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{{Short description|English island in the Bristol Channel}}
{{About|the island of Lundy, England}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|cs1-dates=ll|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox SSSI
|image=[[File:Lundy outline map.png|250px|Map of Lundy with inset maps of British Isles and Bristol Channel]]
|name=Lundy
|aos=Devon, England
|interest=Biological
|gridref={{gbmappingsmall|SS135460}}
|area=  {{convert|445|ha|acre|0|abbr=on}} or<br /> {{convert|4.45|km2|sqmi|frac=8|abbr=on}}<ref name="devonbirds.org">{{cite web |url= http://www.devonbirds.org/birdwatching/places_to_go/lundy |publisher=Devonbirds |title=Lundy |access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="devon.gov.uk">{{Cite web |url= http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/councildemocracy/improving_our_services/facts_figures_and_statistics/factsandfigures/thecounty/geographicareas/geogareastorrpar.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120320020249/http://www.devon.gov.uk/index/councildemocracy/improving_our_services/facts_figures_and_statistics/factsandfigures/thecounty/geographicareas/geogareastorrpar.htm |url-status=dead |title=Geographic Areas: Torridge parishes |work=Devon.gov.uk |archive-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>
|notifydate=1987
|map=
}}

'''Lundy''' is an English island in the [[Bristol Channel]]. It forms part of the district of [[Torridge District|Torridge]] in the county of [[Devon]].

About {{convert|3|mi|km|0|abbr=off}} long and {{convert|5/8|mi|km|abbr=on|0}} wide, Lundy has had a long and turbulent history, frequently changing hands between the British crown and various usurpers. In the 1920s, the island's owner, [[Martin Harman]], tried to issue his own coinage and was fined. In 1941, two German [[Heinkel He 111]] bombers crash landed on the island, and their crews were captured.

In 1969, Lundy was purchased by British millionaire [[Jack Hayward]], who donated it to the [[National Trust]]. It is now managed by the [[Landmark Trust]], a conservation charity that derives its income from day trips and holiday lettings, most visitors arriving by boat from [[Bideford]] or [[Ilfracombe]]. A local tourist curiosity is the special "Puffin" postage stamp, a category known by philatelists as "local carriage labels", a collector's item.

As a steep, rocky island, often shrouded by fog, Lundy has been the scene of many shipwrecks, and the remains of its old lighthouse installations are of both historic and scientific interest. Its present-day lighthouses, one of which is solar-powered, are fully automated. Lundy has a rich bird life, as it lies on major migration routes, and attracts many vagrant as well as indigenous species. It also boasts a variety of marine habitats, with rare seaweeds, sponges and corals. In 2010, the island became Britain's first Marine Conservation Zone.

==Profile==

[[File:The Jetty, Lundy.jpg|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Lundy's jetty and harbour]]

Lundy is the largest island in the [[Bristol Channel]]. It lies {{convert|19|km|nmi|0|order=flip}} off the coast of Devon, about a third of the distance across the channel from [[Devon]] to [[Pembrokeshire]] in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/marine-conservation-zone-2013-designation-lundy |title=Marine conservation zone 2013 designation: Lundy |website=Government UK |publisher=Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England |access-date=3 March 2015}}</ref> Lundy gives its name to a [[Shipping Forecast#Region names|British sea area]].<ref>Collyer, Peter (1998) ''Rain Later, Good: illustrating the Shipping Forecast''. Bradford on Avon: Thomas Reed {{ISBN|0-901281-33-6}}</ref> Lundy is included in the district of [[Torridge District|Torridge]] in Devon. In 2007, it had a resident population of 28 people. These include a warden, a ranger, an island manager, a farmer, bar and housekeeping staff, and volunteers. Most live in and around the village at the south of the island. Visitors include [[day-tripper]]s and holiday makers staying overnight in rental properties or camping.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lundy Island |url= https://www.visitdevon.co.uk/northdevon/explore/villages-towns/lundy-island/ |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Visit North Devon & Exmoor}}</ref>

In a 2005 opinion poll of ''[[Radio Times]]'' readers, Lundy was named as Britain's tenth greatest natural wonder.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2005 |title=Caves win 'natural wonder' vote |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/mid_/4735935.stm |access-date=25 January 2024 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> The island has been designated a [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]]<ref name="SSSI">{{cite web |title=Lundy SSSI citation sheet |work=Natural England |url= http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1001042.pdf |access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> and it was England's first statutory [[Marine nature reserve|Marine Nature reserve]], and the first [[Marine Conservation Zone]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Lundy Marine Conservation Zone |url= http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/marine/mpa/lundy.aspx |publisher=Natural England |access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> because of its unique flora and fauna.<ref name="lmcz" /> It is managed by the [[Landmark Trust]] on behalf of the [[National Trust]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stratton |first=Mark |date=18 September 2023 |title=The tiny British island still stuck in a wonderful, bygone era |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/united-kingdom/lundy-is-a-tiny-british-island-stuck-in-a-bygone-era/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Lundy by Henry Mangles Denham 1804.jpg|thumb|300px|Map by [[Henry Mangles Denham]] (1832)]]
The place-name ''Lundy'' is first attested in 1189 in the ''Records of the Templars in England'', where it appears as {{lang|la|[Insula de] Lundeia}}. It appears in the [[Charter Rolls]] as ''Lundeia'' again in 1199, and as ''Lunday'' in 1281. The name is Scandinavian and means '[[puffin]] island', from the [[Old Norse]] {{lang|non|lundi}} meaning 'puffin' (compare the three [[Lundey (disambiguation)|Lundey]] islands in [[Iceland]]); it appears in the 12th-century ''[[Orkneyinga saga]]'' as {{lang|non|Lundey}}.<ref>[[Eilert Ekwall]], ''The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names'', p.307.</ref>

Lundy is known in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] as {{lang|cy|Ynys Wair}}, 'Gwair's Island', in reference to an alternative name for the wizard [[Gwydion]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bromwich |first=Rachel |title=Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain |isbn=9781783161461 |date=15 November 2014 |publisher=University of Wales Press |page=147 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=K2euBwAAQBAJ&q=%22Ynys+Wair%22&pg=PA147}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore |isbn=9781438110370 |last1=Monaghan |first1=Patricia |date=14 May 2014 |publisher=Infobase |page=477 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=nd9R6GQBB_0C&q=%22Ynys+Wair%22&pg=PA477}}</ref>

==History==
Lundy has evidence of visitation or occupation from the [[Mesolithic]] period onward, with [[Neolithic]] flintwork, [[Bronze Age]] [[burial mounds]], four inscribed gravestones from the early medieval period,<ref>See the discussion and bibliography in [[Elisabeth Okasha]], ''Corpus of early Christian inscribed stones of South-west Britain'' (Leicester: University Press, 1993), pp. 154–66.</ref><ref name="Lundy Field Society">Lundy Field Society 40th Annual Report for 1989. pp. 34–47.</ref> and an early medieval monastery (possibly dedicated to St Elen or [[Helena (Empress)|St Helen]]).

===Beacon Hill Cemetery===
[[File:Beacon hill sketch.svg|thumb|left|Sketch of Beacon Hill Cemetery]]

Beacon Hill Cemetery was excavated by [[Charles Thomas (historian)|Charles Thomas]] in 1969.<ref name="thomas1994">Charles Thomas, ''And Shall These Mute Stones Speak?'' (1994) Cardiff: University of Wales Press</ref> The cemetery contains four inscribed stones, dated to the 5th or 6th century AD.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CISP - Site: Beacon Hill, Lundy |url= https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/site/lundy.html |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=UCL.ac.uk}}</ref> The site was originally enclosed by a curvilinear bank and ditch, which is still visible in the southwest corner, however, the other walls were moved when the Old Light was constructed in 1819.<ref>{{Historic England|num=1016040|desc=Chapel remains, cemetery and prehistoric settlement on Beacon Hill, Lundy|access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> [[Celtic Christian]] enclosures of this type were common in Western Britain and are known as {{lang|cy|[[Llan (place name element)|Llans]]}} in Welsh and {{lang|kw|Lanns}} in [[Cornish language|Cornish]]. There are surviving examples in [[Luxulyan]], in Cornwall; [[Mathry]], [[Meidrim]] and [[Clydau]] in the south of Wales; and [[Stowford]], [[Jacobstowe]], [[Lydford]] and [[Instow]], in Devon.{{citation needed|date=January 2024}}

Thomas proposed the following sequence of site usage:<ref>{{Cite web |title=CISP - Site: Beacon Hill, Lundy |url= https://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/site/lundy.html |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=UCL.ac.uk}}</ref>
# An area of [[Roundhouse (dwelling)|round huts]] and fields. These huts may have fallen into disuse before the construction of the cemetery.
# The construction of the focal grave, an {{convert|11|by|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} rectangular stone enclosure containing a single [[cist]] grave. The interior of the enclosure was filled with small granite pieces. Two more cist graves located to the west of the enclosure may also date from this time.
# Perhaps 100 years later, the focal grave was opened and the infill removed. The body may have been moved to a church at this time.
# Two further stages of cist grave construction around the focal grave.

Twenty-three cist graves were found during this excavation. Considering that the excavation only uncovered a small area of the cemetery, there may be as many as 100 graves.

