View source for Luleå

{{Short description|Place in Norrbotten, Sweden}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2008}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Luleå
| native_name        = Luleju<br>Luulaja
| settlement_type    = City
| image_skyline      = Lulea-city-festival-water.jpg
| image_caption      = Luleå, 2014
| image_shield       = 
| pushpin_map        = Sweden Norrbotten#Sweden
| pushpin_label_position = left
| coordinates        = {{coord|65|35|4|N|22|9|14|E|region:SE|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name   = [[Sweden]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of Sweden|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[Counties of Sweden|County]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Municipalities of Sweden|Municipality]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Norrbotten]]
| subdivision_name2  = [[Norrbotten County]]
| subdivision_name3  = [[Luleå Municipality]]
| established_title3 = [[City status in Sweden|Charter]]
| established_date3  = 17th century
| area_footnotes     = <ref name=scb>{{cite web |url=http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls |title=Tätorternas landareal, folkmängd och invånare per km<sup>2</sup> 2005 och 2010 |date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Statistics Sweden]] |language=sv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127055525/http://www.scb.se/Statistik/MI/MI0810/2010A01/Tatorternami0810tab1_4.xls |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=live |access-date=10 January 2012 }}</ref>
| area_total_km2     = 29.09
| elevation_m        = 6
| population_as_of   = 31 December 2018
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.lulea.se/kommun--politik/fakta-kvalitet-jamforelser-och-statistik/befolkningsstatistik.html |title=Befolkningsstatistik - Luleå kommun |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407035331/https://www.lulea.se/kommun--politik/fakta-kvalitet-jamforelser-och-statistik/befolkningsstatistik.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro   = 77832
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 971 00 – 978 20
| area_code          = (+46) 920
| website            = {{URL|http://www.lulea.se/}}
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
}}

'''Luleå''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|uː|l|eɪ|oʊ}} {{respell|LOO|lay|oh}},<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Luleå|access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> {{IPA|sv|ˈlʉ̌ːlɛɔ|lang|sv-Luleå.ogg}}, <small>locally</small> {{IPA|sv|ˈlʉ̌ːlɛ||sv-Luleå2.ogg}}; {{langx|smj|Luleju}}; [[Finnish language|Finnish]] and [[Meänkieli]]: ''Luulaja'') is a [[Cities in Sweden|city]] on the coast of northern [[Sweden]], and the [[County Administrative Boards of Sweden|capital]] of [[Norrbotten County]], the northernmost county in Sweden. Luleå has 48,728 inhabitants in its urban core as of 2018 and is the seat of [[Luleå Municipality]] with a total population of about 79,000 as of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Folkmängd och befolkningsförändringar - Kvartal 1, 2023 |url=https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---manad-kvartal-och-halvar/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---kvartal-1-2023/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511073513/https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/befolkning/befolkningens-sammansattning/befolkningsstatistik/pong/tabell-och-diagram/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---manad-kvartal-och-halvar/folkmangd-och-befolkningsforandringar---kvartal-1-2023/ |archive-date=2023-05-11 |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=Statistiska Centralbyrån |language=sv}}</ref> Luleå is Sweden's 25th largest city and Norrbotten County's largest city. Luleå is considered as the world's largest [[Brackish water|brackish water]] [[archipelago]] with 1,312 [[Island|islands]], several rivers and vast forestland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luleå |url=https://www.swedishlapland.com/lulea/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Swedish Lapland}}</ref>

Luleå has the seventh biggest harbour in Sweden for shipping goods.<ref>Luleå harbor, [http://www.portlulea.com/60/in-english.html "Luleå harbor"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104024605/http://www.portlulea.com/60/in-english.html |date=4 November 2018 }}, 20/10-15</ref> It has a large steel industry and is a centre for extensive research. It is also home to the [[Swedish Air Force]] Wing [[Norrbotten Wing|Norrbotten Wing (F 21)]] based in [[Luleå Airport]]. [[Luleå University of Technology]] is one of Sweden's three technology universities with around 15,000 students and is the northernmost university in Sweden.

== History ==
{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Suecia 2-073 ; Luleå Civitas Nova.jpg|right|thumb|An engraving of Luleå New Town from ''[[Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna]]''. The most prominent buildings are the church and the town hall.]]
The town's Royal [[charter]] was granted in 1621 by King [[Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden]]. The original town was situated where [[Gammelstaden|Gammelstad]] (Old Town) is situated today. The town had to be moved in 1649 to the current site,<ref>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Luleå |volume=17 |page=120}}</ref> due to the [[post-glacial rebound]] that had made the bay too shallow for ships to enter.[[File:Nederluleå kyrka 2.jpg|thumbnail|right|The Gammelstad church]]

In 1805, Luleå only had 947 inhabitants, but in 1865 Luleå succeeded Piteå as the county town in Norrbotten county and now had around 1400 residents. In the 1860s the industries also started taking root in the city.

