'Other Mixed/Multiple' population categories. The non-White English/British population as a percentage of the total population across the [[2023 Liverpool City Council election|'newly organised city electoral wards']] ranged from 5% in the [[Orrell Park (Liverpool ward)|Orrell Park]] ward to 69% in the [[Princes Park (Liverpool ward)|Princes Park]] ward. Nine out of ten Liverpool residents regarded English as their main language. The most spoken non-English languages in the city were [[Arabic]] (5,743 main speakers) followed by [[Polish language|Polish]] (4,809 main speakers). Overall, almost 45,000 residents had a main language that was not English.<ref name="2021ethnicity">{{Cite web|title=Ethnicity – Census 2021|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/census-2021/ethnicity|access-date=11 September 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184737/https://liverpool.gov.uk/council/key-statistics-and-data/census-2021/ethnicity|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{table alignment}}
{|class="wikitable col1left" style="text-align:right;" id="toc"; margin-left:2em;cellspacing="3" 
|+Ethnic breakdown in Liverpool – ([[2021 United Kingdom census|UK Census 2021]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethnic group, England and Wales: Census 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|access-date=11 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922140157/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/bulletins/ethnicgroupenglandandwales/census2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2021ethnicity"/>
!rowspan=2|[[Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom|Ethnic group]]!!colspan=2|Population
|-
!Number!!Percentage
|-
|White: English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish or British||375,785||77.3
|-
|White: Other White||24,162||5.0
|-
|Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African: African||12,709||2.6
|-
|Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Chinese||8,841||1.8
|-
|Other ethnic group: Arab||8,312||1.7
|-
|Other ethnic group: Any other ethnic group||7,722||1.6
|-
|Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Other Asian||7,085||1.5
|-
|White: Irish||6,826||1.4
|-
|Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Indian||6,251||1.3
|-
|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: Other mixed or multiple ethnic groups||4,934||1.0
|-
|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: White and Black African||4,157||0.9
|-
|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: White and Black Caribbean||4,127||0.8
|-
|Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Pakistani||3,673||0.8
|-
|Mixed or multiple ethnic groups: White and Asian||3,662||0.8
|-
|Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African: Other Black||2,762||0.6
|-
|Asian, Asian British or Asian Welsh: Bangladeshi||1,917||0.4
|-
|Black, Black British, Black Welsh, Caribbean or African: Caribbean||1,493||0.3
|-
|White: Roma||1,169||0.2
|-
|White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller||501||0.1
|}

According to a 2014 survey, the ten most popular surnames of Liverpool and their occurrence in the population are:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gibbons|first=Lottie|date=20 March 2020|title=100 most common surnames in Merseyside and how many have them|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/100-most-common-surnames-merseyside-17957357|access-date=5 June 2020|website=Liverpool Echo|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119212735/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/100-most-common-surnames-merseyside-17957357|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 100 most common surnames in Merseyside – are you on the list?|url=https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/18301505.100-common-surnames-merseyside---list/|access-date=5 June 2020|website=Wirral Globe|date=15 March 2020|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411182030/https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/18301505.100-common-surnames-merseyside---list/|url-status=live}}</ref>
:1. Jones – 23,012
:2. Smith – 16,276
:3. Williams – 13,997
:4. Davies – 10,149
:5. Hughes – 9,787
:6. Roberts – 9,571
:7. Taylor – 8,219
:8. Johnson – 6,715
:9. Brown – 6,603
:10. Murphy – 6,495

Liverpool is home to [[Black people in Liverpool|the UK's oldest black community]], dating back to at least the 1730s. Some Liverpudlians can trace their black ancestry in the city back ten generations.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Costello|first=Ray|title=Black Liverpool: The Early History of Britain's Oldest Black Community 1730–1918|publisher=Picton Press|location=Liverpool|year=2001|isbn=978-1-873245-07-1}}</ref> Early Black settlers in the city included seamen, the children of traders sent to be educated, and [[Liverpool slave trade|freed slaves]], since slaves entering the country after 1722 were deemed free men.<ref name="McIntyre-Brown">{{Cite book|last=McIntyre-Brown|first=Arabella|author2=Woodland, Guy|title=Liverpool: The First 1,000 Years|publisher=Garlic Press|location=Liverpool|year=2001|page=57|isbn=978-1-904099-00-0}}</ref> Since the 20th century, Liverpool is also noted for its large [[British African-Caribbean people|African-Caribbean]],<ref name="2021 Nomis"/> [[Ghanaians in the United Kingdom|Ghanaian]],<ref name=IOMGhanaians>{{cite web|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_GHANA.pdf|title=Ghana Mapping Exercise|publisher=International Organization for Migration|access-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145035/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_GHANA.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Somalis in the United Kingdom|Somali]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolpct.nhs.uk/Library/Impact/IA0073.doc|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100408051421/http://www.liverpoolpct.nhs.uk/Library/Impact/IA0073.doc|archive-date=8 April 2010|title=Liverpool City Council/Liverpool PCT Equality Impact Assessment Template|publisher=The National Archives|access-date=16 November 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> communities, formed of more recent African-descended immigrants and their subsequent generations.
[[File:Chinese Arch, Nelson Street, Liverpool - geograph.org.uk - 4894314.jpg|thumb|left|Liverpool has the oldest [[British Chinese|Chinese community]] in Europe and the largest [[Paifang|Chinese arch]] outside China.]]
The city is also home to the oldest [[British Chinese|Chinese community]] in Europe; the first residents of the city's [[Chinatown, Liverpool|Chinatown]] arrived as seamen in the 19th century.<ref name="Chinese">{{cite web|url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369|title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool – Chinese Community|publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust|access-date=6 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724204513/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1369|archive-date=24 July 2009}}</ref> The traditional Chinese gateway erected in Liverpool's Chinatown is the largest such gateway outside China. Liverpool also has a long-standing [[Filipinos|Filipino]] community. [[Lita Roza]], a singer from Liverpool who was the first woman to achieve a UK number one hit, had Filipino ancestry.

The city is also known for its large [[Irish people in Great Britain|Irish]] and [[Welsh people|Welsh]] populations.<ref name="IrishWelsh">{{cite web|url=http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1372|title=Culture and Ethnicity Differences in Liverpool – European Communities|publisher=Chambré Hardman Trust|access-date=6 August 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110073826/http://www.mersey-gateway.org/server.php?show=ConWebDoc.1372|archive-date=10 January 2009}}</ref> In 1813, 10 per cent of Liverpool's population was Welsh, leading to the city becoming known as "the capital of [[North Wales]]."<ref name="IrishWelsh"/>

During, and in the decades following, the [[Great Irish Famine]] in the mid-19th century, up to two million Irish people travelled to Liverpool within one decade, with many subsequently departing for the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage5.shtml|title=Coast Walk: Stage 5 – Steam Packet Company|publisher=BBC|access-date=6 August 2008|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515062428/http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2005/07/20/coast05walks_stage5.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> By 1851, more than 20 per cent of the population of Liverpool was Irish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/emigrants/access/liverpool.asp?%5Blookup%5D=irish|title=Leaving from Liverpool|publisher=National Museums Liverpool|access-date=6 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007071211/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/emigrants/access/liverpool.asp?%5Blookup%5D=irish|archive-date=7 October 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> At the 2001 Census, 1.17 per cent of the population were Welsh-born and 0.75 per cent were born in the [[Republic of Ireland]], while 0.54 per cent were born in [[Northern Ireland]],<ref name="CoB">{{cite web|url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276787&c=liverpool&d=13&e=13&g=359393&i=1001x1003x1004&o=198&m=0&r=1&s=1219587699578&enc=1&dsFamilyId=11|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224192237/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276787&c=liverpool&d=13&e=13&g=359393&i=1001x1003x1004&o=198&m=0&r=1&s=1219587699578&enc=1&dsFamilyId=11|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2012|title=Neighbourhood Statistics: Country of Birth|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=24 August 2008}}</ref> but many more Liverpudlians are of legacy Welsh or Irish ancestry.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b362aa48-6875-11ea-a3c9-1fe6fedcca75|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/b362aa48-6875-11ea-a3c9-1fe6fedcca75|archive-date=10 December 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Liverpool holds fast to its Irish identity through Brexit and beyond|work=Financial Times|first=Andy|last=Bounds|date=19 March 2020|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

Other contemporary ethnicities include [[British Indian|Indian]],<ref name="2021 Nomis"/> [[Latin American migration to the United Kingdom|Latin American]],<ref name="Latin American Liverpool">{{cite news|url=http://www.liverpool.com/news/liverpool-s-latin-quarter-just-around-the-corner.html|title=Liverpool's Latin quarter – just around the corner|publisher=Liverpool.com|access-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011061807/http://www.liverpool.com/news/liverpool-s-latin-quarter-just-around-the-corner.html|archive-date=11 October 2012}}</ref> [[Malaysians in the United Kingdom|Malaysian]],<ref name=IOMMalaysians>{{cite web|url=http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_MALAYSIA.pdf|title=Malaysia Mapping Exercise|publisher=International Organization for Migration|access-date=13 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304145015/http://www.iomlondon.org/doc/mapping/IOM_MALAYSIA.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2012}}</ref> and [[Yemenis in the United Kingdom|Yemeni]]<ref name="BBC Yemenis">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml|title=Islam and Britain|publisher=BBC|access-date=13 September 2012|archive-date=22 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322232559/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/uk_1.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> communities, which number several thousand each.

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religion of Liverpool residents, 2021
|caption= Source: 2021 census<ref>{{Cite web|title=Religion, England and Wales: Census 2021|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|access-date=18 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=29 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129100449/https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/religion/bulletins/religionenglandandwales/census2021|url-status=live}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ccc
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|Christian|#ccf|57.3}}
{{bar percent|No religion|#ccf|29.4}}
{{bar percent|Religion not stated|#ccf|5.9}}
{{bar percent|Muslim|#ccf|5.3}}
{{bar percent|Hindu|#ccf|0.8}}
{{bar percent|Buddhist|#ccf|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Any other religion|#ccf|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Jewish|#ccf|0.4}}
{{bar percent|Sikh|#ccf|0.1}}
}}
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 300
| image1            = Liverpoolcityskyline.jpg
| caption1          = [[Liverpool Cathedral|Liverpool Anglican Cathedral]], one of the largest cathedrals in the world
| image2            = Liverpool RC Cathedral (7169062078).jpg
| caption2          = [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral|Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral of Christ the King]]
| image3            = Al-Rahma Mosque, Liverpool 2020.jpg
| caption3          = The [[Al-Rahma Mosque]] in the [[Toxteth]] area of Liverpool
| image4            = The Synagogue of the Liverpool Old Hebrew Congregation - geograph.org.uk - 1703408 crop.JPG
| caption4          = [[Princes Road Synagogue]], Toxteth
}}
The thousands of migrants and sailors passing through Liverpool resulted in a religious diversity that is still apparent today. This is reflected in the equally diverse collection of religious buildings,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://liverpoolstreetgallery.com/thumbnails.php?album=51|title=Church, Mosque, Synagogue|publisher=Liverpool Street Gallery|date=2 December 2007|access-date=15 April 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118220910/http://www.liverpoolstreetgallery.com/thumbnails.php?album=51|archive-date=18 November 2009}}</ref> including two Christian cathedrals.

Liverpool is known to be England's 'most Catholic city', with a [[Catholic]] population much larger than in other parts of England.<ref name="Sectarianism in England">{{cite web|last=West|first=Ed|title=Why does England not have sectarianism like Scotland and Northern Ireland? It's the demography, stupid|url=http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/edwest/100084758/why-does-england-not-have-sectarianism-like-scotland-its-the-demography-stupid/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424083701/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/edwest/100084758/why-does-england-not-have-sectarianism-like-scotland-its-the-demography-stupid/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2011|website=The Telegraph|access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> This is mainly due to high historic Irish migration to the city and their descendants since.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/conferences/asc-2020/about-liverpool|title=About Liverpool|access-date=17 June 2022|archive-date=24 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524154101/https://www.ljmu.ac.uk/conferences/asc-2020/about-liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref>

The parish church of Liverpool is the Anglican [[Church of Our Lady and Saint Nicholas, Liverpool|Our Lady and St Nicholas]], colloquially known as "the sailors church", which has existed near the waterfront since 1257. It regularly plays host to [[Catholic mass]]es. Other notable churches include the [[Greek Orthodox Church of St Nicholas]] (built in the [[Neo-Byzantine architecture]] style) and the [[Gustav Adolf Church, Liverpool|Gustav Adolf Church]] (the Swedish Seamen's Church, reminiscent of Nordic styles).

Liverpool's wealth as a port city enabled the construction of two enormous cathedrals in the 20th century. The [[Liverpool Cathedral|Anglican Cathedral]], which was designed by [[Giles Gilbert Scott|Sir Giles Gilbert Scott]] and plays host to the annual [[Liverpool Shakespeare Festival]], has one of the longest [[nave]]s, largest organs and heaviest and highest peals of bells in the world. The Roman Catholic [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]], on Mount Pleasant next to [[Liverpool Science Park]], was initially planned to be even larger. Of [[Sir Edwin Lutyens]]'s original design, only the crypt was completed. The cathedral was eventually built to a simpler design by [[Sir Frederick Gibberd]]. While this is on a smaller scale than Lutyens' original design, it still incorporates the largest panel of [[stained glass]] in the world. The road running between the two cathedrals is called [[Hope Street, Liverpool|Hope Street]]. The cathedral has long been colloquially referred to as "Paddy's Wigwam" due to its shape.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2007/05/10/faith_metro_cathedral_anniv_feature.shtml|title=Cathedral celebrates anniversary|publisher=BBC News|access-date=23 December 2019|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516045905/http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2007/05/10/faith_metro_cathedral_anniv_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

Liverpool contains several synagogues, of which the Grade I listed [[Moorish Revival]] [[Princes Road Synagogue]] is architecturally the most notable. Princes Road is widely considered to be the most magnificent of Britain's [[Moorish Revival]] synagogues and one of the finest buildings in Liverpool.<ref>Sharples, Joseph, Pevsner Architectural Guide to Liverpool, Yale University Press, 2004, pg. 249</ref> Liverpool has a thriving [[Jews|Jewish community]] with a further two [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox]] Synagogues, one in the [[Allerton, Liverpool|Allerton]] district of the city and a second in the [[Childwall]] district of the city where a significant Jewish community reside. A third orthodox Synagogue in the [[Greenbank Park]] area of L17 has recently closed and is a listed 1930s structure. There is also a [[Lubavitch]] [[Chabad House]] and a [[reform synagogue]]. Liverpool has had a Jewish community since the mid-18th century. The Jewish population of Liverpool is around 5,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpooljewish.com/community/history-liverpool-jewry-today.php|title=Liverpool Jewry Today|access-date=13 January 2013|archive-date=21 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821185245/http://www.liverpooljewish.com/community/history-liverpool-jewry-today.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Liverpool Talmudical College]] existed from 1914 until 1990, when its classes moved to the [[List of Jewish communities in the United Kingdom|Childwall Synagogue]].{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

Liverpool also has a [[Hindu]] community, with a [[Mandir]] on [[Edge Lane]], [[Edge Hill, Merseyside|Edge Hill]]. The Shri Radha Krishna Temple from the Hindu Cultural Organisation in Liverpool is located there.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hcoliverpool.com/|title=Shri Radha Krishna Temple – (Hindu Cultural Organisation, Liverpool)|publisher=Hcoliverpool.com|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207213503/http://hcoliverpool.com/|archive-date=7 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liverpool also has the [[Guru Nanak]] [[Sikh]] [[Gurdwara]] in [[Wavertree]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Wellington Ave|url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&cp=27&gs_id=3&xhr=t&q=wellington+avenue+liverpool&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1366&bih=677&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x487b2052fc14d2b7:0x7f95f042f87001c6,Wellington+Ave,+Liverpool,+Merseyside+L15&gl=uk&ei=SzAvTqaGHIif-QbemI3LDg&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CCgQ8gEwAg|title=Google Maps – Guru Nanak Gurdwara & Sikh Community Centre, Wellington Avenue, Liverpool, Merseyside, L15 0EJ|date=1 January 1970|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-date=2 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102093721/http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?hl=en&cp=27&gs_id=3&xhr=t&q=wellington+avenue+liverpool&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.&biw=1366&bih=677&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hq=&hnear=0x487b2052fc14d2b7:0x7f95f042f87001c6,Wellington+Ave,+Liverpool,+Merseyside+L15&gl=uk&ei=SzAvTqaGHIif-QbemI3LDg&sa=X&oi=geocode_result&ct=image&resnum=3&sqi=2&ved=0CCgQ8gEwAg|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] Centre in the same area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~njtrg/Bahai/Liverpool%20Bahai%20Text.html|title=Liverpool Baha'is Online – Liverpool Baha'i Centre and Community|publisher=Users.globalnet.co.uk|date=14 April 1950|access-date=5 August 2011|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310040559/http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~njtrg/Bahai/Liverpool%20Bahai%20Text.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The city had the earliest Mosque in England and possibly the UK, founded in 1887 by [[William Abdullah Quilliam]], a lawyer who had converted to [[Islam]] who set up the [[Liverpool Muslim Institute]] in a [[terraced house]] on West Derby Road.<ref>[http://www.islaminbritishstone.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=68 ''Islam In British Stone''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530060202/http://www.islaminbritishstone.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=158&Itemid=68 |date=30 May 2012 }} website</ref> Apart from the first mosque in England which now houses a museum,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Abdullah Quilliam Society|url=http://www.abdullahquilliam.org/about-abdullah-quilliam-society|access-date=29 September 2023|website=abdullahquilliam.org|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928203237/http://www.abdullahquilliam.org/about-abdullah-quilliam-society/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic mosque ready to help city celebrate Eid|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/historic-mosque-ready-help-city-26754497|access-date=29 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=21 April 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185759/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/historic-mosque-ready-help-city-26754497|url-status=live}}</ref> the largest and main one, [[Al-Rahma mosque]], was also the third purpose-built mosque in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Liverpool's Central Mosque|url=https://www.liverpoolmuslimsociety.org.uk/|access-date=29 September 2023|website=liverpoolmuslimsociety.org.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185748/https://www.liverpoolmuslimsociety.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> The second largest mosque in Liverpool is the Masjid Al-Taiseer.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masjid Al-Taiseer|url=https://liverpoolislamiccentre.org.uk/|access-date=29 September 2023|website=liverpoolislamiccentre.org.uk|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185749/https://liverpoolislamiccentre.org.uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other mosques in the city include the Bait ul Lateef Ahmadiyya Mosque,<ref>{{Cite web|title='Our faith has been accepted here': starting again and finding acceptance in Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/our-faith-been-accepted-here-26039783|access-date=29 September 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=22 January 2023|archive-date=5 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705060713/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/our-faith-been-accepted-here-26039783|url-status=live}}</ref> Hamza Center (Community Center),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hamza Center (Community Center)|url=https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82686365-hamza-center-community-center-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|access-date=29 September 2023|website=prayersconnect.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185750/https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82686365-hamza-center-community-center-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref> Islamic community centre,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Islamic community centre|url=https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82632552-islamic-community-centre-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|access-date=29 September 2023|website=prayersconnect.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185746/https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82632552-islamic-community-centre-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool Mosque and Islamic Institute,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Mosque & Islamic Institute|url=https://lmii.org/|access-date=29 September 2023|website=lmii.org|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185746/https://lmii.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool Towhid Centre,<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Shia Islamic Centres in the United Kingdom|url=https://majlis.org.uk/imamiyah-council/centres|access-date=29 September 2023|website=majlis.org.uk|date=5 December 2020|archive-date=2 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202181552/https://majlis.org.uk/imamiyah-council/centres/|url-status=live}}</ref> Masjid Annour,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masjid Annour|url=https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82621422-masjid-annour-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|access-date=29 September 2023|website=prayersconnect.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185748/https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82621422-masjid-annour-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref> and the Shah Jalal Mosque.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shah Jalal Mosque Liverpool|url=https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82629775-shah-jalal-mosque-liverpool-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|access-date=29 September 2023|website=prayersconnect.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002185749/https://prayersconnect.com/mosques/82629775-shah-jalal-mosque-liverpool-liverpool-england-united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Liverpool}}{{See also|Liverpool city centre#Headquarters and major offices | Category:Companies based in Liverpool | Category:Manufacturing companies based in Liverpool}}