====Inscribed stones====
[[File:Lundy inscribed stones.jpg|thumb|Inscribed stones]]
Four [[Celtic inscribed stone]]s have been found in Beacon Hill Cemetery:
* 1400 OPTIMI,<ref name="thomas1994" /> or TIMI;<ref name="okasha1993">[[Elisabeth Okasha]], (1993) ''Corpus of Early Christian Inscribed Stones of South-west Britain''. Leicester: University Press</ref> the name (or perhaps epithet) Optimus is Latin and male. Discovered in 1962 by D. B. Hague.<ref name="CISP">{{cite web |url= http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/cisp/database/ |title=Celtic Inscribed Stones Project history |access-date=6 January 2008}}</ref>
* 1401 RESTEVTAE,<ref name="thomas1994" /> or RESGEVT[A],<ref name="okasha1993" /> [[Latin]], female i.e. Resteuta or Resgeuta. Discovered in 1962 by D. B. Hague.<ref name="CISP" />
* 1402 POTIT[I],<ref name="thomas1994" /> or [PO]TIT,<ref name="okasha1993" /> Latin, male. Discovered in 1961 by K. S. Gardener and A. Langham.<ref name="CISP" />
* 1403 --]IGERNI [FIL]I TIGERNI,<ref name="thomas1994" /> or—I]GERNI [FILI] [T]I[G]ERNI,<ref name="okasha1993" /> [[Common Brittonic|Brittonic]], male i.e. Tigernus son of Tigernus. Discovered in 1905.<ref name="CISP" />

===Knights Templar===
Lundy was granted to the [[Knights Templar]] by [[Henry II of England|Henry II]] in 1160. The Templars were a major international maritime force at this time, with interests in North Devon, and almost certainly an important port at [[Bideford]] or on the [[River Taw]] in [[Barnstaple]]. This was probably because of the increasing threat posed by the [[North Germanic peoples|Norse]] sea raiders; however, it is unclear whether they ever took possession of the island. Ownership was disputed by the Marisco family who may have already been on the island during [[Stephen, King of England|King Stephen's]] reign. The Mariscos were fined, and the island was cut off from necessary supplies.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fairyjo.info/News/2006/07/26/ |title=Lundy Island Pirates&nbsp;— William de Marisco |access-date=6 September 2007 |work=FairyJo}}</ref> Evidence of the Templars' weak hold on the island came when [[John, King of England|King John]], on his accession in 1199, confirmed the earlier grant.<ref name="Lundy history">{{cite web |last=Robson |first=Pete |title=History |date=2012 |work=LundyPete.com |url= http://www.lundypete.com/history.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180820005651/http://www.lundypete.com/history.html |archive-date=20 August 2018}}</ref>

===Marisco family===
[[File:Mariscocastle.jpg|thumb|Marisco Castle]]
[[File:Marisco Castle on the southern tip of Lundy Island in Devon.jpg|thumb|A [[lidar]] view of Marisco Castle and associated features]]
In 1235, William de Marisco was implicated in the murder of Henry Clement, a messenger of [[Henry III of England|Henry III]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Maitland |first=F. W. |date=April 1895 |title=The Murder of Henry Clement |journal=The English Historical Review |volume=10 |issue=38 |pages=294–297 |doi=10.1093/ehr/X.XXXVIII.294 |jstor=547790 |url= https://zenodo.org/record/1860451}}</ref> Three years later, an attempt was made to kill Henry III by a man who later confessed to being an agent of the Marisco family. William de Marisco fled to Lundy where he lived as a virtual king. He built a stronghold in the area now known as Bulls' Paradise with walls {{convert|9|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} thick.<ref name="Lundy history" />

In 1242, Henry III sent troops to the island. They scaled the island's cliff and captured William de Marisco and 16 of his "subjects". Henry III built the castle (sometimes referred to as the Marisco Castle) in an attempt to establish the rule of law on the island and its surrounding waters.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1104957 |desc=Marisco Castle, Keep and Bailey |access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> In 1275, the island is recorded as being in the Lordship of [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]]<ref>Calendarium Inquisitionum Post Mortem Edward I, Anno. 3 (1275), entry 54, p.56, https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/27355-redirection</ref> but by 1322 it was in the possession of [[Thomas, 2nd Earl of Lancaster]] and was among the large number of lands seized by [[Edward II of England|Edward II]] following Lancaster's execution for rebelling against the King.<ref>Inquisitions Post Mortem Edward II, (1322), No. 49, p.307, https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/27355-redirection</ref> At some point in the 13th century the monks of the [[Cistercian]] order at [[Cleeve Abbey]] in [[Somerset]] held the rectory of the island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Stuart A. |title=Cleeve Abbey |publisher=English Heritage |date=2000 |isbn=978-1-85074-760-4 |page=26}}</ref>

===Piracy===
Over the next few centuries, the island was hard to govern. Trouble followed as both English and foreign pirates and [[privateer]]s&nbsp;– including other members of the Marisco family&nbsp;– took control of the island for short periods. Ships were forced to navigate close to Lundy because of the dangerous shingle banks in the fast flowing [[River Severn]] and Bristol Channel, with its tidal range of {{convert|27|ft|m|1|abbr=off}},<ref>
{{cite book |title=Sailing Directions for the West Coast of England from the Scilly Islands to the Mull of Galloway, including the Isle of Man |publisher=Admiralty Hydrographic Department |date=1891 |location=London |page=54}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tides and Currents |publisher=Lundy Marine Protection Zone |url= http://www.lundymcz.org.uk/weather/tide-and-currents |access-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> one of the greatest in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/severnpositionmay2006_1508223.pd |work=UK Environment Agency |title=Severn Estuary Barrage |date=31 May 2006 |access-date=3 September 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930155720/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/severnpositionmay2006_1508223.pd |archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/bristol/content/articles/2005/07/04/bristolchannel_feature.shtml |title=Coast: Bristol Channel |work=BBC |access-date=27 August 2007}}</ref> This made the island a profitable location from which to prey on passing [[Bristol]]-bound merchant ships bringing back valuable goods from overseas.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://pages.prodigy.net/rodney.broome/pirlundy.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080108121448/http://pages.prodigy.net/rodney.broome/pirlundy.htm |archive-date=8 January 2008 |title=Pirate Island |access-date=6 September 2007 |work=Rodney Broome}}</ref>

In 1627, a group known as the [[Salé Rovers]], from the [[Republic of Salé]] (now [[Salé]] in [[Morocco]]) occupied Lundy for five years. These [[Barbary pirates]], under the command of a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] renegade named [[Jan Janszoon]], flew a [[Moorish]] flag over the island. Slaving raids were made embarking from Lundy by the Barbary Pirates, and captured Europeans were held on Lundy before being sent to Salé and [[Algiers]] to be [[barbary slave trade|sold as slaves]] as part of the [[Slavery on the Barbary Coast|Barbary coast slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Milton |first=Giles |title=White Gold: The Forgotten Story of North Africa's One Million European Slaves |date=2005 |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton |isbn=978-0340895092}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=de Bruxelles |first=Simon |date=28 February 2007 |title=Pirates who got away with it by sailing closer to the wind |work=[[The Times]] |location=London |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1449736.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070302095231/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/africa/article1449736.ece |archive-date=2 March 2007 |quote=The pirates ceased to be a problem after the French conquered their raiding base, Algiers, in 1830 — and the secret of their crucial advantage was lost.&nbsp;... Barbary pirates raided villages along the Devon and Cornwall coast, setting up a base on Lundy Island&nbsp;.... Those taken were sold in Algiers slave markets or worked to death as galley slaves.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Konstam |first=Angus |title=Piracy: The Complete History |date=2008 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=USiyy1ZA-BsC&pg=PA91 |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84603-240-0 |page=91}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |title=Europe: A History |date=1996 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-820171-7 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&pg=PA561 |page=561}}</ref>

From 1628 to 1634, in addition to the Barbary Pirates, the island was plagued by privateers of French, Basque, English and Spanish origin targeting the lucrative shipping routes passing through the Bristol Channel. These incursions were eventually ended by [[John Penington]], but in the 1660s and as late as the 1700s the island still fell prey to French privateers.<ref>{{cite book |last=Chanter |first=John Roberts |title=Lundy Island: A Monograph, Descriptive and Historical |date=1877 |publisher=Cassell, Petter & Galpin |pages=78–89 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CfkGAAAAQAAJ}}</ref>

===Civil war===
In the [[English Civil War]], [[Thomas Bushell (mining engineer)|Thomas Bushell]] held Lundy for King [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], rebuilding Marisco Castle and garrisoning the island at his own expense. He was a friend of [[Francis Bacon]], a strong supporter of the [[Cavalier|Royalist]] cause and an expert on mining and coining. It was the last Royalist territory held between the [[First English Civil War|first]] and [[Second English Civil War|second]] civil wars. After receiving permission from Charles I, Bushell surrendered the island on 24 February 1647 to Richard Fiennes, representing [[General Fairfax]].<ref name="Boundy">{{Cite book |last=Boundy |first=Wyndham Sydney |title=Bushell and Harman of Lundy |date=1961 |publisher=Gazette Printing Service |location=Bideford}}</ref> In 1656, the island was acquired by [[William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele|Lord Saye and Sele]].<ref name="library">{{cite web |url= http://www.devon.gov.uk/localstudies/110578/1.html |title=Lundy Community Page |access-date=6 September 2007 |work=Devon County Libraries |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070908001850/http://www.devon.gov.uk/localstudies/110578/1.html |archive-date=8 September 2007}}</ref>
[[File:Millcombehouse.jpg|thumb|Millcombe House]]
[[File:Interior of St Helena's church, Lundy.jpg|thumb|right|Interior of St. Helen's Church, prior to the east window's restoration in 2018]]
[[File:St. Helen's Church.jpg|thumb|right|Exterior of St. Helen's Church, taken prior to the 2018 renovations]]
[[File:Government House on Lundy Island.jpg|thumb|right|Government House, built in 1982]]