The town was plagued by fires in 1653, 1657 and 1887, and the fire in 1887 was a devastating fire that destroyed most of the town, sparing only a few buildings. The [[Neo-Gothic]] Cathedral (originally the Oscar Fredrik church), dedicated in 1893, standing at 67 meters (220 ft), is the tallest building in town.

==Geography==
=== Residential areas ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bergviken]]
* [[Björkskatan]]
* [[Centrum, Luleå|Centrum]]
* [[Hertsön (district)|Hertsön]]
* [[Kronan, Luleå|Kronan]]
* [[Lerbäcken]]
* [[Lulsundet]]
* [[Lövskatan]]
* [[Malmudden]]
* [[Mjölkudden]]
* [[Notviken]]
* [[Porsön]]
* [[Skurholmen]]
* [[Svartöstaden]]
* [[Örnäset]]
* [[Östermalm, Luleå|Östermalm]]
{{colend}}

=== [[Urban areas in Sweden|Localities]] ===
{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bergnäset]]
* [[Gammelstaden]]
* [[Karlsvik]]
{{colend}}
[[File:Luleå stadsbild, 2019.jpg|thumb|Luleå centrum, "Varvet"]]

== Economy ==

[[File:Lulea industry.jpg|thumb|Industrial district of Luleå]]
Luleå's commerce and industry are a mix of industry, research, education, trade, and services.

Major employers in the city are the [[SSAB]] [[steelworks]] and [[Luleå University of Technology]].  A [[Swedish Air Force]] wing, ''F 21'' (or ''Norrbotten Air Force Wing''), is stationed near Luleå at the neighbouring [[Luleå Airport]].  Other major employers include Ferruform (a subsidiary of [[Scania (company)|Scania AB]]) and [[Gestamp]] HardTech (acquired from [[SSAB]] 2005-01-01).

=== IT industry ===
[[File:Lulea Facebook datacenter building.jpg|thumb|A Facebook datacenter building in Luleå]]
The [[information technology]] industry in Luleå has about 2000 employees (2008).

Luleå is the home of several major innovations and technological milestones.<ref>World-class Innovations in ICT, Luleå university of Technology, 2007, http://www.cdt.ltu.se/main.php/LTU237%206-sid%20Folder%20ICT_lo.pdf?fileitem=2365519  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715194528/http://www.cdt.ltu.se/main.php/LTU237%206-sid%20Folder%20ICT_lo.pdf?fileitem=2365519 |date=15 July 2007 }}</ref>

* Broadcast radio: [[Radio Data System|RDS]], [[Digital Audio Broadcasting|DAB]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ltu.se/ltu/media/news/Digitalradio-kraver-hog-datahastighet-1.111164?l=en|title=Digital radio requires high data rate|date=13 November 2013|publisher=Luleå tekniska universitet|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=9 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809060643/https://www.ltu.se/ltu/media/news/Digitalradio-kraver-hog-datahastighet-1.111164?l=en|url-status=dead}}</ref> DARC (1992–1997)
* The [[Luleå algorithm]] for routing (1997)
* [[Living Labs]]: leading European service testbed with 6000 users (2001–)
* [[Marratech]]: pioneers in Internet-based E-meetings (1998–) – acquired by [[Google]], releasing in November 2008 video-chat support in [[Gmail]]
* Arena project, IT in Sports: sensors, handheld wireless video (1999–2002) {{citation needed|date=October 2016}}
* Estreet project: First large-scale mobile marketing experiment (2000) {{citation needed|date=October 2016}}
* On 27 October 2011, [[Meta Platforms|Facebook]] announced it would locate its first data center outside of the United States in Luleå. The whole facility is made up by a set of three {{cvt|28,000|m2}} buildings. The first building was to be operational in 2012.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/facebook-on-ice-new-data-center-to-be-built-near-arctic-circle | work=Fox News | title=Facebook on Ice: New Data Center to Be Built Near Arctic Circle | date=27 October 2011}}</ref> The establishment will help turn the Luleå region into a major node for European data traffic. The town's northern location and that it will become a hub for data traffic in Europe has generated a new epithet for the Luleå region – [[The Node Pole]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Orange | first1=Richard | last2=Lass | first2=Julian | date=January 2013 | title=Node Pole | url=http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Node_Pole_-_Jan_13.html | journal=Geographical Magazine | access-date=14 June 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20140615100213/http://www.geographical.co.uk/Magazine/Node_Pole_-_Jan_13.html | archive-date=15 June 2014 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Node Pole region provides stable, low-cost electricity that is 100-percent derived from renewable sources. In addition, they cite the benefits of low cooling expenses, given that the region is one of the coolest in Sweden. Sweden's long political stability is cited as another long-term benefit of the Node Pole's location.<ref>{{cite web|last=Janssen |first=Cory |url=http://www.techopedia.com/definition/27792/node-pole |title=What is the Node Pole? – Definition from |publisher=Techopedia.com | access-date=22 October 2010}}</ref>