===City and region===
[[File:Liverpool Skyline 2023.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Liverpool is a major component of the third largest regional economy in the United Kingdom. Important sectors in the city include the [[knowledge economy]], [[Maritime transport|maritime industry]], tourism, [[Culture of Liverpool|culture]], [[Hospitality industry|hospitality]], [[healthcare industry]], [[List of life sciences|life sciences]], the [[Creative industries|creative]] and [[Digital economy|digital sectors]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Economy of Liverpool|url=https://www.varbes.com/economy/liverpool-economy|access-date=29 August 2023|website=varbes.com|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829001042/https://www.varbes.com/economy/liverpool-economy|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool to become £80m investment zone|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-to-become-80m-investment-zone|access-date=29 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=15 March 2023|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829001044/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-to-become-80m-investment-zone/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Liverpool's economy will thrive' says Prof Parkinson|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpools-economy-will-thrive-says-prof-parkinson|access-date=29 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=8 August 2022|archive-date=8 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808072015/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpools-economy-will-thrive-says-prof-parkinson/|url-status=live}}</ref>]]

{{multiple image
| align             = right
| perrow            = 2
| total_width       = 350
| image1            = Central Liverpool (2023).jpg
| caption1          = [[List of tallest buildings and structures in Liverpool|Liverpool skyline]] showing the [[Liverpool city centre|Commercial District]]
| image2            = Liverpool One (36503692576).jpg
| caption2          = Liverpool is one of the top [[List of shopping centres in the United Kingdom by size|retail destinations]] in the UK
| image3            = Liverpool School Tropical Medical School 2.JPG
| caption3          = [[Knowledge Quarter, Liverpool|Knowledge Quarter]], Liverpool hosts globally significant institutions
| image4            = Range Rover Evoque SD4 4WD Prestige – Frontansicht, 12. Juli 2014, Düsseldorf.jpg
| caption4          = The [[Range Rover Evoque]] is manufactured at [[Jaguar Land Rover Halewood]]
| image5            = Encounter and Sara Borchard.jpg
| caption5          = The [[Port of Liverpool]] is the [[List of ports in Great Britain|4th largest port in the UK]]

| image6            = Exchange Flags, Liverpool (2023).jpg
| caption6          = Liverpool is home to many [[Liverpool city centre|global headquarters]] and major branch offices
}}

Liverpool forms an integral part of [[North West England]]'s economy, the third largest regional economy in the United Kingdom. The city is also a major contributor to the economy of [[Liverpool City Region]], worth over £40{{nbsp}}billion per year.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional gross value added (balanced) by combined authority in the UK|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedbycombinedauthorityintheuk|access-date=29 August 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927095737/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/datasets/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalancedbycombinedauthorityintheuk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gross domestic product of the United Kingdom in 2021, by region|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1004135/uk-gdp-by-region|access-date=29 August 2023|website=statista.com/|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829085248/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1004135/uk-gdp-by-region/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional gross domestic product: city regions|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|access-date=1 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901145758/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|url-status=live}}</ref>

The local authority area governed by [[Liverpool City Council]] accounts for 39% of the Liverpool city region's total jobs, 40% of its total GVA and 35% of its total businesses. At the local authority level, the city's [[Gross value added|GVA]] (balanced) at current basic prices was £14.3{{nbsp}}billion in 2021. Its GDP at current market prices was £15.9{{nbsp}}billion. This equates to £32,841 per head of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional gross domestic product: local authorities|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductlocalauthorities|access-date=28 August 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828212620/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductlocalauthorities|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Council Plan 2022–25|url=https://liverpool.gov.uk/media/25xbb4qb/council-plan-2022-25-8-march.pdf|access-date=29 August 2023|website=liverpool.gov.uk|archive-date=29 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230829155536/https://liverpool.gov.uk/media/25xbb4qb/council-plan-2022-25-8-march.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[2021 United Kingdom census]], 51.1% of Liverpool's population aged 16 years and over was classed as employed, 44.2% economically inactive and 4.8% unemployed. Of those employed, the most popular industries providing the employment were human health and social work activities (18.7%), wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motor cycles (15%), education (10.8%), public administration and defence; compulsory social security (7.3%), accommodation and food service activities (6.8%), construction (6.5%), transport and storage (5.8%), manufacturing (5.5%) and professional, scientific and technical activities (5.2%).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Employment in local authorities, England and Wales|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/employmentinlocalauthoritiesenglandandwales|access-date=30 August 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830103443/https://www.ons.gov.uk/employmentandlabourmarket/peopleinwork/employmentandemployeetypes/datasets/employmentinlocalauthoritiesenglandandwales|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] Business Register and Employment Survey 2021, some industries within Liverpool perform strongly compared to other [[Local government in the United Kingdom|local authorities in Great Britain]]. In terms of absolute number of jobs per industry in Great Britain's local authority areas, Liverpool features in the national top 10 for human health and social work activities; arts, entertainment and recreation; public administration and defence; compulsory social security; accommodation and food service activities and real estate activities. Liverpool features in the national top 20 for number of jobs in education; construction; wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; transportation and storage; financial and insurance activities and professional, scientific and technical activities.<ref name="Labour Market Profile - Liverpool">{{cite web|url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157104/report.aspx|title=Labour Market Profile – Liverpool|access-date=16 December 2023|publisher=Office for National Statistics|archive-date=13 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213020732/http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/la/1946157104/report.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2023, Liverpool City Council set out an economic growth plan for the city over the following 20 years. The City Council will have particular focus on economic sectors such as the [[Tourism in England|visitor economy (tourism)]], [[Culture of Liverpool|culture]], [[List of life sciences|life sciences]], [[Digital economy|digital]] and [[Creative industries|creative sectors]], and [[Automotive industry in the United Kingdom|advanced car manufacturing]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool set to launch new 20-year plan to maximise city's development & investment opportunities|url=https://investliverpool.com/news/delivering-liverpools-development-potential|access-date=31 August 2023|website=investliverpool.com|date=15 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151030/https://investliverpool.com/news/delivering-liverpools-development-potential/|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the International passenger Survey, from the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]], Liverpool was one of the top 5 most visited cities in the UK by overseas tourists in 2022. As of the same year, the city's tourist industry was worth a total of £3.5{{nbsp}}billion annually and was part of a larger city region tourist industry worth £5{{nbsp}}billion. A consistent calendar of major events, as well as a plethora of cultural attractions, continue to provide a significant draw for tourists. Tourism related to [[the Beatles]] is worth an estimated £100{{nbsp}}million to the Liverpool economy each year alone. [[Liverpool One]], as well as a growing retail offer overall, has led to the city being one of the most prominent destinations for shopping in the UK. [[Liverpool Cruise Terminal]], which is situated close to the [[Pier Head]], enables tourists to berth in the centre of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pioneers of Beatles tourism industry to be honoured by Liverpool|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/pioneers-of-beatles-tourism-industry-to-be-honoured-by-liverpool|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolexpress.co.uk|date=10 August 2022|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151026/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/pioneers-of-beatles-tourism-industry-to-be-honoured-by-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City's Tourism Sector Continues to Bounce Back|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/citys-tourism-sector-continues-to-bounce-back|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolexpress.co.uk|date=8 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151027/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/citys-tourism-sector-continues-to-bounce-back/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inbound trends by UK town|url=https://www.visitbritain.org/inbound-trends-uk-town|access-date=31 August 2023|website=.visitbritain.org|date=19 May 2015|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815134000/https://www.visitbritain.org/inbound-trends-uk-town|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool city region tourism value now above £5bn|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-city-region-tourism-value-now-above-5bn|access-date=31 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=8 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151029/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-city-region-tourism-value-now-above-5bn/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome To Liverpool, You're In The Heart Of The City We Love|url=https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/|access-date=31 August 2023|website=cruise-liverpool.com|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151025/https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool ranked the top UK city for high street spending|url=https://www.businessleader.co.uk/liverpool-ranked-top-uk-city-for-high-street-spending|access-date=31 August 2023|website=businessleader.co.uk|date=26 September 2022|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151028/https://www.businessleader.co.uk/liverpool-ranked-top-uk-city-for-high-street-spending/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The best cities for shopping in the UK in 2022|url=https://www.which.co.uk/news/article/best-cities-for-shopping-in-the-uk-aUjs75v7cMS3|access-date=31 August 2023|website=which.co.uk|date=5 September 2022|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151025/https://www.which.co.uk/news/article/best-cities-for-shopping-in-the-uk-aUjs75v7cMS3|url-status=live}}</ref>

Liverpool is home to the [[Knowledge Quarter, Liverpool|Knowledge Quarter]], a 450-acre city centre district that hosts some of the world's most influential institutions in science, health, technology, education, music and the creative performing arts. The [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] has also identified the city as a '[[Pharmaceutical industry in the United Kingdom|pharmaceutical]] production superpower' and one of the UK's leading regions for [[Biomanufacturing|bioprocessing]]. The accolade led to the government choosing the city for England's second ever 'Investment Zone' in 2023. This will involve millions of pounds being invested over the coming years in to science orientated districts including the Knowledge Quarter and the so-called 'pharma cluster' in the city suburb of [[Speke]]. The two clusters form an internationally significant role in [[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|infectious disease]] control. Liverpool City Council also plan to invest in the city's [[Baltic Triangle]], which is renowned in the creative and digital industries.<ref>{{Cite web|title=LCR announced as the UK's second Investment Zone|url=https://www.kqliverpool.co.uk/lcr-announced-as-the-uks-second-investment-zone|access-date=31 August 2023|website=kqliverpool.co.uk|date=27 July 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151029/https://www.kqliverpool.co.uk/lcr-announced-as-the-uks-second-investment-zone/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Everything you need to know about the Knowledge Quarter, Liverpool|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-knowledge-quarter-liverpool|access-date=31 August 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|date=24 November 2020|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151028/https://theguideliverpool.com/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-knowledge-quarter-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Delivering Liverpool's development potential|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/46268-2|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolexpress.co.uk|date=15 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151028/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/46268-2/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Investment Zone for the North to unlock multi-million pound investments|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/second-investment-zone-for-the-north-to-unlock-multi-million-pound-investments|access-date=31 August 2023|website=gov.uk|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151023/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/second-investment-zone-for-the-north-to-unlock-multi-million-pound-investments|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Business leaders sought to shape Liverpool City Region's growth sectors|url=https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/business-leaders-sought-to-shape-liverpool-city-regions-growth-sectors|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk|date=25 July 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151032/https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/business-leaders-sought-to-shape-liverpool-city-regions-growth-sectors/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool set to launch 20 year plan to maximise investment opportunities|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpool-set-to-launch-20-year-plan-to-maximise-investment-opportunities|access-date=31 August 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|date=15 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151028/https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpool-set-to-launch-20-year-plan-to-maximise-investment-opportunities/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Automotive industry in the United Kingdom|Car manufacturing]] also takes place in the city at the [[Jaguar Land Rover Halewood]] plant, where the [[Range Rover Evoque]] model is assembled. In 2023, Jaguar Land Rover announced that the Halewood plant would begin to shift its focus to [[electric car]] production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Revealed: New Range Rover Evoque will secure future of THOUSANDS of Halewood workers|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/business/revealed-new-range-rover-evoque-15453283|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=22 November 2018|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151023/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/business/revealed-new-range-rover-evoque-15453283|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jaguar Halewood to go all-electric in £15bn project|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/jaguar-halewood-to-go-all-electric-in-15bn-project|access-date=31 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=19 April 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151031/https://lbndaily.co.uk/jaguar-halewood-to-go-all-electric-in-15bn-project/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Historically, the economy of Liverpool was centred on the city's port and manufacturing base. Today, the [[Port of Liverpool]] is the UK's fourth-largest port by [[tonnage]] of [[Cargo|freight]], handling over 30 million tonnes in 2020. The city is also the UK's largest port for [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantic trade]], handling 45% of the country's trade from the United States. In 2023, the city was chosen by the British government to be a designated [[Free ports in the United Kingdom|Freeport]] to encourage growing international commerce.

The [[Liverpool2]] container terminal, completed in 2022, has greatly increased the volume of cargo which Liverpool is able to handle and has facilitated the world's biggest [[container vessel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Port of Liverpool hails record-breaking achievements and 'landmark moment'|url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/enterprise/port-liverpool-hails-record-breaking-23621698|access-date=31 August 2023|website=business-live.co.uk|date=7 April 2022|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151033/https://www.business-live.co.uk/enterprise/port-liverpool-hails-record-breaking-23621698|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Introducing Liverpool2|url=https://www.peelports.com/campaigns/liverpool2|access-date=31 August 2023|website=peelports.com|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922222441/https://www.peelports.com/campaigns/liverpool2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inspiring connectivity|url=https://investliverpoolcityregion.com/growth-sectors/port-logistics|access-date=31 August 2023|website=investliverpoolcityregion.com|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151026/https://investliverpoolcityregion.com/growth-sectors/port-logistics/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Port Codes, Port Code Finder & Global Port Lookup|url=https://www.seabaycargo.com/seaport/detail/Liverpool_United-Kingdom_GBLIV.html|access-date=31 August 2023|website=seabaycargo.com|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151024/https://www.seabaycargo.com/seaport/detail/Liverpool_United-Kingdom_GBLIV.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool port: workers vote to strike for better wages|url=https://www.powercargo.co.uk/blogs/liverpool-port-workers-vote-to-strike-for-better-wages|access-date=31 August 2023|website=powercargo.co.uk|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151023/https://www.powercargo.co.uk/blogs/liverpool-port-workers-vote-to-strike-for-better-wages|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Peel Ports completes £140m port expansion|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/peel-ports-completes-140m-port-expansion|access-date=31 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=8 February 2022|archive-date=19 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819204243/https://lbndaily.co.uk/peel-ports-completes-140m-port-expansion/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Govt approves Liverpool City Region Freeport status|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/govt-approves-liverpool-city-region-freeport-status|access-date=31 August 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=10 January 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151027/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/govt-approves-liverpool-city-region-freeport-status/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Liverpool is also home to numerous UK headquarters, or the major strategic branch offices, of many [[Shipping line|shipping and freight lines]] including: [[Atlantic Container Line]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Where to Contact ACL|url=https://www.aclcargo.com/contacts/#uk|access-date=31 August 2023|website=aclcargo.com|archive-date=22 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922185034/https://www.aclcargo.com/contacts/#uk|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Bibby Line]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bibby Line Group Head Office Contact|url=https://bibbylinegroup.co.uk/contact|access-date=31 August 2023|website=bibbylinegroup.co.uk|archive-date=16 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716153503/https://bibbylinegroup.co.uk/contact/|url-status=live}}</ref> Borchard Lines Ltd,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Local offices|url=https://www.borlines.com/contact/local-offices/?fbclid=IwAR18fGBdViXZQKUCLdi2EgexfSYTr9xGuVaQIFuOa7esYEhcbzM6F7HTz4I|access-date=31 August 2023|website=borlines.com|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821104120/https://www.borlines.com/contact/local-offices/?fbclid=IwAR18fGBdViXZQKUCLdi2EgexfSYTr9xGuVaQIFuOa7esYEhcbzM6F7HTz4I|url-status=live}}</ref> [[CMA CGM]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Offices & Contacts|url=https://www.cma-cgm.com/local/united-kingdom/offices-contacts|access-date=31 August 2023|website=cma-cgm.com|archive-date=17 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917194558/https://www.cma-cgm.com/local/united-kingdom/offices-contacts|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Hapag-Lloyd]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Kingdom|url=https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/services-information/offices-localinfo/europe/united-kingdom.html|access-date=31 August 2023|website=hapag-lloyd.com|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821104118/https://www.hapag-lloyd.com/en/services-information/offices-localinfo/europe/united-kingdom.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Independent Container Line,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact ICL|url=https://www.icl-ltd.com/contact/?fbclid=IwAR2w8GRx41FXz2CSAEkthWX1X8GedsgxOypm_pUx0-9_LllStVdxhCmLFYw|access-date=31 August 2023|website=icl-ltd.com|archive-date=21 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230821104117/https://www.icl-ltd.com/contact/?fbclid=IwAR2w8GRx41FXz2CSAEkthWX1X8GedsgxOypm_pUx0-9_LllStVdxhCmLFYw|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Irish Ferries]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contact Us|url=https://www.irishferries.com/ie-en/contact-us|access-date=31 August 2023|website=irishferries.com|archive-date=23 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923052502/https://www.irishferries.com/ie-en/contact-us/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Maersk Line]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shipping to and from United Kingdom|url=https://www.maersk.com/local-information/europe/united-kingdom|access-date=31 August 2023|website=maersk.com|archive-date=7 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107221000/https://www.maersk.com/local-information/europe/united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mediterranean Shipping Company]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Connecting the UK with the world|url=https://www.msc.com/en/local-information/europe/united-kingdom|access-date=31 August 2023|website=msc.com|archive-date=1 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801054700/https://www.msc.com/en/local-information/europe/united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[ZIM (shipping company)|Zim Integrated Shipping Services]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Kingdom Contacts|url=https://www.zim.com/global-network/europe/united-kingdom/united-kingdom-contacts|access-date=31 August 2023|website=zim.com|archive-date=29 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929205011/https://www.zim.com/global-network/europe/united-kingdom/united-kingdom-contacts|url-status=live}}</ref>

Liverpool's rich [[Architecture of Liverpool|architectural base]] has helped the city become the second most [[Film industry|filmed city]] in the UK outside London. As well as being a featured location in its own right, it often doubles up for Chicago, London, Moscow, New York City, Paris and [[Rome]]. The Depot studios, close to the city centre, provide space for film and TV productions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Depot Liverpool|url=https://britishfilmcommission.org.uk/studios/the-depot-liverpool|access-date=31 August 2023|website=britishfilmcommission.org.uk|date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Filming in Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolfilmoffice.tv/filming-in-liverpool|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolfilmoffice.tv|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151033/https://www.liverpoolfilmoffice.tv/filming-in-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Major economic projects planned for the city include the revitalisation of disused land in the North docks/[[Ten Streets]] area, [[Liverpool Waters]] and a new purpose-built TV studio at the former [[Littlewoods Pools building]], adjacent to the Depot.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten Streets: dockland area in north Liverpool hoping to be the 'next Baltic Triangle'|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/ten-streets-dockland-area-north-17710026|access-date=31 August 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk/|date=16 February 2020|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151025/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/ten-streets-dockland-area-north-17710026|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Peel L&P to refresh £5.5bn Liverpool Waters vision|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/peel-to-refresh-5-5bn-liverpool-waters-masterplan|access-date=31 August 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=13 April 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151026/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/peel-to-refresh-5-5bn-liverpool-waters-masterplan/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Liverpool Littlewoods building: First details of film studio plan revealed|publisher=BBC News|date=16 June 2023|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65931262|access-date=31 August 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151023/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-65931262|url-status=live}}</ref>