===18th and 19th centuries===
The late 18th and early 19th centuries were years of lawlessness on Lundy, particularly during the ownership of [[Thomas Benson (1708–1772)|Thomas Benson]] (1708–1772), a [[Member of Parliament]] for Barnstaple in 1747 and [[Sheriff of Devon]], who notoriously used the island for housing convicts whom he was supposed to be deporting. Benson leased Lundy from its owner, [[John Leveson-Gower, 1st Earl Gower]] (1694–1754) (who was an heir of the Grenville family of Bideford and of [[Stowe, Kilkhampton]] in Cornwall), at a rent of £60 per annum and contracted with the Government to transport a shipload of convicts to [[Virginia]], but diverted the ship to Lundy to use the convicts as his personal slaves. Later Benson was involved in an insurance swindle. He purchased and insured the ship ''Nightingale'' and loaded it with a valuable cargo of pewter and linen. Having cleared the port on the mainland, the ship put into Lundy, where the cargo was removed and stored in a cave built by the convicts, before setting sail again. Some days afterwards, when a homeward-bound vessel was sighted, the ''Nightingale'' was set on fire and scuttled. The crew were taken off the stricken ship by the other ship, which landed them safely at [[Clovelly]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lerwill-life.org.uk/history/lundy.htm |title=Lundy, the Mariscos and Benson |work=Lerwill-Life.org.uk |access-date=6 September 2007}}</ref>

[[Vere Hunt|Sir Vere Hunt, 1st Baronet of Curragh]], a rather eccentric Irish politician and landowner, and unsuccessful man of business, purchased the island from John Cleveland in 1802 for £5,270. Hunt planted in the island a small, self-contained Irish colony with its own constitution and divorce laws, coinage, and stamps. The tenants came from Hunt's [[Curraghchase Forest Park|Irish estate]] and they experienced agricultural difficulties while on the island. This led Hunt to seek someone who would take the island off his hands, failing in his attempt to sell the island to the British government as a base for troops.

After the 1st Baronet's death his son, [[Sir Aubrey de Vere, 2nd Baronet|Sir Aubrey (Hunt) de Vere, 2nd Baronet]], also had great difficulty in securing any profit from the property. In the 1820s, John Benison agreed to purchase the island for £4,500 but then refused to complete the sale, as he felt that de Vere could not make out a good title in respect of the sale terms, namely that the island was free from tithes and taxes.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.limerickcity.ie/Tools/Search/?cx=011573740689929430170%3Abzoybyvdyy0&cof=FORID%3A9&ie=UTF-8&q=de+vere&sa=Go&siteurl=www.limerick.ie%252FCollectionLists%252FCollectionListsinPDF%252F |title= Limerick City Archives, P22, De Vere Papers |access-date= 25 June 2010 |archive-date= 22 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722045600/http://www.limerickcity.ie/Tools/Search/?cx=011573740689929430170:bzoybyvdyy0&cof=FORID:9&ie=UTF-8&q=de+vere&sa=Go&siteurl=www.limerick.ie%2FCollectionLists%2FCollectionListsinPDF%2F |url-status= dead }}</ref>

William Hudson Heaven purchased Lundy in 1834, as a summer retreat and for [[Game (food)|hunting]], at a cost of 9,400 [[guineas]] (£9,870). He claimed it to be a "free island", and successfully resisted the jurisdiction of the mainland magistrates. Lundy was in consequence sometimes referred to as "the kingdom of Heaven". It belonged in law to the county of Devon, and had long been part of the [[Hundred (county subdivision)|hundred]] of [[Braunton]].<ref name="library" /> Many of the buildings on the island, including [[St Helen's Church, Lundy|St. Helen's Church]], designed by the architect [[John Norton (architect)|John Norton]], and Millcombe House (originally known simply as "the Villa"), date from the Heaven period. The [[Georgian-style]] villa was built in 1836.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1326626 |desc=Millcombe House |access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> However, the expense of building the road from the beach (no financial assistance being provided by [[Trinity House]], despite their frequent use of the road following the construction of the lighthouses), maintaining the villa, and the general cost of running the island had a ruinous effect on the family's finances, which had been diminished by reduced profits from their sugar plantations, rum production, and livestock rearing in [[Jamaica]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gambrill |first=Anthony |date=26 May 2019 |title=Kingdom of Heaven |url= https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/focus/20190526/anthony-gambrill-kingdom-heaven |access-date=13 February 2024 |website=[[The Gleaner]]}}</ref>

In 1957, a message in a bottle from one of the seamen of {{HMS|Caledonia|1808|6}} was washed ashore between [[Babbacombe]] and Peppercombe in Devon. The letter, dated 15 August 1843, read: "Dear Brother, Please e God i be with y against Michaelmas. Prepare y search Lundy for y Jenny ivories. Adiue William, Odessa". The bottle and letter are on display at the Portledge Hotel at Fairy Cross, in Devon, England. {{ship||Jenny|1783 ship|2}} was a three-masted [[full-rigged ship]] reputed to be carrying ivory and gold dust that was wrecked on Lundy on 20 January 1797 at a place thereafter called Jenny's Cove. Some ivory was apparently recovered some years later but the leather bags supposed to contain gold dust were never found.<ref>{{cite book |last=Page |first=John Lloyd Warden |title=The Coasts of Devon and Lundy Island: Their Towns, Villages, Scenery, Antiquities and Legends |location=London |publisher=Horace Cox |date=1895 |page=227}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Langham |first=A. F. |date=1994 |title=The Island of Lundy |location=Stroud |publisher=Sutton Publishing |page=142 |isbn=978-0-7509-0661-6}}</ref>

===20th and 21st centuries===
William Heaven was succeeded by his son the Reverend Hudson Grosset Heaven who, thanks to a legacy from Sarah Langworthy (née Heaven), was able to fulfill his life's ambition of building a stone church on the island. St Helen's was completed in 1896, and stands today as a lasting memorial to the Heaven period. It has been designated by [[English Heritage]] a Grade II [[listed building]].<ref>{{NHLE |num=1104955 |desc=Church of St Helen |access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> He is said to have been able to afford either a church or a new harbour. His choice of the church was not however in the best financial interests of the island. The unavailability of the money for re-establishing the family's financial soundness, coupled with disastrous investment and speculation in the early 20th century, caused severe financial hardship.<ref>{{cite news |last=Heaven |first=Will |title=Lundy: My family and the Kingdom of Heaven |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=5 November 2011 |url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/familyhistory/8866830/Lundy-My-family-and-the-Kingdom-of-Heaven.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=7 July 2016 |archive-url= https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/women/mother-tongue/familyhistory/8866830/Lundy-My-family-and-the-Kingdom-of-Heaven.html |archive-date=12 January 2022}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

[[File:1puffin1929.JPG|thumb|One Puffin coin of 1929, bearing the portrait of [[Martin Coles Harman]]]]
Hudson Heaven died in 1916, and was succeeded by his nephew, Walter Charles Hudson Heaven.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.fotw.info/Flags/gb-en-lu.html |title=Lundy Island |access-date=6 September 2007 |work=Flags of the World |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050124161206/https://www.fotw.info/Flags/gb-en-lu.html |archive-date=24 January 2005}}</ref> With the outbreak of the [[First World War]], matters deteriorated seriously, and in 1918 the family sold Lundy to Augustus Langham Christie. In 1924, the Christie family sold the island along with the mail contract and the [[Merchant vessel|MV]] ''Lerina'' to the businessman [[Martin Coles Harman]]. Harman issued two coins of Half Puffin and One Puffin denominations in 1929, nominally equivalent to the British halfpenny and penny, resulting in his prosecution under the [[United Kingdom]]'s [[Coinage Act 1870|Coinage Act of 1870]]. His case was heard by Devon [[Magistrates' court (England and Wales)|magistrates]] in April 1930, and he was fined £5 and ordered to pay £15 15 shillings (£15.75 in [[Decimal day|decimal currency]]) [[Costs in English law|costs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Lundy Island Coinage |work=[[The Times]] |date=17 April 1930 |page=16}}</ref> He appealed to the [[King's Bench Division]] of the [[High Court of Justice]] in 1931, but the appeal was dismissed.<ref>{{cite news |title=High Court of Justice |work=[[The Times]] |date=14 January 1931 |page=5}}</ref> The coins were withdrawn and became collector's items. In 1965, a "fantasy" restrike four-coin set, a few in gold, was issued to commemorate 40 years since Harman purchased the island.<ref name="Bruce">{{Cite book |last=Bruce |first=Colin R. |title=Unusual World Coins |edition=2nd |date=1988 |publisher=KP Books |isbn=978-0-87341-116-5}}</ref> Harman's son, [[John Pennington Harman]] was awarded a posthumous [[Victoria Cross]] during the [[Battle of Kohima]], [[India]] in 1944.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{London Gazette |issue= 36574|date=20 June 1944 |page=2961|supp=y}}</ref> There is a memorial to him at the VC Quarry on Lundy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MNA100302 {{!}} National Trust Heritage Records |url= https://heritagerecords.nationaltrust.org.uk/HBSMR/MonRecord.aspx?uid=MNA100302 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=heritagerecords.nationaltrust.org.uk}}</ref> Martin Coles Harman died in 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 1954 |title='King of Lundy Island' Is Dead at 69 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/07/archives/king-of-lundy-island-is-dead-at-69-m-c-harman-bought-vestpocket.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220610180933/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/12/07/archives/king-of-lundy-island-is-dead-at-69-m-c-harman-bought-vestpocket.html |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=1 February 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

