View source for Lordosis

{{short description|Abnormal inward curvature of the lower spine}}
{{About|the human spinal shape and related disorders|the animal sexual posture|Lordosis behavior}}
{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = 
| synonym         =
| image           = Illu vertebral column.svg
| image_size      =
| alt             =
| caption         = Diagram showing normal curvature (posterior concavity) of the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back) vertebral column (spine)
| pronounce       =
| specialty       = <!-- from Wikidata, can be overwritten -->
| symptoms        =
| complications   =
| #nset           =
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           =
| diagnosis       = [[X-ray]], [[MRI]], [[CT Scan]]
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =
| deaths          =
}}

'''Lordosis''' is historically defined as an ''abnormal'' inward curvature of the [[lumbar spine]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dorland|first=William|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|publisher=Saunders|year=1965|isbn=9780721631462|edition=24|pages=851}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stedman|first=Thomas|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary, Illustrated|publisher=Williams & Wilkins|year=1976|isbn=0683079247|edition=23|pages=807}}</ref> However, the terms ''lordosis'' and ''lordotic'' are also used to refer to the normal inward curvature of the [[lumbar]] and [[cervical vertebrae|cervical]] regions of the human [[vertebral column|spine]].<ref>Medical Systems: A Body Systems Approach, 2005</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=Chapter 8 - Back and Abdominals|date=2013-01-01|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780323077590000316|work=Deep Tissue Massage Treatment (Second Edition)|pages=116–133|editor-last=Simancek|editor-first=Jeffrey A.|place=St. Louis|publisher=Mosby|language=en|doi=10.1016/b978-0-323-07759-0.00031-6|isbn=978-0-323-07759-0|access-date=2020-11-03|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Similarly,  [[kyphosis]] historically refers to ''abnormal'' convex curvature of the spine.  The normal outward (convex) curvature in the [[thoracic]] and [[sacrum|sacral]] regions is also termed ''kyphosis'' or ''kyphotic''.  The term comes {{ety|el|lordos|bent backward}}.<ref name="Wordnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.wordnik.com/words/lordosis|publisher=Wordnik|title=Lordosis|access-date=December 15, 2013}}</ref>

Lordosis in the [[human vertebral column|human spine]] makes it easier for humans to bring the bulk of their mass over the [[pelvis]]. This allows for a much more efficient walking [[Gait (human)|gait]] than that of other [[primates]], whose inflexible spines cause them to resort to an inefficient forward-leaning "bent-knee, bent-waist" gait. As such, lordosis in the human spine is considered one of the primary physiological adaptations of the human skeleton that allows for human gait to be as energetically efficient as it is.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.algoless.com/pdf/human_gait.pdf|title=The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis|date=2005|journal=Gait & Posture|volume=21|issue=1|pages=95–112|doi=10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.01.001|pmid=15536039|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121191045/http://www.algoless.com/pdf/human_gait.pdf|archive-date=2012-01-21|author=Lovejoy CO}}</ref>

''Lumbar hyperlordosis'' is excessive [[Anatomical terminology#General motion|extension]] of the lumbar region, and is commonly called ''hollow back'' or  ''saddle back'' (after a similar condition that affects some horses). ''Sway back'' is a different condition with a different cause, that at a glance can mimic the outward appearance of lumbar hyperlordosis. ''Lumbar kyphosis'' is an abnormally straight (or in severe cases [[Anatomical terminology#General motion|flexed]]) lumbar region.

==Types==
===Lumbar lordosis===
Normal lordotic curvatures, also known as ''secondary'' curvatures, result in a difference in the thickness between the front and back parts of the [[intervertebral disc]]. Lordosis may also increase at puberty, sometimes not becoming evident until the early or mid-20s.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