===City region economy and devolution===
{{Pie chart
| caption= The [[Liverpool City Region]] GDP in 2021 was £40.479{{nbsp}}billion. The six contributing boroughs to this GDP were as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional gross domestic product: city regions|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|access-date=13 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901145758/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|url-status=live}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Liverpool City Council|Liverpool]]<br>(£15.911{{nbsp}}billion)
| value1 = 39.3
| color1 = #890d4f
| label2 = [[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]]<br>(£6.632{{nbsp}}billion)
| value2 = 16.38
| color2 = #bebc3b
| label3 = [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton|Sefton]]<br>(£5.431{{nbsp}}billion)
| value3 = 13.42
| color3 = #ffbd31
| label4 = [[Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley|Knowsley]]<br>(£4.557{{nbsp}}billion)
| value4 = 11.26
| color4 = #b6bdbc
| label5 = [[Borough of Halton|Halton]]<br>(£4.498{{nbsp}}billion)
| value5 = 11.11
| color5 = #747474
| label6 = [[Metropolitan Borough of St Helens|St Helens]]<br>(£3.448{{nbsp}}billion)
| value6 = 8.52
| color6 = #ff2e5f
}}
The policy agenda of the [[British Government]] is to continuously monitor the economy and productivity of the UK's [[Core Cities Group|core cities]] within the context of their respective [[city region]]s. The government's longer-term plan is to assess each area's potential for increased [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolution]] and transfer of additional powers and budgets from central government in [[Whitehall]] to their corresponding [[combined authorities]]. As such, official statistics about Liverpool's economy within the context of the [[Liverpool City Region]], are closely monitored by the [[Office for National Statistics]]. This allows policy and decision makers to more accurately assess the 'functional economic area' of the city, which is not bound by traditional [[Local government in England|local government geographies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Combined Authorities and Regions (December 2017) Map in England|url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ons::combined-authorities-and-regions-december-2017-map-in-england-1/explore|access-date=14 September 2023|website=geoportal.statistics.gov.uk|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184740/https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/ons::combined-authorities-and-regions-december-2017-map-in-england-1/explore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=English devolution: combined authorities and metro mayors|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/english-devolution-combined-authorities-and-metro-mayors|access-date=14 September 2023|website=instituteforgovernment.org.uk|date=15 July 2019|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184740/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/english-devolution-combined-authorities-and-metro-mayors|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Levelling up the UK's regional economies|url=https://www.centreforcities.org/reader/levelling-up-the-uks-regional-economies/the-development-of-mayoral-combined-authorities|access-date=14 September 2023|website=centreforcities.org|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918184744/https://www.centreforcities.org/reader/levelling-up-the-uks-regional-economies/the-development-of-mayoral-combined-authorities/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Briefing Paper: Number 06649, 17 December 2019: Combined authorities|url=https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06649/SN06649.pdf|access-date=14 September 2023|website=researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk|archive-date=7 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507211446/https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN06649/SN06649.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=A guide to devolution and why it matters|url=https://www.newlocal.org.uk/articles/a-guide-to-devolution-and-why-it-matters|access-date=14 September 2023|website=newlocal.org.uk|date=24 January 2020|archive-date=18 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918212613/https://www.newlocal.org.uk/articles/a-guide-to-devolution-and-why-it-matters/|url-status=live}}</ref>

As of 2023, there are ten city regions in England with combined authorities. The economy of [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority|Liverpool's combined authority]] area in comparison to the other city regions is as follows:

{|class="wikitable sortable" 
|+Economy of [[Liverpool City Region]] compared to all [[Combined authority|combined authority areas]] in England<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regional gross domestic product: city regions|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|access-date=14 September 2023|website=ons.gov.uk|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901145758/https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductcityregions|url-status=live}}</ref>

! Combined authority area || [[Core Cities Group|Core city]] (if applicable) ||GVA (2021)<br/>(£ billions) ||GDP (2021)<br/>(£ billions)||GDP per head (2021)<br/>(£)
|-
| [[Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Combined Authority|Cambridgeshire and Peterborough]] || || 28.648 || 31.698 ||align="right" | 35,348 
|-
| [[Greater Manchester Combined Authority|Greater Manchester]] || [[Manchester]] || 78.744 || 87.703 ||align="right" | 30,576
|-
| [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority|Liverpool City Region]] || Liverpool || 35.345 || 40.479 ||align="right" | 26,086
|-
|[[North East Combined Authority|North East]] || || 22.516 || 26.255 ||align="right" | 23,038 
|-
| [[North of Tyne Combined Authority|North of Tyne]] || [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] || 19.725 || 22.444 ||align="right" | 27,075
|-
| [[South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority|South Yorkshire]] || [[Sheffield]] || 28.971 || 33.528 ||align="right" | 24,399
|-
| [[Tees Valley Combined Authority|Tees Valley]] || || 14.241 || 16.346 ||align="right" | 24,103
|-
| [[West Midlands Combined Authority|West Midlands]] || [[Birmingham]] || 70.961 || 79.076 ||align="right" | 27,117
|-
| [[West of England Combined Authority|West of England]] || [[Bristol]] || 34.110 || 37.571 ||align="right" | 39,371
|-
| [[West Yorkshire Combined Authority|West Yorkshire]] || [[Leeds]] || 60.137 || 67.607 ||align="right" | 28,769
|}

==Landmarks==
{{Main|Architecture of Liverpool|Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City}}
{{See also|List of tallest buildings and structures in Liverpool|List of public art in Liverpool}}
[[File:Three Graces, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|right|Liverpool's Three Graces, the [[Royal Liver Building]], [[Cunard Building]] and [[Port of Liverpool Building]] at the [[Pier Head]]]]
Liverpool's long commercial history has given rise to a considerable variety of [[architectural style]]s found within the city, ranging from 16th-century [[Tudor architecture|Tudor buildings]] to modern-day [[contemporary architecture]].<ref name="Hughes (1999), p10">{{harvnb|Hughes|1999|p=10 }}</ref> The majority of buildings in the city date from the late 18th century onwards, the period during which the city grew into one of the foremost powers in the [[British Empire]].<ref name="Hughes (1999), p11">{{harvnb|Hughes|1999|p=11 }}</ref> There are over [[Listed buildings in Liverpool|2,500 listed buildings]] in Liverpool, of which 27 are Grade I listed<ref>{{cite web|title=Grade I listing for synagogue|publisher=BBC|date=3 March 2008|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2008/03/03/faith_synagogue_feature.shtml|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=21 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621070748/http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2008/03/03/faith_synagogue_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> and 85 are Grade II* listed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Listed buildings|publisher=Liverpool City Council|url=http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Environment/Land_and_premises/Conservation/Listed_buildings/index.asp|access-date=21 September 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017074148/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/Environment/Land_and_premises/Conservation/Listed_buildings/index.asp|archive-date=17 October 2008}}</ref> The city also has a greater number of public sculptures than any other location in the United Kingdom aside from [[City of Westminster|Westminster]] and significant number of Georgian houses still exist.<ref>{{cite web|title=Historic Britain: Liverpool|publisher=HistoricBritain.com|url=http://www.historicbritain.com/results.aspx?showmessage=true&location=liverpool&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|access-date=13 July 2009|archive-date=18 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718154044/http://www.historicbritain.com/results.aspx?showmessage=true&location=liverpool&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Merseyside Facts|publisher=The Mersey Partnership|year=2009|url=http://www.merseyside.org.uk/displaypage.asp?page=40|access-date=13 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919203531/http://www.merseyside.org.uk/displaypage.asp?page=40|archive-date=19 September 2007}}</ref> This richness of architecture has subsequently seen Liverpool described by [[English Heritage]], as England's finest Victorian city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Heritage map for changing city|publisher=BBC News|date=19 March 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1881661.stm|access-date=11 July 2009|archive-date=30 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060630164424/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1881661.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The value of Liverpool's architecture and design was recognised in 2004, when several areas throughout the city were declared a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]. Known as the [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City]], the sites were added in recognition of the city's role in the development of [[international trade]] and [[dock (maritime)|docking]] technology.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool – Maritime Mercantile City|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1150|access-date=26 May 2008|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225950/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1150|url-status=live}}</ref> However, this status was revoked in July 2021, when UNESCO resolved that recent and proposed developments, such as the [[Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium]] and [[Liverpool Waters]] projects, had resulted in the "serious deterioration" of the area's significance.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475 "Liverpool stripped of Unesco World Heritage status",  News$4, 21 July 2021] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724114404/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-57879475 |date=24 July 2021 }}. Retrieved 21 July 2021</ref>

===Waterfront and docks===
[[File:Liverpool Waterfront (2023).jpg|thumb|The Liverpool Waterfront with the [[Port of Liverpool Building]], [[Museum of Liverpool]], [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]] and [[Wheel of Liverpool]] all visible]]
[[File:Tall buildings on Liverpool Waterfront.jpg|thumb|Modern office and commercial developments on the Liverpool Waterfront]]
As a major British port, the docks in Liverpool have historically been central to the city's development. Several major docking firsts have occurred in the city including the construction of the world's first enclosed [[wet dock]] (the [[Old Dock]]) in 1715 and the first ever [[hydraulic]] lifting [[crane (machine)|cranes]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jones|first=Ron|title=Albert Dock, Liverpool|publisher=R.J. Associates Ltd|year=2004|page=46}}</ref> The best-known dock in Liverpool is the [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]], which was constructed in 1846 and today comprises the largest single collection of Grade I listed buildings anywhere in Britain.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/mar/07/europeancityofculture2008.arts|title=Glory of Greece, grandeur of Rome{{nbsp}}... and docks of Liverpool|work=Guardian Unlimited|date=7 March 2003|first=Helen|last=Carter|access-date=27 March 2007|location=London|archive-date=30 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930080835/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/mar/07/europeancityofculture2008.arts|url-status=live}}</ref> Built under the guidance of [[Jesse Hartley]], it was considered to be one of the most advanced docks anywhere in the world upon completion and is often attributed with helping the city to become one of the most important ports in the world. Today, the Royal Albert Dock houses restaurants, bars, shops, two hotels as well as the [[Merseyside Maritime Museum]], [[International Slavery Museum]], [[Tate Liverpool]] and [[The Beatles Story]]. North of the city centre is [[Stanley Dock]], home to the [[Stanley Dock Tobacco Warehouse]], which was at the time of its construction in 1901, the world's largest building in terms of area<ref name="Nicholls, p38">{{harvnb|Nicholls|2005|p=38 }}</ref> and today stands as the world's largest brick-work building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/docks/access/theme10.html#sta|title=Trading Places: A History of Liverpool Docks (Stanley Dock)|website=Liverpool Museums|access-date=12 April 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028185038/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/nof/docks/access/theme10.html|archive-date=28 October 2008}}</ref>

One of the most famous locations in Liverpool is the [[Pier Head]], renowned for the trio of buildings—the [[Royal Liver Building]], the [[Cunard Building]] and the [[Port of Liverpool Building]]—which sit upon it. Collectively referred to as the ''Three Graces'', these buildings stand as a testament to the great wealth in the city during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Built in a variety of architectural styles, they are recognised as being the symbol of 'maritime Liverpool' and are regarded by many as contributing to one of the most impressive waterfronts in the world.<ref>{{harvnb|Liverpool City Council|2005|p=49 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Moscardini|2008|p=10 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Nicholls|2005|p=11 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sharples|2004|p=67 }}</ref>

In the 21st century, several areas along Liverpool's waterfront have undergone significant redevelopment. Among the notable developments are the [[Museum of Liverpool]], the construction of the [[Liverpool Arena]], [[ACC Liverpool]] and [[Exhibition Centre Liverpool]] on [[King's Dock, Port of Liverpool|King's Dock]], [[Alexandra Tower, Liverpool|Alexandra Tower]] and [[1 Princes Dock]] on [[Prince's Dock, Liverpool|Prince's Dock]] and [[Liverpool Marina]] around [[Coburg Dock|Coburg]] and [[Brunswick Dock]]s. [[The Wheel of Liverpool]] opened on 25 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|last=Stewart|first=Gary|title=Will Liverpool get its very own London Eye?|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2009/10/01/will-liverpool-get-its-very-own-london-eye-100252-24824011/2/|website=[[Liverpool Echo]]|publisher=([[Trinity Mirror]])|access-date=24 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013054338/http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2009/10/01/will-liverpool-get-its-very-own-london-eye-100252-24824011/2/|archive-date=13 October 2012|date=1 October 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Miles|first=Tina|title=Liverpool Echo wheel of Liverpool – get VIP tickets for launch day|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-echo-wheel-liverpool---3428165|website=[[Liverpool Echo]]|publisher=([[Trinity Mirror]])|access-date=24 July 2016|date=11 March 2010|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192649/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-echo-wheel-liverpool---3428165|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, plans to redevelop parts of [[Liverpool city centre]] have been marred by [[controversy]]. In December 2016, a newly formed company called [[North Point Global Ltd.]] was given the rights to develop part of the docks under the "New Chinatown" working name. Though heavily advertised in Liverpool, Hong Kong and Chinese cities with high-profile advertisements and videos, the "New Chinatown" development failed to materialise.<ref name="at">{{cite news|last=Cook|first=Richard|title=How Liverpool's 'New Chinatown' became black hole for Asian money|url=https://asiatimes.com/article/liverpools-new-chinatown-became-black-hole-asian-money/|access-date=16 March 2018|publisher=Asia Times|date=31 August 2017}}</ref> In January 2018, the ''[[Liverpool Echo]]'' and ''[[Asia Times]]'' revealed that the site remained sans any construction. North Point Global as well as its subcontractor "Bilt" had both declared bankruptcy, and the small investors (mostly middle class couples) who had already paid money for the apartments had lost most of their savings in them.<ref name="echo">{{cite news|last=Houghton|first=Alistair|title=New Chinatown site is a 'disgrace' with rats and litter say furious residents|url=https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/newsliverpool/new-chinatown-site-is-a-disgrace-with-rats-and-litter-say-furious-residents/ar-AAuXUiA|access-date=16 March 2018|newspaper=Liverpool Echo|date=21 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316214124/https://www.msn.com/en-gb/news/newsliverpool/new-chinatown-site-is-a-disgrace-with-rats-and-litter-say-furious-residents/ar-AAuXUiA|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Commercial district and cultural quarter===
[[File:St Georges Hall Liverpool 3 (6727529617).jpg|thumb|[[St George's Hall, Liverpool|St George's Hall]]]]
[[File:Municipal Buildings, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|[[Municipal Buildings, Liverpool|Municipal Buildings]]]]
Liverpool's historic position as one of the most important trading ports in the world has meant that over time many grand buildings have been constructed in the city as headquarters for shipping firms, insurance companies, banks and other large firms. The great wealth this brought then allowed for the development of grand civic buildings, which were designed to allow the local administrators to 'run the city with pride'.<ref name="Liverpool City of Architecture">{{harvnb|Hughes|1999 }}</ref>

The [[commercial district]] is centred on the [[Castle Street, Liverpool|Castle Street]], [[Dale Street]] and Old Hall Street areas of the city, with many of the area's roads still following their [[England in the Middle Ages|medieval]] layout. Having developed predominantly over a period of three centuries, the area is regarded as one of the most important architectural locations in the city, as recognised by its inclusion in Liverpool's [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City|former World Heritage site]].<ref>{{harvnb|Liverpool City Council|2005|p=73 }}</ref>

The oldest building in the area is the [[Grade I]] [[listed building|listed]] [[Liverpool Town Hall]], which is located at the top of Castle Street and dates from 1754. Often regarded as the city's finest piece of [[Georgian architecture]], the building is known as one of the most extravagantly decorated civic buildings anywhere in Britain.<ref name="Liverpool City Council (2005), p74">{{harvnb|Liverpool City Council|2005|p=74 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Sharples|2004|p=48 }}</ref> Also on Castle Street is the Grade I listed [[Bank of England, Liverpool|Bank of England Building]], constructed between 1845 and 1848, as one of only three provincial branches of the [[Bank of England|national bank]].<ref name="Liverpool City Council (2005), p74"/> Among the other buildings in the area are the [[Tower Buildings, Liverpool|Tower Buildings]], [[Albion House, Liverpool|Albion House]] (the former [[White Star Line]] headquarters), the [[Municipal Buildings, Liverpool|Municipal Buildings]] and [[Oriel Chambers]],<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_pQPhVWNTY Manchester School of Architecture video] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029112630/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S_pQPhVWNTY |date=29 October 2013 }} YouTube</ref> which is considered to be one of the earliest [[Modernist]] style buildings ever built.<ref>{{cite web|title=Oriel Chambers|publisher=Liverpool Architectural Society|url=http://www.liverpoolarchitecture.com/tours/buildings/building.php?id=25|access-date=14 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922062904/http://www.liverpoolarchitecture.com/tours/buildings/building.php?id=25|archive-date=22 September 2008}}</ref>

The area around [[William Brown Street]] is referred to as the city's 'Cultural Quarter', owing to the presence of numerous civic buildings, including the [[William Brown Library]], [[Walker Art Gallery]], [[Picton Reading Room and Hornby Library|Picton Reading Rooms]] and [[World Museum Liverpool]]. The area is dominated by [[neo-classical architecture]], of which the most prominent, [[St. George's Hall, Liverpool|St George's Hall]],<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPHvynh3GQg&feature=PlayList&p=DC9B6CD6A63D327E&index=30 Manchester School of Architecture video] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029112643/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPHvynh3GQg&feature=PlayList&p=DC9B6CD6A63D327E&index=30 |date=29 October 2013 }} YouTube</ref> is widely regarded as the best example of a neo-classical building anywhere in Europe.<ref>{{harvnb|Liverpool City Council|2005|p=87 }}</ref> A Grade I listed building, it was constructed between 1840 and 1855 to serve a variety of civic functions in the city and its doors are inscribed with "[[SPQR|S.P.Q.L.]]" (Latin ''senatus populusque Liverpudliensis''), meaning "the senate and people of Liverpool". William Brown Street is also home to numerous public monuments and sculptures, including [[Wellington's Column]] and the [[Steble Fountain]]. Many others are located around the area, particularly in [[St John's Gardens, Liverpool|St John's Gardens]], which was specifically developed for this purpose.<ref>{{harvnb|Liverpool City Council|2005|p=93 }}</ref> The William Brown Street area has been likened to a modern recreation of the [[Roman Forum]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq3zz|title=People's Palaces: The Golden Age of Civic Architecture – BBC Four|publisher=BBC|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=29 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429225451/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00tq3zz|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Other notable landmarks===
[[File:Speke Hall, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|right|[[Speke Hall]] [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]] [[manor house]] is one of Liverpool's oldest buildings.]]
[[File:Liverpool Anglican Cathedral from St John's Beacon 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Liverpool Cathedral]], the largest cathedral in the UK]]
[[File:Sefton Park Palm House, Liverpool - geograph.org.uk - 2129921.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sefton Park]] Palm House]]
While the majority of Liverpool's architecture dates from the mid-18th century onwards, there are several buildings that pre-date this time. One of the oldest surviving buildings is [[Speke Hall]], a [[Tudor style architecture|Tudor]] [[manor house]] located in the south of the city, which was completed in 1598.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|1999|p=20 }}</ref> The building is one of the few remaining [[timber framed]] Tudor houses left in the [[north of England]] and is particularly noted for its [[Victorian decorative arts|Victorian]] interiors, which were added in the mid-19th century.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cousens|first=Belinda Cousins|title=Speke Hall|publisher=[[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]|year=2006|page=5}}</ref> In addition to Speke Hall, many of the city's other oldest surviving buildings are also former [[manor house]]s including [[Croxteth Hall]] and [[Woolton Hall]], which were completed in 1702 and 1704 respectively.<ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|1999|p=22 }}</ref>

The oldest building within the city centre is the [[Grade I]] [[listed building|listed]] [[Bluecoat Chambers]],<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BC74oUqrrU Manchester School of Architecture video] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724211236/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8BC74oUqrrU |date=24 July 2013 }} YouTube</ref> which was built between 1717 and 1718. Constructed in British [[Queen Anne style architecture]],<ref name="Liverpool City Council 2005 p97">{{harvnb|Liverpool City Council|2005|p=97 }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Hughes|1999|p=23 }}</ref> the building was influenced in part by the work of [[Christopher Wren]]<ref>{{harvnb|Sharples|2004|p=7 }}</ref> and was originally the home of the [[Liverpool Blue Coat School|Bluecoat School]] (who later moved to a larger site in [[Wavertree]] in the south of the city). Since 1908, it has acted as a centre for arts in Liverpool.<ref name="Liverpool City Council 2005 p97"/>

Liverpool is noted for having two cathedrals, each of which imposes over the landscape around it.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Cathedrals of Britain: Liverpool's Cathedrals|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_cathedral_08.shtml|access-date=15 July 2009|archive-date=30 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130071135/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_cathedral_08.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Liverpool Cathedral|Anglican Cathedral]], which was constructed between 1904 and 1978, is the largest cathedral in Britain<ref>{{Cite book|last=Brooks|first=John|author2=Crampton, Malcolm|title=Liverpool Cathedral|publisher=Jarold Publishing|year=2007|page=2}}</ref> and the [[List of largest church buildings in the world|fifth largest in the world]]. Designed and built in [[Gothic style]], it is regarded as one of the greatest buildings to have been constructed during the 20th century<ref>{{harvnb|Sharples|2004|p=83 }}</ref> and was described by former British [[Poet Laureate]], [[John Betjeman]], as "one of the great buildings of the world".<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool Cathedral|publisher=VisitLiverpool.com|url=http://www.visitliverpool.com/site/liverpool-anglican-cathedral-p9023|access-date=15 July 2009|archive-date=19 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719170140/http://www.visitliverpool.com/site/liverpool-anglican-cathedral-p9023|url-status=live}}</ref> The Roman Catholic [[Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral|Metropolitan Cathedral]] was constructed between 1962 and 1967 and is known as one of the first cathedrals to break the traditional longitudinal design.<ref>{{harvnb|Sharples|2004|p=73 }}</ref>