Residents did not pay taxes to the United Kingdom and had to pass through customs when they travelled to and from Lundy Island.<ref>{{cite book |last=Fogle |first=Ben |title=Offshore: In Search of an Island of My Own |date=2007 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9780141930435 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BNNwCPfPFrAC&q=Lundy+travel+customs+tax&pg=PT67}}</ref> Although the island was ruled as a virtual [[fiefdom]], its owner never claimed to be independent of the United Kingdom, in contrast to later territorial "[[micronation]]s".<!-- Debateable. Harman claimed that Lundy was "a self-governing dominion of the [[British Empire]] recognising King George as its head" (quote from the coinage court case).-->

Following the death of Harman's son Albion in 1968,<ref>"Island owner dies after air lift" (source unknown). 24 June 1968</ref> Lundy was put up for sale in 1969. [[Jack Hayward]], a British millionaire, purchased the island for £150,000 (£{{Inflation|UK|150000|1969|r=-3|fmt=c}} today) and gave it to the National Trust,<ref name="Bruce" /> who leased it to the Landmark Trust. The Trust has managed the island since then, deriving its income from arranging day trips, letting out holiday cottages and from donations. In May 2015 a sculpture by [[Antony Gormley]] was erected on Lundy. It is one of five life-sized sculptures, ''Land'', placed near the centre and at four compass points of the UK in a commission by the Landmark Trust, to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The others are at [[Lowsonford]] ([[Warwickshire]]), [[Saddell Bay]] ([[Scotland]]), [[Aldeburgh#Martello Tower|the Martello Tower]] ([[Aldeburgh]], [[Suffolk]]), and [[Clavell Tower]] ([[Kimmeridge Bay]], [[Dorset]]).<ref name="landmark">{{cite web |url= http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/news-and-events/50th-anniversary/land/ |title=Land – An art installation for all to mark Landmark's 50th year |work=Landmark Trust |access-date=8 July 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150702142330/http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/news-and-events/50th-anniversary/land |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bbcland">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-32702277 |title=Sir Antony Gormley sculptures placed at five UK beauty spots |work=BBC |date=12 May 2015 |access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref>

The island is visited by over 20,000 day trippers a year, but during September 2007 had to be closed for several weeks owing to an outbreak of [[norovirus]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Bruxelles |first=Simon |title=Island closes down after stomach bug |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2500379.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090516053533/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2500379.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= 16 May 2009 |work=Times Online |date=21 September 2007 |access-date=29 September 2007 |location=London}}</ref>

An inaugural Lundy Island half-marathon took place on 8 July 2018 with 267 competitors.<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.puretrail.uk/lundy/ |title=The Lundy Island Race – Sunday 8th July 2018 |publisher=Pure Trail Running  |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref>

===Wrecked ships and aircraft===
====Wreck of ''Jenny''====
Near the end of a voyage from [[Africa]] to Bristol, the British [[merchant ship]] ''Jenny'' was wrecked on the coast of Lundy on 20 January 1797.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The Marine List |journal=[[Lloyd's List]] |issue=2893 |orig-date=27 January 1797 |date=1969 |location=Westmead, Hampshire |publisher=Gregg International Publishers |pages=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105233100&seq=23&q1=%22The+Jenny%22&start=1 1] |via=HathiTrust}}</ref> Only the [[first mate]] survived.<ref>{{cite news |title=Report of the wrecking of the Jenny |url= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-bath-journal/131775288/ |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=The Bath Journal |date=30 January 1797}}</ref> The site of the tragedy ({{coord|51|10.87|N|4|40.48|W}}) has since been known as Jenny's Cove.<ref>{{cite news |title=Jenny's Cove |url= https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-north-devon-herald/131775385/ |access-date=14 September 2023 |work=The North Devon Herald |date=17 June 1897}}</ref>

====Wreck of Battleship ''Montagu''====
[[File:HMS Montagu (1901) Aground Lundy Island 1906.jpg|thumb|left|Battleship [[HMS Montagu (1901)|HMS ''Montagu'']] aground on Lundy in 1906]]
Steaming in heavy [[fog]], the [[Royal Navy]] [[battleship]] {{HMS|Montagu|1901|6}} ran hard aground near Shutter Rock on Lundy's southwest corner at about 2:00&nbsp;a.m. on 30 May 1906.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Burt |first=R. A. |title=British Battleships 1889–1904 |publisher=Naval Institute Press |location=Annapolis, Maryland |date=1988 |pages=205–206 |isbn=978-0-87021-061-7}}</ref> Thinking they were aground at [[Hartland Point]] on the English mainland, a landing party went ashore for help, only finding out where they were after encountering the [[lighthouse]] keeper at the island's north light.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Coutanche |first=André |title=History 1836–1925 – the Heaven era |url= https://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/history/1836-1925 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=The Lundy Field Society}}</ref>

[[File:HMS Montagu (1901) Heavy Fittings Removed 1906.jpg|thumb|right|HMS ''Montagu'' during the failed salvage attempts of the summer of 1906]]Strenuous efforts by the Royal Navy to salvage the badly damaged battleship during the summer of 1906 failed, and in 1907 it was decided to give up and sell her for scrap.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shepstone |first=Harold J. |date=21 September 1907 |title=Breaking Up the Ill-fated British Battleship ''Montagu'' |url= https://zenodo.org/records/2138490 |magazine=[[Scientific American]] |page=211 |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican09211907-211 |via=Zenodo |volume=97 |issue=12}}</ref> ''Montagu'' was scrapped at the scene over the next fifteen years. Diving clubs still visit the site, where armour plating remains among the rocks and kelp.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Booth |first=Tony |url= http://archive.org/details/admiraltysalvage0000boot |title=Admiralty Salvage: In Peace & War 1906–2006 |date=2007 |publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime |isbn=978-1-84415-565-1 |location=Barnsley, S. Yorkshire |page=14}}</ref>

====Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber====
[[File:Remains of a German Heinkel 111H bomber.JPG|thumb|Remains of one of the Heinkels just south of Halfway Wall]]
During the [[Second World War]] two German [[Heinkel He 111]] bombers crash landed on the island in 1941. The first was on 3 March, when all the crew survived and were taken prisoner.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lloyd |first=Howard |date=21 March 2021 |title=German bombers crash-landing on Lundy Island provoked angry mob |url= https://www.devonlive.com/news/history/month-two-german-bombers-incredibly-5202121 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Devon Live}}</ref>

The second was on 1 April when the pilot was killed and the other crew members were taken prisoner.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gade |first1=Mary |last2=Michael |first2=Harman |title=Lundy's War |date=1995 |publisher=Mary Gade |location=Appledore |isbn=978-0-9525602-0-3}}</ref> This plane had bombed a British ship and one engine was damaged by [[anti aircraft]] fire, forcing it to crash land. Most of the metal was salvaged, although a few remains can be found at the crash site to date. Reportedly, to avoid reprisals, the crew concocted the story that they were on a reconnaissance mission.<ref>{{cite web |title=Heinkel He-111 3911 - Lundy |url= http://members.multimania.co.uk/daveswrecks/photoalbum16.html |publisher=AIRCRAFT WRECKS in the UK & Ireland |access-date=3 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100620055821/http://members.multimania.co.uk/daveswrecks/photoalbum16.html |archive-date=20 June 2010}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:Jointed Granite on Lundy in England.jpg|thumb|left|Lundy granite with [[Joint (geology)|joint]]s]]
The island of Lundy is {{convert|5|km|mi|0|order=flip}} long from north to south by a little over {{convert|1|km|mi|frac=8|abbr=off|order=flip}} wide, with an area of {{convert|1100|acre|ha|abbr=off}}.<ref name="devonbirds.org" /><ref name="devon.gov.uk" /> The highest point on Lundy is Beacon Hill, {{convert|469|ft|m|0|abbr=off}} above sea level.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/learning/main/netnotes/sectionid100663472.htm |title=Geography Place and People: On the Map |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=26 February 2015}}</ref> A few yards off the northeastern coast is Seal's Rock which is so called after the [[pinniped|seals]] which rest on and inhabit the [[islet]].<ref>[http://genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/LundyIsland/LundyMurray1879.html "LUNDY ISLAND"] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110509132414/http://genuki.cs.ncl.ac.uk/DEV/LundyIsland/LundyMurray1879.html |date=9 May 2011}} in ''A Handbook for Travellers in Devonshire'' (9th ed.), London, J. Murray, (1879).</ref><ref name="Dive Sites around Lundy">{{cite web |url= http://www.lundy.org.uk/dive/ |title=Diving |publisher=Lundy Field Society |access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> It is less than {{convert|55|yd|m|abbr=off}} wide.<ref name="Dive Sites around Lundy" /> Near the jetty is a small [[pocket beach]]. One of the [[Met Office|Meteorological Office's]] 31 sea areas announced on the BBC Radio 4 [[shipping forecast]] is named Lundy.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shipping forecast key |url= https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/guides/coast-and-sea/shipping-forecast |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=Met Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 August 2017 |title=150 years of the Shipping Forecast |url= https://www.bbc.com/weather/weather-watcher/41025017 |access-date=25 January 2024 |work=BBC Weather}}</ref>