== Climate ==
Luleå has a [[subarctic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Dfc]]) with short, mild to warm summers and long, cold, snowy winters.

Luleå's climate is influenced both by the [[North Atlantic]] and the proximity to the [[Gulf of Bothnia]] and it has a milder climate than most cities on the same latitude and even some that are further south in [[Canada]], [[Alaska]], [[Northeast China]] and [[Siberia]].  During the summer in June and July the temperature in Luleå can some days rise to around {{cvt|30|C}}. Summers are very bright, with marginal twilight being the only exception during the [[summer solstice]].

From September to March, [[Aurora|northern lights]] can be seen if the sky is clear.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Luleå |url=https://www.swedishlapland.com/lulea/ |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Swedish Lapland}}</ref> 

{{Weather box
|location = Luleå, 1991–2020 averages; extremes since 1944; sunshine hours and snow depth 2002-2020
|collapsed = 
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 10.3
|Feb record high C = 9.8
|Mar record high C = 13.4
|Apr record high C = 18.1
|May record high C = 28.4
|Jun record high C = 32.2
|Jul record high C = 32.1
|Aug record high C = 29.2
|Sep record high C = 22.5
|Oct record high C = 16.9
|Nov record high C = 13.0
|Dec record high C = 8.5
|year record high C = 32.2
|Jan high C = -4.6
|Feb high C = -4.8
|Mar high C = 0.0
|Apr high C = 5.1
|May high C = 11.8
|Jun high C = 17.2
|Jul high C = 20.5
|Aug high C = 18.4
|Sep high C = 13.1
|Oct high C = 5.8
|Nov high C = 0.2
|Dec high C = -2.8
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = -8.7
|Feb mean C = -9.1
|Mar mean C = -4.4
|Apr mean C = 1.0
|May mean C = 7.3
|Jun mean C = 13.0
|Jul mean C = 16.5
|Aug mean C = 14.6
|Sep mean C = 9.5
|Oct mean C = 2.7
|Nov mean C = -2.9
|Dec mean C = -6.5
|year mean C = 2.8
|Jan low C = -12.8
|Feb low C = -13.4
|Mar low C = -8.8
|Apr low C = -3.1
|May low C = 2.7
|Jun low C = 8.8
|Jul low C = 12.4
|Aug low C = 10.9
|Sep low C = 5.9
|Oct low C = -0.3
|Nov low C = -5.9
|Dec low C = -10.2
|year low C = -1.1
|Jan record low C = -42.3
|Feb record low C = -38.2
|Mar record low C = -32.3
|Apr record low C = -20.4
|May record low C = -8.8
|Jun record low C = -1.2
|Jul record low C = 3.2
|Aug record low C = -0.2
|Sep record low C = -8.4
|Oct record low C = -20.7
|Nov record low C = -30.3
|Dec record low C = -33.7
|year record low C = -42.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 49.8
|Feb precipitation mm = 34.6
|Mar precipitation mm = 31.3
|Apr precipitation mm = 30.6
|May precipitation mm = 41.4
|Jun precipitation mm = 61.6
|Jul precipitation mm = 68.2
|Aug precipitation mm = 66.4
|Sep precipitation mm = 59.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 55.4
|Nov precipitation mm = 53.2
|Dec precipitation mm = 49.0
|year precipitation mm =
| unit precipitation days =  1 mm
| Jan precipitation days  =10
| Feb precipitation days  =8.6
| Mar precipitation days  =7.5
| Apr precipitation days  =6.5
| May precipitation days  =6.9
| Jun precipitation days  =8.5
| Jul precipitation days  =9.1
| Aug precipitation days  =8.8
| Sep precipitation days  =8.2
| Oct precipitation days  =9.2
| Nov precipitation days  =10.1
| Dec precipitation days  =10.5
| year precipitation days =
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow depth cm = 55
|Feb snow depth cm = 72
|Mar snow depth cm = 75
|Apr snow depth cm = 64
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 5
|Nov snow depth cm = 16
|Dec snow depth cm = 30
|year snow depth cm = 79
|Jan sun = 21
|Feb sun = 78
|Mar sun = 172
|Apr sun = 225
|May sun = 289
|Jun sun = 305
|Jul sun = 310
|Aug sun = 245
|Sep sun = 154
|Oct sun = 92
|Nov sun = 38
|Dec sun = 3
|year sun = 
| Jan light = 5
| Feb light = 8.4
| Mar light = 11.8
| Apr light = 15.4
| May light = 19.2
| Jun light = 22.5
| Jul light = 20.5
| Aug light = 16.6
| Sep light = 13.1
| Oct light = 9.6
| Nov light = 6
| Dec light = 3.5
| year light= 
| Jan uv  =1
| Feb uv  =1
| Mar uv  =1
| Apr uv  =2
| May uv  =3
| Jun uv  =4
| Jul uv  =5
| Aug uv  =4
| Sep uv  =3
| Oct uv  =2
| Nov uv  =1
| Dec uv  =1
| year uv =