In the 21st century, many parts of Liverpool's city centre have undergone significant redevelopment and regeneration after years of decline. So far, the largest of these developments has been [[Liverpool One]], which saw almost £1{{nbsp}}billion invested in the redevelopment of {{convert|42|acre|ha|abbr=off}} of land, providing new retail, commercial, residential and leisure space.<ref>{{cite web|title=Key Facts|publisher=[[Grosvenor Group]]|url=http://www.liverpoolpsda.co.uk/ProjectOverview/keyfacts.htm|access-date=14 June 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611095659/http://www.liverpoolpsda.co.uk/ProjectOverview/keyfacts.htm|archive-date=11 June 2009}}</ref> Around the north of the city centre, several new skyscrapers have also been constructed including the [[RIBA]] award-winning [[Unity Buildings]] and [[West Tower]], which at 140m is [[List of tallest buildings and structures in Liverpool|Liverpool's tallest building]]. Many redevelopment schemes are also in progress including Circus,<ref>{{Cite web|title='Department store of experiences' lined up for Lewis's|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/department-store-of-experiences-lined-up-for-lewiss|access-date=8 October 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=23 August 2023|archive-date=7 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907093836/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/department-store-of-experiences-lined-up-for-lewiss/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[King's Dock, Port of Liverpool|King's Dock]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=King's Dock set for "truly significant" waterfront development as new team appointed|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/kings-dock-set-truly-significant-26154117|access-date=8 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=6 February 2023|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102184249/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/kings-dock-set-truly-significant-26154117|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knowledge Quarter, Liverpool|Paddington Village]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool outlines intentions for £80m investment zone cash|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/liverpool-outlines-intentions-for-80m-investment-zone-cash|access-date=8 October 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=31 August 2023|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005112201/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/liverpool-outlines-intentions-for-80m-investment-zone-cash/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Liverpool Waters]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Peel L&P to refresh £5.5bn Liverpool Waters vision|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/peel-to-refresh-5-5bn-liverpool-waters-masterplan|access-date=8 October 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=13 April 2023|archive-date=31 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831151026/https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/peel-to-refresh-5-5bn-liverpool-waters-masterplan/|url-status=live}}</ref>

There are many other notable buildings in Liverpool, including the [[art deco]] [[Crowne Plaza Liverpool John Lennon Airport Hotel|former terminal building]] of [[Liverpool John Lennon Airport|Speke Airport]], the [[University of Liverpool]]'s [[Victoria Building, University of Liverpool|Victoria Building]], (which provided the inspiration for the term ''[[Red Brick universities|Red Brick University]]''), and the [[Britannia Adelphi Hotel|Adelphi Hotel]], which was in the past considered to be one of the finest hotels anywhere in the world.<ref>{{cite web|last=Coslett|first=Paul|title=Once Upon a Time at the Adelphi|publisher=BBC|date=20 June 2008|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2008/06/20/once_upon_a_time_adelphi_feature.shtml|access-date=15 July 2009|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515191750/http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2008/06/20/once_upon_a_time_adelphi_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Parks and gardens===
The [[Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of Special Historic Interest in England]] describes [[Merseyside]]'s [[:Category:Parks and commons in Liverpool|Victorian Parks]] as collectively the "most important in the country".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/mcs/lfs/consultations/blandfordlet0205.pdf|title=Dr. Peter Brown, chair, Merseyside Civic Society|access-date=25 January 2009|archive-date=20 September 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920155812/http://www.liv.ac.uk/mcs/lfs/consultations/blandfordlet0205.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liverpool has ten listed parks and cemeteries, including two Grade I and five Grade II*, more than any other English city apart from London.<ref>[http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/News/newsdetail_2910.asp Liverpool City Council] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304195958/http://www.liverpool.gov.uk/News/newsdetail_2910.asp |date=4 March 2009 }} ''News'', 23 February 2009</ref>

==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Liverpool}}
{{further|Liverpool city centre#Transport}}

Liverpool has an extensive transport infrastructure that connects the city with its metropolitan area, the rest of the United Kingdom, Europe and the world. Various modes of transport provide considerable connections by road, rail, air and sea. The local network of buses, trains and ferries is managed by [[Merseytravel]], on behalf of the [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]] and the [[Metro Mayor of the Liverpool City Region]]. The Mayor and Combined Authority have control of a [[Devolution in the United Kingdom|devolved]] transport budget and associated transport powers for this local system. The city's major port and international airport provide global links for both passengers and freight.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Devolution to the Liverpool City Region|url=https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/devolution-liverpool-city-region|access-date=3 October 2023|website=instituteforgovernment.org.uk|date=7 March 2022|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/article/explainer/devolution-liverpool-city-region|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Region Devolution Agreement|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/477385/Liverpool_devolution_deal_unsigned.pdf|access-date=3 October 2023|website=gov.uk|archive-date=24 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024213825/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/477385/Liverpool_devolution_deal_unsigned.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===National and international travel===
====Roads====
[[File:Queensway Tunnel (3).jpg|thumb|right|The Liverpool city centre entrance to the Queensway tunnel under the River Mersey]]

The city sits at the centre of a much larger metropolitan area. Its suburbs run contiguously into the neighbouring boroughs defined by the ONS as the [[Liverpool Built-up Area]]. The wider City Region and Merseyside in general is densely urbanised and divided by several motorways and major roads. The city is served by a network [[List of motorways in the United Kingdom|motorways]]. The three motorways in closest proximity are the [[M58 motorway|M58]] to the north, and [[M62 motorway|M62]] and [[M57 motorway|M57]] to the east.

To the north, the M58 motorway runs 12 miles and provides links to the neighbouring counties of [[Lancashire]] and [[Greater Manchester]], finally joining with the M6 west of Wigan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motorway Database: M58|url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m58|access-date=4 October 2023|website=roads.org.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m58|url-status=live}}</ref>

To the east, the M62 runs across the north of England, ultimately connecting Liverpool with [[Kingston-upon-Hull|Hull]] on the opposite coast, and along the route with several large cities including [[Manchester]], [[Leeds]] and [[Bradford]]. The M62 also provides a connection to both the [[M6 motorway|M6]] and [[M1 motorway]]s, providing indirect links to more distant areas including [[Birmingham]], London, [[Nottingham]], [[Preston, Lancashire|Preston]] and [[Sheffield]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motorway Database: M6|url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m6|access-date=4 October 2023|website=roads.org.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m6|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Motorway Database: M62|url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m62|access-date=4 October 2023|website=roads.org.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m62|url-status=live}}</ref>

To the east, but running north-south, the M57 acts as a 10-mile ring road for the city itself and links the M62 and M58 motorways, as well as the [[A580 road|A580 East Lancashire Road]] providing a link directly to the [[A5300]] that links to the bridges that cross the Mersey to the south of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motorway Database: M57 and A5300|url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m57|access-date=4 October 2023|website=roads.org.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m57|url-status=live}}</ref>

To the south, Liverpool is connected to [[Widnes]] and [[Warrington]] via the [[A562 road|A562]] and [[A5300]] and across the River Mersey to [[Runcorn]] in [[Cheshire]], via the [[Silver Jubilee Bridge|Silver Jubilee]] and [[Mersey Gateway]] bridges. The [[M56 motorway]] then provides routes into parts of the neighbouring counties, with connections to the Wirral and North Wales, and a direct route to [[Manchester Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motorway Database: M56|url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m56|access-date=4 October 2023|website=roads.org.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m56|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Kingsway Tunnel|Kingsway]] and [[Queensway Tunnel]]s connect Liverpool with the settlements on the [[Wirral Peninsula]] across the Mersey to the west, including [[Birkenhead]] and [[Wallasey]]. The [[A41 road]] and [[M53 motorway]], which both begin in Birkenhead, link to Cheshire and [[Shropshire]] and via the [[A55 road|A55]], to [[North Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Motorway Database: M53|url=https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m53|access-date=4 October 2023|website=roads.org.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230013/https://www.roads.org.uk/motorway/m53|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Railway====
[[File:Liverpool Lime Street Station.JPG|thumb|right|Liverpool Lime Street, one of the busiest railway stations in the UK outside London<ref>{{Cite web|title=The busiest UK train stations|url=https://www.railboard.com/articles/busiest-uk-train-stations|access-date=16 September 2023|website=railboard.com}}</ref>]]

The national network, which is managed by [[Network Rail]], provides Liverpool with connections to major towns and cities across England. The city's primary main line station is {{rws|Liverpool Lime Street}}, which is the terminus for several lines into the city. 

The station is served by six [[List of companies operating trains in the United Kingdom|train operating companies]]: [[Avanti West Coast]], [[East Midlands Railway]], [[Northern Trains]], [[Transport for Wales Rail|Transport for Wales]], [[TransPennine Express]] and [[West Midlands Trains]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Lime Street|url=https://www.britainrails.com/liverpool-lime-street-train-station.html|access-date=5 October 2023|website=britainrails.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230010/https://www.britainrails.com/liverpool-lime-street-train-station.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Between them, the station is connected with direct services to numerous destinations including {{rws|London Euston}} (in 2 hours 8 minutes with [[British Rail Class 390|Pendolino]] trains), {{rws|Birmingham New Street}}, {{rws|Cleethorpes}}, {{rws|Glasgow Central}}, {{rws|Leeds}}, {{rws|Manchester Piccadilly}}, {{rws|Newcastle}}, {{rws|Norwich}}, {{rws|Nottingham}}, {{rws|Preston}}, {{rws|Sheffield}} and {{rws|York}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trains to Liverpool|url=https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/explore-the-north-and-scotland/destinations/liverpool|access-date=5 October 2023|website=tpexpress.co.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.tpexpress.co.uk/explore-the-north-and-scotland/destinations/liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Lime Street Station|url=https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/liverpoollimestreets|access-date=5 October 2023|website=railway-technology.com|archive-date=24 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924035916/https://www.railway-technology.com/projects/liverpoollimestreets/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool to Glasgow Train|url=https://www.britainrails.com/liverpool-to-glasgow.html|access-date=5 October 2023|website=britainrails.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.britainrails.com/liverpool-to-glasgow.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trains from Liverpool to Glasgow|url=https://www.thetrainline.com/train-times/liverpool-to-glasgow|access-date=5 October 2023|website=thetrainline.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.thetrainline.com/train-times/liverpool-to-glasgow|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Opened in 1836, Lime Street is the world's oldest main line terminus station still in use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool's Lime Street – the world's oldest main line station |url=https://www.bitesizedbritain.co.uk/liverpool-lime-street-is-a-terminus-railway-station111/|access-date=15 August 2023|archive-date=15 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815141615/https://www.bitesizedbritain.co.uk/liverpool-lime-street-is-a-terminus-railway-station111/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the south of the city, [[Liverpool South Parkway]] provides a connection to the city's airport.

====Port====
[[File:Liverpool Cruise Terminal (2023).jpg|thumb|Liverpool Cruise Terminal]]
The [[Port of Liverpool]] connects passengers and [[Cargo|freight]] to Liverpool from all around the world. Passenger ferry services depart from the city across the [[Irish Sea]] to [[Belfast]] and the [[Isle of Man]]. Services are provided by several companies, including the [[Isle of Man Steam Packet Company]], [[P&O Ferries]] and [[Stena Line]].

The [[Liverpool Cruise Terminal]] handles over 200,000 passengers and crew annually and is located alongside the [[Pier Head]] in the city centre. Berthing facilities for long-distance passenger cruises are provided and served by a large number of different [[cruise line]]s. Ports in [[Australia]], [[France]], [[Faroe Islands]], [[Iceland]], [[North America]], [[Norway]], [[Spain]] and the [[Caribbean]] are served by the facility.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full list of cruise ships coming to Liverpool in 2023|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/full-list-cruise-ships-coming-26190725|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=9 February 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230016/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/full-list-cruise-ships-coming-26190725|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=About|url=https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/welcome-to-cruise-liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=cruise-liverpool.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002033356/https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/welcome-to-cruise-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool 'sail-ebrates' 15 years in cruise control|url=https://www.cultureliverpool.co.uk/news/15yrs-at-cruise-liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=cultureliverpool.co.uk|date=5 September 2022|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.cultureliverpool.co.uk/news/15yrs-at-cruise-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref> The cruise lines that call at Liverpool cruise terminal include the following:
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Ambassador Cruise Line|Ambassador]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gallery|url=https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/gallery|access-date=6 October 2023|website=|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230020/https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/gallery/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Atlas Ocean Voyages<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two 'pocket-sized' cruise ships to visit Liverpool for the first time|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/two-pocket-sized-cruise-ships-24799352|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=20 August 2022|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/two-pocket-sized-cruise-ships-24799352|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Azamara]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Take a look inside the luxury cruise liner Azamara Journey during its stop-off in Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/take-look-inside-luxury-cruise-16647324|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=25 July 2019|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230014/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/take-look-inside-luxury-cruise-16647324|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Carnival Cruise Line]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool, England|url=https://www.carnival.com/cruise-to/europe-cruises/liverpool-cruises.aspx|access-date=6 October 2023|website=carnival.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008231513/https://www.carnival.com/cruise-to/europe-cruises/liverpool-cruises.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Celebrity Cruises]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cruises to Liverpool, England|url=https://www.celebritycruises.com/gb/ports/liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=celebritycruises.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.celebritycruises.com/gb/ports/liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Cunard Line]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queen Mary 2 to run first Cunard Liverpool sailings in 45 years|url=https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/queen-mary-2-to-run-first-cunard-liverpool-sailings-in-45-years|access-date=6 October 2023|website=cruise-liverpool.com|date=March 2013|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230017/https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/queen-mary-2-to-run-first-cunard-liverpool-sailings-in-45-years/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Disney Cruise Line]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool, England|url=https://disneycruise.disney.go.com/ports/liverpool-england|access-date=6 October 2023|website=disney.go.com|archive-date=28 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528040910/https://disneycruise.disney.go.com/ports/liverpool-england/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines|Fred Olsen]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool Cruise Port|url=https://www.fredolsencruises.com/cruising-information/departure-port/liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=fredolsencruises.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230013/https://www.fredolsencruises.com/cruising-information/departure-port/liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Hapag-Lloyd cruises]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cruise liner that's like a floating art gallery sails into Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/cruise-liner-thats-like-floating-24318418|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=25 June 2022|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/cruise-liner-thats-like-floating-24318418|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Holland America Line]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool, England, United Kingdom|url=https://www.hollandamerica.com/en_US/ports/liverpool-england-united-kingdom.html|access-date=6 October 2023|website=hollandamerica.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.hollandamerica.com/en_US/ports/liverpool-england-united-kingdom.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Noble Caledonia<ref>{{Cite web|title=SCH awarded three-year extension for cruise handling in Liverpool|url=https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/ports-destinations/sch-awarded-three-year-extension-cruise-handling-liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=seatrade-cruise.com|date=19 July 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230021/https://www.seatrade-cruise.com/ports-destinations/sch-awarded-three-year-extension-cruise-handling-liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Norwegian Cruise Line|Norwegian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Huge cruise liner named by Kim Cattrall docks in city|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/huge-cruise-liner-named-kim-27621975|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=30 August 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230034/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/huge-cruise-liner-named-kim-27621975|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[P&O Cruises]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool, United Kingdom cruise holidays|url=https://www.pocruises.com/ports/liverpool-united-kingdom|access-date=6 October 2023|website=pocruises.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.pocruises.com/ports/liverpool-united-kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Princess Cruises]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Royal Princess's return to Liverpool|url=https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/cruise-ship-royal-princess-coming-back-liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=cruise-liverpool.com|date=22 November 2016|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230017/https://www.cruise-liverpool.com/cruise-ship-royal-princess-coming-back-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Regent Seven Seas Cruises|Regent Seven Seas]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seven Seas Explorer sails to the UK and Ireland for the first time|url=https://www.cruisetradenews.com/seven-seas-explorer-sails-to-the-uk-and-ireland-for-the-first-time|access-date=6 October 2023|website=cruisetradenews.com|date=June 2017|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230013/https://www.cruisetradenews.com/seven-seas-explorer-sails-to-the-uk-and-ireland-for-the-first-time|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Royal Caribbean International|Royal Caribbean]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Let it be Liverpool|url=https://www.royalcaribbean.com/gbr/en/cruise-to/liverpool-england|access-date=6 October 2023|website=royalcaribbean.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008231513/https://www.royalcaribbean.com/gbr/en/cruise-to/liverpool-england|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Saga Cruises]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Spirit of Discovery Cruise Ship|url=https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/spirit-of-discovery-cruise-ship|access-date=6 October 2023|website=ship-technology.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.ship-technology.com/projects/spirit-of-discovery-cruise-ship/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Silversea Cruises]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=New luxury cruise ship makes its maiden appearance in Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/new-luxury-cruise-ship-makes-23996000|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=21 May 2022|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230022/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/new-luxury-cruise-ship-makes-23996000|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Viking (cruise line)|Viking]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool set for first international cruise visit since start of pandemic|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-set-first-international-cruise-21284957|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=11 August 2021|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-set-first-international-cruise-21284957|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{colend}}

{{As of|2022|}}, the Port of Liverpool is the fourth busiest port in the UK by freight tonnage, handling 33{{nbsp}}million{{nbsp}}tonnes of [[Cargo|freight cargo]].<ref name="port01">{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/port-and-domestic-waterborne-freight-statistics-port|title=Statistical data set PORT01 – UK ports and traffic|date=17 July 2024|publisher=Department for Transport|access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref> 
It is the main port in the country for [[Transatlantic crossing|transatlantic trade]] and the largest port on the west coast of the UK. The [[Seaforth Dock|Royal Seaforth]] and [[Liverpool2]] container terminals are the port's two main terminals and handle a wide variety of cargo including containers, [[Bulk cargo|liquid and dry bulk cargoes]] such as coal and grain, [[biomass]] and [[roll-on/roll-off]] cargoes such as cars and trucks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The port of Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archivesheet34|access-date=6 October 2023|website=liverpoolmuseums.org.uk|archive-date=12 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112211106/https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/archivesheet34|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Your gateway to transatlantic trade|url=https://www.peelports.com/our-ports/liverpool|access-date=6 October 2023|website=peelports.com|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002140121/https://www.peelports.com/our-ports/liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The UK's Top 5 Busiest Shipping Ports|url=https://www.highway-logistics.co.uk/the-uks-top-5-busiest-shipping-ports|access-date=6 October 2023|website=highway-logistics.co.uk|date=31 March 2023|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230013/https://www.highway-logistics.co.uk/the-uks-top-5-busiest-shipping-ports|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 5 Largest Ports in the UK|url=https://www.shipafreight.com/knowledge-series/largest-ports-uk|access-date=6 October 2023|website=shipafreight.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230020/https://www.shipafreight.com/knowledge-series/largest-ports-uk/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sea freight tonnage arriving at Liverpool port in the United Kingdom (UK) between 2000 and 2020|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/316340/liverpool-port-quarterly-inward-sea-freight-in-the-united-kingdom|access-date=6 October 2023|website=statista.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.statista.com/statistics/316340/liverpool-port-quarterly-inward-sea-freight-in-the-united-kingdom/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Port freight annual statistics 2022: Cargo information|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/port-freight-annual-statistics-2022/port-freight-annual-statistics-2022-cargo-information|access-date=6 October 2023|website=gov.uk|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/port-freight-annual-statistics-2022/port-freight-annual-statistics-2022-cargo-information|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Leeds and Liverpool Canal]] runs into Liverpool city centre via [[Liverpool Canal Link]] at Pier Head since 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool Canal Link {{!}} Canal & River Trust|url=https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-network/liverpool-canal-link|website=canalrivertrust.org.uk|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220753/https://canalrivertrust.org.uk/enjoy-the-waterways/canal-and-river-network/liverpool-canal-link|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Airport====
[[File:Liverpool John Lennon Airport (Terminal Exterior).jpg|thumb|right|Liverpool John Lennon Airport terminal building]]