===Geology===
The island is primarily composed of [[granite]] of 59.8 ± 0.4 – 58.4 ± 0.4 million years<ref name="Charles, et al. (2017)">{{cite journal |last1=Charles |first1=J. H. |last2=Whitehouse |first2=M. J. |last3=Andersen |first3=J. C. Ø. |last4=Shail |first4=R. K. |last5=Searle |first5=M. P. |title=Age and petrogenesis of the Lundy granite: Paleocene intraplate peraluminous magmatism in the Bristol Channel, UK |date=4 October 2017 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=175 |issue=1 |pages=44–59 |url= https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/bitstream/10871/29676/1/Charles%20et%20al%20%28JGSL%29%20Lundy.pdf |bibcode=2018JGSoc.175...44C |doi=10.1144/jgs2017-023 |hdl=10871/29676 |s2cid=56117113 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> (from the [[Palaeocene]] [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]]), with [[slate]] at the southern end; the plateau soil is mainly [[loam]], with some [[peat]].<ref name="SSSI" /><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.english-nature.org.uk/virtualtours/Lundy/Lundy_geology.htm |title=Lundy island, virtual tour&nbsp;— geology |access-date=5 September 2007 |work=Natural England}}</ref> Among the [[igneous]] [[Dike (geology)|dykes]] cutting the granite are a small number composed of a unique [[Trachyte|orthophyre]].  This was given the name Lundyite in 1914, although the term&nbsp;– never precisely defined&nbsp;– has since fallen into disuse.<ref name="Charles, et al. (2017)" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=T. C. F. |date=1915 |chapter=Summer Programme of the Geological Survey |title=Monographs of the [[United States Geological Survey]] |volume=53 |issue=56}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=July 2024|reason=Either this is missing the journal name, or it has the journal name wrongly in "title=" and is missing the article title, or this is not a journal article but something else that should be in another template.}} It is possible, based on emplacement of magmas of the [[basalt]], trachyte and [[rhyolite]] types at a high levels in Earth's crust, that a [[volcano]] system existed above Lundy.<ref name="geolun">{{cite web |title=The Geology of Lundy |url= https://lfs-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/is/LFS_Island_Studies_Smith_Roberts-Geology.pdf |access-date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

===Climate===
Lundy lies on the line where the North [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the Bristol Channel meet, so it has quite a mild climate. The island has cool, wet winters and mild, wet summers. It is often windy and fog is frequently experienced.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate in Lundy Island, Temperature of Lundy Island, Weather in Lundy Island |website=TravelTill.com |url= https://www.traveltill.com/destination/United-Kingdom/Lundy-Island/climate.php |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref> The record high temperature is {{cvt|29.5|C|F}} on 2 August 1990,<ref name="Monthly Temperature Extremes">{{Cite web |title=Monthly Temperature Extremes |website=www.roostweather.com/index.php |publisher=Starlings Roost Weather |url= https://www.roostweather.com/ukobs/temp_station_extreme_map.php |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref> and the record low temperature is {{cvt|-5.5|C|F}} recorded just six months later on 8 February 1991.<ref name="Monthly Temperature Extremes"/> Lundy is in the USDA 9a plant hardiness zone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plant Cold Hardiness Zone Map of the British Isles |website=TreBrown.com |url= http://www.trebrown.com/hrdzone.html |access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref>
{{Weather box
|location = Lundy (1973–1994)
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan record high C= 12.1
|Feb record high C= 14.6
|Mar record high C= 15.7
|Apr record high C= 18.4
|May record high C= 21.7
|Jun record high C= 25.0
|Jul record high C= 27.0
|Aug record high C= 29.5
|Sep record high C= 22.2
|Oct record high C= 19.5
|Nov record high C= 18.0
|Dec record high C= 15.0
|year record high C=
| Jan avg record high C  = 10.2
| Feb avg record high C  = 10.2
| Mar avg record high C  = 11.3
| Apr avg record high C  = 14.3
| May avg record high C  = 17.4
| Jun avg record high C  = 20.2
| Jul avg record high C  = 21.2
| Aug avg record high C  = 21.5
| Sep avg record high C  = 19.1
| Oct avg record high C  = 16.6
| Nov avg record high C  = 14.5
| Dec avg record high C  = 11.6
| year avg record high C = 23.0
|Jan high C = 8.3
|Feb high C = 7.4
|Mar high C = 8.6
|Apr high C = 10.1
|May high C = 12.8
|Jun high C = 15.3
|Jul high C = 17.3
|Aug high C = 17.5
|Sep high C = 15.9
|Oct high C = 13.5
|Nov high C = 11.1
|Dec high C = 9.1
|year high C =
|Jan mean C = 7.2
|Feb mean C = 6.3
|Mar mean C = 7.4
|Apr mean C = 8.6
|May mean C = 11.0
|Jun mean C = 13.0
|Jul mean C = 15.7
|Aug mean C = 16.0
|Sep mean C = 14.6
|Oct mean C = 12.4
|Nov mean C = 9.6
|Dec mean C = 8.1
|year mean C =
|Jan low C = 6.0
|Feb low C = 5.2
|Mar low C = 6.3
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 9.1
|Jun low C = 12.7
|Jul low C = 14.3
|Aug low C = 14.7
|Sep low C = 13.4
|Oct low C = 11.3
|Nov low C = 8.9
|Dec low C = 7.0
|year low C =
| Jan avg record low C  = 1.7
| Feb avg record low C  = 1.1
| Mar avg record low C  = 2.5
| Apr avg record low C  = 3.5
| May avg record low C  = 6.8
| Jun avg record low C  = 9.6
| Jul avg record low C  = 12.0
| Aug avg record low C  = 12.3
| Sep avg record low C  = 10.6
| Oct avg record low C  = 8.3
| Nov avg record low C  = 5.2
| Dec avg record low C  = 3.2
| year avg record low C = -0.4
|Jan record low C= -5.0
|Feb record low C= -5.5
|Mar record low C= -0.8
|Apr record low C= -0.9
|May record low C= 3.0
|Jun record low C= 5.0
|Jul record low C= 10.4
|Aug record low C= 3.2
|Sep record low C= 8.4
|Oct record low C= 5.1
|Nov record low C= 1.0
|Dec record low C= 0.6
|year record low C=
|Jan rain days = 19.2
|Feb rain days = 14.5
|Mar rain days = 17.4
|Apr rain days = 13.0
|May rain days = 13.0
|Jun rain days = 12.7
|Jul rain days = 13.2
|Aug rain days = 13.1
|Sep rain days = 16.5
|Oct rain days = 18.5
|Nov rain days = 18.8
|Dec rain days = 19.5
|year rain days=
|Jan humidity= 84.4
|Feb humidity= 85.6
|Mar humidity= 86.1
|Apr humidity= 85.6
|May humidity= 83.4
|Jun humidity= 84.9
|Jul humidity= 84.9
|Aug humidity= 80.2
|Sep humidity= 82.5
|Oct humidity= 81.7
|Nov humidity= 82.0
|Dec humidity= 80.3
|year humidity=
|Jan snow days = 0.8
|Feb snow days = 1.3
|Mar snow days = 0.5
|Apr snow days = 0.2
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.0
|Dec snow days = 0.1
|year snow days=
|source 1 = En.tutiempo<ref name="en.tutiempo">{{cite web |url= https://en.tutiempo.net/climate/ws-37020.html |title=Lundy Climate Period: 1973-1994 |publisher=En.tutiempo |access-date=27 October 2017}}</ref>
|source 2 = Starlings Roost Weather<ref name="srw">{{cite web |url= https://www.roostweather.com/ukobs/temp_station_extreme_map.php |title=Monthly Temperature Extremes |publisher=Roost Weather |access-date=6 July 2025}}</ref>
|date=July 2025}}

==Ecology==

===Flora===
[[File:Lundy Cabbage.JPG|thumb|left|Lundy cabbage (growing at [[Bristol Zoo]])]]
The vegetation on the plateau is mainly dry heath, with an area of waved [[Calluna]] heath; the northern end of the island is largely bare rock.<ref>{{cite web |last=Hubbard |first=Elizabeth |title=Botanical studies |publisher=Lundy Field Society |url= https://lfs-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/is/LFS_Island_Studies_Hubbard-Botany.pdf |date=1997 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref> This area is also rich in [[lichen]]s, such as ''Teloschistes flavicans'' and several species of [[Cladonia]] and [[Parmelia (lichen)|Parmelia]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=Anne |title=Lichen Specialities of Lundy: An Overview |date=2008 |journal=Journal of the Lundy Field Society |url= https://lfs-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/j1/LFS_Journal_Vol_1_Part_4.pdf |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

Other areas are either a dry heath/acidic grassland mosaic, characterised by heaths and [[western gorse]] (''Ulex gallii''), or semi-improved acidic grassland in which [[Yorkshire fog]] (''Holcus lanatus'') is abundant. Tussocky (Thrift) (Holcus/Armeria) communities occur mainly on the western side, and some patches of [[bracken]] (''Pteridium aquilinum'') on the eastern side.<ref name="SSSI" />

There is one [[endemic]] plant species, the [[Lundy cabbage]] ''(Coincya wrightii)'', a species of primitive [[brassica]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lundy.org.uk/island/cabbage.html |title=The Lundy Cabbage |publisher=Lundy Field Society |access-date=28 May 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140529051524/http://www.lundy.org.uk/island/cabbage.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