In [[radiology]], a ''lordotic view'' is an X-ray taken of a patient leaning backward.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikiradiography.com/page/Lordotic+Chest+Technique|title=Lordotic Chest Technique|access-date=2009-11-14|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213022219/http://www.wikiradiography.com/page/Lordotic+Chest+Technique|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Lumbar hyperlordosis===
{{More medical citations needed|section|date=September 2016}}
[[Image:Lordosis.png|thumb|Lumbar hyperlordosis]]
'''Lumbar hyperlordosis''' is a condition that occurs when the [[lumbar]] region (lower back) experiences stress or extra weight and becomes arched more than normal, sometimes leading to muscle pain or spasms. It is a common postural position in which the natural curve of the lumbar region of the back is slightly or dramatically accentuated. Commonly known as swayback, it is common in dancers.<ref>[[#Reference-idmmils5|Solomon, Ruth. Preventing Dance Injuries: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, 1990.]] p. 85</ref> Imbalances in muscle strength and length are one cause of this excessive stress to the lower back, such as weak [[hamstring]]s and tight [[hip flexors]] (psoai).{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}  A major feature of lumbar hyperlordosis is a forward [[pelvic tilt]], resulting in the pelvis resting on top of the [[thigh]]s.

Other health conditions and disorders can cause hyperlordosis. [[Achondroplasia]] (a disorder where bones grow abnormally, which can result in short stature as in dwarfism), [[spondylolisthesis]] (a condition in which vertebrae slip forward), and [[osteoporosis]] (the most common bone disease in which bone density is lost resulting in bone weakness and increased likelihood of fracture) are some of the most common causes of hyperlordosis. Other causes include obesity, hyperkyphosis (spine curvature disorder in which the thoracic curvature is abnormally rounded), [[discitis]] (inflammation of the intervertebral disc space caused by infection), and benign juvenile lordosis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Types of Spine Curvature Disorders|url=http://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/types-of-spine-curvature-disorders|publisher=WebMD|access-date=8 December 2013}}</ref> Other factors may also include rare diseases, including [[Ehlers–Danlos syndromes|Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS)]], where some joints throughout the body are so hyper-extensible that they can become unstable (i.e. problematically much more flexible than normal, frequently to the point of partial or full dislocation).  With such hyper-extensibility, it is also quite common (if not the norm) for some of the muscles surrounding an unstable joint to compensate for that instability by contracting.

Excessive lordotic curvature – lumbar hyperlordosis, is also called "hollow back", and "saddle back" (after a similar condition that affects some horses); [[swayback]] usually refers to a nearly opposite postural misalignment that can initially look quite similar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sway back posture|url=http://www.lower-back-pain-management.com/sway_back_posture.html|website=lower-back-pain-management.com/|access-date=17 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902121131/http://www.lower-back-pain-management.com/sway_back_posture.html|archive-date=2 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Cressey|first1=Eric|title=Strategies for Correcting Bad Posture – Part 4|url=http://www.ericcressey.com/strategies-for-correcting-bad-posture-part-4|website=EricCressey.com|access-date=17 August 2014|date=2010-12-09}}</ref> Common causes of lumbar hyperlordosis include tight [[Human back|low back]] muscles, excessive [[visceral fat]], and pregnancy. [[Rickets]], a [[vitamin D]] deficiency in children, can cause lumbar hyperlordosis.

===Lumbar hypolordosis===
Being less common than lumbar hyperlordosis{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}, hypolordosis (also known as flatback) occurs when there's less of a curve in the lower back or a flattening of the lower back. This occurs because the vertebrae are oriented toward the back of the spine, stretching the disc towards the back and compressing it in the front. This can cause a narrowing of the opening for the nerves, potentially pinching them.

==Signs and symptoms==
Lumbar hyperlordosis (also known as [[Pelvic tilt|anterior pelvic tilt]]) has a noticeable impact on the height of individuals with this medical issue, a height loss of 0.5–2.5 inches (1.27–6.35 centimeters) is common.<ref name="Shimizu Kobayashi Chiba Senoo 2020 p.">{{cite journal |last1=Shimizu |first1=Mutsuya |last2=Kobayashi |first2=Tetsuya |last3=Chiba |first3=Hisashi |last4=Senoo |first4=Issei |last5=Ito |first5=Hiroshi |last6=Matsukura |first6=Keisuke |last7=Saito |first7=Senri |date=2020-07-01 |title=Adult spinal deformity and its relationship with height loss: a 34-year longitudinal cohort study |journal=BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders |publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC |volume=21 |issue=1 |page= 422|doi=10.1186/s12891-020-03464-2 |pmid=32611342 |pmc=7331160 |issn=1471-2474|doi-access=free }}</ref>