[[Liverpool John Lennon Airport]], which is located in the south of the city, provides direct air connections across the United Kingdom and Europe. It offers direct services to over 60 airports worldwide and to over 100 destinations via one-stop [[Layover|connections]] in [[Frankfurt Airport|Frankfurt]], [[Dublin Airport|Dublin]] and [[Keflavík International Airport|Keflavík]]. The airport is primarily served by [[low-cost airlines]] namely [[Aer Lingus]], [[easyJet]], [[Jet2.com]], [[Loganair]], [[Lufthansa]], [[Ryanair]], [[Widerøe]] and [[Wizz Air]], although it does provide facilities for [[Private aviation|private aircraft]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Destination Map|url=https://www.liverpoolairport.com/destinations-map|access-date=7 October 2023|website=liverpoolairport.com|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822104823/https://www.liverpoolairport.com/destinations-map|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Airlines|url=https://www.liverpoolairport.com/airlines|access-date=7 October 2023|website=liverpoolairport.com|archive-date=22 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822104825/https://www.liverpoolairport.com/airlines|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool connected to USA via Iceland as new airline arrives at John Lennon Airport|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-connected-usa-via-iceland-25203692|access-date=7 October 2023|website=liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=7 October 2022|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230011/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpool-connected-usa-via-iceland-25203692|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool to Ireland and the US with Aer Lingus|url=https://www.liverpoolairport.com/airlines/aer-lingus|access-date=7 October 2023|website=liverpoolairport.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.liverpoolairport.com/airlines/aer-lingus|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Private Jets|url=https://www.liverpoolairport.com/private-jets|access-date=7 October 2023|website=liverpoolairport.com|archive-date=8 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008230012/https://www.liverpoolairport.com/private-jets|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Local travel===
====Railway====
[[File:777010 at Hooton Station 20210728-1.jpg|thumb|right|A [[British Rail Class 777|Class 777]] train operated by Merseyrail]]

Liverpool's [[Commuter rail in the United Kingdom|urban railway network]], known as [[Merseyrail]], is one of the busiest and most extensive in the country. The network provides approximately 30 million passenger journeys per year, across a system of 69 stations throughout Liverpool's metropolitan area, within the formal boundaries of the Liverpool city region and adjacent areas of Cheshire and Lancashire.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Passenger rail usage|url=https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/passenger-rail-usage|access-date=8 October 2023|website=gov.uk|archive-date=5 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005095734/https://dataportal.orr.gov.uk/statistics/usage/passenger-rail-usage/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Corporate Information|url=https://www.merseyrail.org/about-us/corporate-information|access-date=8 October 2023|website=merseyrail.org|archive-date=3 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003034146/https://www.merseyrail.org/about-us/corporate-information/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New MerseyRail 'connected' trains|url=https://www.railengineer.co.uk/new-merseyrail-connected-trains|access-date=8 October 2023|website=railengineer.co.uk|date=29 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Region Combined Authority Transport Plan: Executive Summary Facilitating Inclusive Economy|url=https://liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/LCRCA_TRANSPORT_EXEC_SUMM.pdf|access-date=8 October 2023|website=liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk|archive-date=5 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605233840/https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/LCRCA_TRANSPORT_EXEC_SUMM.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The network consists of three lines: 
* the [[Northern Line (Merseyrail)|Northern Line]], which runs to {{rws|Southport}}, {{rws|Ormskirk}}, {{rws|Headbolt Lane}} and {{rws|Hunts Cross}}
* the [[Wirral Line]], which runs through the Mersey Railway Tunnel and has branches to {{rws|New Brighton}}, {{rws|West Kirby}}, {{rws|Chester}} and {{rws|Ellesmere Port}}
* the [[City Line (Merseyrail)|City Line]], which begins at Lime Street, providing links to {{rws|St Helens Junction}}, {{rws|Wigan North Western}}, {{rws|Preston}}, {{rws|Warrington Central}} and {{rws|Manchester Victoria}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Routes & Maps|url=https://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/customer-information/routes-and-maps|access-date=8 October 2023|website=merseytravel.gov.uk|archive-date=3 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203202113/https://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/customer-information/routes-and-maps/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Network Map|url=https://www.merseyrail.org/journey-planning/plan-your-journey/network-map|access-date=8 October 2023|website=merseyrail.org|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201031545/https://www.merseyrail.org/journey-planning/plan-your-journey/network-map/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The network is predominantly electric and covers {{convert|75|mi|km|abbr=off|round=5}} of track.<ref name="Who are Merseyrail">{{cite web|title=Who are Merseyrail|publisher=[[Merseyrail]]|url=http://www.merseyrail.org/about/?sGUID=2a45e2d07d59c0d621570a918cb62195|access-date=23 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090626073949/http://www.merseyrail.org/about/?sGUID=2a45e2d07d59c0d621570a918cb62195|archive-date=26 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Merseyrail reports record levels of performance|url=https://www.merseyrail.org/media/162040/Performance.pdf|website=Merseyrail|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305172221/http://www.merseyrail.org/media/162040/Performance.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Trains are owned and operated by the [[Merseyrail]] franchise and managed by [[Merseytravel]] under the direction of the [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority]]. Local services on the City Line are operated by [[Northern Trains]], although the line itself remains part of the Merseyrail network. Within Liverpool city centre, four stations and over {{convert|6+1/2|mi|km|abbr=off|round=0.5}} of tunnels are underground.<ref name="Who are Merseyrail"/> {{rws|Birkenhead Hamilton Square}} and {{rws|Liverpool James Street}} are the oldest deep level underground stations in the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RCHS NW Group 2017 Rail Tour, Thursday 30th March 2017: A Circular Tour from Manchester around Cheshire, The Wirral & The Mersey|url=https://www.rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2017RailTourNotesfinal.pdf|access-date=8 October 2023|website=rchs.org.uk|archive-date=4 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604181152/https://www.rchs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2017RailTourNotesfinal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 

In 2023, for the first time in UK history, [[Battery electric multiple unit|battery-powered passenger trains]] launched on Merseyrail tracks from the newly opened Headbolt Lane station in Kirkby. The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority's long term ''Merseyrail for All'' plan is to reduce dependency on [[Third rail|live third rail]] and promote battery power in order to further expand Merseyrail to previously inaccessible places across the city region and as far as Manchester, Wrexham, Warrington and Preston.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rail history made yet again as Mayor hails the launch of the UKs first battery powered trains in the Liverpool City Region|url=https://www.liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk/rail-history-made-yet-again-as-mayor-hails-the-launch-of-the-uks-first-battery-powered-trains-in-the-liverpool-city-region|access-date=8 October 2023|website=liverpoolcityregion-ca.gov.uk}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=UK's first battery-powered trains hit the tracks|publisher=BBC News|date=5 October 2023|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-67011369|access-date=8 October 2023|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009041755/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-67011369|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Buses====
[[File:-2023-02-02 Bus interchange at Liverpool South Parkway.jpg|thumb|right|Liverpool South Parkway, a bus & rail interchange serving south Liverpool and Liverpool John Lennon Airport]]

Local bus services within and around Liverpool are managed by [[Merseytravel]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Information|publisher=[[Merseytravel]]|url=http://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/information_bus.asp|access-date=23 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090713235107/http://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/information_bus.asp|archive-date=13 July 2009}}</ref> and are run by several different companies, including [[Arriva North West|Arriva]] and [[Stagecoach Merseyside]]. The two principal termini for local buses are [[Queen Square bus station]] (located near Lime Street station) for services north and east of the city, and [[Liverpool One bus station]] (located near the [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]]) for services to the south and east.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool's £47m transport plan which includes new bus hub and Lime Street changes, enters next phase|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpools-47m-transport-plan-which-includes-new-bus-hub-and-lime-street-changes-enters-next-phase|access-date=8 October 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102232329/https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpools-47m-transport-plan-which-includes-new-bus-hub-and-lime-street-changes-enters-next-phase/|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[River Mersey|Cross-river]] services to the [[Metropolitan Borough of Wirral|Wirral]] use roadside terminus points in Castle Street and Sir Thomas Street. A [[night bus service]] also operates on Saturdays providing services from the city centre across Liverpool and wider region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Night Bus Network|publisher=[[Merseytravel]]|url=http://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/information_bus_night-bus-network.asp|access-date=23 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090802200441/http://www.merseytravel.gov.uk/information_bus_night-bus-network.asp|archive-date=2 August 2009}}</ref>

[[Tour bus service]]s are provided by Maghull Coaches which allow tourists to [[City Sightseeing|hop-on-hop-off]] and view historical landmarks and attractions, as well as [[Liverpool F.C.]] and [[The Beatles|Beatles]] related locations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hop On Hop Off Liverpool Tour Information|url=https://cityexplorerliverpool.co.uk/tour-information|access-date=8 October 2023|website=cityexplorerliverpool.co.uk|archive-date=11 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211121333/https://cityexplorerliverpool.co.uk/tour-information/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tour Buses|url=https://www.maghullcoaches.co.uk/tour-buses|access-date=8 October 2023|website=maghullcoaches.co.uk|archive-date=22 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022165903/https://www.maghullcoaches.co.uk/tour-buses/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Express Coaches|National Express]] services operate from the [[Liverpool One bus station]] to and from destinations across the UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool One Bus Station|url=https://www.nationalexpress.com/en/help/coach-stations/liverpool|access-date=8 October 2023|website=nationalexpress.com|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928070634/https://www.nationalexpress.com/en/help/coach-stations/liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, the Liverpool city region confirmed plans to become the second place outside London to implement [[bus franchising]]. Local leaders have argued that it will improve services by transferring control over fares, ticketing and routes from bus companies to the [[Liverpool City Region Combined Authority|Combined Authority]]. The full implementation of bus franchising will take place by the end of 2028.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Liverpool announces it will bring buses back under public control|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2023/oct/06/liverpool-announces-it-will-bring-buses-back-under-public-control|access-date=8 October 2023|newspaper=The Guardian|date=6 October 2023|last=Topham|first=Gwyn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool City Region embarks on 'new era' as it begins franchising bus network|url=https://www.placenorthwest.co.uk/liverpool-city-region-embarks-on-new-era-as-it-begins-franchising-bus-net|access-date=8 October 2023|website=placenorthwest.co.uk|date=6 October 2023}}</ref>

====Mersey Ferry====
[[File:Mersey Ferry Royal Iris and HMS Illustrious, River Mersey (geograph 3786310).jpg|thumb|right|A Mersey Ferry (foreground) with the Liverpool waterfront in the distance]]

The cross-river ferry service in Liverpool, known as the [[Mersey Ferry]], is managed and operated by [[Merseytravel]], with services operating between the [[Pier Head]] in Liverpool city centre and both [[Woodside, Merseyside|Woodside]] in [[Birkenhead]] and [[Seacombe]] in [[Wallasey]]. Services operate at intervals ranging from 20 minutes, at peak times, to every hour during the middle of the day and at weekends.<ref>{{cite web|title=Complete Timetable|publisher=[[Mersey Ferries]]|url=http://www.merseyferries.co.uk/timetable/index.aspx|access-date=28 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722083007/http://www.merseyferries.co.uk/timetable/index.aspx|archive-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> Despite remaining an important transport link between the city and the Wirral Peninsula, the Mersey Ferry has become an increasingly popular tourist attraction within the city, with daytime River Explorer Cruises providing passengers with an historical overview of the River Mersey and surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=River Explorer Cruises|publisher=[[Mersey Ferries]]|url=http://www.merseyferries.co.uk/river-explorer/index.aspx|access-date=28 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100723133715/http://www.merseyferries.co.uk/river-explorer/index.aspx|archive-date=23 July 2010}}</ref>

===Cycling and scooters===
A [[scooter-sharing system]] and [[electric bicycle]] scheme operates throughout Liverpool which allows residents and visitors to move around the city on rented scooters and bicycles. The scheme is operated by Swedish technology company Voi; riders are able to pick up and drop off bikes and scooters at various locations around the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=New e-bike hire scheme coming to Liverpool with Voi|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/new-e-bike-hire-scheme-coming-to-liverpool-with-voi|access-date=8 October 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|date=22 July 2022|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927223947/https://theguideliverpool.com/new-e-bike-hire-scheme-coming-to-liverpool-with-voi/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=City's new e-bike scheme launched|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/citys-new-e-bike-scheme-launched|access-date=8 October 2023|website=liverpoolexpress.co.uk|date=2 November 2022|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111221527/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/citys-new-e-bike-scheme-launched/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oh Voi! Scooters are a hit but can Swedish tech transform Liverpool's e-bike scheme?|url=https://confidentials.com/liverpool/voi-launches-e-bike-scheme-liverpool|access-date=8 October 2023|website=confidentials.com|archive-date=2 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102184252/https://confidentials.com/liverpool/voi-launches-e-bike-scheme-liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref> [[National Cycle Route 56]], [[National Cycle Route 62]] and National Cycle Route 810 run through Liverpool.

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Liverpool}}
As with other large cities, Liverpool is an important cultural centre within the United Kingdom, incorporating music, performing arts, museums and art galleries, literature and nightlife among others. In 2008, the cultural heritage of the city was celebrated with the city holding the title of [[European Capital of Culture]], during which time a wide range of cultural celebrations took place in the city, including [[Go Superlambananas!]] and [[La Princesse]]. Liverpool has also held Europe's largest music and poetry event, the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales|Welsh national Eisteddfod]], three times, despite being in England, in 1884, 1900, and 1929.

===Music===
{{Main|Music of Liverpool|Beat music}}
[[File:The Beatles Statues.jpg|thumb|right|[[The Beatles]] statue at [[Pier Head]]. The group are the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed band in popular music.<ref>[https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/the-beatles-19691231 100 Greatest Artists Of All Time: The Beatles (No.1)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115091804/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/the-beatles-19691231 |date=15 November 2012 }}. ''[[Rolling Stone]]''. Retrieved 29 March 2018</ref>]]
Liverpool is internationally known for music and is recognised by ''Guinness World Records'' as the "World Capital City of Pop".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitliverpool.com/site/experiences/liverpool-rocks|title=Liverpool Rocks|publisher=VisitLiverpool.com|access-date=9 March 2010|archive-date=25 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725091704/http://visitliverpool.com/site/experiences/liverpool-rocks|url-status=dead}}</ref> Musicians from the city have produced 58 No. 1 singles, more than any other city in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/blog-the-beatles-at-no1-puts-spotlight-back-on-our-city-of-music-again|title=BLOG: The Beatles at No1 puts spotlight back on our city of music (again!)|date=11 November 2023|publisher=Liverpool Express|access-date=13 November 2023|archive-date=14 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114141642/https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/blog-the-beatles-at-no1-puts-spotlight-back-on-our-city-of-music-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both the most successful [[The Beatles|male band]] and [[Spice Girls|girl group]] in global music history have contained Liverpudlian members. Liverpool is most famous as the birthplace of [[the Beatles]] and during the 1960s was at the forefront of the [[Beat Music]] movement, which would eventually lead to the [[British Invasion]]. Many notable musicians of the time originated in the city including [[Billy J. Kramer]], [[Cilla Black]], [[Gerry and the Pacemakers]] and [[The Searchers (band)|the Searchers]]. The influence of musicians from Liverpool, coupled with other cultural exploits of the time, such as the [[Liverpool poets]], prompted American poet [[Allen Ginsberg]] to proclaim that the city was "the centre of consciousness of the human universe".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2007/feb/21/europeancapitalofculture2008.liverpool|title='It's like San Francisco – with greyer weather'|date=21 February 2007|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=9 March 2010|location=London|first=Alfred|last=Hickling|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510013755/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2007/feb/21/europeancapitalofculture2008.liverpool|url-status=live}}</ref> Other musicians from Liverpool include [[Billy Fury]], [[A Flock of Seagulls]], [[Echo & the Bunnymen]], [[Frankie Goes to Hollywood]], [[Frankie Vaughan]], [[Anathema (band)|Anathema]], [[Ladytron]], [[the Zutons]], [[Cast (band)|Cast]], [[Atomic Kitten]] and [[Rebecca Ferguson (singer)|Rebecca Ferguson]]. [[The La's]] 1990 hit single "[[There She Goes (The La's song)|There She Goes]]" was described by ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' as a "founding piece of [[Britpop]]'s foundation."<ref>{{cite magazine|title=40 Greatest One-Album Wonders: 13. The La's, 'The La's' (1990)|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/30-greatest-one-album-wonders-20160714/13-the-las-the-las-1990|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=12 June 2019|access-date=12 June 2019|archive-date=30 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185917/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/pictures/30-greatest-one-album-wonders-20160714/13-the-las-the-las-1990|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|left|[[Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool|Philharmonic Hall]], home of the [[Royal Liverpool Philharmonic]]]]

The city is also home to the oldest surviving professional [[symphony orchestra]] in the UK, the [[Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra]], which is based in the [[Philharmonic Hall, Liverpool|Philharmonic Hall]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolphil.com/116/the-orchestra/musicmaking-at-home-and-abroad.html|title=The Orchestra|publisher=[[Liverpool Philharmonic]]|access-date=10 March 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117192733/http://www.liverpoolphil.com/116/the-orchestra/musicmaking-at-home-and-abroad.html|archive-date=17 January 2010}}</ref> The chief conductor of the orchestra is [[Vasily Petrenko]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolphil.com/286/our-history/royal-liverpool-philharmonic-orchestra.html|title=Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra|publisher=[[Liverpool Philharmonic]]|access-date=10 March 2010|archive-date=1 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101060521/http://www.liverpoolphil.com/286/our-history/royal-liverpool-philharmonic-orchestra.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sir [[Edward Elgar]] dedicated his [[Pomp and Circumstance#March No. 1 in D|Pomp and Circumstance March No. 1]] to the Liverpool Orchestral Society, and the piece had its first performance in the city in 1901.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elgar.org/3pomp-a.htm|title=Elgar – His Music : Pomp and Circumstance – Introduction|website=Elgar.org|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118105544/http://www.elgar.org/3pomp-a.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Among Liverpool's curiosities, the Austrian émigré [[Fritz Spiegl]] is notable. He not only became a world expert on the etymology of [[Scouse]], but composed the music to [[Z-cars]] and the [[Radio 4 UK Theme]].

Well established festivals in the city include [[Africa Oyé]] and [[Brazilica Festival|Brazilica]] which are the UK's largest free African and Brazilian music festivals respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://africaoye.com/index.html|title=Africa Oyé the UK's largest free celebration of African music and culture|website=[[Africa Oyé]]|access-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823182344/http://www.africaoye.com/index.html|archive-date=23 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clickliverpool.com/culture/culture/1213812-brazilica-samba-festival-in-liverpool-this-weekend.html|title=Brazilica samba festival in Liverpool this weekend|website=Click|access-date=29 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102081753/http://www.clickliverpool.com/culture/culture/1213812-brazilica-samba-festival-in-liverpool-this-weekend.html|archive-date=2 January 2013}}</ref> The dance music festival [[Creamfields]] was established by the Liverpool-based [[Cream (nightclub)|Cream]] clubbing brand which started life as a weekly event at Nation nightclub. There are numerous music venues located across the city, however, the [[Liverpool Arena]] is by far the largest. Opened in 2008, the 11,000-seat arena hosted the [[MTV Europe Music Awards 2008|MTV Europe Music Awards]] the same year, and since then has played host to world-renowned acts such as [[Andrea Bocelli]], [[Beyoncé]], [[Elton John]], [[Kanye West]], [[Kasabian]], [[the Killers]], [[Lady Gaga]], [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]], [[Pink (singer)|Pink]], [[Rihanna]], and [[UB40]].