By the 1980s, the eastern side of the island had become overgrown by [[rhododendron]]s (''Rhododendron ponticum'') which had spread from a few specimens planted in the garden of Millcombe House in [[Victorian times]], but in recent years significant efforts have been made to eradicate this non-native plant.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Crompton |first1=Stephen G. |last2=Key |first2=Roger S. |last3=Pratt |first3=Steve |date=2016 |title=Progress Towards Eradication of ''Rhododendrum ponticum'' on Lundy |url= https://lfs-resources.s3.amazonaws.com/j5/LFS_Journal_Vol_5_Part_3.pdf |journal=Journal of the Lundy Field Society |volume=5 |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

===Fauna===

====Terrestrial invertebrates====
Two invertebrate taxa are endemic to Lundy, with both feeding on the endemic Lundy cabbage (''[[Coincya wrightii]]''). These are the Lundy cabbage flea beetle (''[[Psylliodes luridipennis]]''), a species of [[leaf beetle]] (family Chrysomelidae) and the Lundy cabbage weevil ({{ill|Ceutorhynchus contractus|fr|italic=yes}} var. ''pallipes''), a variety of [[true weevil]] (family Curculionidae).<ref name="Natural England">{{cite web |url= http://www.english-nature.org.uk/virtualtours/Lundy/Lundy_wildlife.htm |title=Lundy island, virtual tour&nbsp;— wildlife |access-date=5 September 2007 |work=Natural England |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081120062103/http://www.english-nature.org.uk/virtualtours/Lundy/Lundy_wildlife.htm |archive-date=20 November 2008}}</ref><ref name="Compton and Key" /> In addition, the Lundy cabbage is the main host of a flightless [[Form (zoology)|form]] of ''[[Psylliodes napi]]'' (another species of flea beetle) and a wide variety of other invertebrate species which are not endemic to the island.<ref name="Compton and Key">{{Cite journal |last1=Compton |first1=S. G. |last2=Key |first2=R. S. |title=''Coincya wrightii'' (O. E. Schulz) Stace (''Rhynchosinapis wrightii'' (O. E. Schulz) Dandy ex A. R. Clapham) |journal=Journal of Ecology |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=535–547 |date=2000 |bibcode=2000JEcol..88..535C |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2745.2000.00477.x |doi-access=free}}</ref> Another resident invertebrate of note is ''[[Atypus affinis]]'', the only British species of [[purseweb spider]].<ref name="Natural England" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Lundy: A Wildlife Haven |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/devon/content/articles/2005/11/11/lundy_island_feature.shtml |date=15 August 2010 |access-date=19 August 2014 |publisher=BBC}}</ref>

====Birds====
The population of [[Atlantic puffin|puffins]] (''Fratercula arctica'') on the island declined in the late 20th and early 21st centuries as a consequence of depredations by brown and [[black rat]]s (''Rattus rattus'') and possibly also as a result of commercial fishing for [[sand eel]]s, the puffins' principal prey. Since the elimination of rats in 2006, seabird numbers have increased. By 2023 the number of puffins had risen to 1,355 and the number of [[Manx shearwater]] to 25,000, representing 95% of England's breeding population of this seabird. The island has since 2014 become colonised by [[European storm petrel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Shear' success for Lundy's seabirds thanks to decades of conservation effort |date=12 October 2023 |website=Inside Ecology |url= https://insideecology.com/2023/10/12/shear-success-for-lundys-seabirds-thanks-to-decades-of-conservation-effort/ |access-date=25 January 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Atlantic Puffin Lundy.jpg|left|thumb|A group of six [[Atlantic puffin|puffins]] on Lundy, June 2008]]
As an isolated island on major migration routes, Lundy has a rich bird life and is a popular site for [[birdwatching]]. Large numbers of [[black-legged kittiwake]] (''Rissa tridactyla'') nest on the cliffs, as do [[razorbill]] (''Alca torda''), [[common guillemot]] (''Uria aalge''), [[European herring gull]] (''Larus argentatus''), [[lesser black-backed gull]] (''Larus fuscus''), [[northern fulmar]] (''Fulmarus glacialis''), [[European shag]] (''Phalacrocorax aristotelis''), [[Eurasian oystercatcher]] (''Haematopus ostralegus''), [[Eurasian skylark]] (''Alauda arvensis''), [[meadow pipit]] (''Anthus pratensis''), [[common blackbird]] (''Turdus merula''), [[European robin]] (''Erithacus rubecula''), and [[linnet]] (''Carduelis cannabina''). There are also smaller populations of [[peregrine falcon]] (''Falco peregrinus'') and [[common raven|raven]] (''Corvus corax'').<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lymbery |first=Philip |date=21 March 2017 |title=Plight of the falcon: Why the birds are under threat |url= https://inews.co.uk/news/long-reads/peregrine-falcon-lundy-island-philip-lymbery-54030 |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=inews.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Birds |url= https://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/wildlife-on-the-island/birds |access-date=9 February 2024 |website=Lundy.org.uk |publisher=Lundy Field Society}}</ref>

Lundy has attracted many [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant birds]], in particular species from [[North America]]. As of 2007, the island's bird list totals 317 species.<ref name="BirdsofLundy">{{cite book |last1=Davis |first1=Tim |last2=Jones |first2=Tim |date=2007 |title=The Birds of Lundy |others=Langman, Mike (ill.) |location=Berrynarbor |publisher=Devon Bird Watching & Preservation Society / Lundy Field Society |isbn=978-0-9540088-7-1}}</ref> This has included the following species, each of which represents the sole British record: [[Ancient murrelet]], [[eastern phoebe]], and [[eastern towhee]]. Records of [[bimaculated lark]], [[American robin]], and [[common yellowthroat]] were also firsts for Britain (American robin has also occurred two further times on Lundy).<ref name="BirdsofLundy" /> [[Veery]]s in 1987 and 1997 were Britain's second and fourth records, a [[Rüppell's warbler]] in 1979 was Britain's second, an [[eastern Bonelli's warbler]] in 2004 was Britain's fourth, and a [[black-faced bunting]] in 2001 Britain's third.<ref name="BirdsofLundy" />

Other [[British Birds rarities]] that have been sighted (single records unless otherwise indicated) are: [[little bittern]]; [[gyrfalcon]] (3 records); [[little crake|little]] and [[Baillon's crake]]s; [[collared pratincole]]; [[semipalmated sandpiper|semipalmated]] (5 records), [[least sandpiper|least]] (2 records), [[white-rumped sandpiper|white-rumped]], and [[Baird's sandpiper|Baird's]] (2 records) sandpipers; [[Wilson's phalarope]]; [[laughing gull]]; [[bridled tern]]; [[Pallas's sandgrouse]]; [[great spotted cuckoo|great spotted]], [[black-billed cuckoo|black-billed]], and [[yellow-billed cuckoo|yellow-billed]] (3 records) cuckoos; [[European roller]]; [[olive-backed pipit]]; [[citrine wagtail]]; [[Alpine accentor]]; [[thrush nightingale]]; [[red-flanked bluetail]]; [[western black-eared wheatear|western black-eared]] (2 records) and [[desert wheatear|desert]] wheatears; [[White's thrush|White's]], [[Swainson's thrush|Swainson's]] (3 records), and [[grey-cheeked thrush|grey-cheeked]] (2 records) thrushes; [[Sardinian warbler|Sardinian]] (2 records), [[Arctic warbler|Arctic]] (3 records), [[Radde's warbler|Radde's]], and [[western Bonelli's warbler]]s; [[Isabelline shrike|Isabelline]] and [[lesser grey shrike]]s; [[red-eyed vireo]] (7 records); [[two-barred crossbill]]; [[yellow-rumped warbler|yellow-rumped]] and [[blackpoll warbler]]s; [[yellow-breasted bunting|yellow-breasted]] (2 records) and [[black-headed bunting]]s (3 records); [[rose-breasted grosbeak]] (2 records); [[bobolink]]; and [[Baltimore oriole]] (2 records).<ref name="BirdsofLundy" />

====Mammals====
[[File:Sikadeerlundy.jpg|thumb|[[Sika deer]]]]
Lundy is home to an unusual range of introduced mammals, including a distinct breed of wild pony, the [[Lundy pony]], as well as [[Soay sheep]] (''Ovis aries''), [[sika deer]] (''Cervus nippon''), feral [[goat]]s (''Capra aegagrus hircus''), and [[European rabbit]], some of which are [[melanistic]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Timmermans |first1=Martijn |last2=Elmi |first2=Hanna |last3=Kett |first3=Stephen |title=Black rabbits on Lundy: Tudor treasures or post-war phonies? |date=2018 |journal=Journal of the Lundy Field Society |url=https://repository.mdx.ac.uk/download/fec81ca0e7ad1530523bc12b035f00ed1a2c474f093087a6b8ca99f75ec9e603/4959725/LFSJournal2018-Rabbits.pdf |issue=6 |access-date=9 February 2024}}</ref>

Other mammals which have made the island their home include the [[grey seal]] (''Halichoerus grypus'') and the [[Eurasian pygmy shrew]] (''Sorex minutus''). Until their elimination in 2006, in order to protect the nesting seabirds, Lundy was one of the few places in the UK where the black rat (''Rattus rattus'') could be found regularly.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hows.org.uk/inter/birds/exotics/gbm.htm |title=British Isles Exotic and Introduced Mammals |publisher=World of European Exotic and Introduced Species |access-date=15 September 2012}}</ref>