|source 1 = SMHI<ref name=SMHI>{{cite web
 |url = https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=162860
 |title = SMHI Open Data for Luleå
 |language = sv
 |access-date = 31 May 2021
 |publisher = [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]
 |archive-date = 11 April 2019
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190411092753/https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=162860
 |url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
|source 2 = Climates to travel<ref name=Climatestotravel>{{cite web
 |url = https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/sweden/lulea
 |title = Climates to travel
 |language = en
 |access-date = 19 May 2024
}}</ref> NOAA(precipitation and precip days at [[Luleå Airport]])<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/oceans/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Sweden/CSV/Lulea_Kallax_Flygplats_02186.csv |title=World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020: Luleå-Kallax Flygplats-02186 |access-date=26 August 2024 |website=ncei.noaa.gov |publisher=[[NOAA|National Oceanic and Atmosoheric Administration]] |no-pp=y |format=CSV}}</ref> Weather Atlas(daylight-UV)<ref name="Weather Atlas"/>
}}
{|style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"
|-
!Colspan=14|Average sea temperatures and daily daylight hours in Luleå
|-
!Month
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!style="border-left-width:medium"|Year
|-
!Average sea temperature °C (°F)
|style="background:#9090FF;color:#000000;"|-0.3<br />
|style="background:#8484FF;color:#000000;"|-0.7<br />
|style="background:#7E7EFF;color:#000000;"|-0.2<br />
|style="background:#8888FF;color:#000000;"|0.4<br />
|style="background:#9C9CFF;color:#000000;"|3.1<br />
|style="background:#B8B8FF;color:#000000;"|10.8<br />
|style="background:#D3D3FF;color:#000000;"|16.3<br />
|style="background:#DFDFFF;color:#000000;"|15.7<br />
|style="background:#DEDEFF;color:#000000;"|11.8<br />
|style="background:#D3D3FF;color:#000000;"|7.6<br />
|style="background:#C4C4FF;color:#000000;"|5.0<br />
|style="background:#A9A9FF;color:#000000;"|2.8<br />
|style="background:#B0B0FF;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium"|5.9<br />
|-
!Colspan=14 style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;"|Source: Weather Atlas<ref name="Weather Atlas">{{cite web |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/sweden/lulea-climate |title=Luleå, Sweden – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data |publisher=Weather Atlas |access-date=15 July 2021 }}</ref>
|}