On 7 October 2022, the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]] and the [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) announced that Liverpool would host the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]] on behalf of the previous year's winning country [[Ukraine]], which was unable to meet the demands of hosting the event due to security concerns caused by the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of the country]]. The contest was held at Liverpool Arena, and consisted of two semi-finals on 9 and 11 May and a final on 13 May 2023. This was the first time that the contest took place in the city, and was also a record-extending ninth time that the UK has hosted the contest, having last done so in [[Birmingham]] in [[Eurovision Song Contest 1998|1998]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2022|title=Liverpool will host Eurovision 2023|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/liverpool-will-host-eurovision-2023|access-date=7 October 2022|website=Eurovision.tv|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU)|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007182308/https://eurovision.tv/story/liverpool-will-host-eurovision-2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Visual arts===
[[File:Liverpool Cultural Quarter.jpg|thumb|upright=1.50|left|[[William Brown Street]], also known as the Cultural Quarter, was a [[Liverpool Maritime Mercantile City|World Heritage Site]] consisting of the [[World Museum]], [[Liverpool Central Library|Central Library]], [[Picton Reading Room and Hornby Library|Picton Reading Room]] and [[Walker Art Gallery]].]]
Liverpool has more galleries and national museums than any other city in the United Kingdom apart from London.<ref name=visitliverpool>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitliverpool.com/site/what-to-do/arts-culture-liverpool/liverpool-city-region-must-see|title=Visit Liverpool|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-date=7 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907224947/http://visitliverpool.com/site/what-to-do/arts-culture-liverpool/liverpool-city-region-must-see|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[National Museums Liverpool]] is the only English national collection based wholly outside London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/museums_and_galleries/3383.aspx/|title=Museums and galleries|website=Culture.gov.uk|date=11 October 2005|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-date=5 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505103451/http://www.culture.gov.uk/what_we_do/museums_and_galleries/3383.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Tate Liverpool]] gallery houses the modern art collection of the Tate in the North of England and was, until the opening of [[Tate Modern]], the largest exhibition space dedicated to modern art in the United Kingdom. The [[FACT centre]] hosts touring multimedia exhibitions, while the [[Walker Art Gallery]] houses one of the most impressive permanent collections of [[Pre-Raphaelite]] art in the world.<ref>[http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176 ''The Pre-Raphaelite Collections''] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120909020028/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/tra18176 |date=9 September 2012 }} Culture24 website</ref> [[Sudley House]] contains another major collection of pre-20th-century art.<ref name=liverpoolmuseums>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/|title=National Museums Liverpool|access-date=23 April 2007|archive-date=21 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221060544/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool University's [[Victoria Gallery & Museum|Victoria Building]] was re-opened as a public art gallery and museum to display the university's artwork and historical collections which include the largest display of art by [[John James Audubon|Audubon]] outside the US.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liv.ac.uk/vgm/art/audubon.htm|title=John James Audubon – Victoria Gallery and Museum – University of Liverpool|access-date=5 September 2010|archive-date=11 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811175540/http://www.liv.ac.uk/vgm/art/audubon.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A number of artists have also come from the city, including painter [[George Stubbs]] who was born in Liverpool in 1724.

[[File:Nelson Monument, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Nelson Monument, Liverpool|Nelson Monument]] at [[Exchange Flags]]. A short distance away another noted commander from the [[Napoleonic Wars]] is commemorated by [[Wellington's Column]].]]
The [[Liverpool Biennial]] festival of arts runs from mid-September to late November and comprises three main sections; the International, The Independents and New Contemporaries although fringe events are timed to coincide.<ref name=biennial>{{cite web|url=http://www.biennial.com/|title=Liverpool Biennial|access-date=23 April 2007|archive-date=28 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128023227/http://www.biennial.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was during the 2004 festival that [[Yoko Ono]]'s work "My mummy was beautiful" invited controversy when photographs of a woman's breast and crotch were exhibited on the main shopping street.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Coslett|first=Paul|date=16 September 2004|title=BBC – Liverpool – Biennial – But is it art?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2004/09/16/biennial_breasts_feature.shtml|access-date=15 May 2024|publisher=BBC|archive-date=1 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501150614/http://www.bbc.co.uk/liverpool/content/articles/2004/09/16/biennial_breasts_feature.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Literature===
[[Felicia Hemans]] (née Browne) was born in Dale Street, Liverpool, in 1793, although she later moved to Flintshire, in Wales. Felicia was born in Liverpool, a granddaughter of the [[Republic of Venice|Venetian]] [[Consulate general|consul]] in that city. Her father's business soon brought the family to [[Denbighshire (historic)|Denbighshire]] in North Wales, where she spent her youth. They made their home near Abergele and [[St. Asaph]] ([[Flintshire (historic)|Flintshire]]), and it is clear that she came to regard herself as Welsh by adoption, later referring to Wales as "Land of my childhood, my home and my dead". Her first poems, dedicated to the [[George IV of the United Kingdom|Prince of Wales]], were published in Liverpool in 1808, when she was only fourteen, arousing the interest of [[Percy Bysshe Shelley]], who briefly corresponded with her.
<ref name="inspidered.wordpress.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.inspidered.wordpress.com/|title=Inspidered|publisher=Inspidered.wordpress.com|date=9 August 2012|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517023830/https://inspidered.wordpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>

An engraving of a painting of {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Wishing Gate|The Wishing Gate]]}} by S. F. Serres was published in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834 with a poetical illustration by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]] to which she adds the note 'I believe that to this haunted gate, a common superstition is attached, namely, that to wish, and to have that wish fulfilled, is the result of such wish being uttered while passing'. It stood on the North Shore before the docks were built and was a place where farewells could be waved to departing voyagers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=19BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PT40|section=poetical illustration|year=1833|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123211121/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=19BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PT44|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=19BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PT42|section=picture|year=1833|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.|access-date=23 November 2022|archive-date=23 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123211118/https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=19BbAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PT47|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Dickens plaque, The Old Bridewell, Campbell Square.jpg|thumb|right|Plaque in Campbell Square commemorating [[Charles Dickens]] who from 1842 gave public readings of his novels at [[St George's Hall, Liverpool|St George's Hall]], and who for one day in 1860 was appointed a special [[Special Constabulary|police constable]] in the city while researching a novel.]]
A number of notable authors have visited Liverpool, including [[Daniel Defoe]], [[Washington Irving]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Thomas De Quincey]], [[Herman Melville]], [[Nathaniel Hawthorne]], [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]] and [[Hugh Walpole]]. Defoe, after visiting the city, described it, as "one of the wonders of Britain in his 'Tour through England and Wales'".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inspidered.wordpress.com/|title=WordPress.com|publisher=Inspidered.wordpress.com|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-date=17 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517023830/https://inspidered.wordpress.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> Melville's novel ''[[Redburn]]'' deals with the first seagoing voyage of 19 years old Wellingborough Redburn between New York and Liverpool in 1839. Largely autobiographical, the middle sections of the book are set in Liverpool and describe the young merchantman's wanderings, and his reflections.<ref name="inspidered.wordpress.com"/> From 1842 to 1869, Dickens visited the city to give public readings of his novels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.beatlesliverpoolandmore.com/liverpool-and-charles-dickens.html|title=Liverpool and Charles Dickens|publisher=BeatlesLiverpoolandMore|access-date=7 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123135001/http://www.beatlesliverpoolandmore.com/liverpool-and-charles-dickens.html|archive-date=23 January 2013}}</ref> Hawthorne was stationed in Liverpool as United States consul between 1853 and 1856.<ref>Philip James McFarland, ''Hawthorne in Concord''. (New York, NY : Grove Press, 2004), p.186</ref> Hopkins served as priest at St Francis Xavier Church, Langdale St., Liverpool, between 1879 and 81.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.openplaques.org/plaques/7935|title=Gerard Manley Hopkins black plaque in Liverpool|publisher=Openplaques.org|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410122040/http://openplaques.org/plaques/7935|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although he is not known to have ever visited Liverpool, [[Jung]] famously had a vivid dream of the city which he analysed in one of his works.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/memoriesdreamsre007394mbp|title=''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'' (1961)|year=1963|publisher=Vintage Books|access-date=3 August 2010}}</ref>

''[[Her Benny]]'', a novel telling the tragic story of Liverpool street urchins in the 1870s, written by Methodist preacher [[Silas K. Hocking]], was a best-seller and the first book to sell a million copies in the author's lifetime.<ref>[http://bluecoatpress.co.uk/liverpool/her-benny-silas-hocking/ ''Her Benny''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122053532/http://bluecoatpress.co.uk/liverpool/her-benny-silas-hocking/ |date=22 November 2012 }} Bluecoat Press</ref> The prolific writer of adventure novels, [[Harold Edward Bindloss]] (1866–1945), was born in Liverpool.

[[File:CliveBarker_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.75|[[Clive Barker]], Liverpool born writer of ''[[Hellraiser]]'' and creator of [[Candyman (character)|Candyman]]]]
The writer, docker and political activist [[George Garrett (activist)|George Garrett]] was born in [[Seacombe]], on the [[Wirral Peninsula]] in 1896 and was brought up in Liverpool's South end, around Park Road, the son of a fierce Liverpool–Irish Catholic mother and a staunch 'Orange' stevedore father. In the 1920s and 1930s, his organisation within the Seamen's Vigilance Committees, unemployed demonstrations, and hunger marches from Liverpool became part of a wider cultural force. He spoke at reconciliation meetings in sectarian Liverpool, and helped found the [[Unity Theatre, Liverpool|Unity Theatre]] in the 1930s as part of the [[Popular Front]] against the rise of fascism, particularly its echoes in the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Garrett died in 1966.<ref>Michael Murphy, "Introduction" to ''The Collected George Garrett''. (Nottingham: Trent Editions, 1999).</ref>

The novelist and playwright [[James Hanley (novelist)|James Hanley]] (1897–1985) was born in [[Kirkdale, Merseyside|Kirkdale]], Liverpool, in 1897 (not [[Dublin]], nor 1901 as he generally implied) to a working-class family.<ref>An important biographical source is Chris Gostick's "Extra Material on James Hanley's ''[[Boy (novel)|Boy]]''", in the OneWorld Classics edition of ''Boy'' (2007), pp. 181–4.</ref> Hanley grew up close to the docks and much of his early writing is about seamen. ''[[The Furys Chronicle|The Furys]]'' (1935) is first in a sequence of five loosely autobiographical novels about working-class life in Liverpool. James Hanley's brother, novelist [[Gerald Hanley]] (1916–92) was also born in Liverpool (not [[County Cork]], Ireland, as he claimed).<ref>Chris Gostick, "Extra Material on James Hanley's ''Boy''" from the OneWorld Classics edition of ''Boy'' (2007).</ref> While he published a number of novels he also wrote [[radio drama|radio plays]] for the BBC as well as some film scripts, most notably ''[[The Blue Max]]'' (1966).<ref>Irishwriters online.</ref> He was also one of several scriptwriters for a life of [[Gandhi]] (1964).<ref>''The Times'', 29 November 1982; pg. 11; see also "Gandhi's Life As A Film", ''The Times'' 16 December 1964; pg. 7.</ref> Novelist [[Beryl Bainbridge]] (1932–2010) was born in Liverpool and raised in nearby [[Formby]]. She was primarily known for her works of [[psychological fiction]], often set among the English working classes. Bainbridge won the [[Costa Book Awards|Whitbread Awards]] prize for best novel in [[1977 Whitbread Awards|1977]] and [[1996 Whitbread Awards|1996]] and was nominated five times for the [[Booker Prize]]. ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper named Bainbridge among their list of "The 50 greatest [[British literature|British writers]] since 1945".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece|title=The 50 greatest British writers since 1945|date=5 January 2008|work=[[The Times]]|access-date=19 February 2010|archive-date=25 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425050801/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/article3127837.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[J. G. Farrell]] was born in Liverpool in 1935 but left at the outbreak of war in 1939.<ref>Ralph Crane, "A Man from Elsewhere: The Liminal Presence of Liverpool in the Fiction of J. G. Farrell". ''Writing Liverpool:Essays and Interviews''. (Liverpool: University of Liverpool Press, 2007), pp.88–9.</ref> A novelist of Irish descent, Farrell gained prominence for his historical fiction, most notably his ''Empire Trilogy'' (''[[Troubles (novel)|Troubles]]'', ''[[The Siege of Krishnapur]]'' and ''[[The Singapore Grip]]''), dealing with the political and human consequences of British colonial rule. However, his career ended when he drowned in Ireland in 1979 at the age of 44.

[[Helen Forrester]] was the pen name of June Bhatia (née Huband) (1919–2011),<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/edmontonjournal/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=154799376|title=June BHATIA Obituary|newspaper=[[Edmonton Journal]]|date=27 November 2011|access-date=30 November 2011|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213185117/http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/edmontonjournal/obituary.aspx?page=lifestory&pid=154799376|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/02/helen-forrester|title=Helen Forrester obituary|last=Bradley|first=Kate|date=2 December 2011|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=9 December 2011|location=London|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509230951/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/dec/02/helen-forrester|url-status=live}}</ref> who was known for her books about her early childhood in Liverpool during the [[Great Depression]], including ''Twopence to Cross the Mersey'' (1974), as well as several works of fiction. During the late 1960s the city became well known for the [[Liverpool poets]], who include [[Roger McGough]] and the late [[Adrian Henri]]. An anthology of poems, ''[[The Mersey Sound (book)|The Mersey Sound]]'', written by Henri, McGough and [[Brian Patten]], has sold well since it was first being published in 1967.

Liverpool has produced several noted writers of horror fiction, often set on Merseyside—[[Ramsey Campbell]], [[Clive Barker]] and Peter Atkins among them. A collection of Liverpudlian horror fiction, ''Spook City'' was edited by a Liverpool expatriate, Angus Mackenzie, and introduced by Doug Bradley, also from Liverpool.<ref>{{Citation|first=A.|last=Mackenzie|title=Spook City|publisher=PS Publishing|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84863-025-3}}</ref> Bradley is famed for portraying Barker's creation Pinhead in the ''Hellraiser'' series of films.

===Performing arts===
[[File:Empire Theatre, Liverpool 2018.jpg|thumb|The [[Liverpool Empire Theatre|Empire Theatre]] has the largest two-tier auditorium in the UK.]]
Liverpool also has a long history of performing arts, reflected in several annual theatre festivals such as the [[Liverpool Shakespeare Festival]], which takes place inside [[Liverpool Cathedral]] and in the adjacent historic St James' Gardens every summer; the Everyword Festival of new theatre writing, the only one of its kind in the country;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everymanplayhouse.com/Show/Everyword/69.aspx|title=Everyman and Playhouse Theatre, Liverpool – 2010|publisher=Everymanplayhouse.com|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712092440/http://www.everymanplayhouse.com/Show/Everyword/69.aspx|archive-date=12 July 2010}}</ref> Physical Fest, an international festival of physical theatre;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tmesistheatre.com/physicalfest/physical_fest.php|title=Tmesis Theatre Company – Physical Fest '05|publisher=Tmesistheatre.com|access-date=3 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101114164125/http://www.tmesistheatre.com/physicalfest/physical_fest.php|archive-date=14 November 2010}}</ref> the annual festivals organised by [[Liverpool John Moores University]]'s drama department and the [[Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts]]; and other festivals by the large number of theatres in the city, such as the [[Liverpool Empire Theatre|Empire]], [[Everyman Theatre, Liverpool|Everyman]],<ref>{{cite web|first=Catherine|last=Jones|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2009/07/24/28m-liverpool-everyman-theatre-redevelopment-gets-green-light-with-12-8m-grant-100252-24227969/|title=£28m Liverpool Everyman theatre redevelopment gets green light with £12.8m grant|newspaper=Liverpool Echo|date=24 July 2009|access-date=3 August 2010|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011004757/http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2009/07/24/28m-liverpool-everyman-theatre-redevelopment-gets-green-light-with-12-8m-grant-100252-24227969/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|title=Liverpool Everyman reopens after £27m redevelopment|first=Paul|last=Youngs|date=28 February 2014}}</ref> [[Liverpool Playhouse|Playhouse]],<ref name=everymanplayhouse>{{cite web|url=http://www.everymanplayhouse.com/|title=Everyman and Playhouse Theatre|access-date=23 April 2007|archive-date=10 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210164157/https://www.everymanplayhouse.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=unitytheatre>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitytheatreliverpool.co.uk/|title=Unity Theatre Liverpool|access-date=23 April 2007|archive-date=12 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312094929/http://www.unitytheatreliverpool.co.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Royal Court Theatre, Liverpool|Royal Court]], and [[Unity Theatre, Liverpool|Unity]] theatres.

Notable actors and actresses from Liverpool include [[Arthur Askey]], [[Tom Baker]], [[Kim Cattrall]], [[Jodie Comer]], [[Stephen Graham]], [[Rex Harrison]], [[Jason Isaacs]], [[Tina Malone]], the McGann brothers ([[Joe McGann|Joe]], [[Mark McGann|Mark]], [[Paul McGann|Paul]], and [[Stephen McGann|Stephen]]), [[David Morrissey]], [[Elizabeth Morton]], [[Peter Serafinowicz]], [[Elisabeth Sladen]], [[Alison Steadman]], and [[Rita Tushingham]]. Actors and actresses from elsewhere in the world have strong ties to the city, such as Canadian actor [[Mike Myers]] (whose parents were both from Liverpool) and American actress [[Halle Berry]] (whose mother was from Liverpool).

===Nightlife===
[[File:Mathew Street, intersection with Temple Court, Liverpool (2017-11-18 00.12.15 by Björn Golda).jpg|thumb|left|Nightlife in [[Mathew Street]] and Temple Court, [[Liverpool city centre]]]]
Liverpool has a thriving and varied nightlife. The majority of the city's late-night restaurants, bars, pubs, nightclubs, music venues and comedy clubs are located in a number of distinct districts.

In 2023, figures from global data company [[Square (financial services)|Square]] show that night-time spending in bars and restaurants in [[Liverpool city centre]] outperformed all [[City status in the United Kingdom|major UK cities]], including London.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool nightlife: night-time economy overtakes London in post pandemic recovery|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpool-nightlife-night-time-economy-overtakes-london-in-post-pandemic-recovery|access-date=27 August 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|date=10 August 2023|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828041553/https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpool-nightlife-night-time-economy-overtakes-london-in-post-pandemic-recovery/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Figures by the Liverpool BID Company suggest that the busiest nights of the week in [[Liverpool city centre]] are Friday and Saturday. Using cameras to track the flow of people in key locations between 7{{nbsp}}pm and 4{{nbsp}}am, at least 1.5{{nbsp}}million people pass through the city centre every Friday night and almost 2 million people on Saturday nights. The data demonstrates that Monday night is the quietest night of the week in the city centre and footfall then increases every single night to reach its peak on Saturday nights. 125,889 people worked in the city's night time economy as of 2022, according to the Liverpool BID Company.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool night-time economy shows strong recovery|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-night-time-economy-shows-strong-recovery|access-date=27 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=7 April 2023|archive-date=13 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113065121/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-night-time-economy-shows-strong-recovery/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool night-time economy shows strong recovery|url=https://investliverpool.com/news/liverpool-night-time-economy-shows-strong-recovery|access-date=27 August 2023|website=investliverpool.com|date=12 April 2023|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828041554/https://investliverpool.com/news/liverpool-night-time-economy-shows-strong-recovery/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Liverpool nightlife sees post-COVID surge|url=https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-nightlife-sees-post-covid-surge|access-date=27 August 2023|website=lbndaily.co.uk|date=10 August 2023|archive-date=28 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828041554/https://lbndaily.co.uk/liverpool-nightlife-sees-post-covid-surge/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Liverpool's nightlife is concentrated in a number of districts including [[RopeWalks, Liverpool|Ropewalks]] which comprises [[Concert Square, Liverpool|Concert Square]], St. Peter's Square and the adjoining Seel Street and [[Duke Street, Liverpool|Duke Street]]. Other popular areas include [[Hardman Street]], the [[Mathew Street|Cavern Quarter]], [[Baltic Triangle]], [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]] and the city's [[Pride Quarter, Liverpool|Pride Quarter]], which is home to a large number of [[Gay bar|LGBT venues]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bars in Liverpool|url=https://www.visitliverpool.com/food-and-drink/bars-in-liverpool/?bounds=false&view=grid&sort=qualityScore|access-date=27 August 2023|website=visitliverpool.com|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827102903/https://www.visitliverpool.com/food-and-drink/bars-in-liverpool/?bounds=false&view=grid&sort=qualityScore|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LGBT+ Liverpool|url=https://www.visitliverpool.com/things-to-do/lgbt-liverpool|access-date=27 August 2023|website=visitliverpool.com|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901153806/https://www.visitliverpool.com/things-to-do/lgbt-liverpool/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the city's suburbs, [[Lark Lane, Liverpool|Lark Lane]] in [[Aigburth]] is noted for an abundance of bars and late-night venues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Liverpool Foodie's guide to eating out in Lark Lane|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/the-liverpool-foodies-guide-to-eating-out-in-lark-lane|access-date=27 August 2023|website=theguideliverpool.com|date=7 October 2022|archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827102909/https://theguideliverpool.com/the-liverpool-foodies-guide-to-eating-out-in-lark-lane/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Your ultimate guide to Lark Lane, the bohemian street in the heart of Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpoolworld.uk/news/your-ultimate-guide-to-lark-lane-4184756|access-date=27 August 2023|website=liverpoolworld.uk|date=16 June 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827102902/https://www.liverpoolworld.uk/news/your-ultimate-guide-to-lark-lane-4184756|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Education==
{{See also|List of schools in Liverpool}}
[[File:Victoria Building, University of Liverpool 2019.jpg|thumb|right|[[University of Liverpool]]'s [[Victoria Building, University of Liverpool|Victoria Building]]]]
In Liverpool primary and secondary education is available in various forms supported by the state including secular, [[Church of England]], Jewish, and Roman Catholic. [[Islam]]ic education is available at primary level, but there is no secondary provision.
One of Liverpool's important early schools was [[Liverpool Blue Coat School|The Liverpool Blue Coat School]]; founded in 1708 as a charitable school. It is now a [[state school|state]] [[grammar school]].