For example, the height loss was measured by measuring the patient's height while standing straight (with exaggerated curves in the upper and lower back) and again after the patient fixed this issue (with no exaggerated curves), both of these measurements were taken in the morning with a gap of 6 months and the growth plates of the patient were checked to make sure that they were closed to rule out natural growth. The height loss occurs in the torso region and once the person fixes their back, the person's Body Mass Index will reduce since the person is taller and the stomach will also appear to be slimmer. {{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

A similar impact has also been noticed in [[trans women]] who have weaker muscles in the lower back due to increased estrogen intake and other such treatments.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

However, the cause of height loss in both situations is a little different even though the impact is similar. In the first scenario, it can be due to a genetic condition, trauma to the spine, pregnancy in women, increased [[Abdominal obesity|abdominal fat]], or a sedentary lifestyle (sitting too much causes muscle imbalances and is the most common reason for this issue) and in the second scenario, the estrogen weakens the muscles in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kazuhiro Hasegawa , Masashi Okamoto , Shun Hatsushikano , Haruka Shimoda , Masatoshi Ono , Takao Homma , Kei Watanabe |date=2017 |title=Standing sagittal alignment of the whole axial skeleton with reference to the gravity line in humans |journal=  Journal of Anatomy|volume=230 |issue=5 |pages=619–630 |doi=10.1111/joa.12586 |pmid=28127750 |pmc=5382592 }}</ref>

Merely slouching doesn't cause height loss, even though it may make a person look shorter, slouching may lead to perceived height loss, whereas lumbar hyperlordosis leads to actual and measured height loss. To make it easier to understand the difference, people losing a vertebra (which is around 2 inches or 5 centimeters in height) in the spine will be shorter regardless of posture. Lumbar hyperlordosis, of course, doesn't make you lose a vertebra but it bends them in such a way that your spine's vertical height is reduced.{{Citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Although lumbar hyperlordosis gives an impression of a stronger back, it can lead to moderate to severe [[lower back]] pain. The most problematic symptom is that of a herniated disc where the individual has put so much strain on the back that the discs between the vertebrae have been damaged or have ruptured. Technical problems with dancing such as difficulty in the positions of attitude and arabesque can be a sign of weak [[iliopsoas]]. Tightness of the iliopsoas results in a dancer having difficulty lifting their leg into high positions. Abdominal muscles being weak and the [[rectus femoris]] of the [[quadriceps]] being tight are signs that improper muscles are being worked while dancing which leads to lumbar hyperlordosis. The most obvious signs of lumbar hyperlordosis are lower back pain in dancing and pedestrian activities as well as having the appearance of a swayed back.<ref>[[#Reference-idmmils5|Solomon, Ruth. Preventing Dance Injuries: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. Reston, VA: American Alliance for Health, 1990.]] p. 122</ref>