{{Weather box
|location = [[Luleå Airport]], 2002–2020 averages; extremes since 1944
|collapsed = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C = 10.3
|Feb record high C = 9.8
|Mar record high C = 13.4
|Apr record high C = 18.1
|May record high C = 28.4
|Jun record high C = 32.2
|Jul record high C = 32.1
|Aug record high C = 29.2
|Sep record high C = 22.5
|Oct record high C = 16.9
|Nov record high C = 13.0
|Dec record high C = 8.5
|year record high C = 32.2
|Jan avg record high C = 4.0
|Feb avg record high C = 5.3
|Mar avg record high C = 8.7
|Apr avg record high C = 13.3
|May avg record high C = 21.4
|Jun avg record high C = 24.3
|Jul avg record high C = 26.7
|Aug avg record high C = 24.1
|Sep avg record high C = 18.8
|Oct avg record high C = 12.5
|Nov avg record high C = 7.2
|Dec avg record high C = 5.3
|year avg record high C = 27.8
|Jan high C = -5.2
|Feb high C = -4.5
|Mar high C = 0.2
|Apr high C = 5.6
|May high C = 12.3
|Jun high C = 17.4
|Jul high C = 20.5
|Aug high C = 18.7
|Sep high C = 13.4
|Oct high C = 5.9
|Nov high C = 0.6
|Dec high C = -2.0
|year high C = 
|Jan mean C = -9.1
|Feb mean C = -8.7
|Mar mean C = -4.2
|Apr mean C = 1.5
|May mean C = 7.7
|Jun mean C = 13.3
|Jul mean C = 16.6
|Aug mean C = 15.0
|Sep mean C = 9.9
|Oct mean C = 2.9
|Nov mean C = -2.4
|Dec mean C = -5.6
|year mean C = 
|Jan low C = -13.0
|Feb low C = -12.9
|Mar low C = -8.5
|Apr low C = -2.6
|May low C = 3.1
|Jun low C = 9.1
|Jul low C = 12.6
|Aug low C = 11.2
|Sep low C = 6.3
|Oct low C = -0.2
|Nov low C = -5.4
|Dec low C = -9.1
|year low C = 
|Jan avg record low C = -26.6
|Feb avg record low C = -25.7
|Mar avg record low C = -20.1
|Apr avg record low C = -10.2
|May avg record low C = -3.1
|Jun avg record low C = 3.5
|Jul avg record low C = 7.3
|Aug avg record low C = 4.3
|Sep avg record low C = -0.9
|Oct avg record low C = -9.7
|Nov avg record low C = -15.8
|Dec avg record low C = -21.2
|year avg record low C = -29.2
|Jan record low C = -42.3
|Feb record low C = -38.2
|Mar record low C = -32.3
|Apr record low C = -20.4
|May record low C = -8.8
|Jun record low C = -1.2
|Jul record low C = 3.2
|Aug record low C = -0.2
|Sep record low C = -8.4
|Oct record low C = -20.7
|Nov record low C = -30.3
|Dec record low C = -33.7
|year record low C = -42.3
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 57.9
|Feb precipitation mm = 36.8
|Mar precipitation mm = 30.2
|Apr precipitation mm = 31.3
|May precipitation mm = 45.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 65.8
|Jul precipitation mm = 67.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 69.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 66.0
|Oct precipitation mm = 52.9
|Nov precipitation mm = 52.6
|Dec precipitation mm = 56.3
|year precipitation mm = 
|snow colour = green
|Jan snow depth cm = 55
|Feb snow depth cm = 72
|Mar snow depth cm = 75
|Apr snow depth cm = 64
|May snow depth cm = 0
|Jun snow depth cm = 0
|Jul snow depth cm = 0
|Aug snow depth cm = 0
|Sep snow depth cm = 0
|Oct snow depth cm = 5
|Nov snow depth cm = 16
|Dec snow depth cm = 30
|year snow depth cm = 79
|Jan sun = 21
|Feb sun = 78
|Mar sun = 172
|Apr sun = 225
|May sun = 289
|Jun sun = 305
|Jul sun = 310
|Aug sun = 245
|Sep sun = 154
|Oct sun = 92
|Nov sun = 38
|Dec sun = 3
|year sun = 
|source 1 = SMHI<ref name=SMHI1>{{cite web
 |url = http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240
 |title = Statistik från väder och vatten – Månads och årsstatistik
 |language = sv
 |access-date = 31 May 2021
 |publisher = [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]
 |archive-date = 2 May 2019
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502092934/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240
 |url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
|source 2 = SMHI<ref name=SMHI2>{{cite web
 |url = https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=162860
 |title = SMHI Open Data for Luleå
 |language = sv
 |access-date = 31 May 2021
 |publisher = [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute]]
 |archive-date = 11 April 2019
 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190411092753/https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=162860
 |url-status = dead
 }}</ref>
}}

== Media ==
Newspapers include:
* ''[[Norrbottens-Kuriren]]''
* ''[[Norrländska Socialdemokraten]]''

== Transportation ==
Luleå became a transport hub in the region for ore, steel and freight, with trans-shipping between road, ship and rail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial and communications centre |url=https://www.lulea.se/language/english/business-and-commerce/commercial-and-communications-centre.html |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Luleå kommun |language=en}}</ref>

=== Public transport ===
Public transport in Luleå is operated by [[Luleå Lokaltrafik]] and consists of five main bus lines, an additional five bus lines, and direct connection bus traffic and night bus service. From Luleå Bus station, [[Länstrafiken i Norrbotten]] operates several regional bus lines within [[Norrbotten County]].