The Liverpool Blue Coat School is the top-performing school in the city with 100% 5 or more A*-C grades at GCSE resulting in the 30th best GCSE results in the country and an average point score per student of 1087.4 in A/AS levels.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/07/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/341_gcse_lea.stm|title=Secondary schools in Liverpool|access-date=10 January 2008|publisher=BBC News|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324094748/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/education/07/school_tables/secondary_schools/html/341_gcse_lea.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> Other notable schools include [[Liverpool College]] founded in 1840 [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]] founded in 1620.<ref name=liverpoolcollege>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolcollege.org.uk/|title=Liverpool College|access-date=23 April 2007|archive-date=5 February 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050205231127/http://www.liverpoolcollege.org.uk/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another of Liverpool's notable senior schools is [[St Edward's College|St. Edward's College]] situated in the West Derby area of the city. Historic grammar schools, such as the [[Liverpool Institute High School for Boys|Liverpool Institute High School]] and [[Liverpool Collegiate School]]—both closed in the 1980s—are still remembered as centres of academic excellence. Bellerive Catholic College is the city's top-performing non-selective school, based upon GCSE results in 2007.
[[File:LJMU Byrom Street.jpg|thumb|left|[[Liverpool John Moores University]]'s [[James Parsons Building]]]]

Liverpool has three universities: the [[University of Liverpool]], [[Liverpool John Moores University]] and [[Liverpool Hope University]]. [[Edge Hill University]], founded as a [[Normal school|teacher-training college]] in the [[Edge Hill, Liverpool|Edge Hill]] district of Liverpool, is now located in [[Ormskirk]] in South-West Lancashire. Liverpool is also home to the [[Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts]] (LIPA).

The [[University of Liverpool]] was established in 1881 as University College Liverpool. In 1884, it became part of the federal [[Victoria University (United Kingdom)|Victoria University]]. Following a Royal Charter and Act of Parliament in 1903, it became an independent university, the University of Liverpool, with the right to confer its own degrees. It was the first university to offer degrees in biochemistry, architecture, civic design, veterinary science, oceanography and social science.

[[File:Liverpool Community College Arts Centre - geograph.org.uk - 640908.jpg|thumb|[[City of Liverpool College]]'s Arts Centre]] [[Liverpool Hope University]], which was formed through the merger of three colleges, the earliest of which was founded in 1844, gained university status in 2005. It is the only ecumenical university in Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/liverpool-hope--europes-only-ecumenical-university--is-resisting-the-urge-to-expand-454872.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611040923/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/higher/liverpool-hope--europes-only-ecumenical-university--is-resisting-the-urge-to-expand-454872.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 June 2009|title=Liverpool Hope – Europe's only ecumenical university – is resisting the urge to expand|work=The Independent|first=Lucy|last=Hodges|date=28 June 2007|access-date=8 February 2011|location=London}}</ref> It is situated on both sides of Taggart Avenue in Childwall and has a second campus in the city centre (the Cornerstone).

The [[Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine]], founded to address some of the problems created by trade, continues today as a post-graduate school affiliated with the University of Liverpool and houses an anti-venom repository.

[[Liverpool John Moores University]] was previously a [[Institute of technology|polytechnic]], and gained status in 1992. It is named in honour of [[John Moores (British businessman)|Sir John Moores]], one of the founders of the [[The Very Group|Littlewoods]] football pools and retail group, who was a major benefactor. The institution was previously owned and run by Liverpool City Council. It traces it lineage to the Liverpool [[Mechanics' institute]], opened in 1823, making it by this measure England's third-oldest university.

The city has one [[further education]] college, [[City of Liverpool College]] in the city centre. Liverpool City Council operates [[Burton Manor]], a residential [[adult education]] college in nearby [[Burton (near Neston)|Burton]], on the [[Wirral Peninsula]].

There are two Jewish schools in Liverpool, both belonging to the King David Foundation. [[King David High School, Liverpool|King David School, Liverpool]], is the High School and the King David Primary School. There is also a King David Kindergarten, featured in the community centre of Harold House. These schools are all run by the King David Foundation located in Harold House in Childwall; conveniently next door to the [[Childwall]] Synagogue.

==Sport==
===Football===
[[File:Luis Suarez runs at Distin 3.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|The [[Merseyside derby]] is the football match between the two biggest clubs in the city; [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] in red and [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] in blue]]
Liverpool is one of the most successful footballing cities in England, and is home to two top flight [[Premier League]] teams. [[Everton F.C.]] was founded in 1878 and was one of the twelve founder members of the [[English Football League|Football League]]. It plays at [[Hill Dickinson Stadium]]. [[Liverpool F.C.]] were founded in 1892 and play at [[Anfield]]. Between them, the clubs have won 28 English First Division titles, 12 [[FA Cup]] titles, 10 [[EFL Cup|League Cup]] titles, 6 [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]] titles, 1 [[FIFA Club World Cup]] title, 1 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup|European Cup Winners' Cup]] title, 3 [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] titles, and 24 [[FA Community Shield|FA Charity Shields]].

The two clubs contest the [[Merseyside derby]], dubbed the 'friendly derby'. Despite the name the fixture is known for its keen rivalry, having seen more sending-offs in this fixture than any other. Unlike many other derbies it is not rare for families in the city to contain supporters of both clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=6|title=Everton vs. Liverpool FC|publisher=Footballderbies.com|date=6 October 2006|access-date=22 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502155925/http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=6|archive-date=2 May 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Liverpool F.C. is the English and British club with the most European Cup titles with six, the latest in [[2019 UEFA Champions League final|2019]].

[[File:Panorama of Anfield with new main stand (29676137824).jpg|thumb|left|[[Anfield]], home of Liverpool F.C.]]
[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] has played at [[Anfield]] since 1892, when the club was formed to occupy the stadium following [[Everton F.C.|Everton's]] departure due to a dispute with their landlord. Liverpool are still playing there 125 years later, although the ground has been completely rebuilt since the 1970s. The Spion Kop (rebuilt as an all-seater stand in 1994–95) was the most famous part of the ground, gaining cult status across the world due to the songs and celebrations of the many fans who packed onto its terraces. Anfield as capacity for 54,000 spectators in comfort and is a distinctive landmark in an area filled with smaller and older buildings. Liverpool club also has a multimillion-pound youth training facility called The Academy.

[[File:Goodisonview1.JPG|thumb|right|[[Goodison Park]], home of Everton W.F.C.]] After leaving Anfield in 1892, [[Everton F.C.|Everton]] moved to [[Goodison Park]] on the opposite side of [[Stanley Park, Liverpool|Stanley Park]]. The ground was opened on 24 August 1892, by Lord Kinnaird and Frederick Wall of the FA but the first crowds to attend the ground saw a short athletics meeting followed by a selection of music and a fireworks display. Everton's first game there was on 2 September 1892 when they beat Bolton 4–2. It was one of the host venues during the [[1966 FIFA World Cup]]. It now has the capacity for just under 40,000 spectators all-seated, but the last expansion took place in 1994 when a new Park End Stand gave the stadium an all-seater capacity. The Goodison Road Stand dates back to the 1970s, while the Gwladys Street Stand and Bullens Road Stand are refurbished pre-Second World War structures.

[[Everton F.C.|Everton]] has recently completed the process of relocating, with a stadium move first mooted as early as 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.toffeeweb.com/club/kings-dock/stadium-debate.php|title=ToffeeWeb – Kings Dock – Old Debate|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=30 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830184142/https://www.toffeeweb.com/club/kings-dock/stadium-debate.php|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2003, the club were forced to abandon plans for a 55,000-seat stadium at [[King's Dock, Port of Liverpool|King's Dock]] due to financial constraints,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/teams/e/everton/2940481.stm|title=Everton fail in King's Dock bid|date=11 April 2003|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=28 June 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060628164953/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/e/everton/2940481.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> with further proposed moves to Kirkby (comprising part of [[The Kirkby Project|Destination Kirkby]], moving the stadium just beyond Liverpool's council boundary into [[Kirkby]]) and Walton Hall Park similarly scrapped.

The club relocated to the multimillion-pound [[Everton Stadium]] designed by the American architect [[Dan Meis]] at the nearby [[Bramley-Moore Dock]] on the [[River Mersey]] waterfront for the beginning of the 2025/26 season, with ground broken on the project in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2211563/everton-breaks-ground-on-new-stadium|title=Everton Breaks Ground on New Stadium|access-date=30 August 2021|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209053000/https://www.evertonfc.com/news/2211563/everton-breaks-ground-on-new-stadium|url-status=live}}</ref> The new stadium will have a capacity of 52,888 which could be expanded to 62,000 demand permitting and it will be a host venue for the [[UEFA Euro 2028]]. Everton also have a multimillion-pound training facility based at [[Finch Farm]]. The [[Everton F.C. (women)|Everton Women's Team]] play in the [[Women's Super League]] and moved into Goodison Park following the men's team's exit, having previously played at [[Walton Hall Park (stadium)|Walton Hall Park Stadium]].

===Rugby league===
Despite being a popular sport in Northern England, professional rugby league failed to develop in the Liverpool city region. [[Liverpool City (1906)|Liverpool City]] was the city's first professional club, but only competed in the [[1906–07 Northern Rugby Football Union season|1906–07 season]] where they finished 26th of 26.{{Cn|date=April 2025}} Despite the failure to establish a team, the [[Rugby Football League|Northern Union]] scheduled four [[Kangaroo Tour]] matches at [[Goodison Park]] in their first three tours to Great Britain between 1908 and 1922, hosting three English League XIII games and one [[Lancashire rugby league team|Lancashire]] game.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=14 April 2025 |title=Locations of League: Liverpool |url=https://www.totalrl.com/locations-of-league-liverpool/?lp_txn_id=2908813 |access-date=16 April 2025 |publisher=TotalRugbyLeague}}</ref>

Professional rugby league did not return to the city until 1934 with the formation of [[Liverpool Stanley]]. The following year, {{rlnt|England}} played {{rlnt|Wales}} at the club's ground in the [[1935 European Rugby League Championship]]. Stanley competed until 1968 twice reaching the playoffs. The club hosted {{rlnt|Australia}} in their [[1956–57 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain and France|1956–57 tour]], the first time the Kangaroos had played in Liverpool since 1922.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

Professional rugby league was again absent from the city until [[Anfield]] hosted the 1989 [[Rugby League Charity Shield (Great Britain)|Charity Shield]] where [[Widnes Vikings|Widnes]] beat [[Wigan Warriors|Wigan]] 27–22.{{Cn|date=April 2025}} Two years later, the stadium hosted the [[1991 World Club Challenge]] where [[Wigan Warriors|Wigan]] beat [[Penrith Panthers|Penrith]] 21–4.{{Cn|date=April 2025}} Trying to capitalise on the growing interest in the sport, not just in Liverpool but across the country, [[St Helens R.F.C.|St Helens]] (the only professional club in the wider [[Merseyside]] region) held a number of home games at [[Anfield]] in the mid to late 1990s. However wider problems with the sport as a result of the [[Super League war]] stopped this initiative.{{Cn|date=April 2025}}

The professional game would again be absent from city until the mid and late 2010s when [[Anfield]] again hosted the [[2016 Rugby League Four Nations]] final, Test 2 of the [[2018 New Zealand rugby league tour of England#Baskerville Shield|2018 Baskerville Shield]], and [[Magic Weekend]] in 2019. 40,042 attended the Four Nations final.<ref name=":0"/>

Everton's new [[Bramley-Moore Dock Stadium]] will host Test 2 of the [[2025 Kangaroo tour of England and France|2025 Ashes]].<ref name=":0"/>

===Boxing===
{{Main|Boxing in Liverpool}}
Boxing is massively popular in Liverpool. The city has a proud heritage and history in the sport and is home to around 22 amateur boxing clubs, which are responsible for producing many successful boxers, such as [[Nel Tarleton]], [[Alan Rudkin]], [[John Conteh]], [[Andy Holligan]], [[Liam Smith (boxer)|Liam Smith]], [[Paul Hodkinson]], [[Tony Bellew]] and [[Robin Reid (boxer)|Robin Ried]]. The city also boasts a consistently strong amateur contingent which is highlighted by Liverpool being the most represented city on the [[GB Boxing]] team, as well as at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]], the most notable Liverpool amateur fighters include; [[Jimmy Lloyd (boxer)|Jimmy Lloyd]], [[George Turpin]], [[Tony Willis]], [[Robin Reid (boxer)|Robin Reid]] and [[David Price (boxer)|David Price]] who have all medalled at the [[Olympic Games]]. Boxing events are usually hosted at the [[Liverpool Arena|Echo Arena]] and [[Liverpool Olympia]] within the city, although the former home of Liverpool boxing was the renowned [[Liverpool Stadium]].

===Horse racing===
[[File:Earl of Derby Stand and Aintree Racecourse.JPG|thumb|right|The Earl of Derby Stand at [[Aintree Racecourse]]; home of the [[Grand National]]]] [[Aintree Racecourse]] in the adjacent [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton]] is home to the world's most famous steeple-chase, the [[Grand National|Randox Grand National]] which takes place annually in early April. The race meeting attracts horse owners/ jockeys from around the world to compete in the demanding {{convert|4|mi|km|adj=on|round=0.5|abbr=off}} and 30-fence course. There have been many memorable moments of the Grand National, for instance, the 100/1 outsider Foinavon in 1967, the dominant [[Red Rum]] and [[Ginger McCain]] of the 1970s and [[Mon Mome]] (100/1) who won the 2009 meeting. In 2010, the National became the first horse race to be televised in [[high-definition television|high-definition]] in the UK.

===Golf===
The [[Royal Liverpool Golf Club]], situated in the nearby town of [[Hoylake]] on the Wirral Peninsula, has hosted [[The Open Championship]] on a number of occasions, most recently in [[2023 Open Championship|2023]]. It also hosted the [[Walker Cup]] in 1983. [[File:3rd Hole, Open 2006.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Liverpool Golf Club]], [[Hoylake]]]]

===Greyhound racing===
Liverpool once contained four greyhound tracks, [[Seaforth Greyhound Stadium]] (1933–1965), [[Breck Park Stadium]] (1927–1948), [[Stanley Greyhound Stadium (Liverpool)|Stanley Greyhound Stadium]] (1927–1961) and [[White City Stadium (Liverpool)|White City Stadium]] (1932–1973). Breck Park also hosted boxing bouts and both Stanley and Seaforth hosted [[Motorcycle speedway]].

===Athletics===
[[Wavertree Sports Park]] is home to the Liverpool Harriers athletics club, which has produced such athletes as [[Curtis Robb]], [[Allyn Condon]] (the only British athlete to compete at both the Summer and Winter Olympics), and [[Katarina Johnson-Thompson]]; Great Britain was represented by Johnson-Thompson at the [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London Olympics]] in the women's heptathlon, and she would go on to win the gold medal at the [[2019 World Athletics Championships|2019 World Championships]], giving Liverpool its first gold medal and breaking the [[List of British records in athletics|British record]] in the process.

===Gymnastics===
In August 2012, Liverpool gymnast [[Beth Tweddle]] won an Olympic bronze medal in [[2012 Summer Olympics|London 2012]] in the uneven bars at her third [[Olympic Games]], thus becoming the most decorated British gymnast in history. Park Road Gymnastics Centre provides training to a high level.

===Swimming===
Liverpool has produced several swimmers who have represented their nation at major championships such as the [[Olympic Games]]. The most notable of which is [[Steve Parry (swimmer)|Steve Parry]] who claimed a bronze medal at the [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Athens Olympics]] in the 200m butterfly. Others include Herbert Nickel Haresnape, [[Margaret Kelly (swimmer)|Margaret Kelly]], Shellagh Ratcliffe and Austin Rawlinson. There is a purpose-built aquatics centre at [[Wavertree Sports Park]], which opened in 2008. The City of Liverpool Swimming Club has been National Speedo League Champions 8 out of the last 11 years.

===Cricket===
[[File:Liverpool Cricket Club pavilion 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Liverpool Cricket Club]]]]
The city is the hub of the [[Liverpool and District Cricket Competition]], an [[England and Wales Cricket Board|ECB]] [[ECB Premier Leagues|Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/non-first-class/premier-leagues|title=ECB Premier Leagues|publisher=[[England and Wales Cricket Board]]|access-date=12 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220031258/http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/non-first-class/premier-leagues|archive-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> [[Sefton Park Cricket Club|Sefton Park]] and [[Liverpool Cricket Club|Liverpool]] are the league's founder members based in the city with Wavertree, Alder and Old Xaverians clubs having joined the league more recently.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lpoolcomp.co.uk/clubs.php|title=Clubs|website=The Liverpool & District Cricket Competition|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514230819/https://www.lpoolcomp.co.uk/clubs.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Liverpool plays host [[Lancashire County Cricket Club]] as an outground most seasons, including six of eight home [[County Championship]] games during Lancashire's 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/14/LV_County_Championship_2011.html|title=LV County Championship 2011|website=Cricket Archive|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=29 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629033750/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/14/LV_County_Championship_2011.html|url-status=live}}</ref> title winning campaign<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/14930810|title=Lancashire win County Championship Division One title|publisher=BBC Sport|date=15 September 2011|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710215331/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/14930810|url-status=live}}</ref> while [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]] was refurbished.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/cricket/s/1422537_lancashire-under-the-spotlight|title=Lancashire under the spotlight|newspaper=Manchester Evening News|date=2 June 2011|access-date=27 July 2011|archive-date=16 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110816004950/http://menmedia.co.uk/manchestereveningnews/sport/cricket/s/1422537_lancashire-under-the-spotlight|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Let There Be Lights">{{cite web|title=Let There Be Lights|url=http://www.lccc.co.uk/otsite.php?p=news&id=4201|publisher=LCCC|access-date=6 July 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809164902/https://www.lccc.co.uk/otsite.php?p=news&id=4201|archive-date=9 August 2011}}</ref>

===Tennis===
Since 2014 [[Liverpool Cricket Club]] has played host<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpooltennis.co.uk/event-guide/history/liverpool-international-tennis-tournament-2014/|title=Liverpool International Tennis Tournament 2014|website=Liverpool Tennis|access-date=21 November 2015|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827203257/http://www.liverpooltennis.co.uk/event-guide/history/liverpool-international-tennis-tournament-2014/|url-status=dead}}</ref> to the annual [[Liverpool International Tennis Tournament|Tradition-ICAP Liverpool International]] tennis tournament, which has seen tennis stars such as [[Novak Djokovic]], [[David Ferrer]], [[Mardy Fish]], [[Laura Robson]] and [[Caroline Wozniacki]]. Previously this had been held at [[Calderstones Park]], situated in [[Allerton, Liverpool|Allerton]] in the south of the city. Liverpool Tennis Development Programme at Wavertree Tennis Centre is one of the largest in the UK.

===Basketball===
[[File:M&S Bank Arena 1.jpg|thumb|[[Liverpool Arena]] hosts numerous sporting events and was formerly the home of [[British Basketball League]] team, the [[Mersey Tigers]].]]
Professional basketball came to the city in 2007 with the entry of Everton Tigers, later known as [[Mersey Tigers]], into the elite [[British Basketball League]]. The club was originally associated with Everton F.C., and was part of the ''Toxteth Tigers'' youth development programme, which reached over 1,500 young people every year.<ref name=Tigers>{{cite web|url=http://www.uktvslam.tv/page/SlamLogin/BBLNews/0,,10023~1054720,00.html|title=Liverpool Toxteth Tigers website|access-date=2 May 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805170220/http://www.uktvslam.tv/page/SlamLogin/BBLNews/0,,10023~1054720,00.html|archive-date=5 August 2012}}</ref> The Tigers began to play in Britain's top league for the [[2007–08 British Basketball League season|2007–08 season]], playing at the [[Greenbank Sports Academy]] before moving into the newly completed [[Liverpool Arena|Echo Arena]] during that season. After the 2009–10 season, Everton F.C. withdrew funding from the Tigers, who then changed their name to Mersey Tigers. The club were expelled from the British Basketball League in 2013 due to financial problems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mersey Tigers expelled from the British Basketball League – Liverpool Echo|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/other-sport/mersey-tigers-expelled-british-basketball-5263705|access-date=27 June 2024|work=liverpoolecho.co.uk}}</ref>

===Baseball===
Liverpool is one of three cities which still host the traditional sport of [[British baseball]] and it hosts the annual England-Wales international match every two years, alternating with [[Cardiff]] and [[Newport, Wales|Newport]]. Liverpool Trojans are the oldest existing baseball club in the UK.