==Causes==
Possible causes that lead to the condition of lumbar hyperlordosis are the following:
* '''[[Vertebral column|Spine]]''' – Natural factors of how spines are formed greatly increase certain individuals' likelihood to experience a strain or sprain in their back or neck. Factors such as having more lumbar [[vertebrae]] allowing for too much [[flexibility (anatomy)|flexibility]], and then in cases of less lumbar the individual not reaching their necessity for flexibility and then pushing their bodies to [[injury]].{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
* '''Legs''' – Another odd body formation is when an individual has a leg shorter than the other, which can be an immediate cause for the imbalance of hips then putting strain on the posture of the back which an individual has to adjust into vulnerable positions to meet aesthetic appearances. This can lead to permanent damage to the back. Genu recurvatum (swaying back knees) is also a factor that forces a dancer to adjust to unstable postures.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}
* '''Hips''' – Common problems in the hips are tight [[hip flexors]],<ref name=":0" /> which causes poor lifting posture, hip flexion contracture, which means the lack of postural awareness, and thoracic hyperkyphosis, which causes the individual to compensate for limited hip turn out (which is essential to dances such as ballet). Weak psoas (short for iliopsoas-muscle that controls the hip flexor) forces the dancer to lift from the strength of their back instead of from the hip when lifting their leg into [[arabesque (ballet position)|arabesque]] or attitude. This causes great stress and risk of injury, especially because the dancer will have to compensate to obtain the positions required.
* '''Muscles''' – One of the greatest contributors is uneven muscles. Because all muscles have a muscle that works in opposition to it. It is imperative that to keep all muscles protected, the opposite muscle is not stronger than the muscle at risk. In the situation of lumbar lordosis, [[abdominal muscles]] are weaker than the muscles in the lumbar spine and the [[hamstring muscles]]. The muscular imbalance results in pulling down the pelvis in the front of the body, creating a swayback in the spine.<ref>[[#Reference-idmmils5|Howse, Justin. Dance Technique and Injury Prevention. Third Edition. London: A&C Black Limited, 2000.]] p. 193</ref>
* '''Growth spurt''' – Younger dancers are more at risk for the development of lumbar hyperlordosis because the lumbar fascia and hamstrings tighten when a child starts to experience a growth spurt into adolescence.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

'''Technical factors'''
* '''Improper lifts''' – When male dancers are performing [[dance lift]]s with another dancer they are extremely prone to lift in the incorrect posture, pushing their arms up to lift the other dancer, while letting their core and spine curve which is easy to then hyperlordosis in a dancer's back.
* '''Overuse''' – Over 45% of [[anatomical]] sites of injury in dancers are in the lower back. This can be attributed to the strains of repetitive dance training which may lead to minor trauma. If the damaged site is not given time to heal the damage of the injury will increase. Abrupt increases in dance intensity or sudden changes in dance choreography do not allow the body to adapt to the new stresses. New styles of dance, returning to dance, or increasing dance time by a great deal will result in exhaustion of the body.<ref>[[#Reference-idmmils5|Brinson, Peter. Fit to Dance?. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation, 1996.]] p. 45</ref>

==Diagnosis==
[[Image:Hyperlordosis XRay lat.jpg|thumb|X-ray of lumbar hyperlordosis]]
Measurement and diagnosis of lumbar hyperlordosis can be difficult. Obliteration of vertebral end-plate landmarks by interbody fusion may make the traditional measurement of segmental lumbar lordosis more difficult. Because the L4–L5 and L5–S1 levels are most commonly involved in fusion procedures or arthrodesis and contribute to normal lumbar lordosis, it is helpful to identify a reproducible and accurate means of measuring segmental lordosis at these levels.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Schuler Thomas C | date = Oct 2004 | title = Segmental Lumbar Lordosis: Manual Versus Computer-Assisted Measurement Using Seven Different Techniques | url = http://www.spinemd.com/publications/articles/segmental-lumbar-lordosis-anual-versus-computer-assisted-measurement-using-seven-different-techniques | journal = J Spinal Disord Tech | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 372–79 | doi = 10.1097/01.bsd.0000109836.59382.47 | pmid = 15385876 | s2cid = 23503809 | access-date = 2009-12-10 | archive-date = 2013-07-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084945/http://www.spinemd.com/publications/articles/segmental-lumbar-lordosis-anual-versus-computer-assisted-measurement-using-seven-different-techniques | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = Subach Brian R | date = Oct 2004 | title = Segmental Lumbar Lordosis: Manual Versus Computer-Assisted Measurement Using Seven Different Techniques | url = http://www.spinemd.com/publications/articles/segmental-lumbar-lordosis-anual-versus-computer-assisted-measurement-using-seven-different-techniques | journal = J Spinal Disord Tech | volume = 17 | issue = 5 | pages = 372–79 | doi = 10.1097/01.bsd.0000109836.59382.47 | pmid = 15385876 | s2cid = 23503809 | access-date = 2009-12-10 | archive-date = 2013-07-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130721084945/http://www.spinemd.com/publications/articles/segmental-lumbar-lordosis-anual-versus-computer-assisted-measurement-using-seven-different-techniques | url-status = dead | url-access = subscription }}</ref> A visible sign of hyperlordosis is an abnormally large arch of the lower back and the person appears to be puffing out their stomach and buttocks.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== Scanning ===