=== Air ===
[[File:Lulea airport.jpg|thumbnail|right|Luleå/Kallax Airport]]
[[Luleå/Kallax Airport]] ([[International Air Transport Association|IATA]]: LLA, [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]]: ESPA), located 7&nbsp;km (5&nbsp;mi) south of the city centre, is the fifth largest airport in Sweden, with about 1.2 million yearly passengers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swedavia.com/lulea/about-the-airport/|title=About the airport|website=www.swedavia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-03-09}}</ref> It is the largest airport in [[Norrland]]. The domestic route to [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport]] is the third busiest domestic route in Sweden with over 1 million passengers per year. There are about 15 daily flights to and from Stockholm.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial and communications centre |url=https://www.lulea.se/language/english/business-and-commerce/commercial-and-communications-centre.html |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Luleå kommun |language=en}}</ref> [[Luleå Lokaltrafik]] operates connections to and from Luleå/Kallax Airport via lines 4 and 104.

In total, there are seven scheduled destinations and about 15 additional charter destinations. The [[Stockholm Arlanda Airport]] route is operated by [[Scandinavian Airlines]] and [[Norwegian Air Shuttle]] and serves the vast majority of passengers at the airport with about 16 daily connections each way. Scandinavian Airlines also operates a direct connection to [[Göteborg Landvetter Airport]]. 

[[Nextjet]] operates connections to and from [[Göteborg Landvetter Airport]] via [[Höga Kusten Airport]], and their [[Tromsø Airport, Langnes|Tromsø Airport]] – [[Oulu Airport]] route lands at Luleå/Kallax Airport on some departures. [[Jonair]] offers connections to [[Pajala Airport]].

=== Rail ===
Luleå has rail lines coming from both north and south.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial and communications centre |url=https://www.lulea.se/language/english/business-and-commerce/commercial-and-communications-centre.html |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Luleå kommun |language=en}}</ref> [[SJ AB|SJ]] operates night train services northbound for Kiruna and Narvik, and southbound for Stockholm. [[Norrtåg]] operates train services from Luleå to Umeå, Kiruna and Haparanda.

=== Sea ===
In terms of bulk shipments, the Port of Luleå is one of the country's biggest ports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commercial and communications centre |url=https://www.lulea.se/language/english/business-and-commerce/commercial-and-communications-centre.html |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Luleå kommun |language=en}}</ref>

== Shopping ==
The world's first indoor mall<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|title=Basic facts – NCSC|work=NCSC|access-date=2017-09-17|language=en-US|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804053900/http://ncscnordic.org/basic-facts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> was opened in Luleå in 1955 (architect: [[Ralph Erskine (architect)|Ralph Erskine]]) and was named ''[[Shopping (Luleå)|Shopping]]''. There are two other malls in Luleå: Strand and Smedjan. The main shopping streets in Luleå are Storgatan and Kungsgatan. A few kilometres outside Luleå there is a shopping centre called Storheden.
[[File:Shopping Luleå.JPG|thumbnail|right|Shopping, the world's first indoor mall]]

== Culture ==
Luleå has a variety of cultural institutions, among them [[Norrbottensteatern]]; [[Norrbottens Museum]]; and {{ill|Norrbotten Big Band|de}}, led by [[Tim Hagans]]. In January 2007 the Cultural House (Kulturens Hus) was opened. A library, concerts, and art exhibitions are all hosted here.

Luleå is also home to hardcore punk band [[Raised Fist]], melodic death metal band [[The Duskfall]], power metal band [[Machinae Supremacy]] and death 'n' roll band [[Helltrain]].
[[File:Norr.jpg|thumbnail|upright|The Theatre of Norrbotten]]

One of the largest winter festivals in Luleå is the indoor Minus 30-festivalen, held at Kulturens hus (the House of Culture) annually on a Saturday in mid-March.

Luleå Hamnfestival (Luleå harbor festival) is a big summer event in the center of Luleå, mostly centered around the north harbor. The festival has been a recurring event each summer since 2013. Held in July, it is a free event not targeting a specific group. The festival is the new version of Luleåkalaset which was held each summer from 2002 to 2012, which itself replaced sjöslaget, the summer festival from 1988 to 2002.

Musikens makt (The power of music) is a smaller, free music festival that is held each summer in August at Gültzauudden since 2010.

Ice music is a new art form where professional musicians play on instruments made out of ice. The concerts are performed in a huge igloo and the instruments pulsate in all the colors of the rainbow.

Luleå is the base for the Norrbotten Band of the [[Hemv%C3%A4rnsmusiken|Home Guard Music]] which consists of voluntary musicians from Norrbotten County's [[Home Guard (Sweden)|Home Guard]].