====Marine habitat====
In 1971, a proposal was made by the Lundy Field Society to establish a marine reserve, and the survey was led by Dr Keith Hiscock, supported by a team of students from [[Bangor University]]. Provision for the establishment of statutory Marine Nature Reserves was included in the [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]], and on 21 November 1986 the [[Secretary of State for the Environment]] announced the designation of a statutory reserve at Lundy.<ref name="lundymnr">{{cite web |url= http://www.lundy.org.uk/island/mnr.html |title=Lundy Island Marine Nature Reserve |access-date=28 May 2014 |publisher=Lundy Field Society |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140529052009/http://www.lundy.org.uk/island/mnr.html |archive-date=29 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is an outstanding variety of marine habitats and wildlife, and a large number of rare and unusual species in the waters around Lundy, including some species of [[seaweed]], [[Sponge|branching sponges]], [[sea fans]], and [[Coral|cup corals]].<ref name="lundymnr" />

In 2003, the first statutory No Take Zone (NTZ) for marine nature conservation in the UK was set up in the waters to the east of Lundy island.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.english-nature.org.uk/news/story.asp?ID=444 |title=Protection for Lundy Island's sea life boosted: The First No Take Zone in UK confirmed by Government |work=Press Release |publisher=Natural England |access-date=16 July 2008}}</ref> In 2008, this was declared as having been successful in several ways including the increasing size and number of [[Homarus gammarus|lobsters]] within the reserve, and potential benefits for other marine wildlife.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.wired-gov.net/wg/wg-news-1.nsf/0/4E6632DE31F71CBF802573D90053BC51 |title=Natural England says it's time to sink or swim to save our seas |type=press release |publisher=Natural England |via=Wired-Gov.net |access-date=28 May 2014}}</ref> However, the no take zone has received a mixed reaction from local fishermen.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/7508216.stm |title=Fishing ban brings seas to life |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=16 July 2008 |date=16 July 2008}}</ref>

On 12 January 2010 the island became Britain's first [[Marine protected area|Marine Conservation Zone]] designated under the [[Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009]], designed to help to preserve important habitats and species.<ref name="lmcz">{{cite web |url= http://www.lundymcz.org.uk/ |title=Lundy Marine Conservation Zone |publisher=Lundy Marine Conservation Zone |access-date=18 December 2011 |archive-date=29 December 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111229193004/http://www.lundymcz.org.uk/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/devon/8453202.stm |title=Lundy sea is England's first Maritime Conservation Zone |date=12 January 2010 |publisher=BBC |access-date=12 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jan/12/lundy-island-marine-conservation-zone |title=Lundy Island becomes England's first marine conservation zone |date=12 January 2010 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=12 January 2010 |location=London}}</ref>

[[File:Phocoena phocoena.2.jpg|300px|thumb|right|alt=The harbour porpoise is probably the most common cetacean in the waters around Lundy.|The [[harbour porpoise]] is probably the most common [[cetacea]]n in the waters around Lundy.]]
Three species of [[cetacea]]n are regularly seen from the island; them being the [[common bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphin]] (''Tursiops truncatrus''), [[common dolphin]] (''Delphinus delphis''), and [[harbour porpoise]] (''Phocoena phocoena''). Other cetacean species that are sighted from Lundy, albeit more rarely, are the [[Common minke whale|minke whale]] (''Balaenoptera acutorostrata''), [[Risso's dolphin]] (''Grampus griseus''), and [[long-finned pilot whale]] (''Globicephala melas''). [[Basking shark]]s (''Cetorhinus maximus''), [[ocean sunfish]] (''Mola mola''), and [[leatherback sea turtle]]s (''Dermochelys coriacea'') are also seen around Lundy, especially off the more sheltered eastern coast and only during the warmer months. Furthermore, there is a grey seal (''Halichoerus grypus'') colony consisting of roughly 60 animals that live around the island.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/lundyisland/discovering-lundy/wildlife/below-the-waves/marine-life/ |title=Marine life |website=LandmarkTrust.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/wildlife-in-the-sea/mammals |title=Mammals |website=Lundy.org.uk |publisher=Lundy Field Society |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Lundy.ferry.arp.750pix.jpg|thumb|300px|The Lundy [[ferry]] ''Oldenburg'' sails into [[Ilfracombe]] Harbour, [[North Devon]], past inflatable ThunderCat powerboats waiting to begin an offshore race.]]

===To the island===
There are two ways to get to Lundy, depending on the time of year. In the summer months (April to October) visitors are carried on the Landmark Trust's own vessel, [[MS Oldenburg|MS ''Oldenburg'']], which sails from both Bideford and [[Ilfracombe]]. Sailings are usually three days a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays, with additional sailings on Wednesdays during July and August. The voyage takes on average two hours, depending on ports, tides and weather. The ''Oldenburg'' was first registered in [[Bremen]], Germany, in 1958 and has been sailing to Lundy since being bought by the Lundy Company Ltd in 1985.<ref name="msoldenburg">{{cite web |title=MS ''Oldenburg'' |work=CaptainsVoyage |url= http://captainsvoyage.7.forumer.com/a/ms-oldenburg_post2232.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090615043933/http://captainsvoyage.7.forumer.com/a/ms-oldenburg_post2232.html |archive-date=15 June 2009}}</ref> In the winter months (November to March) the island is served by a scheduled [[helicopter]] service from Hartland Point. The helicopter operates on Mondays and Fridays.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting Lundy |website=LundyBirdObs.org.uk |publisher=Lundy Bird Observatory |url= https://lundybirdobs.org.uk/index.php/visiting-lundy |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> A grass runway of {{convert|435|by|30|yd|m|0|abbr=on}} is available, allowing access to small [[STOL]] aircraft.<ref>UK VFR flight guide, 2003 edition, {{ISBN|1-874783-62-4}}</ref>

===On the island===
In 2007, Derek Green, Lundy's general manager, launched an appeal to raise £250,000 to save the {{convert|1|mi|km|adj=mid|-long|round=0.5|abbr=off}} Beach Road, which had been damaged by heavy rain and high seas. The road was built in the first half of the 19th century to provide people and goods with safe access to the top of the island, {{convert|120|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above the only jetty.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Morris |first=Steven |title=£250,000 plea to save remote island's lifeline |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=5 September 2007 |location=London |url= https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/sep/05/3 |access-date=5 September 2007}}</ref> The fund-raising was completed on 10 March 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/news/index.htm#Lundyappealcomplete |title=Lundy road appeal completed |publisher=Landmark Trust |access-date=17 March 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080706095430/http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/news/index.htm#Lundyappealcomplete |archive-date=6 July 2008}}</ref>

===Lighthouses===
{{Main|Lighthouses on Lundy}}
The island has a pair of active lights built in 1897, and an older lighthouse no longer in service.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lundy North Lighthouse, Lundy, Devon |url= https://historicengland.org.uk/services-skills/education/educational-images/lundy-north-lighthouse-lundy-7008 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=historicengland.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Historic England|num=1016039|desc=The Old Lighthouse, Lundy|access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref>

==Flags==
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Flag of Lundy
| Image = Flag of Lundy.svg
| Alt = 
| Noborder = <!-- Leave blank for rectangular flag; for non-rectangular flag, type "yes". -->
| Nickname = 
| Morenicks = 
| Use = <!-- Required for |Symbol -->
| Symbol = <!-- |Use="6-digit FIAV usage code" is required. -->
| Proportion = 
| Adoption = 15 May 2010
| Relinquished = 
| Design = A white L on the hoist on a blue background
| Designer = 
}}
A number of flags have been used to represent Lundy. Since 2010, the [[Landmark Trust]] management has flown a 1954 flag to represent Lundy, being a white capital L on the hoist of a blue field.

===History===
{{Gallery|align=center|height=120
|File:Flag of Lundy (1932).svg|The first flag, introduced in 1932
|File:Flag of Lundy (~1930s–40s).svg|The Puffin Flag, introduced in the 1930s–40s
|File:Flag of Lundy (1945–1954).svg|The [[flag of Iceland]], which was flown on the island from the end of World War Two in 1945
|File:Flag of Lundy.svg|The current flag of Lundy, used 1954–1969 and 2010–present
|File:Flag of England.svg|The [[flag of England]], which was flown by the Landmark Trust administration from 1969 (when it gained control over the island) until 2010
}}

The first flag of Lundy was introduced in 1932 by [[Martin Coles Harman]], as part of his assertion that the island was "a self-governing dominion of the British Empire".<ref name=Langham>{{cite magazine |author=A.F. Langham |date=1989 |title=The Flags and Flagpoles of Lundy |url=https://lfs-resources.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/newsletter/LFS_Newsletter_20.pdf |work=Lundy Field Society Newsletter |page=13 |issue=20 |access-date=2025-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207231641/https://lfs-resources.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/newsletter/LFS_Newsletter_20.pdf |archive-date=2025-02-07|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History 1925-1969 – the Harman era |url=https://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/history/1925-1969 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250914163024/https://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/history/1925-1969 |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-14 |publisher=Lundy Field Society}}</ref> The flag was a simple red capital L on a white field with a blue border.<ref name="Langham" />

The single flag would eventually rot, and a new one would be made by Harman at least before 1945.<ref name="Langham" /> The new flag displayed a puffin on a white background with an outer blue and inner red border, and was named the 'Puffin Flag'.<ref name="Langham" />