==== X-ray ====
Precise diagnosis is done by looking at a complete medical history, physical examination, and other tests of the patient. [[Projectional radiography|X-rays]] are used to measure the lumbar curvature. On a lateral X-ray, a normal range of the lordotic curvature of between 20° and 60° has been proposed by [[Pierre Stagnara|Stagnara]] et al., as measured from the inferior endplate of [[thoracic vertebrae#Twelfth thoracic vertebra (T12)|T12]] to the inferior endplate of [[lumbar vertebra 5|L5]].<ref name=Boos2008>[https://books.google.com/books?id=kFhZGjFwjVYC&pg=PA769 p. 769] in: {{cite book|title=Spinal Disorders: Fundamentals of Diagnosis and Treatment|author=Norbert Boos, [[Max Aebi]]|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=2008|isbn=978-3540690917}}</ref> The Scoliosis Research Society has proposed a range of 40° and 60° as measured between the upper endplate of Th12 and the upper endplate of S1.<ref name=Boos2008/> Individual studies, although using other reference points, have found normal ranges up to approximately 85°.<ref name=Boos2008/> It is generally more pronounced in females.<ref name=Boos2008/> It is relatively constant through adolescence and young adulthood, but decreases in the elderly.<ref name=Boos2008/>

==== MRI and CT ====
Bone scans are conducted to rule out possible fractures and infections, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to eliminate the possibility of the spinal cord or nerve abnormalities, and computed tomography scans (CT scans) are used to get a more detailed image of the bones, muscles, and organs of the lumbar region.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lordosis|publisher=Lucile Packard Children's Hospital}}</ref>

==Treatment==

===Exercises===

Some corrective exercises can be done to alleviate this issue, but it may take several months to fix (provided that the person sits less, stands with a neutral pelvis, and sleeps on their back).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanja Dimitrijević , Tijana Šćepanović , Vukadin Milankov , Miroslav Milankov , Patrik Drid |date=2022 |title=Effects of Corrective Exercises on Lumbar Lordotic Angle Correction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |journal=  International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=19 |issue=8 |page=4906 |doi=10.3390/ijerph19084906 |doi-access=free |pmid=35457772 |pmc=9025799 }}</ref>

Since lumbar hyperlordosis is usually caused by habitual poor posture, rather than by an inherent physical defect like [[scoliosis]] or [[hyperkyphosis]], it can be reversed.<ref name=McKenzie>{{cite book |title=Treat Your Own Back |first=Robin |last=McKenzie |isbn=978-0-9876504-0-5 |publisher=Spinal Publications New Zealand, Ltd |location=New Zealand |edition=Ninth |date=2011}}</ref> This can be accomplished by stretching the lower back, hip-flexors, quads and strengthening the abdominal muscles, hamstrings, and glutes. {{citation needed|date=February 2013}} Strengthening the gluteal complex is a commonly accepted practice to reverse excessive lumbar lordosis, as an increase in gluteal muscle tone assists in the reduction of excessive anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar hyperlordosis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Choi |first1=Sil-ah |title=Isometric hip abduction using a Thera-Band alters gluteus maximus muscle activity and the anterior pelvic tilt angle during bridging exercise |journal=Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology |date=April 2015 |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=310–15 |doi=10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.09.005 |pmid=25262160}}</ref> Local intra-articular hip pain has been shown to inhibit gluteal contraction potential,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Freeman |first1=Stephanie |last2=Mascia |first2=Anthony |last3=McGill |first3=Stuart |title=Arthrogenic neuromusculature inhibition: A foundational investigation of existence in the hip joint |journal=Clinical Biomechanics |date=February 2013 |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=171–77 |doi=10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.11.014|pmid=23261019|s2cid=23316030 }}</ref> meaning that hip pain could be a main contributing factor to gluteal inhibition. Dancers should ensure that they don't strain themselves during dance rehearsals and performances. To help with lifts, the concept of isometric contraction, during which the length of the muscle remains the same during contraction, is important for stability and posture.<ref>[[#Reference-idmmils5|Arnheim, Daniel D.. Dance Injuries:Their Prevention and Care. Second Edition. St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. Mosby Company, 1980.]] p. 36</ref>

Lumbar hyperlordosis may be treated by strengthening the hip extensors on the back of the thighs, and by stretching the hip flexors on the front of the thighs.