== Sports ==
Luleå has many teams competing in a variety of sports.

Four teams in Luleå compete in the highest Swedish leagues: [[Luleå Basket]] (female basketball team, previously called Northland Basket); [[BC Luleå]] (male basketball team, previously named Plannja Basket and LF Basket Norrland); and [[Luleå Hockey/MSSK]] (Munksund-Skuthamns Sportklubb) (female ice hockey team) and [[Luleå Hockey]] (male ice hockey team).
[[File:Luleå HF players 2013-01-17.jpg|thumbnail|right|Players in Luleå Hockey]]

Luleå Basket has won two Swedish championships (2014 and 2015), while BC Luleå has won eight Swedish championships (1997, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2007 and 2017). Luleå Hockey/MSSK female team won their first Swedish Championship in 2016 while the male Luleå Hockey team has won two Swedish Championships (1996 and 2025), the European Trophy in 2012 and the Champions Hockey League in 2015.

=== Football ===
* [[Bergnäsets AIK]]
* [[Ersnäs IF]]
* [[IFK Luleå]]
* [[Lira BK]]
* [[Luleå SK]]
* [[Notvikens IK]]

=== Ice hockey ===
* [[Luleå HF]] play in the [[Swedish Hockey League]] 
* [[Luleå HF/MSSK]] play in the [[SDHL]]

=== Basketball ===
* [[BC Luleå]], formerly LF Basket Norrbotten and Plannja, for men and [[Luleå Basket]] for women; Plannja has won [[Basketligan]] seven times, which is a record.

=== Yukigassen ===
The Swedish Championship in [[Yukigassen]] is held in Luleå annually.

== Notable people ==

; Acting & Art
* [[Martin Ljung]] (1917–2010) a Swedish comedian, actor and singer<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0515552/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Gösta Wallmark]] (1928–2017) a Swedish artist
* [[Lena Granhagen]] (born 1938) a Swedish actress and singer<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0335098/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Bernt Ström]] (1940–2009) a Swedish actor<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0835496/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Hans Ernback]] (1942–2013) a Swedish actor between 1966 and 1984<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0259624/   IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Maud Adams]] (born 1945) Swedish actress, appeared in two [[James Bond]] films<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000726/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Fanny Gjörup]] (1961–2001) a Swedish child actress<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0321548/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Mamma Andersson]] (born 1962) aka ''Karin Andersson'', a Swedish artist of domestic interiors, lush landscapes and [[genre scene]]s
* [[Gry Forssell]] (born 1973) a Swedish TV host and radio talk-show host; brought up in Luleå<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1799706/   IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>

; Writing
* [[Nels F. S. Ferré]] (1908–1971) a theologian and writer on Christian theology 
* [[Erik Lindegren]] (1910–1968) a Swedish author, poet, critical writer and member of the [[Swedish Academy]] 
* [[Staffan Göthe]] (born 1944) a Swedish playwright, actor and director<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0351453/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Katarina Kieri]] (born 1965) a Swedish writer

; Classical Music 
* [[Ingvar Wixell]] (1931–2011) a Swedish baritone, active from 1955 to 2003
* [[Gunnar Wiklund]] (1935–1989) a Swedish singer
* [[Malin Gjörup]] (1964–2020) a Swedish actress, mezzo-soprano and producer at [[Gävle Symphony Orchestra]]<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0321549/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref>
* [[Peter Mattei]] (born 1965) a Swedish operatic baritone<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1317814/  IMDb Database] retrieved 28 February 2019</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20091221024157/http://www.sweden.se/eng/Home/Lifestyle/Culture/Music-room/Classical-music/Reading/Peter-Mattei/   Sweden.se] Peter Mattei puts Luleå on the musical map</ref>

; Modern Music
* [[Gunnar Wiklund]] (1935–1989) a Swedish singer of [[Schlager music]] 
* [[Emilia de Poret]] (born 1976) a Swedish singer, fashion designer and editor
* [[Zacke]] (born 1983) aka ''Zakarias Lekberg'', rapper
* [[The Bear Quartet]] (formed 1989) a Swedish indie rock band
* [[Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta]] (born 1990) raised in Luleå, Swedish twin models, and writers; work with rapper [[Drake (musician)|Drake]]
* Him Kerosene (formed 1991) a Swedish alternative rock band 
* [[Breach (band)|Breach]] (active 1993–2002) a defunct Swedish post-hardcore band
* [[Raised Fist]] (formed in 1993) a Swedish hardcore punk band
* [[The Duskfall]] (formed in 1999) a Swedish melodic death metal band
* [[Machinae Supremacy]] (formed 2000) a Swedish modern heavy metal, power metal and alternative rock band 
* [[Movits!]] (formed 2007) a Swedish swing and hip hop band