===Cycling===
The [[2014 Tour of Britain]] cycle race began in Liverpool on 7 September, using a city centre circuit to complete {{convert|130|km|mi|1|abbr=on}} of racing.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-of-britain/tour-britain-2014-route-launched-119567|title=Tour of Britain 2014 route revealed|magazine=Cycling Weekly|date=31 March 2014|access-date=27 July 2014|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024936/http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/racing/tour-of-britain/tour-britain-2014-route-launched-119567|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Tour of Britain took nine stages and finished in London on 14 September.

===Other===
{{see also|Liverpool Marathon}}
A 2016 study of UK fitness centres found that, of the top 20 UK urban areas, Liverpool had the highest number of leisure and sports centres per capita, with 4.3 centres per 100,000 of the city population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.treated.com/dr-wayne-osborne/which-city-is-the-fitness-capital-of-the-uk|title=Which City is the Fitness Capital of the UK?|website=treated.com|access-date=16 September 2016|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827014758/https://www.treated.com/dr-wayne-osborne/which-city-is-the-fitness-capital-of-the-uk|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Media==
The city has one daily newspaper: the ''[[Liverpool Echo|Echo]]'', published by [[Reach plc]]. ''[[The Liverpool Daily Post]]'' was also published until 2013. The UK's first online-only weekly newspaper called ''[[Southport Reporter]]'' (''Southport and [[Mersey Reporter]]''), is also one of the many other news outlets that cover the city. The independent media organisation ''The Post''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2022/news/publisher-accused-of-trying-to-neutralise-rivals-with-google-cash/|title=Editors urge tech giants to give more backing to 'tiny upstarts'|work=holdthefrontpage.co.uk|last=Sharman|first=David|date=15 March 2022|access-date=5 April 2022|archive-date=15 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315165830/https://www.holdthefrontpage.co.uk/2022/news/publisher-accused-of-trying-to-neutralise-rivals-with-google-cash/|url-status=live}}</ref> also covers Liverpool, while [[Nerve (magazine)|''Nerve'' magazine]] publishes articles and reviews of cultural events.

[[Liverpool TV]] is a local television station serving Liverpool City Region and surrounding areas. The station is owned and operated by Made Television Ltd and forms part of a group of eight local TV stations. It broadcasts from studios and offices in Liverpool.

[[File:Radio City Tower, Liverpool.jpg|thumb|[[St Johns Beacon]], former home of [[Hits Radio Liverpool]] and [[Greatest Hits Radio]] from 2000 to 2024]]
The [[ITV (TV network)|ITV]] region which covers Liverpool is [[ITV Granada]]. In 2006, the Television company opened a new newsroom in the Royal Liver Building. Granada's regional news broadcasts were produced at the [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]] News Centre during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="itvnorthwestnews">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tv-ark.org.uk/itvnorthwest/itvnorthwestnews.html|publisher=TV Ark|title=ITV North West News|date=9 September 2006|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013002015/https://www.tv-ark.org.uk/itvnorthwest/itvnorthwestnews.html|archive-date=13 October 2006}}</ref> The [[BBC]] also opened a new newsroom on Hanover Street in 2006.

ITV's daily magazine programme ''[[This Morning (TV series)|This Morning]]'' was broadcast from studios at [[Royal Albert Dock, Liverpool|Royal Albert Dock]] until 1996, when production was moved to London. Granada's short-lived shopping channel "Shop!" was also produced in Liverpool until it was cancelled in 2002.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/mar/14/broadcasting.citynews|title=Shop! to close|last=Gibson|first=Owen|date=14 March 2002|work=The Guardian|access-date=4 January 2020|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509210223/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2002/mar/14/broadcasting.citynews|url-status=live}}</ref>

Liverpool is the home of the TV production company [[Lime Pictures]], formerly Mersey Television, which produced the now-defunct soap operas ''[[Brookside (television programme)|Brookside]]'' and ''[[Grange Hill]]''. It also produces the soap opera ''[[Hollyoaks]]'', which was formerly filmed in [[Chester]] and began on [[Channel 4]] in 1995. All three series were/are largely filmed in the [[Childwall]] area of Liverpool.

Radio stations include [[BBC Radio Merseyside]], [[Hits Radio Liverpool]], [[Greatest Hits Radio Liverpool & The North West|Greatest Hits Radio]], [[Capital Liverpool]], [[In Demand Radio]] and [[Liverpool Live Radio]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool Live Radio|url=https://www.liverpoolliveradio.com/|website=Liverpool Live Radio|access-date=19 April 2022|archive-date=2 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220502155824/https://www.liverpoolliveradio.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> 

Liverpool has also featured in films;<ref>[http://www.filminfocus.com/article/movie_city__liverpool Movie City: Liverpool] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113155808/http://www.filminfocus.com/article/movie_city__liverpool |date=13 January 2010 }} Film in Focus, 10 November 2009</ref> see [[List of films set in Liverpool]] for some of them. In films the city has "doubled" for London, Paris, New York, Chicago, Moscow, Dublin, Venice and Berlin.<ref name="Ten facts about Liverpool"/><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/nov/08/davidward City fights to preserve star quality] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509220751/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/nov/08/davidward |date=9 May 2021 }} ''The Guardian'', 8 November 1999</ref>

==Notable people==
:''See [[:Category:People from Liverpool]]''
{{Main|List of people from Merseyside|List of bands and artists from Merseyside}}

==Quotes about Liverpool==
{{Copy to Wikiquote|section=yes}}
* "Lyrpole, alias Lyverpoole, a pavid towne, hath but a chapel{{nbsp}}... The king hath a castelet there, and the [[Earl of Derby|Earl of Darbe]] hath a stone howse there. Irisch merchants cum much thither, as to a good haven{{nbsp}}... At Lyrpole is smaul custom payed, that causith marchantes to resorte thither. Good marchandis at Lyrpole, and much Irish yarrn that [[Manchester]] men do buy there{{nbsp}}..." – [[John Leland (antiquary)|John Leland]], ''Itinerary'', {{Circa|1536}}–1539<ref>[https://archive.org/details/itineraryjohnle07lelagoog ''The Itinerary of John Leland the Antiquary: Published from the Original MS. in the Bodleian''], p. 47</ref>
* "Liverpoole is one of the wonders of Britain{{nbsp}}... In a word, there is no town in England, London excepted, that can equal [it] for the fineness of the streets, and the beauty of the buildings." – [[Daniel Defoe]], ''[[A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain]]'', 1721–1726
* "[O]ne of the neatest, best towns I have seen in England." – [[John Wesley]]. ''Journal'', 1755
* "I have not come here to be insulted by a set of wretches, every brick in whose infernal town is cemented with an African's blood." – [[George Frederick Cooke]] (1756–1812), an actor responding to being hissed at when he came onstage drunk during a visit to Liverpool<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/2008/liverpool/liverpool-cameo.html|title=Time Team &#124; Archaeology &#124; Channel 4 &#124; Tony Robinson|publisher=Channel 4|date=21 April 2008|access-date=15 April 2010|archive-date=4 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145419/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/T/timeteam/2008/liverpool/liverpool-cameo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* "That immense City which stands like another [[Venice]] upon the water{{nbsp}}... where there are riches overflowing and every thing which can delight a man who wishes to see the prosperity of a great community and a great empire{{nbsp}}... This quondam village, now fit to be the proud capital of any empire in the world, has started up like an enchanted palace even in the memory of living men." – [[Thomas Erskine, 1st Baron Erskine]], 1791
* "I have heard of the greatness of Liverpool, but the reality far surpasses my expectation." – [[Albert, Prince Consort|Prince Albert]], speech, 1846
* "Liverpool{{nbsp}}... has become a wonder of the world. It is the New York of Europe, a world city rather than merely British provincial." – ''[[Illustrated London News]]'', 15 May 1886
* "The dream represented my situation at the time. I can still see the greyish-yellow raincoats, glistening with the wetness of the rain. Everything was extremely unpleasant, black and opaque—just as I felt then. But I had a vision of unearthly beauty, and that is why I was able to live at all. Liverpool is the "pool of life." The "liver," according to an old view, is the seat of life, that which makes to live." – [[C. G. Jung]], ''Memories, Dreams, Reflections'', 1928
* "The centre is imposing, dignified and darkish, like a city in a rather gloomy Victorian novel{{nbsp}}... We had now arrived in the heart of the big city, and as usual it was almost a heart of darkness. But it looked like a big city, there was no denying that. Here, emphatically, was the English seaport second only to London. The very weight of stone emphasised that fact. And even if the sun never seems to properly rise over it, I like a big city to proclaim itself a big city at once..." – [[J. B. Priestley]], ''English Journey'', 1934
* "If Liverpool can get into top gear again, there is no limit to the city's potential. The scale and resilience of the buildings and people is amazing—it is a world city, far more so than London and Manchester. It doesn't feel like anywhere else in Lancashire: comparisons always end up overseas—[[Dublin]], or [[Boston]], or [[Hamburg]]. The city is tremendous, and so, right up to the [[First World War]], were the abilities of the architects who built over it. The centre is humane and convenient to walk around in, but never loses its scale. And, in spite of [[Liverpool Blitz|the bombings]] and the carelessness, it is still full of superb buildings. Fifty years ago it must have outdone anything in England." – [[Ian Nairn]], ''Britain's Changing Towns'', 1967

==International links==
===Twin cities===
Liverpool is [[Sister city|twinned]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpools-twin-cities-3354298|title=Liverpool's twin cities|website=Liverpoolecho.co.uk|date=4 January 2012|access-date=10 July 2015|archive-date=16 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516032550/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/liverpools-twin-cities-3354298|url-status=live}}</ref> with:
{{div col|colwidth=}}
* [[Surabaya]], Indonesia (2017)
* [[Birmingham, Alabama]], United States (2015)
* [[Cologne]], Germany (1952)
* [[Dublin]], Ireland (1997)
* [[Johor Bahru]], Malaysia
* [[Medan]], Indonesia
* [[Odesa]], [[Odesa Oblast]], Ukraine
* [[Penang]], Malaysia
* [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil (2003)
* [[Shanghai]], China (1999)
{{div col end}}

===Friendship links===
Liverpool has friendship links (without formal constitution)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/wml/exhibitions/thebeatgoeson/thebeatgoesonline/global/cities/links.aspx|title=Twinning and friendship links|access-date=10 July 2015|archive-date=26 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826064352/http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/wml/exhibitions/thebeatgoeson/thebeatgoesonline/global/cities/links.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> with the following cities:

{{div col}}
* [[Givenchy-lès-la-Bassée]], Pas-de-Calais, France
* [[City of Halifax|Halifax]], Nova Scotia, Canada
* [[Havana]], [[La Habana]], Cuba
* [[La Plata]], Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
* [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]], Tennessee, US
* [[Minamitane, Kagoshima|Minamitane]], [[Kagoshima Prefecture]], Japan
* [[Naples]], Campania, Italy
* [[New Orleans]], Louisiana, US
* [[Ponsacco]], Tuscany, Italy
* [[Râmnicu Vâlcea]], [[Vâlcea County]], Romania
* [[Valparaíso]], [[Valparaíso Province]], Chile
* [[Guadalajara]], [[Jalisco]], Mexico
{{div col end}}

===Consulates===
The first overseas [[Consulate of the United States, Liverpool|consulate of the United States]] was opened in Liverpool in 1790, and it remained operational for almost two centuries.<ref>"[http://www.discoverbritainmag.com/u_s_consulate_eagle_lands_in_liverpool_1_3611568/ U.S. consulate eagle lands in Liverpool] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927160123/http://www.discoverbritainmag.com/u_s_consulate_eagle_lands_in_liverpool_1_3611568/ |date=27 September 2017 }}", ''Discover Britain'', circa Dec 2013, accessed 21 January 2017. Gives opening date as 1790 and closure as "after the Second World War".</ref> Today, a large number of consulates are located in the city serving Chile, [[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Finland]], France, Germany, [[Hungary]], [[Iceland]], Italy, [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Romania]], Sweden and [[Thailand]]. Tunisian & Ivory Coast Consulates are located in the neighbouring [[Metropolitan Borough of Sefton]].

==Freedom of the City==
{{Incomplete list|date=November 2019}}
The following people and military units have received the [[Freedom of the City]] of Liverpool.

===Individuals===
* [[List of Freemen of the City of Liverpool]].

===Military units===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Unit
!Date
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg|20x20px]] [[Duke of Lancaster's Regiment]]
|14 September 2008.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schofield |first=Ben |date=15 September 2008 |title=Regiment marches to salute Freedom of City |url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/09/15/regiment-marches-to-salute-freedom-of-city-99623-21817953/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130420153649/http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/liverpool-news/regional-news/2008/09/15/regiment-marches-to-salute-freedom-of-city-99623-21817953/ |archive-date=20 April 2013 |work=Liverpool Daily Post}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg|20x20px]] 208 Battery [[103rd (Lancashire Artillery Volunteers) Regiment Royal Artillery|103rd Regiment Royal Artillery]]
|14 October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 October 2017 |title=Army Battery awarded Freedom of Liverpool |url=https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2017-10-16/army-battery-awarded-freedom-of-liverpool/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516045810/https://www.itv.com/news/granada/2017-10-16/army-battery-awarded-freedom-of-liverpool |archive-date=16 May 2021 |access-date=5 June 2020 |work=ITV News}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Flag_of_the_British_Army.svg|20x20px]] [[8th Engineer Brigade (United Kingdom)|8th Engineer Brigade]] [[Royal Engineers]]
|11 December 2020<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2020 |title=Covid-19: Army test centre troops receive Freedom of Liverpool |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-55264906 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510013755/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-merseyside-55264906 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=4 January 2021 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|20x20px]] [[HMS Prince of Wales (R09)|HMS Prince of Wales]]
|6 December 2024<ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnston |first=Paul |date=5 December 2024 |title=Freedom of the City for HMS Prince of Wales |url=https://liverpoolexpress.co.uk/freedom-of-the-city-for-hms-prince-of-wales/ |access-date=8 December 2024 |website=Liverpool Express |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|}

===Organisations and groups===
* The Pain Relief Foundation: 3 March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://painrelieffoundation.org.uk/freedom-of-the-city/|title=Freedom of the City|last=|first=|date=28 August 2021|website=The Pain Relief Foundation|publisher=|access-date=28 August 2021|quote=|archive-date=28 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210828221752/https://painrelieffoundation.org.uk/freedom-of-the-city/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[War Widows Association of Great Britain|War Widows Association]] (Merseyside Branch): 1 December 2014.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brennan |first=Christopher |date=1 December 2014 |title=War Widows Association given Freedom of the City in honour from Lord Mayor |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/war-widows-association-given-freedom-8209139 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515024434/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/war-widows-association-given-freedom-8209139 |archive-date=15 May 2021 |access-date=23 November 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Whitechapel Centre]]: 5 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Thomas|first=Joe|date=5 October 2016|title=Homeless charity the Whitechapel Centre handed Freedom of the City|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/homeless-charity-whitechapel-centre-handed-11980623|access-date=20 October 2020|website=Liverpool Echo|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515192700/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/homeless-charity-whitechapel-centre-handed-11980623|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|Parachute Regiment]] Association (Liverpool Branch): 24 October 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool's Parachute Regimental Association will receive the Freedom of the City this weekend|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpools-parachute-regimental-association-will-receive-the-freedom-of-the-city-this-weekend/|website=The Guide Liverpool|date=22 October 2021|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-date=9 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109000709/https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpools-parachute-regimental-association-will-receive-the-freedom-of-the-city-this-weekend/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The [[Royal Corps of Signals|Royal Signals]] Association (Liverpool Branch): 26 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|title=Liverpool's Royal Signals Association will receive the Freedom of the City this weekend|url=https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpools-royal-signals-association-will-receive-the-freedom-of-the-city-this-weekend/|website=The Guide Liverpool|date=26 November 2021|access-date=21 December 2021|archive-date=21 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221193921/https://theguideliverpool.com/liverpools-royal-signals-association-will-receive-the-freedom-of-the-city-this-weekend/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Liverpool|North West England}}
* [[2008 European Amateur Boxing Championships]]
* [[Atlantic history]]
* [[Big Dig (Liverpool)]]
* [[Healthcare in Merseyside|Healthcare in Liverpool]]
* [[History of slavery]]
* [[International Garden Festival]]
* [[List of films and television shows shot in Liverpool|List of films and television shows set in Liverpool]]
* [[List of hotels in the United Kingdom|List of hotels in Liverpool]]
* [[Liverpool Magistrates' Court|Magistrates Courts, Liverpool]]
* [[Triangular trade|Triangular]]
* [[Williamson Tunnels]]
* [[:Category: Culture in Liverpool]]
* [[Liver bird]]
* [[1911 Liverpool general transport strike]]
* [[1345 Liverpool riot]]

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Quentin|title=Liverpool: City of Architecture|publisher=[[Bluecoat Press]]|year=1999|isbn=978-1-872568-21-8}}
* {{Cite book|author=Liverpool City Council|title=Maritime Mercantile City: Liverpool|publisher=[[Liverpool University Press]]|year=2005|isbn=978-1-84631-006-5}}
* {{Cite book|last=Moscardini|first=Anthony|title=Liverpool City Centre: Architecture and Heritage|publisher=[[Bluecoat Press]]|year=2008|isbn=978-1-904438-64-9}}
* {{Cite book|last=Nicholls|first=Robert|title=Curiosities of Merseyside|publisher=[[Sutton Publishing]]|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7509-3984-3}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharples|first=Joseph|title=Pevsner Architectural Guides: Liverpool|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-300-10258-1}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Catholic History of Liverpool|last=Burke|first=Tom|year=1910|publisher=Clack Press|title-link=Catholic History of Liverpool}}
* [https://archive.org/stream/liverpool00scot#page/n7/mode/2up ''Liverpool''], Dixon Scott, 1907
* [https://archive.org/stream/historyofliverpo00muiruoft#page/n9/mode/2up ''A History of Liverpool''], [[Ramsay Muir]], 1907
* [https://archive.org/stream/bygoneliverpool00muiruoft#page/n9/mode/2up ''Bygone Liverpool''], Ramsay Muir, 1913
* ''Bygone Liverpool'', David Clensy, 2008. {{ISBN|978-1-4357-0897-6}}
* ''Liverpool 800'', John Belchem, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-84631-035-5}}
* ''Beatle Pete, Time Traveller'', Mallory Curley, 2005.
* ''Chinese Liverpudlians'', Maria Lin Wong, 1989. {{ISBN|978-1-871201-03-1}}
* ''Writing Liverpool: Essays and Interviews'', edited by Michael Murphy and Rees Jones, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-84631-073-7}}
* Jenkinson, Jacqueline, ''Black 1919: Riots, Racism and Resistance in Imperial Britain'' (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009)
* May, Roy and Cohen, Robin, 'The Interaction between Race and Colonialism: A Case Study of the Liverpool Race Riots of 1919', ''Race and Class'' XVI.2 (1974), pp.{{nbsp}}111–26

{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikinews category|Liverpool}}
{{Wikivoyage|Liverpool}}

{{Liverpool related articles}}
{{Liverpool}}
{{Merseyside}}
{{NW England}}
{{Core Cities Group}}
{{UK cities}}
{{Metropolitan districts of England}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
{{World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom}}
{{Liverpool B&S}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Liverpool| ]]
[[Category:1207 establishments in England]]
[[Category:Cities in North West England]]
[[Category:Metropolitan boroughs of Merseyside]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Merseyside]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1200s]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea]]
[[Category:Port cities and towns in North West England]]
[[Category:Towns in Merseyside]]
[[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Unparished areas in Merseyside]]
[[Category:Former civil parishes in Merseyside]]