Only the muscles on the front and the back of the thighs can rotate the pelvis forward or backward while in a standing position because they can discharge the force on the ground through the legs and feet. Abdominal muscles and erector spinae can't discharge force on an anchor point while standing, unless one is holding his hands somewhere, hence their function will be to flex or extend the torso, not the hip{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}}.
Back hyper-extensions on a [[Roman chair]] or the inflatable ball will strengthen all the [[posterior chain]] and will treat hyperlordosis. So too will stiff-legged deadlifts and supine hip lifts and any other similar movement strengthen the posterior chain ''without involving the hip flexors'' in the front of the thighs. Abdominal exercises could be avoided altogether if they stimulate too much the psoas and the other hip flexors.

Controversy regarding the degree to which manipulative therapy can help a patient still exists.  If therapeutic measures reduce symptoms, but not the measurable degree of lordotic curvature, this could be viewed as a successful outcome of treatment, though based solely on subjective data.  The presence of measurable abnormality does not automatically equate with a level of reported symptoms.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Harrison|first1=DD|last2=Jackson|first2=BL|last3=Troyanovich|first3=S|last4=Robertson|first4=G|last5=de George|first5=D|last6=Barker|first6=WF|title=The efficacy of cervical extension-compression traction combined with diversified manipulation and drop table adjustments in the rehabilitation of cervical lordosis: a pilot study|journal=Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics|date=September 1994|volume=17|issue=7|pages=454–64|pmid=7989879}}</ref>

===Braces===

The [[Boston brace]] is a plastic exterior that can be made with a small amount of lordosis to minimize stresses on discs that have experienced herniated discs. In the case where [[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome|Ehlers Danlos syndrome]] (EDS) is responsible, being properly fitted with a customized brace may be a solution to avoid strain and limit the frequency of instability.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

===Tai chi===

While not really a 'treatment', the martial art of [[tai chi]] calls for adjusting the lower back curvature (as well as the rest of the spinal curvatures) through specific re-alignments of the pelvis to the thighs, it's referred to in shorthand as 'dropping the tailbone'. The specifics of the structural change are school specific and are part of the jibengong (essential technique) of these schools. The adjustment is referred to in tai chi literature as 'when the lowest vertebrae are plumb erect...'<ref>T'ai Chi Ch'uan: A Simplified Method of Calisthenics for Health & Self Defence. By Manqing Zheng p. 10</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hyperkyphosis]]
* [[Kyphoscoliosis]]
* [[Lordosis behavior]]
* [[Pott's disease]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
* * {{citation|author1=Gylys, Barbara A.  |author2=Mary Ellen Wedding|title=Medical Terminology Systems|publisher=F.A. Davis Company|date=2005}}
* {{cite web|title=Osteoporosis-overview|date=15 November 2012 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001400/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204171410/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001400|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 4, 2011|publisher=A.D.A.M.|access-date=8 December 2013}}

==External links==
* [http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article1438.html What is Lordosis?]
* [https://www.medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003278.htm Lordosis - MedlinePlus definition]
* [http://www.spineuniverse.com/displayarticle.php/article215.html Lordosis - SpineUniverse]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210908084458/https://healthamrit.com/how-to-fix-lordosis/ Ways To Treat Lordosis]}}

{{Dorsopathies}}
{{Congenital malformations and deformations of musculoskeletal system}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Human back]]
[[Category:Deforming dorsopathies]]
[[Category:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system]]
[[Category:Symptoms and signs: musculoskeletal system]]