; Public Service
* [[Erik Benzelius the Elder]] (1632–1709) a Swedish theologian and [[Archbishop of Uppsala]]
* [[Anders Hackzell]] (1705–1757) the chief enforcement officer and cartographer for the Swedish crown. 
* [[Paul Petter Waldenström]] (1838–1917) a Swedish theologian, leader of the [[free church]] 
* [[Fritiof Enbom]] (1918–1974) a Swedish railway worker and convicted spy for the Soviet Union
* [[Marita Ulvskog]] (born 1951) a Swedish politician and [[Member of the European Parliament]]
* [[Jan Lexell]] (born 1958) a Swedish physician and academic, specialises in rehabilitation medicine and neurology
* [[Åsa Nyström]] (born 1960) a Swedish prelate and current bishop of the [[Diocese of Luleå]]
* [[Amanda Lind]] (born 1980) a Swedish politician, since 2019 the Culture minister and Democracy minister

; Business
* [[John W. Nordstrom]] (1871–1963) a Swedish American businessman, co-founded the chain store [[Nordstrom]]
* [[Stephan Gip]] (born 1936) a Swedish designer and interior designer
* [[Leif Östling]] (born 1945) CEO of [[Scania AB]]
* [[Adam Dunkels]] (born 1978) a Swedish computer scientist, programmer and entrepreneur

; Sport
* [[August Wikström]] (1874–1954) a Swedish sports shooter, competed in the [[1912 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Robert Zander]] (1895–1966) a Swedish footballer, competed in the [[1920 Summer Olympics]]
* [[Sigge Bergman]] (1905–2001) a Swedish sports executive, secretary general of the [[International Ski Federation]] 1961–1979
* [[Stig Lundholm]] (1917–2009) a Swedish chess master, won 1944 [[Swedish Chess Championship]] 
* [[Sonja Edström]] (born 1930) a retired Swedish cross-country skier, competed at the 1952, 1956 and 1960 Olympics
* [[Runald Beckman]] (born 1951) a Swedish athlete, competed in the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] and the [[1980 Winter Olympics]] 
* [[Lars Petrus]] (born 1960) an accomplished [[speedcuber]] 
* [[Göran Titus]] (born 1967) a former Swedish freestyle swimmer, competed in the [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988]] and [[1992 Summer Olympics]] 
* [[Magnus Ingesson]] (born 1971) a Swedish cross country skier, competed in the [[2002 Winter Olympics]] 
* [[Jonas Eriksson (referee)|Jonas Eriksson]] (born 1974) a former Swedish football referee, a full FIFA referee 2002–2018
* [[Sara Eriksson (wrestler)|Sara Eriksson]] (born 1974) a retired amateur Swedish freestyle wrestler
* [[Peter Larsson (cross-country skier)|Peter Larsson]] (born 1978) a Swedish cross-country skier, competed at the [[2006 Winter Olympics]]
* [[Per Ledin]] (born 1978) a Swedish professional ice hockey forward
* [[Niklas Bäckström (fighter)|Niklas Bäckström]] (born 1989) semi-retired Swedish mixed martial arts fighter, competed in the [[Ultimate Fighting Championship|UFC]]
* [[Anders Nilsson (ice hockey)|Anders Nilsson]] (born 1990) a Swedish professional ice hockey goaltender
* [[Alexander Majorov]] (born 1991) a Swedish figure skater, lives in Luleå
* [[Linus Werneman]] (born 1992), Swedish professional ice hockey player

;Other
*[[Märta Bucht]] (1882–1962), suffragist and peace activist
*[[Inga Hedberg]] (1927–2024), botanist and academic

== Panorama ==
[[File:Luleå panorama.jpg|thumb|Luleå panorama, summer of 2014|800px|center|alt=panorama of Luleå]]

== See also ==
* [[Diocese of Luleå]]
* [[Luleå Cathedral]]
* [[North Sweden European Office]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.lulea.nu/ The official guide for the location Luleå]

{{Localities in Luleå Municipality}}
{{Norrbotten County}}
{{Swedish Seats}}
{{30 most populous cities of Sweden}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lulea}}
[[Category:Luleå| ]]
[[Category:County seats in Sweden]]
[[Category:Populated places in Luleå Municipality]]
[[Category:Norrbotten]]
[[Category:Coastal cities and towns in Sweden]]
[[Category:Municipal seats of Norrbotten County]]
[[Category:Swedish municipal seats]]
[[Category:Cities in Sweden]]