That flag, too, would rot, and Harman would fly the [[flag of Iceland]] from the end of World War Two.<ref name="Langham" /> Tony Langham, who wrote a number of books on the topic of Lundy,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Books |url=https://www.lundy.org.uk/publications/books |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=www.lundy.org.uk |publisher=Lundy Field Society}}</ref> wrote in 1989 that he believed Harman's son, [[John Pennington Harman]], who died in the war in 1944,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> may have been gifted the flag as a "keen flag flyer".<ref name="Langham" />

In 1954, a new flag design was produced which displayed a white capital L on the hoist of a blue field.<ref name="Langham" />

In 1969, after the death of Albion Harman, the island ended up in the management of the [[Landmark Trust]], which opted to instead fly the [[flag of England]].<ref name="Langham" /> However, in 2010, the trust restored the 1954 flag.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History since 1969 – the Landmark Trust era |url=https://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/history/since-1969 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250914192024/https://www.lundy.org.uk/about-lundy/history/since-1969 |archive-date=2025-09-14 |access-date=2025-09-14 |publisher=Lundy Field Society}}</ref>

===Naval ensign===
{{Infobox flag
| Name = Ensign of Lundy
| Image = Naval ensign of Lundy.svg
| Alt = 
| Noborder = <!-- Leave blank for rectangular flag; for non-rectangular flag, type "yes". -->
| Nickname = 
| Morenicks = 
| Use = <!-- Required for |Symbol -->
| Symbol = <!-- |Use="6-digit FIAV usage code" is required. -->
| Proportion = 
| Adoption = June 2000
| Relinquished = 
| Design = A puffin on a white circle on a red field
| Designer = 
}}
[[File:MS Oldenburg - geograph.org.uk - 873551.jpg|thumb|The ''Oldenburg'', the ensign can be seen flying over it]]
The [[MS Oldenburg|MS ''Oldbenburg'']] has flown an ensign displaying a puffin on a white circle on a red background since June 2000.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Coutanche |first1=André |title=M.S. Oldenburg flags |url=https://www.fotw.info/flags/gb-en-lu.html#old |website=[[Flags Of The World]] |access-date=14 September 2025}}</ref><!-- Under normal circumstances this [[WP:FOTW]] reference would be considered generally unreliable, but I believe the person who wrote it (who has a previous background in writing about the flags of Lundy) may make this a special case, if you'd like to remove it I'd like to request you bring it up on the talk page (however I do not [[WP:OWN]] this sentence, so feel free to do so anyways), please do {{ping}} me, [[User:Coleisforeditor]] -->

==Electricity supply==
There is a small power station comprising three [[Cummins]] B and C series [[diesel engine]]s, offering an approximately 150 kVA 3-phase supply to most of the island buildings. Waste heat from the engine jackets is [[cogeneration|used for a district heating]] pipe. There are also plans to collect the waste heat from the engine exhaust heat gases to feed into the district heat network to improve the efficiency further.<ref>{{cite web |last=Green |first=Derek |title=Lundy General Managers Report for 2005 |work=Lundy.org.uk |url= http://lundy.org.uk/download/ar55/LFS_Annual_Report_Vol_55_Part_11.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160806210753/http://lundy.org.uk/download/ar55/LFS_Annual_Report_Vol_55_Part_11.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2016 |page=14}}</ref> The power is normally switched off between 00:00 and 06:30.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lundy Island Before You Depart Guide 2016 |publisher=Landmark Trust |url= http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/Documents/lundy/Before%20you%20depart%20guide%20-%20sailing%202016.pdf |access-date=16 February 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160224155740/http://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/Documents/lundy/Before%20you%20depart%20guide%20-%20sailing%202016.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2016}}</ref>

==Administration==
The island is an [[unparished area]] of Torridge district in the county of Devon.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/core_strategy_evidence_base-2.pdf |title=North Devon District Council & Torridge District Council Core Strategy DPDs: Evidence Base |work=Community Appraisals and Parish Plans in Torridge |publisher=North Devon Council |pages=15–16 |access-date=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110927153833/http://www.northdevon.gov.uk/core_strategy_evidence_base-2.pdf |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> It forms part of the [[Wards and electoral divisions of the United Kingdom|ward]] of Clovelly Bay.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1999/uksi_19992472_en.pdf |title=The District of Torridge (Electoral Changes) Order 1999 |access-date=5 September 2007 |work=UK Statutory Instruments}}</ref><ref name="ordnance">[http://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/election-maps/gb Ordnance Survey] Election Maps</ref> It is part of the constituency electing the Member of Parliament for [[Torridge and Tavistock]] and was from 1999 to 2020 part of the [[South West England (European Parliament constituency)|South West England constituency for the European Parliament]].<ref name="ordnance" />

In 2013, the island became a separate [[Church of England]] [[ecclesiastical parish]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.churchtimes.co.uk/articles/2013/20-december/news/uk/lundy-island-becomes-parish |title=Lundy island becomes parish |last=Saxbee |first=Helen |date=20 December 2013 |website=[[Church Times]] |access-date=14 September 2018}}</ref>

===Stamps===
Owing to a decline in population and lack of interest in the mail contract, the [[General Post Office|GPO]] ended its presence on Lundy at the end of 1927.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.stampcollectingblog.com/lundy-puffin-postage-stamps.php |title=Lundy Puffin Postage Stamps |access-date=20 September 2014 |work=Stamp Collecting Blog |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140824191539/http://www.stampcollectingblog.com/lundy-puffin-postage-stamps.php |archive-date=24 August 2014}} With images of "puffin" stamps.</ref> For the next two years Harman handled the mail to and from the island without charge.

On 1 November 1929, he decided to offset the expense by issuing two postage stamps ({{frac|2}} puffin in pink and 1 puffin in blue). One puffin is equivalent to one English penny. The printing of Puffin stamps continues to this day and they are available at face value from the Lundy Post Office. One used to have to stick Lundy stamps on the back of the envelope; but from 1962 Royal Mail allowed their use on the front of the envelope, but placed on the left side, with the right side reserved for the Royal Mail postage stamp or stamps. Lundy stamps are cancelled by a circular Lundy hand stamp. In 1974, the face value of the Lundy Island stamps was increased to include Royal Mail charges in addition to the charge for transporting mail to the mainland and so from that year it has not been necessary to affix a separate Royal Mail postage stamp.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lundy Postal Service |url= https://www.landmarktrust.org.uk/lundyisland/discovering-lundy/lundy-post/ |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=LandmarkTrust.org.uk}}</ref>

Lundy stamps are a type of postage stamp known to philatelists as "local carriage labels" or "local stamps". Issues of increasing value were made over the years, including air mail, featuring a variety of subjects. The market value of the early issues has risen substantially over the years. For the many thousands of annual visitors Lundy stamps have become part of the collection of the many British Local Posts collectors. The first catalogues of these stamps included Gerald Rosen's 1970 ''Catalogue of British Local Stamps''. Later specialist catalogues include ''Stamps of Lundy Island'' by Stanley Newman, first published in 1984, ''Phillips Modern British Locals CD Catalogue'', published since 2003, and ''Labbe's Specialised Guide to Lundy Island Stamps'', published since 2005 and now in its 11th Edition. Labbe's Guide is considered the gold standard of Lundy catalogues owing to its extensive approach to varieties, errors, specialised items, and "fantasy" issues.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.localcollectorspost.org/id21.html |title=The Lundy Changeling? |publisher=Lost Post Collectors Society |access-date=7 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160522060125/http://www.localcollectorspost.org/id21.html |archive-date=22 May 2016}}</ref>

There is a comprehensive collection of these stamps in the [[Chinchen Collection]], donated by Barry Chinchen<ref name="cc">{{Cite book |last=Chinchen |first=Barry N. D. |date=1969 |title=A Catalogue of Lundy Stamps |publisher=self-published |location=Eastleigh, Hampshire |oclc=558737398 |id={{BLCAT|X.512/621}}}}</ref> to the [[British Library Philatelic Collections]] in 1977 and now held by the [[British Library]]. This is also the home of the Landmark Trust Lundy Island Philatelic Archive which includes artwork, texts and essays as well as postmarking devices and issued stamps.<ref>[http://sherpa.bl.uk/42/01/philatelicresearchbl.pdf Philatelic Research at the British Library] {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110722070224/http://sherpa.bl.uk/42/01/philatelicresearchbl.pdf |date=22 July 2011}} by [[David Beech]]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Barbara Kathleen Snow|Barbara Whitaker]], former warden
* [[Coins of Lundy]]
* [[Puffin Island (Anglesey)|Puffin Island]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Powicke |first=F. M. |author-link=F. M. Powicke |date=1951 |chapter=The murder of Henry Clement and the pirates of Lundy Island |title=Ways of Medieval Life and Thought: Essays and Addresses |publisher=Biblo & Tannen |isbn=9780819601377 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1dvep-L_iTUC&pg=PA38 38]−[https://books.google.com/books?id=1dvep-L_iTUC&pg=PA68 38–68]}}
* {{cite book |last=Sack |first=John |author-link=John Sack |date=2000 |title=Report from Practically Nowhere |isbn=978-0-595-08918-5 |title-link=Report from Practically Nowhere |publisher=iUniverse}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Lundy}}
{{Wikivoyage|Lundy}}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Lundy |volume=17 |short=x}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171226203934/http://www.protectplanetocean.org/collections/successandlessons/casestudy/lundy/caseStudy.html Lundy Marine Reserve at Protect Planet Ocean]
* {{British pathe|v=a-uZUnERN5U |d=Lundy Isle|year=1956}}

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{{Pirates}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lundy| ]]
[[Category:Islands of the Bristol Channel]]
[[Category:Islands of Devon]]
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